All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

KIR4

2026-06-28T13:46:28Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulKIR4, ''būşu''}}
{{distinguish|Buššānītu}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulKIR4 = ''būşu'', Hyena-star an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that occurs in calendrical-mythological tex. See also [[Buşşānītu]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

mulKIR4 = ''būşu'', 'Hyena-star' occurs in a calendrical mythological work. See Reynolds 2019: 206-207: 11-12 quoted sub. ''Gizzānītu''.
{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
| Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example
|}

=== additional ===

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| not in Kurtik ||
|-
| ||
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4work]]

KIR4

2026-06-28T13:43:33Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulKIR4, ''būşu''}}
{{distinguish|Buššānītu}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulKIR4 = ''būşu'', Hyena-star an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that occurs in calendrical-mythological tex. See also Bu

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

mulKIR4 = ''būşu'', 'Hyena-star' occurs in a calendrical mythological work. See Reynolds 2019: 206-207 with the relevant passage sub.
{| class="wikitable"

! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
| Example || Example
|-
| Example || Example
|}

=== additional ===

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| not in Kurtik ||
|-
| ||
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4work]]

Buššānītu

2026-06-28T13:40:23Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Buššānītu''}}
{{distinguish|KIR4}}
āAuthors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|The Corpse (Dead Man) next to The Eagle, paintings by Jessica Gullberg ([[References (Babylonian)|References]])]]
(mul)''Buššānītu'' (𒀯𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈) is a name for the Hyena-star mul ''būṣu'' that is associated with the Corpse-star (mul[[AD6|ADDA]] = ''pagru''). It occurs in a calendrical mystical-mythological work in connection with the 'Marduk battle against Tiamat' tradition of Enuma Eliš. For the latest edition see Reynolds 2019: 206-207: 3-12 with commentary on ibid. 31, 362, 366-367. See also mul[[KIR4|KIR4]] = ''būṣu''.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

* ''buššānītu'', See above and ''[[Gizzānītu]].''
* ''Puššānītu'' (old reading)

Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) previously read this star name as ''Puššānītu'' (Kurtik p07, Gössmann 359).

'''Miscellanous'''

'''Calendar Text:''' Reynolds 2019: 206-207: 3-12 (see ''[[Gizzānītu]]''). See previously Kurtig g24 for BM 55466+, and (Kurtik k01) [[KA]]. Note Reynolds 2019: 206-207: 11 for mu[[LKIR4|l]][[LKIR4|KIR4]] = ''[[būşu]]'', 'Hyena-star' in this passage.
* <s>Only in BM 55466+, see (Kurtik g24) ''[[Gizzānītu]]'',</s>
<s>mulKIR4 = ''būşu'', 'Hyena-star' occurs in a calendrical mythological work. See Reynolds 2019: 206-207 with the relevant passage sub ''[[Gizzānītu]]''</s>
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, p07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: buššānītu, букв. «Другой рот», эпитет, связанный с созвездием KA «Рот»; только в BM 55466+, см. g24Gizzānītu, k01KA.
|(359) puššanîtum (239)
s. mulKA.
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Aql]][[Category:Del]]

Buššānītu

2026-06-28T13:33:20Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Buššānītu''}}
{{distinguish|KIR4}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|The Corpse (Dead Man) next to The Eagle, paintings by Jessica Gullberg ([[References (Babylonian)|References]])]]
(mul)''Buššānītu'' (𒀯𒁍𒍑𒃻𒉌𒌈) is a name for the Hyena-star mul ''būṣu'' that is associated with the Corpse-star (mul[[AD6|ADDA]] = ''pagru''). It occurs in a calendrical mystical-mythological work in connection with the 'Marduk battle against Tiamat' tradition of Enuma Eliš. For the latest edition see Reynolds 2019: 206-207: 3-12 with commentary on ibid. 31, 362, 366-367. See also mul[[KIR4|KIR4]] = ''būṣu''.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

* ''buššānītu'', See above and ''[[Gizzānītu]].''
* ''Puššānītu'' (old reading)

Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) previously read this star name as ''Puššānītu'' (Kurtik p07, Gössmann 359).

'''Miscellanous'''

'''Var. designations:'''
* <s>Lit. "Another mouth",</s>
* <s>An epithet associated with the constellation KA "Mouth";</s>
* Only in BM 55466+, see (Kurtik g24) ''[[Gizzānītu]]'', (Kurtik k01) [[KA]].
Also to be added KIR4 = ''būşu, 'Hyena-star''' - on the basis of the Reynolds text above.

mulKIR4 = ''būşu'', 'Hyena-star' occurs in a calendrical mythological work. See Reynolds 2019: 206-207 with the relevant passage sub ''[[Gizzānītu]]''
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, p07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: buššānītu, букв. «Другой рот», эпитет, связанный с созвездием KA «Рот»; только в BM 55466+, см. g24Gizzānītu, k01KA.
|(359) puššanîtum (239)
s. mulKA.
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Aql]][[Category:Del]]

Gizzānītu

2026-06-28T13:30:43Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Gizzānītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by J. Gullberg 2021 for Stellarium).]]
''Gizzānītu'' (𒄀𒄑𒍝𒉌𒌈) is a by-name for [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6]] (Capricorn) that occurs in a calendrical mystical-mythological work in connection with the 'Marduk battle against Tiamat' tradition of Enuma Elish. For the latest edition see Reynolds 2019: 206-207 (see below) with commentary on ibid 31, 362, 366-367. See also (Kurtik p07) [[Buššānītu|''Buššānītu'']].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Enraged Goat"(?) [Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>]; the name of a celestial region (apparently identified with sections of the Goat-Fish constellation) in the Babylonian calendar text BM 55466+ (duplicate BM 35188+), in which an astral interpretation of the battle between Marduk and Tiamat with Kingu, described in the poem Enuma elish, is given for the month of Tebet.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Miscellaneous'''
'''Calendar Text: Reynolds 2019: 206-207: 3-12'''
translation on p. 207
* ''gi-iz-za-ni-tu''4 ''u bu-uš-ša''2''-ni-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''it-ti lib''3''-bi'' mul2.meš ''qabû''(E)ú / ''ana muḫ-ḫi'' mul''enzi''(uz3) ''u'' múl''pagri''(adda) ''ina lib''3-''bi'' múl''suḫurmāši''(maš2) ''qabi''(dug4)bi ''ti-amat u'' d''qin-gu'' / ''šu-nu'': ''gi-iz-za-ni-tu''2: ''ki-iz za-ni-tu''2 ''šum''3-''šu''2
** "Gizzanitu and Pushshanitu, which (are numbered) among the stars; so they say, implying the (constellation) Goat and (constellation) Deadman within (the constellation) Goat-Fish. This is Tiamat and Kingu. His name is Gizzanitu, (which means) Enraged Goat." [STC II, Pl. LXX:8-10; Reynolds 1999, 370-371].
|Example
|}
===Additional===
The word ''gi-iz-za-ni-tu''4/''tu''2 is present only in this text and probably represents the singular feminine gender from the root g/k-z-z "to shear," the same root corresponds to k/gizzu "goat." [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 496b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G, 115]; the etymology ''gizzānītu'' = ''ki-iz za-ni-tu''2 "enraged Goat" suggested in the text is mistaken [Reynolds 1999, 376].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g24)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Разгневанная Коза»(?) [Reynolds 1999]; название небесной области (отождествляемой, по-видимому с частью созвездия «Коза-Рыба») в вавилонском календарном тексте BM 55466+ (дубликат BM 35188+), в котором для месяца тебету приводится астральная интерпретация сражения между Мардуком и Тиамат с Кингу, описанного в поэме «Энума элиш».
I. Источники.

BM 55466. gi-iz-za-ni-tu4 u pu-uš-ša2-ni-tu4 ša2 it-ti lib3-bi mul2.meš qabû(E)ú / ana muḫ-ḫi mulenzi(uz3) u múlpagri(adda) ina lib3-bi múlsuḫurmāši(maš2) qabi(dug4)bi ti-amat u dqin-gu / šu-nu : gi-iz-za-ni-tu2 : ki-iz za-ni-tu2 šum3-šu2 «Гиззаниту и Пушшаниту, которые (числятся) среди звезд; так говорят, подразумевая (созвездие) Козу и (созвездие) Мертвеца внутри (созвездия) Коза-Рыба. Это — Тиамат и Кингу. Его имя Гиззаниту, (что означает) Разгневанная Коза» [STC II, Pl. LXX:8–10; Reynolds 1999, 370–371].

Слово gi-iz-za-ni-tu4/tu2 присутствует только в этом тексте и, возможно, представляет единственное чиcло женского рода от корня g/k z z «стричь», этот же корень соответствует k/gizzu «козел» [AHw, 496b; CAD G, 115]; предложенная в тексте этимология gizzānītu = ki-iz za-ni-tu2 «Разгневанная Коза», ошибочна [Reynolds 1999, 376].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Cap]]

SUḪUR.MAŠ2

2026-06-28T13:27:00Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by J. Gullberg 2021 for Stellarium).]]
[[File:Cap Bab stellarium R-Perdok.jpg|thumb|Babylonian Goat-Fish in Capricornus (painted by R. Perdok 2016 for LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, here on Stellarium map).]]
āāmulSUḪUR.MAŠ2(ku6) (𒀯𒋦𒈧), Akkadian (mul)''Suḫurmāšu,'' "The Goat-Fish", is the Mesopotamian equivalent of the Greek Αἰγόκερος (The Goat-Horned), Latin [[Capricornus]]. Well documented in Mesopotamian art, the asterism is conceived with the head and front of a goat, with the back and tail of a fish. Hence the name Sumerian SUḪUR = Akkadian ''purādu'' (carp) + MAŠ2 = ''urīșu'' (billy goat). Sumerian writings occur both with and without the ku6 (fish)-determinative.

The abbreviation [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]] is used as the most common name for the asterism in late texts. An abbreviation SUḪUR on its own is also attested (see below).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Kudurru Cap excerpt.jpg|thumb|The Goat-Fish depicted on a kudurru stone from Susa 1200 BCE.]]
'''Variants:'''

* = ''suḫurmāšu'' "Goat-Fish" (lit. "Carp-Goat");
* (mul)SUḪUR (𒀯𒋦): abbreviation of mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 in later calendar-ritual and magical texts; MAŠ2 can also be used as an abbrevition of the name.

The “goat-fish” is emblematic animal of Enki/Ea.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

A constellation corresponding to modern Capricorn ([[Capricornus]]) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 344; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184-185].

See also [[Gizzānītu|Gizzānītu.]]

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulMAŠ2 [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 286; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 248; SpTU I<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 93:10'; SpTU IV<ref name=":5">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 6].
* Predictions of EAE (new reading based on photograph in [https://cdli.earth/artifacts/238211 CDLI P238211] (K2906+10108)):
** [DIŠ mu]l''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 TU-''ma''...
** "[If] Mars enters the area mulSUḪUR.MAŠ ..." [ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 34:16].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.

* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 20; HBA<ref name=":6">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 105; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (nos. 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Ship and Goat-Fish" (I ii 34): (EA 14–15l)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* (2) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, after mulPA.BIL.SAG, before mulGU.LA (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. indexes [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 73 r. 3].
|
|-
|'''Star List V R 46, 1:38.'''
* mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = d''Nabû''(PA) ''u'' d''Taš-me-tu''4 "Ship (and) Goat-fish = Nabû and Tashmetu" [HBA<ref name=":6" />, 52:38; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 "Goat-Fish" (β Cap), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2...] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 ''šit-qu-lu''...]
** "On the 1[5th] of nisan (before sunrise) [...] the midpoint of the Goat-Fi[sh would be in equilibrium] (= culminates)" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 95:1'-2'; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":10">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) S[I ...] "Hor[n of ( Goat-Fish) ...]" (β Capricorni).
* (b) S[UḪUR? ...] "(Front star) Go[at-Fish]" (γ Capricorni) [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:10′-11′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 "Area of the Goat-Fish," astrological meanings: removal of evil from a person's house, removal from former positions, etc. [Ungnad 1941-44<ref>''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 258-259: 11, 28, 49; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 193-197],
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].
* (2) "Microzodiac". Subdivision of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 6th part is mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Goat-Fish was born..." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (4) Predictions of grain prices based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations (among them múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) and other phenomena [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94, passim], ''zibbat''(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [SpTU I<ref name=":4" />, 94:36]. See also [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 336:11].
* (5) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the sign of the zodiac. DIŠ S[ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-''ma''...] "If the Mo[on eclipses in the Goat-Fish...]" [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 19], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
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|-
|
===== (mul)SUḪUR =====
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
See (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 2 // SUḪUR 14 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''enzi''(UZ3) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''enzi''(UZ3) ''lipî''(I3.UDU) ''u šārat''(SIG2) ''enzi''(UZ3) ''tapaššaš''(ŠEŠ)
** "Duuzu 2 // Capricorn 140 // Blood of goat, fat of goat and wool of goat, you smear"
** [SpTU III<ref name=":03">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 104:2], and also [ibid.<ref name=":03" />, 104:15, 28]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu, see [SpTU III<ref name=":03" />, 104:2].
** W22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":03" />, 105:12, 25].
|[[File:Cap GoatFish seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Capricorn on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|}
See also: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = ''suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 28b] (Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (in unclear context) [SpTU IV<ref name=":5" />, 162 r. 6].
[[File:Sukhurmashu CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 193701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sukhurmashu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
! Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Deneb Algedi]]
|HIP 107556
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.83
|-
|2
|[[Dabih]]
|HIP 100345
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.08
|-
|3
|[[Algedi]]
|HIP 100064
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.58
|-
|4
|[[Nashira]]
|HIP 106985
|Inside the Hull
|3.67
|-
|5
|ζ Capricorni
|HIP 105881
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.74
|-
| 6
|θ Capricorni
|HIP 104139
|Constellation lines
|4.07
|-
|7
|ω Capricorni
|HIP 102978
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
|8
|ψ Capricorni
|HIP 102485
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.122
|-
|9
|ι Capricorni
|HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
|4.27
|-
|10
|24 Cap
|HIP 104234
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.5
|-
|11
|[[Alshat]]
|HIP 100310
|Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
|12
|η Capricorni
|HIP 104019
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
|13
|* rho Cap A
|HIP 101027
|Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
|14
| μ Capricorni
| HIP 108036
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.08
|-
|15
|υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 16
|ϕ Capricorni
|HIP 104963
|Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
|17
|42 Cap
|HIP 107095
|Constellation lines
|5.18
|-
|18
|χ Capricorni
|HIP 104365
|Inside the Hull
|5.316
|-
|19
|29 Cap
|HIP 104974
|Inside the Hull
|5.317
|-
|20
|33 Cap
|HIP 105665
|Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
|21
|* 14 Cap A
|HIP 101923
|Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
|22
|30 Cap
|HIP 105143
|Inside the Hull
|5.383
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 105576
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 103389
|Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
|25
|35 Cap
|HIP 105928
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|26
|19 Cap
|HIP 103226
|Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 102026
|Inside the Hull
|5.799
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 102772
|Inside the Hull
|5.849
|-
| 29
| -
|HIP 103460
|Inside the Hull
|5.869
|-
|30
|44 Cap
|HIP 107232
| Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
|31
|17 Cap
|HIP 102487
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
|32
| 45 Cap
|HIP 107302
|Inside the Hull
|5.949
|-
|33
|DV Aqr
|HIP 103545
|Inside the Hull
|5.963
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
|6.037
|-
|35
| 21 Cap
|HIP 103703
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 101507
|Inside the Hull
|6.116
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 104297
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 39
| -
|HIP 101608
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 102780
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|41
|27 Cap
|HIP 104452
|Inside the Hull
|6.242
|-
| 42
|20 Cap
|HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 105662
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|44
|57 G. Aqr
|HIP 105079
|Inside the Hull
|6.402
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 101011
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|46
|EW Aqr
|HIP 104634
|Inside the Hull
|6.445
|-
| 47
| -
| HR 7989
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|48
|* rho Cap B
|HD 194943B
|Constellation lines
|6.88
|}
=== Additional===

==== Ancient Depictions ====
<gallery>
File:Melischipak kudurru, SB22 (1798).jpg|Melischipak kudurru stone, Louvre SB22, from Susa ~1200 BCE
File:Kudurru Cap excerpt.jpg|kudurru stone for king Melishikhu II (Susa, 1200 BCE)
File:Cap GoatFish seal Wallenfels1993.png|Goat-Fish as seal imprint from Uruk, Seleucid period (Wallenfels 1993).
File:KHM - Gemma Augustea.jpg|Babylonian Goat-Fish in the top-panel of the Roman "Gemma Augustea" for Emperor Augustus of Rome, 1st century CE.
File:201209071749b Berlin Pergamonmuseum, Aureus, FO Pergamon, kaiserzeitlich, SIGNIS REGENTIS, Capricornus als persönliches Zeichen Augustus' 19-18 v.u.Z.jpg|Goat-Fish on Augustean coin (19/18 BCE)
</gallery>

==== Deity. ====
In the earliest images, the Goat-Fish is associated with the following: water, the jug from which water pours out, the god Enki/Ea, and is also confirmed in the texts [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178-181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. In astronomical texts the Goat-Fish is identified with the goddess of fate Tašmētu (Tašmētu), who was considered to be the consort of Nabu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 381] (see Kurtik n02 [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]). The Goat-Fish also appears as an astral incarnation of Tiamat in the text BM 55466, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is seen as an astral image of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu; ''ina qaq-qa-ri'' / múlmaš2 ''ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu''4 "In the region (of the constellation) of the Goat-Fish, Tiamat, (the head of the warrior) assembly, for the battle (settled down)" [STC II<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, Pl. LXX rev. 3-4; Reynolds 1999<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Stellar Representations of Tiāmat and Qingu in a Learned Calendar Text // RAI. 1999. Vol. 42. P. 369-378.</ref>, 370-371]. In astrological geography, the Goat-Fish is associated with the cities of Eridu and Hit, see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.

==== Symbol. ====
A mythological character from Ea/Enki's entourage who had goat-like frontal features (head, horns, and a pair of legs) and fish-like features in the hind (torso and tail). Images are found from the Ur III (XXI century BC) to the Hellenistic periods on seals, kudurru, and as clay statuettes that had apotropaic significance [Frankfort 1939<ref>''Frankfort H.'' Cylinder Seals. London, 1939.</ref>; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, Nr. 903-905, 907, etc.; Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 178; Wallenfels 1994<ref name=":11">''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, nos. 661-714; Kurtik 1998, 41; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 36, 37, 38, 48]. According to some descriptions, the Goat-fish also had a dogwood cane (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. It is not known exactly when this symbol acquired astral significance as a figure of the constellation mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Most of the known images do not contain astral signs, which appear only on seals from Hellenistic times [Wallenfels 1994<ref name=":11" />]. However, in the Old Babylonian period it seems to have already taken place. In astrology they distinguished between the frontal parts of the constellation - mulUZ3 "Goat" and the hind parts - mulKU6 "Fish" (see below), and they should not be confused with constellations with similar names that were outside the zodiacal belt. In the text W 22646, which, according to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations, Capricorn corresponds to the word u2-ri-ṣa "goat" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:10, 26].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Capricorn [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 344; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 14; 1952-53, 219; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78a; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11, 14; MA<ref name=":7" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":10" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 248].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) SI MAŠ2 "Horn of the Goat-Fish" (β Capricorni).

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The front star of the Goat-Fish" (γ Capricorni).

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 "Rear star of the Goat-Fish" (δ Capricorni).

Stars (1)-(3) were used in the Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts as "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(4) The middle star in the horn of the Goat-Fish, see (Kurtik m22) [[MAŠ2|MAŠ2]].

(5) [...MU]L2? SIG ˹''ša''2 SI MAŠ2˺ "The lower [sta]r in the horn of the Goat-Fish" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III<ref name=":12">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -87 rev. 18].

(6) KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

(7) SI MAŠ2 ''ar''2 "The hind horn of the Goat-Fish" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":12" /> 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

(8) SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 "Head of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" /> 194, K. 42+:24′].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Raven; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(2) = Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 2.

(3) = Kidney; MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM ''ana'' IGI''-it'' mulŠUDUN DU-''iz'' mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 "The star that stands ahead of the Yoke during windrise is the Kidney. Yoke = Giant, Kidney = Goat-Fish" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 31a].

(4) = Mars; [...mul''Ma-ak-r'']''u-u''2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 " [...Red Star (=Mars) = Fish = the tail of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

(5) = Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 9 and below (9).

(6) = Yoke; see below (8).

(7) = Goat; see below (8).<gallery>
File:Cap GoatFish seal Wallenfels1993.png|Capricorn as Goat-Fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Vir FURROW seal Wallenfels1993.png|Virgo as Goat-Fish-with-Ear-of-Grain on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Capricorn with Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

===== Predictions: =====
(7) Venus approaches Piscis Austrinus (=Great One, Aqr, after Goat-Fish); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 9.

(8) Venus passes ahead of the Goat-Fish; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-''ma ina'' SI m[ulUZ3] / ''E''3-''a'': ''ina'' itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ''ina'' SI mulŠUDUN [''iṭ-ḫi-m'']''a'' / ''i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina'' KUR ''i-ša''2-''an-ni'' / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR KUR2-''ir'' / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ''ina'' itiAŠ2 ''ina'' IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 DIB-''iq-ma'' "If Venus rises in the month of Shabbat on the 2nd (or) 3rd day and appears in the horn [of the Goat], var.: in the month of Shabbat on the 1st day [it comes close] and passes the horn of the Yoke: the order of the country will change, var.: the place of the country will become different; (explanation): Goat = the head (possibly the front part) of the Goat-Fish, Yoke = Goat-Fish, in the month of Shabbat, it (=Venus) passes in front of the Goat-Fish" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 194, K.42:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":2" />, 196, K.12373:2].

(9) In Piscis Austrinus (behind the Goat-Fish) one star is red; [DIŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' ˹SA5˺ ... KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-''ma'' KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME ... "[If in] Pisces 1 star is very red: ... [Mars?] stands [in] the tail of the Goat-Fish: the fish will disappear ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 248, K.2346+:58]; here mulKU6 appears to denote the back of the constellation Goat-Fish, i.e., its tail.

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]], VI 4.

(11) Mercury becomes visible in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(12) Mars in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣalbatānu'']], III 35.

[1] In writing ''suḫurmāšu'' we follow [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1055; SAA 8<ref name=":9" />; Borger 2004<ref>''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>; SAA 10<ref name=":8" />; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />], although the only known syllabic entry suggests a longitude at the end of the word; accordingly the Chicago Dictionary gives: suḫurmašû [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 351a].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, h06)
!G. 190
|-
|mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA (𒀯𒄭𒈗𒈦𒂟𒄩)
should now be read [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2]]'''''.'''''

See the photograph in CDLI P238211 (K2906+10108).
|mulḪI.LUGAL.MAŠ.LAḪ2.ḪA
only found in the predictions from EAE: correct reading is now S.
|-
!Kurtik (2022, s23)
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|сокращение от mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Коза-Рыба» (= Козерог, Capricornus) в поздних календарно-ритуальных и магических текстах;
I. Источники.

«Дневники наблюдений». См. m22MAŠ2. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 2 // SUḪUR 14 // dām(UŠ2) enzi(UZ3) lipî(I3.UDU) enzi(UZ3) u šārat(SIG2) enzi(UZ3) tapaššaš(ŠEŠ) «Дуузу 2 // Козерог 140 // Кровь козы, жир козы и шерсть козы ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:2], а также [ibid., 104:15, 28]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:12, 25].
|Example
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, s24 + s25)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= suḫurmāšu[1] «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»); созвездие, соответствующее современному Козерогу (Capricornus) [Verderame 2002 344; BPO 2, 14; Wiggermann 1992, 184–185].
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulMAŠ2 [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:16; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 26a, 28b, 31a; BPO 3, 286; Verderame 2002, 248; SpTU I, 93:10'; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 12): mulsuḫur.maš2ku6 [CT 33, 9 r. 20; HBA, 105; Horowitz 1998, 176]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 14, 15): mulMA2.GUR8 mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Корабль и Коза-Рыба» (I ii 34). (2) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, после mulPA.BIL.SAG, перед mulGU.LA (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 39, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 104 r. 2, 6; 172 r. 7; SAA 8, 73 r. 3]. Список звезд V R, 46, 1:38. mulma2.gur8 mulsuḫur.maš2 = dNabû(PA) u dTaš-me-tu4 «Корабль (и) Коза-рыба = Набу и Ташмету» [HBA, 52:38; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §r. ˹mulsuḫur˺.maš2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (β Cap), см. a04A2mušen. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiBAR UD 1[5 KAM2…] / MURUB4 mulSUḪUR.[MAŠ2 šit-qu-lu…] «1[5-го] нисану (перед восходом Солнца) […] середина Козы-Ры[бы в равновесии] (= кульминирует)» [SpTU I, 95:1'–2'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) S[I …] «Ро[г (Козы-Рыбы) …]» (β Capricorni). b) S[UḪUR? …] «(Передняя звезда) Ко[зы-Рыбы]» (γ Capricorni) [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:10′–11′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulsuḫur.maš2 «Область Козы-Рыбы», астрологические значения: удаление зла от дома человека, удаление с прежних позиций и др. [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 11, 28, 49; Емельянов 1999, 193–197], b) BRM IV, 19, см. m22MAŠ2. (2) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 6-я часть — mulsuḫur.maš2 [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlSUḪUR.MAŠku6 a-lid … «В области Козы-Рыбы родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 9′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий (среди них múlSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6) и другим явлениям [SpTU I, 94, passim], zibbat(KUN) SUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [SpTU I, 94:36]. См. также [SpTU III, 102 r. 5; Civil 1974, 336:11]. (5) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ S[in ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ AN.MI GAR-ma…] «Если Лу[на затмилась в Козе-Рыбе…]» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 19], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 = suḫur-ma-šu-u2 [BPO 2, III 28b] (a18AL.LUL, VI 2), mulxSUḪUR.MAŠ2 (в неясном контексте) [SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].

II. Божество.

На самых ранних изображениях Коза-Рыба ассоциируется с водой, кувшином, из которого изливается вода, богом Энки/Эа, что подтверждается также текстами [Seidl 1968, 178–181; Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В астрономических текстах Коза–Рыба отождествляется с богиней судьбы Ташмету (Tašmētu), считавшейся супругой Набу [Tallqvist 1938, 381] (см. n02). Коза-Рыба выступает также в роли астрального воплощения Тиамат в тексте BM 55466, где ночное небо в месяце тебету рассматривается как астральное изображение сражения Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу; ina qaq-qa-ri / múlmaš2 ti-amat pu-uḫ-ri ana ṣal-tu4 «В области (созвездия) Коза-Рыба Тиамат, (глава воинского) собрания, для битвы (расположилась)» [STC II, Pl. LXX rev. 3–4; Reynolds 1999, 370–371]. В астрологической географии Коза-Рыба связана с городами Эриду и Хит, см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

III. Символ.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Эа/Энки, у которого передняя часть (голова, рога и пара ног) была козлиная, а задняя часть (туловище и хвост) — рыбья. Его изображения встречаются с эпохи III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.) до эллинистического времени на печатях, кудурру, а также в виде глиняных статуэток, имевших апотропеическое значение [Frankfort 1939; Braun-Holzinger 1996, Nr. 903–905, 907 и др.; Seidl 1968, 178; Wallenfels 1994, № 661–714; Куртик 1998, 41; Куртик 2007, рис. 36, 37, 38, 48]. Согласно некоторым описаниям, у него имелась также кизиловая трость (eʼru) [Wiggermann 1992, 184]. В точности неизвестно, когда именно этот символ приобрел астральное значение как фигура созвездия mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6. Большинство известных изображений не содержит астральных признаков, которые появляются лишь на печатях эллинистического времени [Wallenfels 1994]. Однако в старовавилонский период, по-видимому, это уже имело место. В астрологии различали переднюю часть созвездия — mulUZ3 «Коза» и заднюю часть — mulKU6 «Рыба» (см. ниже), которые не следует путать с созвездиями, имевшими аналогичные названия, но находившимися за пределами зодиакального пояса. В тексте W 22646, который, согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, Козерогу соответствует слово u2-ri-ṣa «коза» [SpTU II, 43:10, 26].

IV. Отождествление.

= Capricorn [G. 344; Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; Weidner 1957–59, 78a; BPO 2, 11, 14; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 248].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) SI MAŠ2 «Рог Козы-Рыбы» (β Capricorni).

(2) MUL2 IGI ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Передняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (γ Capricorni).

(3) MUL2 ar2 ša2 SUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Задняя звезда Козы-Рыбы» (δ Capricorni).

Звезды (1)–(3) использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений» в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL.ŠID.MEŠ.

(4) Средняя звезда рога Козы-Рыбы, см. m22MAŠ2.

(5) […MU]L2? SIG ˹ša2 SI MAŠ2˺ «Нижняя [звезд]а рога Козы-Рыбы» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries III, No. -87 rev. 18].

(6) KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 84, K.6021 r. 13′; 248, K.2346+:58].

(7) SI MAŠ2 ar2 «Задний рог Козы-Рыбы» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I 242, No.-307 B: 6′].

(8) SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Голова Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3 194, K. 42+:24′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Ворон; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(2) = Краб; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 2.

(3) = Почка; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM ana IGI-it mulŠUDUN DU-iz mulBIR / mulŠUDUN: mulGU.LA mulBIR mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «Звезда, которая при восходе ветра впереди Ярма стоит, это Почка. Ярмо = Великан, Почка = Коза-Рыба» [BPO 2, III 31a].

(4) = Марс; […mulMa-ak-r]u-u2 mulKU6 KUN mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 «[… Красн]ая звезда (=Марс) = Рыба = хвост Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 84, K. 6021+ rev. 13′].

(5) = Рыба; см. k24KU6, V 9 и ниже (9).

(6) = Ярмо; см. ниже (8).

(7) = Коза; см. ниже (8).

Предсказания:

(7) Венера подходит к Рыбе (= Коза-Рыба); см. k24KU6, V 9.

(8) Венера проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAŠ2 UD.2.KAM UD.3.KAM KUR-ma ina SI m[ulUZ3] / E3-a: ina itiAŠ2 UD.1.KAM ina SI mulŠUDUN [iṭ-ḫi-m]a / i-ti-iq ṭe-em ina KUR i-ša2-an-ni / KI.MIN KI.TUŠ KUR KUR2-ir / mulUZ3: SAG.DU mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ mulŠUDUN: mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6/ ina itiAŠ2 ina IGI mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ku6 DIB-iq-ma «Если Венера в месяце шабату восходит во 2-й (или) 3-й день и появляется на роге [Козы], вар.: в месяце шабату в 1-й день [она подходит близко] и проходит рог Ярма: порядок в стране изменится, вар.: место страны станет другим; (пояснение): Коза = голова (возможно, передняя часть) Козы-Рыбы, Ярмо = Коза-Рыба, в месяце шабату она (=Венера) проходит впереди Козы-Рыбы» [BPO 3, 194, K.42:7], см. также [ibid., 196, K.12373:2].

(9) В Рыбе (= задняя часть Козы-Рыбы?) одна звезда красная; [DIŠ ina ŠA3 m]ulKU6 1 MUL ma-diš ˹SA5˺ … KU[N] ˹mul˺SUḪUR.MAŠ2 DU-ma KU6.ME ḪA.A.ME … «[Если в] Рыбе 1 звезда очень красная: … [Марс? в] хвосте Козы-Рыбы стоит: рыбы исчезнут …» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:58]; здесь mulKU6, по-видимому, обозначает заднюю часть созвездия Коза-Рыба, т.е. ее хвост.

(10) Затмение Луны в Козе-Рыбе; см. g27GU.LA, VI 4.

(11) Меркурий становится виден в Козе-Рыбе; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(12) Марс в Козе-Рыбе; см. ts02dṢalbatānu, III 35.
----[1] При написании suḫurmāšu мы следуем [AHw, 1055; SAA 8; Borger 2004; SAA 10; Verderame 2002], хотя единственная известная силлабическая запись предполагает долготу на конце слова; соответственно Чикагский словарь дает: suḫurmašû [CAD S, 351a].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, s24)
|
|-
|
=== (mul)''Suḫurmāšu'' ===
|
|-
|редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 «Коза-Рыба» (букв. «Карп-Коза»), месопотамский эквивалент греческого Козерога, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2.
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]

[[Category:Cap]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-28T09:53:36Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'the star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Chest of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th the Chest of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 GIN MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the South wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šul]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ''ziqpu'' stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... " Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name is Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-''tu''2 ḫa.la ''ša''2 múllu múlgir2.tab ''ša''2 múllu "8th part of Aries — Scorpius of Aries" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19].
** Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la sag''-tu''2 ''ša'' múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab "The first part of Scorpius is Scorpius of Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology: KI múlGIR2.TAB TIL(= ''taqtīt'') UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4] "Region of Scorpius: end of days, wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24, misread]; for a parallel see [LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'; similar TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68];
* (6) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (7) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac: [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts: W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // ''qi''2-''lip''2 GIR2-TAB MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 7 // Scorpius 19 // you anoint (the patient) with peeled-off skin of a scorpion" [SpTU III, 104:7 and also 20, see Wee 2016, 178 fn. 109]; for a parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|
*
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Išḫara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian king list" relating to Kiš, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of Du'uzu: PAD''-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Raising of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Išḫara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue [Walker and Dick 2001], see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Ṭebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with the Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Ḫursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Išḫara (i.e. The Scorpion), Ištar, in the midst of the battle, in performing the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpion-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpion]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24, misread, see Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [van der Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Libra, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of the Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of the Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 stars indicated above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Chest of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dalbana-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dalbana-text.

(12) Scorpion's sting, see dalbana-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Bright star of the Scorpion's head" [ADRT I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus: mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's sting = Pabilsag: see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance: mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later: "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month Arahsamnu, variant: Ṭebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if this star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will rise, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king's hand will conquer his enemies" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [SAA 8, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil in the land" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) carry radiance, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all countries will become hostile, variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another(?)" [SAA 8, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will become bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [SAA 8, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion: ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night a star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [SAA 8, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month Kislimu: DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?) her breast is bright, her tail is dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; ..." [SAA 8, 504: 5-8], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month Kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Išḫara, at its first appearance, its claws ..., var.: radiant, her breast is bright, and her tail is dark: ..." [SAA 8, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion: observations: ''ina'' iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina''] EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occurred during the morning watch on the 14th Simanu. It began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared up in the south. Its right side was eclipsed. The eclipse took place in the area of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon with the Open Mouth culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [SAA 10, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA×M[I''-su''] KU4 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Simanu a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets: pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) is dark in the area of the Scorpion: decision for the Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon)...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year an attack of the Umman-manda " [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [SAA 8, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion: 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood" [SAA 8, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will be made pregnant, men, variant: lions, will rage and cut off traffic." [SAA 8, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion: DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion: see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in a lunar halo: see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus in the month Ayyaru --, the Moon and the Scorpion is seen, opposite ...., [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion: DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month Arahsamnu — she rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion: DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u'' dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-''šu''2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.NU ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, become visible and within it?, Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB KU4 SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion: DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will give his rain, and Ea will give his springs to the country of Gutium." [SAA 8, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in the Scorpion: see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion: see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching the Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius#;; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion: see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough (=Mars) and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion: three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands inside Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet comes close to Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš ZAL.ZALmeš "rain and flood will last long this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon: [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close to the front of the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; an enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [SAA 8, 430:1-5], see also [ibid. 466; SAA 10, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Balteša and the Scorpion: see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion: DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the Scorpion and moves until the territory of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars flash from within the Scorpion and move until the territory of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars flash from within the Scorpion and move until the territory of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

Girra

2026-06-28T09:46:55Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----work to be done to add Walker 1983 to bibliogrpahy

In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also have been the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' [Walker 1983] when complete. The god Girra is also commonly identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).

[[now broken -

[[Walker 1983 = C. Walker, 'The Myth of Girra and Elamatum,' ''Anatolian Studies 33, Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett''<nowiki>: 145-152.]] </nowiki>

*
*

# mulGIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].
# mulGIBIL6 (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra.

???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings''':

* (1)
** dBIL.GI,
** dNE.GI,
** dGIBIL6;
** = dGirru; the star of the fire god Girra:
* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].
** = dGIŠ.BAR

'''Referring to'''

* 1) = Mars,
* 2) = Mercury,
* 3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g13) GIBIL6 ====
!
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Old Babylonian prayer:

* (a) Erm. 15642: ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206</ref>, 196-197:15], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
* (b) AO 6769: ''nam-ru'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., Wasserman N.'' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.</ref>, 60],
* (c) CBS 574: ''šam-ru'' dGIB[IL6] "Fierce Gir[ra]" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0" />, 58:13].
|constellation
|-
|'''Seleucid temple ritual.'''
* múlAN dBIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* W. 22281a.
** dBIL.GI ZALAG2 ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmešarra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
* List K 7069:
** dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / mulBIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL...] / [m]ul''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Star cluster, bristle / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
|
* Mars
* double star cluster h+χ Per
*double star cluster h+χ Per
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g21) mulGIŠ.BAR ====
!
|-
|'''Prayers to the Gods of the Night.'''
In the list of astral gods:

* ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),
* ''nam-ru'' dBIL:GI "Brilliant Girra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' dBIL:[GI] "Ferocious Gir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
* mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dNusku(PA + TUG2)
* "Girra, light ahead of Enmešarra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* dBIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmešarra," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

See also: mul''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' dGIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Girra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].
|
|}
Cooley 2013: 126-129 discusses the astronomical myth 'Girra and Elamatum,' and what must be the related commentary of some sort K. 7609.

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Šala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are dGiš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag2 "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
As a planet:

= Mars as the Red Star, see (Kurtik m03) [[Makrû|d''Makrû'']].

= Mercury as the evening star, cf. [Lewy 1948].

As a star:

= "light before Enmešarra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmešarra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, g13) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI; = dGIŠ.BAR; = dGirru, бог огня Гирру/Гирра; 1) звезда или созвездие, 2) эпитет Марса, см. также g13GIŠ.BAR.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: а) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:15], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b). AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. Селевкидский храмовый ритуал. múlAN dBIL:GI ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирра …» [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004, 220:308]. W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий (огненный) Гирра перед Энмешаррой» [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; полный текст см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. Список K 7069: dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A …] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[…] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu […] / mulBIL.GI IZI.GAR […] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL…] / [m]ulka-li-tum […] «Энмешарр[а …] / Энмешарра […] / Звезды, Щетина / Гирра, свет […] / Ярмо, З[везда…] / Почка […]» [CT 26, 49:4–9; Cooley 2013, 126]

Отождествление Гирры с созвездием Небесный Бык см. [Cooley 2013, 126–129].
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, g21) ===
|
|-
|вар.: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI, dGIBIL6; = dGirru; звезда бога огня Гирры: 1) = Марс, 2) = Меркурий, 3) = звезда или созвездие (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313–315].
I. Источники.

Молитва ночным богам. В списке астральных богов: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196–197] (лучше na-aw-ru-um — замечание Л.Е.Когана), nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181–182], šam-ru dBIL:[GI] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58]. Список звезд VR 46 1:14. mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, свет, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий Гирра, что впереди Энмешарры», см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. См. также: mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGIŠ.BAR «Красная звезда(=Марс) — подобие Гирры», цит. по [CAD M/1, 139a].

II. Божество.

Гибил, или Гирра – древнее божество огня, его имя встречается уже в списках богов из Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5–6:3]. Считался сыном Ану и богини Шалы, посланником Нуску и олицетворял огонь во всех его проявлениях, как разрушительных, так и созидательных. Среди его эпитетов: dGiš.bar.an.na «Небесный огонь» [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru «блестящий, сияющий», zalag2 «свет» (см. выше) и др., указывающие на его связь с небом и, возможно, астральное значение [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Гирра и Нуску характеризуются как tap-pi-e Šamši(20) «спутники Солнца» в [CT 25, 50:16]. Хильдегард и Юлиус Леви приводят аргументы в пользу отождествления этих богов с Меркурием соответственно как с вечерней и утренней звездой [Lewy 1948].

III. Отождествления.

Как планета:

= Марс как Красная звезда, см. m03dMakrû.

= Меркурий как вечерняя звезда, см. [Lewy 1948].

Как звезда:

= «свет перед Энмешаррой», см. список звезд VR 46 1:14 и текст W. 22281a. Речь в данном случае может идти о неподвижной звезде или созвездии, поскольку указано его положение относительно созвездия Энмешарра, однако, возможно, что и здесь имеется в виду лишь одна из указанных выше планет.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Solar System]][[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]][[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Girra

2026-06-28T09:31:08Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: }}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----work to be done to add Walker 1983 to bibliogrpahy

In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also have been the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' [Walker 1983] when complete. The god Girra is also commonly identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).

[[Walker 1983 = C. Walker, 'The Myth of Girra and Elamatum,' ''Anatolian Studies 33, Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett''<nowiki>: 145-152.]] </nowiki>

*
*

add bibliography link??]], and by way of identifications with other asterisms, in particular Mars due to common reddish-yellow color of flames and reddish appearance of the planet in the sky.

# mulGIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].
# mulGIBIL6 (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra.

???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings''':

* (1)
** dBIL.GI,
** dNE.GI,
** dGIBIL6;
** = dGirru; the star of the fire god Girra:
* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].
** = dGIŠ.BAR

'''Referring to'''

* 1) = Mars,
* 2) = Mercury,
* 3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].

=== Sources and Identifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g13) GIBIL6 ====
!
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
Old Babylonian prayer:

* (a) Erm. 15642: ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206</ref>, 196-197:15], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieux de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA 32, № 4, 179-190.</ref>, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
* (b) AO 6769: ''nam-ru'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra." [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., Wasserman N.'' Another Old Babylonian Prayer to the Gods of the Night // JCS. 1996. Vol. 48. P. 57- 60.</ref>, 60],
* (c) CBS 574: ''šam-ru'' dGIB[IL6] "Fierce Gir[ra]" [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996<ref name=":0" />, 58:13].
|constellation
|-
|'''Seleucid temple ritual.'''
* múlAN dBIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
* W. 22281a.
** dBIL.GI ZALAG2 ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmešarra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
* List K 7069:
** dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / mulBIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL...] / [m]ul''ka-li-tum'' [...]
** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Star cluster, bristle / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
|
* Mars
* double star cluster h+χ Per
*double star cluster h+χ Per
|-
!
==== Kurtik (g21) mulGIŠ.BAR ====
!
|-
|'''Prayers to the Gods of the Night.'''
In the list of astral gods:

* ''na-wa-ru-um'' dBIL.GI "Brilliant Girra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),
* ''nam-ru'' dBIL:GI "Brilliant Girra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' dBIL:[GI] "Ferocious Gir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
* mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dNusku(PA + TUG2)
* "Girra, light ahead of Enmešarra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* dBIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''2 IGI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra''
* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmešarra," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

See also: mul''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' dGIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Girra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].
|
|}
Cooley 2013: 126-129 discusses the astronomical myth 'Girra and Elamatum,' and what must be the related commentary of some sort K. 7609.

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Šala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are dGiš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag2 "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
As a planet:

= Mars as the Red Star, see (Kurtik m03) [[Makrû|d''Makrû'']].

= Mercury as the evening star, cf. [Lewy 1948].

As a star:

= "light before Enmešarra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmešarra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, g13) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI; = dGIŠ.BAR; = dGirru, бог огня Гирру/Гирра; 1) звезда или созвездие, 2) эпитет Марса, см. также g13GIŠ.BAR.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва: а) Erm. 15642: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:15], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b). AO 6769: nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» [Dossin 1935, 181–182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60], c) CBS 574: šam-ru dGIB[IL6] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» [Horowitz–Wasserman 1996, 58:13]. Селевкидский храмовый ритуал. múlAN dBIL:GI ez-zu… «Марс, гневный Гирра …» [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004, 220:308]. W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG2 ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий (огненный) Гирра перед Энмешаррой» [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; полный текст см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. Список K 7069: dEN.ME.ŠAR.R[A …] / dEN.ME.ŠAR.RA[…] / MUL.MUL za-ap-pu […] / mulBIL.GI IZI.GAR […] / [m]ulŠUDUN M[UL…] / [m]ulka-li-tum […] «Энмешарр[а …] / Энмешарра […] / Звезды, Щетина / Гирра, свет […] / Ярмо, З[везда…] / Почка […]» [CT 26, 49:4–9; Cooley 2013, 126]

Отождествление Гирры с созвездием Небесный Бык см. [Cooley 2013, 126–129].
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, g21) ===
|
|-
|вар.: dBIL.GI, dNE.GI, dGIBIL6; = dGirru; звезда бога огня Гирры: 1) = Марс, 2) = Меркурий, 3) = звезда или созвездие (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313–315].
I. Источники.

Молитва ночным богам. В списке астральных богов: na-wa-ru-um dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196–197] (лучше na-aw-ru-um — замечание Л.Е.Когана), nam-ru dBIL:GI «Блестящий Гирра» (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181–182], šam-ru dBIL:[GI] «Свирепый Гир[ра]» (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58]. Список звезд VR 46 1:14. mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, свет, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W. 22281a. dBIL:GI ZALAG ša2 IGI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Блестящий Гирра, что впереди Энмешарры», см. h12lúḪUN.GA2. См. также: mulma-ak-ru-u = tam-šil dGIŠ.BAR «Красная звезда(=Марс) — подобие Гирры», цит. по [CAD M/1, 139a].

II. Божество.

Гибил, или Гирра – древнее божество огня, его имя встречается уже в списках богов из Фары (XXVI в. до н.э.) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5–6:3]. Считался сыном Ану и богини Шалы, посланником Нуску и олицетворял огонь во всех его проявлениях, как разрушительных, так и созидательных. Среди его эпитетов: dGiš.bar.an.na «Небесный огонь» [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru «блестящий, сияющий», zalag2 «свет» (см. выше) и др., указывающие на его связь с небом и, возможно, астральное значение [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Гирра и Нуску характеризуются как tap-pi-e Šamši(20) «спутники Солнца» в [CT 25, 50:16]. Хильдегард и Юлиус Леви приводят аргументы в пользу отождествления этих богов с Меркурием соответственно как с вечерней и утренней звездой [Lewy 1948].

III. Отождествления.

Как планета:

= Марс как Красная звезда, см. m03dMakrû.

= Меркурий как вечерняя звезда, см. [Lewy 1948].

Как звезда:

= «свет перед Энмешаррой», см. список звезд VR 46 1:14 и текст W. 22281a. Речь в данном случае может идти о неподвижной звезде или созвездии, поскольку указано его положение относительно созвездия Энмешарра, однако, возможно, что и здесь имеется в виду лишь одна из указанных выше планет.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Solar System]][[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]][[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Erragal

2026-06-28T09:04:47Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
d''Erragal'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) and d[[NIN.SAR]] (probably to be read dnin.nisig, 'The Lady of Greenery') form a two-star asterism in the vicitinty of 'The Goat' (Lyra) in the series MUL.APIN. They are listed as one of the seven celestial twins in The Great Star List - there with the star determinative MUL rather than the divine determinative DINGIR: MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL.

is a star and deity identified with one star of the two star asterism, the second star being

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings:'''

* ''Irragal''; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.

In astronomical texts it is paired with dNin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyra (ζ Lyrae) [Gössmann <ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 125; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329, 402].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil:
** 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dEr3-ra-gal
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind mulUZ3): Nin-nisig and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea.'''
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
* mulir3.ra.gal paired with mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:233]; for a parallel see [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 33].
|Example
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:18.'''
* mul''Nin''-SAR ''u'' d''Er''3-''ra-gal'' = dU.GUR ''u'' d''Aḫ-bi-tum''
* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Aḫbitum" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|θ Lyrae
|HIP 94713
|within constellation lines
| 4.38
|-
|2
|[[Aladfar]]
|HIP 94481
|within constellation lines
|4.398
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The list of gods AN: d''Anum'' (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of dNin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the list VR 46, 1:18, dNin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity d''Aḫ-bi-tum''. In the Great Star List and Miscellanea, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).

==== Previous Identification. ====
mulnin.sar and mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lyrae (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].

d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dErragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM, 272, 274].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: Irragal; = «Великий Эрра»; божество чумы и смерти, одно из имен Нергала. В астрономических текстах встречается в паре с dNin.SAR и отождествляется со звездой в созвездии Лира (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal «Две звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. позади dLAMMA = Вега): Нинсар и Эррагаль» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». 7 пар небесных Близнецов: mulir3.ra.gal в паре c mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 33]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:18. mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum «Нинсар и Эррагаль = Нергал и Ахбитум» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3].

II. Божество.

В списке богов AN:dAnum (I 332) Эррагаль определяется как муж dNin.SAR и отождествляется с Нергалом [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10–11 + note 10]. В списке VR 46, 1:18, напротив, dNin.SAR (ошибочно?) связано с Нергалом, а Эррагаль с неизвестным божеством dAḫ-bi-tum. В «Большом списке звезд» имена двух богов включены в список небесных близнецов (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

mulnin.sar и mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε и ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Lyr]]

Erragal

2026-06-28T09:02:36Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium (CC BY SMH).]]
d''Erragal'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏𒃲) and dnin.SAR (probably to be read dnin.nisig, 'The Lady of Greenery') form a two-star asterism in the vicitinty of 'The Goat' (Lyra) in the series MUL.APIN. They are listed as one of the seven celestial twins in The Great Star List.

is a star and deity identified with one star of the two star asterism, the second star being

[[NIN.SAR]] (see Kurtik n40) and ''Erragal''. Together, they form an asterism in Lyra or its vicinity. ''Erragal'' is normally determined as a deity, but note the writings with the MUL (star) determinative in the Great Star List (GSL 232': D ii’ 12’ MUL.NIN.SAR MUL.''èr-ra-''GAL).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. readings:'''

* ''Irragal''; = "Great Erra"; deity of plague and death, one of the names of Nergal.

In astronomical texts it is paired with dNin.SAR and identified with a star in the constellation Lyra (ζ Lyrae) [Gössmann <ref>Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 125; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 329, 402].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil:
** 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dEr3-ra-gal
** "Two stars that stand behind him (i.e. behind mulUZ3): Nin-nisig and Erragal" (I i 27) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26].
|[[File:NIN-SAR+Erragal stellarium.jpg|thumb|NIN.SAR and Erragal mapped in Stellarium, sky culture "MUL.APIN".]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea.'''
* 7 pairs of celestial Twins:
* mulir3.ra.gal paired with mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:233]; for a parallel see [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 33].
|Example
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:18.'''
* mul''Nin''-SAR ''u'' d''Er''3-''ra-gal'' = dU.GUR ''u'' d''Aḫ-bi-tum''
* "Ninsar and Erragal = Nergal and Aḫbitum" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|θ Lyrae
|HIP 94713
|within constellation lines
| 4.38
|-
|2
|[[Aladfar]]
|HIP 94481
|within constellation lines
|4.398
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The list of gods AN: d''Anum'' (I 332) identifies Erragal as the husband of dNin.SAR and is identified with Nergal [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 60 + note 332, 200:10-11 + note 10]. In contrast, in the list VR 46, 1:18, dNin.SAR is (erroneously?) associated with Nergal and Erragal with the unknown deity d''Aḫ-bi-tum''. In the Great Star List and Miscellanea, the names of the two gods are included in the list of celestial twins (see above).

==== Previous Identification. ====
mulnin.sar and mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lyrae (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 80b].

d''Nin''-SAR ''u'' dErragal = ε and ζ Lyrae [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM, 272, 274].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e21)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: Irragal; = «Великий Эрра»; божество чумы и смерти, одно из имен Нергала. В астрономических текстах встречается в паре с dNin.SAR и отождествляется со звездой в созвездии Лира (ζ Lyrae) [G. 125; Litke 1998, 60; Tallqvist 1938, 329, 402].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 26): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBmeš-zu dNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal «Две звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. позади dLAMMA = Вега): Нинсар и Эррагаль» (I i 27) [MA, 26]. «Большой список звезд». 7 пар небесных Близнецов: mulir3.ra.gal в паре c mulnin.mu2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:233]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 33]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:18. mulNin-SAR u dEr3-ra-gal = dU.GUR u dAḫ-bi-tum «Нинсар и Эррагаль = Нергал и Ахбитум» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3].

II. Божество.

В списке богов AN:dAnum (I 332) Эррагаль определяется как муж dNin.SAR и отождествляется с Нергалом [Litke 1998, 60 + note 332, 200:10–11 + note 10]. В списке VR 46, 1:18, напротив, dNin.SAR (ошибочно?) связано с Нергалом, а Эррагаль с неизвестным божеством dAḫ-bi-tum. В «Большом списке звезд» имена двух богов включены в список небесных близнецов (см. выше).

III. Отождествление.

mulnin.sar и mulir3.ra.gal = η + θ Lirae (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 80b].

dNin-SAR u dErragal = ε и ζ Lyrae [MA, 138; ASM, 272, 274].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Star Name]] [[Category:Lyr]]

Ḫar-ri-ru

2026-06-15T05:57:23Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ḫar-ri-ru''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' (𒀭𒄯𒊑𒊒) is a multi-star asterism in the Rainbow-constellation, which itself forms part of mul[[LU.LIM]] ([[Andromeda|Andromeda)`.]]

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
[[File:Field Mouse.jpg|thumb|Field Mouse in Midland Provincial Park, Canada, CC BY As2020sa]]
“Field Mouse” (lit. “digger”); outside astronomical contexts not attested as a deity! d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' (EN 31r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= PEŠ2.A.ŠA3.GA (no logographic record in astronomical texts); = a kind of mouse (field mouse?) [Landsberger 1934<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Die Fauna des alten Mesopotamien nach der 14.Tafel der Serie DAR-RA = Cubullu. Leipzig, 1934.</ref>, 16-17, 194; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 327; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Ḫ, 113-114]; a star or group of stars in the eastern section of Andromeda (Andromeda) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 153, 184, 248].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
In the list of the stars of Enlil (no. 31):

* MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mulLU.LIM / GUBmeš-''zu'' d''Ḫar-ri-ru'' dTIR.AN.NA
* "The ''dim'' stars, that which lay on the Stag's chest: Harriru, Rainbow" (I i 32-33) [MA<ref name=":1">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 27].
|Example
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification. ====
= in the constellation Andromeda [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 153].

= αγδε Cassiopeiae (= LU.LIM) [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 21; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79].

= 18, 31, 32 Andromedae (?) [MA<ref name=":1" />, 138; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273, 275].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h04)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= PEŠ2.A.ŠA3.GA (логографическая запись в астрономических текстах не встречается); = разновидность мыши (полевая мышь?) [Landsberger 1934, 16–17, 194; AHw 327; CAD Ḫ, 113–114]; звезда или группа звезд в восточной части Андромеды (Andromeda) [G. 153, 184, 248].
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Энлиля (№ 31): MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mulLU.LIM / GUBmeš-zu dḪar-ri-ru dTIR.AN.NA «Тусклые звезды, что на груди Оленя: Харриру, Радуга» (I i 32–33) [MA, 27].

II. Отождествление.

= в созвездии Andromeda [G. 153].

= αγδε Cassiopeiae (= LU.LIM) [Waerden 1949, 21; Weidner 1957–59, 79].

= 18, 31, 32 Andromedae (?) [MA, 138; BPO 2, 12; ASM, 273, 275].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:And]]

Ḫaniš

2026-06-15T05:53:38Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ḫaniš''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Ḫaniš'' (𒀯𒈗) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, most probably a name for a single star. It occurs only in combination with the name d''Šullat''(PA), which likely refers to two similar asterisms or single-stars o (e.g. of similar appearance,brightness, close to each other). This explains he inclusion of Šullat and Hanish in the list of '7 twins' in The Great Star List and the parallel lists in 5R 46 and the compendium KAR 142. In MUL.APIN the pair are listed as a single entity standing after mul giš[[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]] "the Harrow." In the star-catalogue of Astrolab B (KAV 218) the deities Šullat and Hanish are identified with mul[[MAŠ.TA.BA.GAL.GAL]], 'The Great Twins.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See ''[[Šullat]]'' (Kurtin sh26) & ''[[Ḫaniš]]'' (Kurtk h03).

Var. readings:

* d''Ḫanīš'' (LUGAL, BAD) "Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)". [Gelb 1950<ref>''Gelb I.J.'' Šullat and Daniš // ArOr. 1950. V. 18, № 1-2. P. 189-198.</ref>, 196; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 145:272; Roberts 1972<ref name=":1">''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 29]; a deity that paired with d''Šullat''(PA) (sh26) denoted a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 182; 240, I A].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014 (mulŠullat dHaniš)
Star Catalogue (Šullat and Haniš identified with mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins)
* mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ''ša''2 ''ina'' igi-''it'' d''A-nim'' gub / d''Šullat''(pa) ''u''3 d''Ḫaniš''(lugal)
* "The Great Twins that stand ahead of Anu, Šullat and Hanish" [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38 rev. col. ii 3-4, KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B ii 22-23].
CT 33 9 and Nv. 10: CT 33 9 r. 19): mul d''Šullat''(˹pa˺?) u <mul> d''Ḫaniš''(lugal), (Ea 9) [Horowitz 2014: 210 (Ea 9). Nv. 10: 32: ˹mulPA u d˺LUGAL (AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month of ''Simanu''), See also Nv. 10: 7: [mulLUGAL] u MUL ˹šu˺.PA (for [Haniš] and Šullat), [Fincke 2025: 67-68; Horowitz 2014 216-218, with discussion on p. 223; Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 70, Anm. 16].
|Example
|-
|'''<s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>'''
<s>List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 9):</s>
* <s>mul d''Šullat''(˹pa˺?) u <mul> d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) [CT<ref name=":3">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref>, 33, 9 r. 19; HBA<ref name=":4">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 248-249:66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Stars of Ea (no. 7):

* 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUBme-''zu'' d''Šullat''(PA) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) dUTU ''u'' dIM
* "2 stars that stand behind him (i.e. after mul gišGAN2.UR3 "the Harrow"), Shullat and Hanish, Shamash and Adad" (I ii 25) [MA<ref name=":6">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 37].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''Šullat u'' d''Ḫaniš'' "Scintillation = Shullat and Hanish";
* (2) 7 Heavenly Twins: mul d''Šullat'' mul <d>''Ḫaniš'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:139, 234].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:30.'''
* d''Šullat''(pa) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) = dutu ''u'' dim "Shullat and Hanish = Shamash and Adad" [HBA<ref name=":4" />, 52:30; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
* '''KAV 142 obv. i 29: MUL.PA >[(x?)] ḪI< dLUGAL check with Pongrat Leisten???'''
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) "Shullat and Hanish" (ε Cen), see (Kurtin a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* § V. mul''Šullat''(PA) 4-''šu''2 (in [G. 359] erroneously: pagar ŠU2) mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) x [...] ˹mul.me˺ ''ḫe-pi''2 2 dal.ba.a[n.na dal. ba.an.n]a m[ul ...] "4 (stars) Shullata (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), Ch[ar]iot (η UMa), Hanish (α Cen?) [....] stars. Damage. 2 inter[val, inter]val. S[tar ...] [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":8">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107; Koch 1995<ref name=":9">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60 Anm. 18].
* §W. mulgir3 zag [...] x mul dPA? x [...] mul''ku''-[''ma''-''ru'' ...] "Right foot [...], Shullat [...], shoul[der...]." [Walker 1995, 34-35; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":9" />, 46, 60]: mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] mul dPA? ˹4˺-[šu2] mul''ku''-[''ma-ru'' Za.ba4.ba4] "Right paw [Mad Dog] (γ Lup?), 4 (stars) of Shullat (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), shou[lder of Zababa] (ζ Oph).
* §X. a) mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Shullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), b) [mulLUGAL(''Ḫaniš'')] "[''Haniš'']" (α Cen), see (Kurtik e13) [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]].
* §g. mul''Šullat''(PA) mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) ''u''3 mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim 3 m]ul.meš du3 šu2[x] "Shullat (β Cen?), Hanish (α Cen?), the right leg of the B[ull (κ Oph): 3 stars]. All of them? [...]" [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995<ref name=":9" />, 78; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 108-109].
* §h. mul''Šullat''(pa); according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22] it should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) here (α Cen?), see (Kurtik g19)[[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §j. mul''Šullat''(pa) "shullat" (β Cen?), see (Kurtin g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]. See also: muleme ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri <<''u''3>> mul <d>bad u3 mulTI8mušen "Dog's tongue, Goat, Wildcat's head, Hanish and the Eagle." [ACh Sin<ref name=":10">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 13:31] as a variant entry of §z (?).
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* d''Šullat''(PA) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) — MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA, see (Kurtin g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
|
|}
In a late text of predicting nature found from Uruk, dPA and dLUGAL seem to be identified with múlE4.RU6 and múlKIdidli respectively [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 1:13].

See also dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-''ma''... [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":10" />, 54:16].

====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Rigil Kentaurus]]
|HIP 71683
|within constellation lines
|0.01
|-
|2
|[[Hadar]]
|HIP 68702
|within constellation lines
|0.58
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
d''Ḫanīš'' — an Akkadian deity whose name has been known since the Old Akkadian times; the name usually appears after and in pairs with that of the name d''Šullat''. The name apparently acquired astral significance no earlier than the 1st millennium B.C. In the Old Babylonian lists of the gods—inclusive of AN: d''Anum'' (also in MUL.APIN and in V R 46,1, see above)—the name has been identified with Adad, the god of thunder [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 146-147:283, 283a; Roberts 1972<ref name=":1" />, 30; Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 18:29]. However, in the epic of Gilgamesh (XI 96-100), Shullat and Hanish precede Adad and are called his "messengers". [I will reveal it to you., 189]; perhaps they were embodied representations of the leading and overhanging edge of storm clouds [Roberts 1972<ref name=":1" />, 30; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 321].

==== III. Identification. ====
“Shullat and Hanish” is interpreted as being a part of one constellation consisting of 2 stars, see MUL.APIN and text 82-5-22, 512 [CT<ref name=":3" /> 33, 9].

= α Centauri [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 240, I A].

= α + β Centauri, respectively mul''Šullat'' and mul''Ḫaniš'' [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79-80].

= μ and ν Centauri(?) respectively mul''Šullat'' and mul''Ḫaniš'' [MA<ref name=":6" />, 138].

= ε Centauri [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 92].

= β and α Centauri respectively d''Šullat'' and ''Ḫaniš'' [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58].

= part of Centauri (?) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 208, App. C].

= ε or ν Centauri(?) [ASM<ref name=":8" />, 273].

See also the dalbanna-text, which refers to the four stars of Shullat.

==== IV. Astrology. ====
(1) The planet and Hanish; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM dBAD BUR3 ''u ad''2-''riš'' TU DINGIR KUR-''ma'' DUG ''la'' ZAḪ3 "If the planet pierces Hanish and becomes dark: a god will strike the dwellings, (but) it will not disappear" [AAT<ref>''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.</ref>, 42:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 248-249:66; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 5].

This seems to suggest an identification of Hanish with a planet or constellation within the zodiacal belt, since the Hanish constellation itself was located far outside of the belt.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dḪanīš (LUGAL, BAD) «Подчинение, приведение в покорность(?)» [Gelb 1950, 196; Litke 1998, 145:272; Roberts 1972, 29]; божество, которое в паре с dŠullat(PA) (sh26) обозначало созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 182; 240, I A].
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ša2 ina igi-it dA-nim gub / dŠullat(pa) u3 dḪaniš(lugal) «Большие Близнецы, которые стоят впереди Ану, Шуллат и Ханиш» [KAV 218, B ii 22–23; Horowitz 2014, 38 rev. col. ii 3–4]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 9): mul dŠullat(˹pa˺?) u <mul> dḪaniš(lugal) [CT, 33, 9 r. 19; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. EAE. См. [Largement 1957, 248–249:66]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Эа (№ 7): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBme-zu dŠullat(PA) u dḪaniš(LUGAL) dUTU u dIM «2 звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. после mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»), Шуллат и Ханиш, Шамаш и Адад» (I ii 25) [MA, 37]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = dŠullat u dḪaniš «Сверкание = Шуллат и Ханиш»; (2) 7 Небесных Близнецов: mul dŠullat mul <d>Ḫaniš [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:139, 234]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:30. dŠullat(pa) u dḪaniš(lugal) = dutu u dim «Шуллат и Ханиш = Шамаш и Адад» [HBA, 52:30; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. dŠullat(PA) u Ḫaniš(LUGAL) «Шуллат и Ханиш» (ε Cen), см. a06AB.SIN2. Dalbanna-текст. § V. mulŠullat(PA) 4-šu2 (в [G. 359] ошибочно: pagar ŠU2) mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ mulḪaniš(LUGAL) x […] ˹mul.me˺ ḫe-pi2 2 dal.ba.a[n.na dal.ba.an.n]a m[ul …] «4 (звезды) Шуллата (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), Ко[лес]ница (η UMa), Ханиш (α Cen?) [….] звезды. Повреждение. 2 интер[вала, интер]вал. З[везда …] [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107; Koch 1995, 47, 60 Anm. 18]. §W. mulgir3 zag […] x mul dPA? x […] mulku-[ma-ru …] «Правая нога […], Шуллат […], пле[чо …]» [Walker 1995, 34–35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 60]: mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] mul dPA? ˹4˺-[šu2] mulku-[ma-ru Za.ba4.ba4] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса] (γ Lup?), 4 (звезды) Шуллата (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), пле[чо Забабы] (ζ Oph)». §X. a) mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), b) [mulLUGAL(Ḫaniš)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen), см. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM. §g. mulŠullat(PA) mulḪaniš(LUGAL) u3 mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim 3 m]ul.meš du3 šu2[x] «Шуллат (β Cen?), Ханиш (α Cen?), правая нога Б[ыка (κ Oph): 3 зв]езды. Все из них? […]» [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 78; ASM, 108–109]. §h. mulŠullat(pa); согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) (α Cen?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §j. mulŠullat(pa) «Шуллат» (β Cen?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. См. также: muleme ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri <<u3>> mul <d>bad u3 mulTI8mušen «Язык Пса, Коза, Голова Дикого Кота, Ханиш и Орел» [ACh Sin, 13:31] как вариант записи §z (?). Текст Nv. 10. (mul)lugal ― звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA; lugal = dḪaniš(α Cen), согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 70, Anm. 16]. LBAT 1502. dŠullat(PA) u dḪaniš(LUGAL) — MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA, см. g05GAM-ti.

В позднем предсказательном тексте из Урука, dPA и dLUGAL отождествляются, кажется, с múlE4.RU6 и múlKIdidli соответственно [SpTU III, 1:13].

См. также dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-ma… [ACh Suppl., 54:16].

II. Божество.

dḪanīš — аккадское божество, имя которого известно со староаккадского периода; встречается, как правило, в паре с dŠullat на втором месте. Астральное значение приобрело, по-видимому, не ранее I тыс. до н.э. В списках богов старовавилонского периода, в том числе в AN:dAnum (а также в MUL.APIN и в V R 46,1, см. выше) отождествляется с богом грозы Ададом [Litke 1998, 146–147:283, 283a; Roberts 1972, 30; Weidner 1924–25, 18:29]. Однако в эпосе о Гильгамеше (XI 96–100) Шуллат и Ханиш предшествуют Ададу и названы его «гонцами» [Я открою тебе., 189]; возможно, они олицетворяли нависающий передний край облаков приближающегося штормового фронта [Roberts 1972, 30; Tallqvist 1938, 321].

III. Отождествление.

Сочетание «Шуллат и Ханиш» трактовалось как одно созвездие, состоящее из 2 звезд, см. MUL.APIN и текст 82-5-22, 512 [CT 33, 9].

= α Centauri [G. 240, I A].

= α + β Centauri, соответственно mulŠullat и mulḪaniš [Weidner 1957–59, 79–80].

= μ и ν Centauri(?) соответственно mulŠullat и mulḪaniš [MA, 138].

= ε Centauri [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320; ASM, 92].

= β и α Centauri соответственно dŠullat и Ḫaniš [Koch 1992, 58].

= часть Центавра (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].

= ε или ν Centauri(?) [ASM, 273].

Cм. также dalbanna-текст, где речь идет о 4 звездах Шуллат.

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Ханиш; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM dBAD BUR3 u ad2-riš TU DINGIR KUR-ma DUG la ZAḪ3 «Если планета пронзает Ханиш и заходит темной: бог ударит по жилищу, (но) оно не исчезнет» [AAT, 42:14; Largement 1957, 248–249:66; TU, 16 r. 5].

Здесь предполагается, по-видимому, отождествление Ханиш с какой-либо планетой или созвездием из зодиакального пояса, поскольку само созвездие Ханиш находилось далеко за его пределами.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Cen]]

Ḫaniš

2026-06-15T05:45:27Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ḫaniš''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Ḫaniš'' (𒀯𒈗) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, most probably a name for a single star. It occurs only in combination with the name d''Šullat''(PA), which likely refers to two similar asterisms or single-stars o (e.g. of similar appearance,brightness, close to each other). This explains he inclusion of Šullat and Hanish in the list of '7 twins' in The Great Star List and the compendium ***

Such which are descr

as is the case of the two deities identified with 'The Great Twins.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See ''[[Šullat]]'' (Kurtin sh26) & ''[[Ḫaniš]]'' (Kurtk h03).

Var. readings:

* d''Ḫanīš'' (LUGAL, BAD) "Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)". [Gelb 1950<ref>''Gelb I.J.'' Šullat and Daniš // ArOr. 1950. V. 18, № 1-2. P. 189-198.</ref>, 196; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 145:272; Roberts 1972<ref name=":1">''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 29]; a deity that paired with d''Šullat''(PA) (sh26) denoted a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 182; 240, I A].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014 (mulŠullat dHaniš)
Star Catalogue (Šullat and Haniš identified with mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins)
* mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ''ša''2 ''ina'' igi-''it'' d''A-nim'' gub / d''Šullat''(pa) ''u''3 d''Ḫaniš''(lugal)
* "The Great Twins that stand ahead of Anu, Šullat and Hanish" [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38 rev. col. ii 3-4, KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B ii 22-23].
CT 33 9 and Nv. 10: CT 33 9 r. 19): mul d''Šullat''(˹pa˺?) u <mul> d''Ḫaniš''(lugal), (Ea 9) [Horowitz 2014: 210 (Ea 9). Nv. 10: 32: ˹mulPA u d˺LUGAL (AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month of ''Simanu''), See also Nv. 10: 7: [mulLUGAL] u MUL ˹šu˺.PA (for [Haniš] and Šullat), [Fincke 2025: 67-68; Horowitz 2014 216-218, with discussion on p. 223; Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 70, Anm. 16].
|Example
|-
|'''<s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>'''
<s>List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 9):</s>
* <s>mul d''Šullat''(˹pa˺?) u <mul> d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) [CT<ref name=":3">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref>, 33, 9 r. 19; HBA<ref name=":4">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 248-249:66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Stars of Ea (no. 7):

* 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUBme-''zu'' d''Šullat''(PA) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) dUTU ''u'' dIM
* "2 stars that stand behind him (i.e. after mul gišGAN2.UR3 "the Harrow"), Shullat and Hanish, Shamash and Adad" (I ii 25) [MA<ref name=":6">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 37].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''Šullat u'' d''Ḫaniš'' "Scintillation = Shullat and Hanish";
* (2) 7 Heavenly Twins: mul d''Šullat'' mul <d>''Ḫaniš'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:139, 234].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:30.'''
* d''Šullat''(pa) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) = dutu ''u'' dim "Shullat and Hanish = Shamash and Adad" [HBA<ref name=":4" />, 52:30; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) "Shullat and Hanish" (ε Cen), see (Kurtin a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* § V. mul''Šullat''(PA) 4-''šu''2 (in [G. 359] erroneously: pagar ŠU2) mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) x [...] ˹mul.me˺ ''ḫe-pi''2 2 dal.ba.a[n.na dal. ba.an.n]a m[ul ...] "4 (stars) Shullata (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), Ch[ar]iot (η UMa), Hanish (α Cen?) [....] stars. Damage. 2 inter[val, inter]val. S[tar ...] [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":8">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107; Koch 1995<ref name=":9">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60 Anm. 18].
* §W. mulgir3 zag [...] x mul dPA? x [...] mul''ku''-[''ma''-''ru'' ...] "Right foot [...], Shullat [...], shoul[der...]." [Walker 1995, 34-35; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":9" />, 46, 60]: mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] mul dPA? ˹4˺-[šu2] mul''ku''-[''ma-ru'' Za.ba4.ba4] "Right paw [Mad Dog] (γ Lup?), 4 (stars) of Shullat (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), shou[lder of Zababa] (ζ Oph).
* §X. a) mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Shullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), b) [mulLUGAL(''Ḫaniš'')] "[''Haniš'']" (α Cen), see (Kurtik e13) [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]].
* §g. mul''Šullat''(PA) mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) ''u''3 mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim 3 m]ul.meš du3 šu2[x] "Shullat (β Cen?), Hanish (α Cen?), the right leg of the B[ull (κ Oph): 3 stars]. All of them? [...]" [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995<ref name=":9" />, 78; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 108-109].
* §h. mul''Šullat''(pa); according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22] it should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) here (α Cen?), see (Kurtik g19)[[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §j. mul''Šullat''(pa) "shullat" (β Cen?), see (Kurtin g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]. See also: muleme ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri <<''u''3>> mul <d>bad u3 mulTI8mušen "Dog's tongue, Goat, Wildcat's head, Hanish and the Eagle." [ACh Sin<ref name=":10">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 13:31] as a variant entry of §z (?).
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* d''Šullat''(PA) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) — MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA, see (Kurtin g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
|
|}
In a late text of predicting nature found from Uruk, dPA and dLUGAL seem to be identified with múlE4.RU6 and múlKIdidli respectively [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 1:13].

See also dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-''ma''... [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":10" />, 54:16].

====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Rigil Kentaurus]]
|HIP 71683
|within constellation lines
|0.01
|-
|2
|[[Hadar]]
|HIP 68702
|within constellation lines
|0.58
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
d''Ḫanīš'' — an Akkadian deity whose name has been known since the Old Akkadian times; the name usually appears after and in pairs with that of the name d''Šullat''. The name apparently acquired astral significance no earlier than the 1st millennium B.C. In the Old Babylonian lists of the gods—inclusive of AN: d''Anum'' (also in MUL.APIN and in V R 46,1, see above)—the name has been identified with Adad, the god of thunder [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 146-147:283, 283a; Roberts 1972<ref name=":1" />, 30; Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 18:29]. However, in the epic of Gilgamesh (XI 96-100), Shullat and Hanish precede Adad and are called his "messengers". [I will reveal it to you., 189]; perhaps they were embodied representations of the leading and overhanging edge of storm clouds [Roberts 1972<ref name=":1" />, 30; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 321].

==== III. Identification. ====
“Shullat and Hanish” is interpreted as being a part of one constellation consisting of 2 stars, see MUL.APIN and text 82-5-22, 512 [CT<ref name=":3" /> 33, 9].

= α Centauri [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 240, I A].

= α + β Centauri, respectively mul''Šullat'' and mul''Ḫaniš'' [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79-80].

= μ and ν Centauri(?) respectively mul''Šullat'' and mul''Ḫaniš'' [MA<ref name=":6" />, 138].

= ε Centauri [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 92].

= β and α Centauri respectively d''Šullat'' and ''Ḫaniš'' [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58].

= part of Centauri (?) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 208, App. C].

= ε or ν Centauri(?) [ASM<ref name=":8" />, 273].

See also the dalbanna-text, which refers to the four stars of Shullat.

==== IV. Astrology. ====
(1) The planet and Hanish; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM dBAD BUR3 ''u ad''2-''riš'' TU DINGIR KUR-''ma'' DUG ''la'' ZAḪ3 "If the planet pierces Hanish and becomes dark: a god will strike the dwellings, (but) it will not disappear" [AAT<ref>''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.</ref>, 42:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 248-249:66; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 5].

This seems to suggest an identification of Hanish with a planet or constellation within the zodiacal belt, since the Hanish constellation itself was located far outside of the belt.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dḪanīš (LUGAL, BAD) «Подчинение, приведение в покорность(?)» [Gelb 1950, 196; Litke 1998, 145:272; Roberts 1972, 29]; божество, которое в паре с dŠullat(PA) (sh26) обозначало созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 182; 240, I A].
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ša2 ina igi-it dA-nim gub / dŠullat(pa) u3 dḪaniš(lugal) «Большие Близнецы, которые стоят впереди Ану, Шуллат и Ханиш» [KAV 218, B ii 22–23; Horowitz 2014, 38 rev. col. ii 3–4]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 9): mul dŠullat(˹pa˺?) u <mul> dḪaniš(lugal) [CT, 33, 9 r. 19; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. EAE. См. [Largement 1957, 248–249:66]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Эа (№ 7): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBme-zu dŠullat(PA) u dḪaniš(LUGAL) dUTU u dIM «2 звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. после mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»), Шуллат и Ханиш, Шамаш и Адад» (I ii 25) [MA, 37]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = dŠullat u dḪaniš «Сверкание = Шуллат и Ханиш»; (2) 7 Небесных Близнецов: mul dŠullat mul <d>Ḫaniš [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:139, 234]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:30. dŠullat(pa) u dḪaniš(lugal) = dutu u dim «Шуллат и Ханиш = Шамаш и Адад» [HBA, 52:30; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. dŠullat(PA) u Ḫaniš(LUGAL) «Шуллат и Ханиш» (ε Cen), см. a06AB.SIN2. Dalbanna-текст. § V. mulŠullat(PA) 4-šu2 (в [G. 359] ошибочно: pagar ŠU2) mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ mulḪaniš(LUGAL) x […] ˹mul.me˺ ḫe-pi2 2 dal.ba.a[n.na dal.ba.an.n]a m[ul …] «4 (звезды) Шуллата (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), Ко[лес]ница (η UMa), Ханиш (α Cen?) [….] звезды. Повреждение. 2 интер[вала, интер]вал. З[везда …] [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107; Koch 1995, 47, 60 Anm. 18]. §W. mulgir3 zag […] x mul dPA? x […] mulku-[ma-ru …] «Правая нога […], Шуллат […], пле[чо …]» [Walker 1995, 34–35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 60]: mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] mul dPA? ˹4˺-[šu2] mulku-[ma-ru Za.ba4.ba4] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса] (γ Lup?), 4 (звезды) Шуллата (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), пле[чо Забабы] (ζ Oph)». §X. a) mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), b) [mulLUGAL(Ḫaniš)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen), см. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM. §g. mulŠullat(PA) mulḪaniš(LUGAL) u3 mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim 3 m]ul.meš du3 šu2[x] «Шуллат (β Cen?), Ханиш (α Cen?), правая нога Б[ыка (κ Oph): 3 зв]езды. Все из них? […]» [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 78; ASM, 108–109]. §h. mulŠullat(pa); согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) (α Cen?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §j. mulŠullat(pa) «Шуллат» (β Cen?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. См. также: muleme ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri <<u3>> mul <d>bad u3 mulTI8mušen «Язык Пса, Коза, Голова Дикого Кота, Ханиш и Орел» [ACh Sin, 13:31] как вариант записи §z (?). Текст Nv. 10. (mul)lugal ― звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA; lugal = dḪaniš(α Cen), согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 70, Anm. 16]. LBAT 1502. dŠullat(PA) u dḪaniš(LUGAL) — MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA, см. g05GAM-ti.

В позднем предсказательном тексте из Урука, dPA и dLUGAL отождествляются, кажется, с múlE4.RU6 и múlKIdidli соответственно [SpTU III, 1:13].

См. также dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-ma… [ACh Suppl., 54:16].

II. Божество.

dḪanīš — аккадское божество, имя которого известно со староаккадского периода; встречается, как правило, в паре с dŠullat на втором месте. Астральное значение приобрело, по-видимому, не ранее I тыс. до н.э. В списках богов старовавилонского периода, в том числе в AN:dAnum (а также в MUL.APIN и в V R 46,1, см. выше) отождествляется с богом грозы Ададом [Litke 1998, 146–147:283, 283a; Roberts 1972, 30; Weidner 1924–25, 18:29]. Однако в эпосе о Гильгамеше (XI 96–100) Шуллат и Ханиш предшествуют Ададу и названы его «гонцами» [Я открою тебе., 189]; возможно, они олицетворяли нависающий передний край облаков приближающегося штормового фронта [Roberts 1972, 30; Tallqvist 1938, 321].

III. Отождествление.

Сочетание «Шуллат и Ханиш» трактовалось как одно созвездие, состоящее из 2 звезд, см. MUL.APIN и текст 82-5-22, 512 [CT 33, 9].

= α Centauri [G. 240, I A].

= α + β Centauri, соответственно mulŠullat и mulḪaniš [Weidner 1957–59, 79–80].

= μ и ν Centauri(?) соответственно mulŠullat и mulḪaniš [MA, 138].

= ε Centauri [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320; ASM, 92].

= β и α Centauri соответственно dŠullat и Ḫaniš [Koch 1992, 58].

= часть Центавра (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].

= ε или ν Centauri(?) [ASM, 273].

Cм. также dalbanna-текст, где речь идет о 4 звездах Шуллат.

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Ханиш; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM dBAD BUR3 u ad2-riš TU DINGIR KUR-ma DUG la ZAḪ3 «Если планета пронзает Ханиш и заходит темной: бог ударит по жилищу, (но) оно не исчезнет» [AAT, 42:14; Largement 1957, 248–249:66; TU, 16 r. 5].

Здесь предполагается, по-видимому, отождествление Ханиш с какой-либо планетой или созвездием из зодиакального пояса, поскольку само созвездие Ханиш находилось далеко за его пределами.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Cen]]

Ḫaniš

2026-06-15T05:42:19Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ḫaniš''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / d''Ḫaniš'' (𒀯𒈗) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, most probably a name for a single star. It occurs only in combination with the name d''Šullat''(PA), which likely refers to two similar stars (e.g. of similar brightness, close to each other) as is the case of the two deities identified with 'The Great Twins.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See ''[[Šullat]]'' (Kurtin sh26) & ''[[Ḫaniš]]'' (Kurtk h03).

Var. readings:

* d''Ḫanīš'' (LUGAL, BAD) "Subjugation, bringing into submission(?)". [Gelb 1950<ref>''Gelb I.J.'' Šullat and Daniš // ArOr. 1950. V. 18, № 1-2. P. 189-198.</ref>, 196; Litke 1998<ref name=":0">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 145:272; Roberts 1972<ref name=":1">''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 29]; a deity that paired with d''Šullat''(PA) (sh26) denoted a constellation within [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus) [Gössmann<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 182; 240, I A].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014 (mulŠullat dHaniš)
Star Catalogue (Šullat and Haniš identified with mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins)
* mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ''ša''2 ''ina'' igi-''it'' d''A-nim'' gub / d''Šullat''(pa) ''u''3 d''Ḫaniš''(lugal)
* "The Great Twins that stand ahead of Anu, Shullat and Hanish" [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38 rev. col. ii 3-4, KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B ii 22-23].
CT 33 9 and Nv. 10: CT 33 9 r. 19): mul d''Šullat''(˹pa˺?) u <mul> d''Ḫaniš''(lugal), (Ea 9) [Horowitz 2014: 210 (Ea 9). Nv. 10: 32: ˹mulPA u d˺LUGAL (AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month of ''Simanu''), See also Nv. 10: 7: [mulLUGAL] u MUL ˹šu˺.PA (for [Haniš] and Šullat), [Fincke 2025: 67-68; Horowitz 2014 216-218, with discussion on p. 223; Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 70, Anm. 16].
|Example
|-
|'''<s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>'''
<s>List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 9):</s>
* <s>mul d''Šullat''(˹pa˺?) u <mul> d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) [CT<ref name=":3">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref>, 33, 9 r. 19; HBA<ref name=":4">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 248-249:66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
Stars of Ea (no. 7):

* 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUBme-''zu'' d''Šullat''(PA) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) dUTU ''u'' dIM
* "2 stars that stand behind him (i.e. after mul gišGAN2.UR3 "the Harrow"), Shullat and Hanish, Shamash and Adad" (I ii 25) [MA<ref name=":6">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 37].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = d''Šullat u'' d''Ḫaniš'' "Scintillation = Shullat and Hanish";
* (2) 7 Heavenly Twins: mul d''Šullat'' mul <d>''Ḫaniš'' [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:139, 234].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:30.'''
* d''Šullat''(pa) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) = dutu ''u'' dim "Shullat and Hanish = Shamash and Adad" [HBA<ref name=":4" />, 52:30; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) "Shullat and Hanish" (ε Cen), see (Kurtin a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* § V. mul''Šullat''(PA) 4-''šu''2 (in [G. 359] erroneously: pagar ŠU2) mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) x [...] ˹mul.me˺ ''ḫe-pi''2 2 dal.ba.a[n.na dal. ba.an.n]a m[ul ...] "4 (stars) Shullata (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), Ch[ar]iot (η UMa), Hanish (α Cen?) [....] stars. Damage. 2 inter[val, inter]val. S[tar ...] [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":8">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107; Koch 1995<ref name=":9">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 47, 60 Anm. 18].
* §W. mulgir3 zag [...] x mul dPA? x [...] mul''ku''-[''ma''-''ru'' ...] "Right foot [...], Shullat [...], shoul[der...]." [Walker 1995, 34-35; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":9" />, 46, 60]: mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] mul dPA? ˹4˺-[šu2] mul''ku''-[''ma-ru'' Za.ba4.ba4] "Right paw [Mad Dog] (γ Lup?), 4 (stars) of Shullat (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), shou[lder of Zababa] (ζ Oph).
* §X. a) mul d?PA?[4-''šu''2] "[4] (stars) of Shullat" (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), b) [mulLUGAL(''Ḫaniš'')] "[''Haniš'']" (α Cen), see (Kurtik e13) [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]].
* §g. mul''Šullat''(PA) mul''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) ''u''3 mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim 3 m]ul.meš du3 šu2[x] "Shullat (β Cen?), Hanish (α Cen?), the right leg of the B[ull (κ Oph): 3 stars]. All of them? [...]" [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995<ref name=":9" />, 78; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 108-109].
* §h. mul''Šullat''(pa); according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22] it should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) here (α Cen?), see (Kurtik g19)[[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §j. mul''Šullat''(pa) "shullat" (β Cen?), see (Kurtin g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]]. See also: muleme ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri <<''u''3>> mul <d>bad u3 mulTI8mušen "Dog's tongue, Goat, Wildcat's head, Hanish and the Eagle." [ACh Sin<ref name=":10">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 13:31] as a variant entry of §z (?).
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* d''Šullat''(PA) ''u'' d''Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) — MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA, see (Kurtin g05) [[GAM-ti|GAM-''ti'']].
|
|}
In a late text of predicting nature found from Uruk, dPA and dLUGAL seem to be identified with múlE4.RU6 and múlKIdidli respectively [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 1:13].

See also dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-''ma''... [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":10" />, 54:16].

====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Rigil Kentaurus]]
|HIP 71683
|within constellation lines
|0.01
|-
|2
|[[Hadar]]
|HIP 68702
|within constellation lines
|0.58
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
d''Ḫanīš'' — an Akkadian deity whose name has been known since the Old Akkadian times; the name usually appears after and in pairs with that of the name d''Šullat''. The name apparently acquired astral significance no earlier than the 1st millennium B.C. In the Old Babylonian lists of the gods—inclusive of AN: d''Anum'' (also in MUL.APIN and in V R 46,1, see above)—the name has been identified with Adad, the god of thunder [Litke 1998<ref name=":0" />, 146-147:283, 283a; Roberts 1972<ref name=":1" />, 30; Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 18:29]. However, in the epic of Gilgamesh (XI 96-100), Shullat and Hanish precede Adad and are called his "messengers". [I will reveal it to you., 189]; perhaps they were embodied representations of the leading and overhanging edge of storm clouds [Roberts 1972<ref name=":1" />, 30; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 321].

==== III. Identification. ====
“Shullat and Hanish” is interpreted as being a part of one constellation consisting of 2 stars, see MUL.APIN and text 82-5-22, 512 [CT<ref name=":3" /> 33, 9].

= α Centauri [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 240, I A].

= α + β Centauri, respectively mul''Šullat'' and mul''Ḫaniš'' [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79-80].

= μ and ν Centauri(?) respectively mul''Šullat'' and mul''Ḫaniš'' [MA<ref name=":6" />, 138].

= ε Centauri [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320; ASM<ref name=":8" />, 92].

= β and α Centauri respectively d''Šullat'' and ''Ḫaniš'' [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58].

= part of Centauri (?) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 208, App. C].

= ε or ν Centauri(?) [ASM<ref name=":8" />, 273].

See also the dalbanna-text, which refers to the four stars of Shullat.

==== IV. Astrology. ====
(1) The planet and Hanish; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM dBAD BUR3 ''u ad''2-''riš'' TU DINGIR KUR-''ma'' DUG ''la'' ZAḪ3 "If the planet pierces Hanish and becomes dark: a god will strike the dwellings, (but) it will not disappear" [AAT<ref>''Craig J.A.'' Astrological-astronomical Texts. Leipzig, 1899.</ref>, 42:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 248-249:66; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 5].

This seems to suggest an identification of Hanish with a planet or constellation within the zodiacal belt, since the Hanish constellation itself was located far outside of the belt.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, h03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: dḪanīš (LUGAL, BAD) «Подчинение, приведение в покорность(?)» [Gelb 1950, 196; Litke 1998, 145:272; Roberts 1972, 29]; божество, которое в паре с dŠullat(PA) (sh26) обозначало созвездие в пределах Центавра (Centaurus) [G. 182; 240, I A].
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ša2 ina igi-it dA-nim gub / dŠullat(pa) u3 dḪaniš(lugal) «Большие Близнецы, которые стоят впереди Ану, Шуллат и Ханиш» [KAV 218, B ii 22–23; Horowitz 2014, 38 rev. col. ii 3–4]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 9): mul dŠullat(˹pa˺?) u <mul> dḪaniš(lugal) [CT, 33, 9 r. 19; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. EAE. См. [Largement 1957, 248–249:66]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Эа (№ 7): 2 MULmeš ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUBme-zu dŠullat(PA) u dḪaniš(LUGAL) dUTU u dIM «2 звезды, которые стоят позади него (т.е. после mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»), Шуллат и Ханиш, Шамаш и Адад» (I ii 25) [MA, 37]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulan.ta.sur.ra = dŠullat u dḪaniš «Сверкание = Шуллат и Ханиш»; (2) 7 Небесных Близнецов: mul dŠullat mul <d>Ḫaniš [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:139, 234]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:30. dŠullat(pa) u dḪaniš(lugal) = dutu u dim «Шуллат и Ханиш = Шамаш и Адад» [HBA, 52:30; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. dŠullat(PA) u Ḫaniš(LUGAL) «Шуллат и Ханиш» (ε Cen), см. a06AB.SIN2. Dalbanna-текст. § V. mulŠullat(PA) 4-šu2 (в [G. 359] ошибочно: pagar ŠU2) mulmar.[gid2].˹da˺ mulḪaniš(LUGAL) x […] ˹mul.me˺ ḫe-pi2 2 dal.ba.a[n.na dal.ba.an.n]a m[ul …] «4 (звезды) Шуллата (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), Ко[лес]ница (η UMa), Ханиш (α Cen?) [….] звезды. Повреждение. 2 интер[вала, интер]вал. З[везда …] [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107; Koch 1995, 47, 60 Anm. 18]. §W. mulgir3 zag […] x mul dPA? x […] mulku-[ma-ru …] «Правая нога […], Шуллат […], пле[чо …]» [Walker 1995, 34–35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 60]: mulgir3 zag [ur.idim] mul dPA? ˹4˺-[šu2] mulku-[ma-ru Za.ba4.ba4] «Правая лапа [Бешеного Пса] (γ Lup?), 4 (звезды) Шуллата (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), пле[чо Забабы] (ζ Oph)». §X. a) mul d?PA?[4-šu2] «[4] (звезды) Шуллата» (321G, 328G, 340G, υ Cen), b) [mulLUGAL(Ḫaniš)] «[Ханиш]» (α Cen), см. e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM. §g. mulŠullat(PA) mulḪaniš(LUGAL) u3 mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim 3 m]ul.meš du3 šu2[x] «Шуллат (β Cen?), Ханиш (α Cen?), правая нога Б[ыка (κ Oph): 3 зв]езды. Все из них? […]» [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 78; ASM, 108–109]. §h. mulŠullat(pa); согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) (α Cen?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §j. mulŠullat(pa) «Шуллат» (β Cen?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. См. также: muleme ur.gi7 muluz3 mulsag sa.ri <<u3>> mul <d>bad u3 mulTI8mušen «Язык Пса, Коза, Голова Дикого Кота, Ханиш и Орел» [ACh Sin, 13:31] как вариант записи §z (?). Текст Nv. 10. (mul)lugal ― звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA; lugal = dḪaniš(α Cen), согласно [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 70, Anm. 16]. LBAT 1502. dŠullat(PA) u dḪaniš(LUGAL) — MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA, см. g05GAM-ti.

В позднем предсказательном тексте из Урука, dPA и dLUGAL отождествляются, кажется, с múlE4.RU6 и múlKIdidli соответственно [SpTU III, 1:13].

См. также dBAD dSAG.ME.GAR-ma… [ACh Suppl., 54:16].

II. Божество.

dḪanīš — аккадское божество, имя которого известно со староаккадского периода; встречается, как правило, в паре с dŠullat на втором месте. Астральное значение приобрело, по-видимому, не ранее I тыс. до н.э. В списках богов старовавилонского периода, в том числе в AN:dAnum (а также в MUL.APIN и в V R 46,1, см. выше) отождествляется с богом грозы Ададом [Litke 1998, 146–147:283, 283a; Roberts 1972, 30; Weidner 1924–25, 18:29]. Однако в эпосе о Гильгамеше (XI 96–100) Шуллат и Ханиш предшествуют Ададу и названы его «гонцами» [Я открою тебе., 189]; возможно, они олицетворяли нависающий передний край облаков приближающегося штормового фронта [Roberts 1972, 30; Tallqvist 1938, 321].

III. Отождествление.

Сочетание «Шуллат и Ханиш» трактовалось как одно созвездие, состоящее из 2 звезд, см. MUL.APIN и текст 82-5-22, 512 [CT 33, 9].

= α Centauri [G. 240, I A].

= α + β Centauri, соответственно mulŠullat и mulḪaniš [Weidner 1957–59, 79–80].

= μ и ν Centauri(?) соответственно mulŠullat и mulḪaniš [MA, 138].

= ε Centauri [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320; ASM, 92].

= β и α Centauri соответственно dŠullat и Ḫaniš [Koch 1992, 58].

= часть Центавра (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].

= ε или ν Centauri(?) [ASM, 273].

Cм. также dalbanna-текст, где речь идет о 4 звездах Шуллат.

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Ханиш; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM dBAD BUR3 u ad2-riš TU DINGIR KUR-ma DUG la ZAḪ3 «Если планета пронзает Ханиш и заходит темной: бог ударит по жилищу, (но) оно не исчезнет» [AAT, 42:14; Largement 1957, 248–249:66; TU, 16 r. 5].

Здесь предполагается, по-видимому, отождествление Ханиш с какой-либо планетой или созвездием из зодиакального пояса, поскольку само созвездие Ханиш находилось далеко за его пределами.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Cen]]

GI6

2026-06-10T15:47:55Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGI6}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGI6 (𒀯𒈪), 'the Dark or Black-star' is used as a name for both the planets Mercury and Saturn. Both planets are brighter than most of the stars which makes the term unjustified by observation, but reflects cultural associations.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
'''Var. readings:'''

* mulGIG2,
* mulMI;
* = ''ṣalmu'' "dark star";
* the name of Saturn and Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 86].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* (1)
** mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU)
** "Dark star = Shade = DITTO (Saturn, (star) of the Sun)". [MSL XI, 40:40; for discussion of this entry see LAS 2, 343].
* (2)
** mulgi6 = MUL ''ṣal''-[''me''...] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9].
* (3)
** mulgi6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud
** "Dark star = 'The Scales' = Mercury" [II R, 57, 59 a, b; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":0" /> 86].
* (4) [mul]gi6 = d''zi''-[''ba-ni-tu''4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22].
* (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
|
* (1) ???
* (2) For Mars the change of brightness is observable with the naked eye.
* (3) and (4). The "=" is not written on the tablet but an interpretation by an Assyriologist, which I consider wrong. I prefer the reading "the dark constellation Libra: ...". In case of (3) this could mean that Mercury is in Libra.
* (5) only a term, no identification possible
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].
|
|}See also:

* MUL.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''2 "Dark star = Libra" [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19];
* [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ''ṣa-la-mu'': mul4KASKAL.UTU "Dark (star) = Saturn, MI = 'dark' = (star) Path of the Sun" [SpTU I, 84:16]. See [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

== Additional ==

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn; see above, also III 2.

(2) = Mercury; mulge6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], see also [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. In MUL.APIN II i 59 it says about Mercury: MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and bright or yellow-green and dark" [Hunger & Steele 2019, 81]; dpap.sukkal which is usually identified with Orion (MUL.APIN I ii 2) seems to be Mercury in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" [Gössmann 86]. The identification with "Libra" may also imply a connection with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]].

(3) = Libra; see above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon and the Dark Starː DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 MUL.MI [...] "If the Moon, at its appearance, (meets) the Dark Star [...]" [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; [...M]UL MI ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ''u'' MU[L...] "The dark [star] stands on its (the Moon's) right horn [...]" [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) The Chariot (= Venus) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 7.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIG2, mulMI; = ṣalmu «Темная звезда»; название Сатурна и Меркурия [G. 86].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) «Темная звезда = Статуя = Сатурн, (звезда) Солнца» [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343]. (2) mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me…] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9]. (3) mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [II R, 57, 59 a, b; G. 86]. (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22]. (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248]. «Большой список звезд». ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

См. также: MUL.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu2 «Темная звезда = Весы» [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI : dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š : MI : ṣa-la-mu : mul4KASKAL.UTU «Темная (звезда) = Сатурн, MI = «темный» = (звезда) Путь Солнца» [SpTU I, 84:16]. См. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также III 2.

(2) = Меркурий; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], см также [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. B MUL.APIN II i 59 о Меркурии сказано: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и блестящая, либо желто-зеленая и темная» [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal, который обычно отождествляется с Орионом (MUL.APIN I ii 2), в «Большом списке звезд» обозначает, по-видимому, Меркурий [G. 86]. Отождествление с «Весами» может подразумевать также связь с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ.

(3) = Весы; см. выше.

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Темная звезда; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (встретила) Темную звезду […]» [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; […M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L…] «Темная [зв]езда на ее (Луны) правом роге стоит […]» [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) Колесница (=Венера) и Темная звезда (=Сатурн); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(3) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); см. s04SA5, II 9.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GI6

2026-06-10T15:35:55Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGI6}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGI6 (𒀯𒈪), 'the Dark or Black-star' is used for both the planets Mercury and Saturn. <s>Mercury and Saturn are the two hardest planets to find and identify with the naked eye.</s>

Both planets are brighter than most of the stars which makes the term unjustified by observation.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
'''Var. readings:'''

* mulGIG2,
* mulMI;
* = ''ṣalmu'' "dark star";
* the name of Saturn and Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 86].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* (1)
** mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU)
** "Dark star = Shade = DITTO (Saturn, (star) of the Sun)". [MSL XI, 40:40; for discussion of this entry see LAS 2, 343].
* (2)
** mulgi6 = MUL ''ṣal''-[''me''...] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9].
* (3)
** mulgi6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud
** "Dark star = 'The Scales' = Mercury" [II R, 57, 59 a, b; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":0" /> 86].
* (4) [mul]gi6 = d''zi''-[''ba-ni-tu''4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22].
* (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
|
* (1) ???
* (2) For Mars the change of brightness is observable with the naked eye.
* (3) and (4). The "=" is not written on the tablet but an interpretation by an Assyriologist, which I consider wrong. I prefer the reading "the dark constellation Libra: ...". In case of (3) this could mean that Mercury is in Libra.
* (5) only a term, no identification possible
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].
|
|}See also:

* MUL.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''2 "Dark star = Libra" [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19];
* [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ''ṣa-la-mu'': mul4KASKAL.UTU "Dark (star) = Saturn, MI = 'dark' = (star) Path of the Sun" [SpTU I, 84:16]. See [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

== Additional ==

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn; see above, also III 2.

(2) = Mercury; mulge6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], see also [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. In MUL.APIN II i 59 it says about Mercury: MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and bright or yellow-green and dark" [Hunger & Steele 2019, 81]; dpap.sukkal which is usually identified with Orion (MUL.APIN I ii 2) seems to be Mercury in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" [Gössmann 86]. The identification with "Libra" may also imply a connection with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]].

(3) = Libra; see above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon and the Dark Starː DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 MUL.MI [...] "If the Moon, at its appearance, (meets) the Dark Star [...]" [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; [...M]UL MI ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ''u'' MU[L...] "The dark [star] stands on its (the Moon's) right horn [...]" [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) The Chariot (= Venus) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 7.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIG2, mulMI; = ṣalmu «Темная звезда»; название Сатурна и Меркурия [G. 86].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) «Темная звезда = Статуя = Сатурн, (звезда) Солнца» [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343]. (2) mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me…] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9]. (3) mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [II R, 57, 59 a, b; G. 86]. (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22]. (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248]. «Большой список звезд». ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

См. также: MUL.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu2 «Темная звезда = Весы» [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI : dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š : MI : ṣa-la-mu : mul4KASKAL.UTU «Темная (звезда) = Сатурн, MI = «темный» = (звезда) Путь Солнца» [SpTU I, 84:16]. См. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также III 2.

(2) = Меркурий; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], см также [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. B MUL.APIN II i 59 о Меркурии сказано: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и блестящая, либо желто-зеленая и темная» [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal, который обычно отождествляется с Орионом (MUL.APIN I ii 2), в «Большом списке звезд» обозначает, по-видимому, Меркурий [G. 86]. Отождествление с «Весами» может подразумевать также связь с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ.

(3) = Весы; см. выше.

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Темная звезда; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (встретила) Темную звезду […]» [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; […M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L…] «Темная [зв]езда на ее (Луны) правом роге стоит […]» [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) Колесница (=Венера) и Темная звезда (=Сатурн); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(3) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); см. s04SA5, II 9.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GI6

2026-06-10T15:29:12Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGI6}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGI6 (𒀯𒈪), 'the Dark or Black-star' is used for both the planets Mercury and Saturn. <s>Mercury and Saturn are the two hardest planets to find and identify with the naked eye.</s>

Both planets are brighter than most of the stars which makes the term unjustified by observation.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
'''Var. readings:'''

* mulGIG2,
* mulMI;
* = ''ṣalmu'' "dark star";
* the name of Saturn and Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 86].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* (1)
** mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU)
** "Dark star = Shade = Saturn, (star) of the Sun". [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343].
* (2)
** mulgi6 = MUL ''ṣal''-[''me''...] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9].
* (3)
** mulgi6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud
** "Dark star = 'The Scales' = Mercury" [II R, 57, 59 a, b; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":0" /> 86].
* (4) [mul]gi6 = d''zi''-[''ba-ni-tu''4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22].
* (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
|
* (1) ???
* (2) For Mars the change of brightness is observable with the naked eye.
* (3) and (4). The "=" is not written on the tablet but an interpretation by an Assyriologist, which I consider wrong. I prefer the reading "the dark constellation Libra: ...". In case of (3) this could mean that Mercury is in Libra.
* (5) only a term, no identification possible
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].
|
|}See also:

* MUL.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''2 "Dark star = Libra" [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19];
* [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ''ṣa-la-mu'': mul4KASKAL.UTU "Dark (star) = Saturn, MI = 'dark' = (star) Path of the Sun" [SpTU I, 84:16]. See [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

== Additional ==

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn; see above, also III 2.

(2) = Mercury; mulge6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], see also [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. In MUL.APIN II i 59 it says about Mercury: MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and bright or yellow-green and dark" [Hunger & Steele 2019, 81]; dpap.sukkal which is usually identified with Orion (MUL.APIN I ii 2) seems to be Mercury in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" [Gössmann 86]. The identification with "Libra" may also imply a connection with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]].

(3) = Libra; see above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon and the Dark Starː DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 MUL.MI [...] "If the Moon, at its appearance, (meets) the Dark Star [...]" [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; [...M]UL MI ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ''u'' MU[L...] "The dark [star] stands on its (the Moon's) right horn [...]" [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) The Chariot (= Venus) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 7.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIG2, mulMI; = ṣalmu «Темная звезда»; название Сатурна и Меркурия [G. 86].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) «Темная звезда = Статуя = Сатурн, (звезда) Солнца» [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343]. (2) mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me…] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9]. (3) mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [II R, 57, 59 a, b; G. 86]. (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22]. (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248]. «Большой список звезд». ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

См. также: MUL.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu2 «Темная звезда = Весы» [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI : dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š : MI : ṣa-la-mu : mul4KASKAL.UTU «Темная (звезда) = Сатурн, MI = «темный» = (звезда) Путь Солнца» [SpTU I, 84:16]. См. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также III 2.

(2) = Меркурий; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], см также [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. B MUL.APIN II i 59 о Меркурии сказано: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и блестящая, либо желто-зеленая и темная» [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal, который обычно отождествляется с Орионом (MUL.APIN I ii 2), в «Большом списке звезд» обозначает, по-видимому, Меркурий [G. 86]. Отождествление с «Весами» может подразумевать также связь с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ.

(3) = Весы; см. выше.

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Темная звезда; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (встретила) Темную звезду […]» [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; […M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L…] «Темная [зв]езда на ее (Луны) правом роге стоит […]» [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) Колесница (=Венера) и Темная звезда (=Сатурн); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(3) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); см. s04SA5, II 9.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GAŠAN.TIN

2026-06-10T15:16:49Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAŠAN.TIN, mul''bēlet balāṭi''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dGAŠAN.TIN (𒀯𒃽𒁷) = mul''bēlet balāṭi'', 'The Lady of Life,' a name for stars in [[Lyra]], perhaps including Vega itself. The name occurs in the ''ziqpu''-star tradition, which notes that 'The Lady of Life,' here a three-star asterism, is separate from the single star of Lyra which is almost certainly [[Vega]], the fifth brightest star in the sky (also over Ancient Mesopotamia). The name 'Lady of Life' is not included in the earlier stellar repertoire of 'The Three Stars Each' and MUL.APIN suggesting that this name became popular no earlier than the middle of the Neo-Assyrian period.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* = mul''bēlet balāṭi'' "Lady of life";
* = ''ziqpu'' VII (α Lyrae, Vega) [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81:3, 240:9].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN
*** "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the Single star to the Lady of Life,"
** b)
*** 3⅓ MA. NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ''ku-ma-ri ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A
*** "3⅓ mina weight, ⅔ miles on earth, 36000 miles in the sky / From the Lady of Life to the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth". [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:6-7].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul[GAŠAN TIN]
** "10° to [the Lady of Life]." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 224-225:2].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Lady of Life // 3 (stars) // 3600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:24].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** 10 UŠ ''ana'' mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺
** "10° to the Lady of Life". [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:7]; for a parallel see BM 61677: 10 UŠ ''a-na be-l''[''e-et ba-la-ṭi''...] [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 180:4′].
* '''(5) LBAT 1502.'''
** [...] ''u'' múl''P''[''a-bi'']''l-sag'' MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | d''be-let'' TIN ''ana ziq-pi'' [...]
** "[...] and P[abi]lsag is the star Antagub. The Lady of Life culminates [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 14, ii 13].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
See [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (T)
** mulZUBI ''ša''2 mulUZ3 "Staff(?) of the Goat" (''ziqpu'' VII: α Lyr) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31]; according to [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60],
mulzubi ''ša''2 muluz3 is η Lyr, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* MAŠ2 d[...itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN "The lamb is [...]; Ṭebet; the Lady of Life". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:18; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].

See also U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 75].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''bēlet balāṭi'' — an epithet of Damkina [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 57-58] who seems to have been identified with the star Vega. Its appearances were observed regularly in the Neo-Assyrian period: [...] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (glossary: li-si) / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2''-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] (stars) Sirius, Antares, Vega — those are the first ones that already became visible" [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 81: 1'-6', e. 7']. In connection with the lunar eclipse in front of Vega, in addition to other luminaries, there was the ritual of the "lifting of the hands" (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 240: 9]; see also [LAS 2<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>: 177-178].

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= α Lyrae (Vega) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 68; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (according to VAT 16436:24) [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 89].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulbēlet balāṭi «Владычица жизни»; = ziqpu VII (α Lyrae, Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68].
I. Источники.

«Письма». См. [SAA 10, 81:3, 240:9]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Владычицы Жизни», b) 3⅓ MA.NA MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN | TA mulGAŠAN.TIN | EN ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Владычицы Жизни до плеча Демона с Разинутою Пастью» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:15–18; TU, 21:15–18; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:6–7]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na mul[GAŠAN TIN] «100 до [Владычицы Жизни]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:2]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAŠAN.TIN // 3 // 3 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Владычица Жизни // 3 (звезды) // 3600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:24]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana mul˹GAŠAN TIN˺ «100 до Владычицы жизни» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:7]; параллель см. в BM 61677: 10 UŠ a-na be-l[e-et ba-la-ṭi…] [ibid., 180:4′]. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. GU-текст. (Т) mulzubi ša2 muluz3 «Посох(?) Козы» (ziqpu VII: α Lyr) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:31]; согласно [Koch 1992, 60], mulzubi ša2 muluz3 — η Lyr, см. u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] u múlP[a-bi]l-sag MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | dbe-let TIN ana ziq-pi [...] «[…] и П[аби]лсаг — звезда Антагуб. Владычица Жизни кульминирует […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 14, ii 13]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: MAŠ2 d[…itiA]B [mu]lGAŠAN.TIN «Ягненок — […]; тебету; Владычица жизни» [SpTU IV, 159:18; Reiner 1995, 78]. См. также U.197 obv. 6ʹ: múlgašan.tin […] [Sachs 1952, 75].

II. Божество.

dbēlet balāṭi ― эпитет Дамкины [Tallqvist 1938, 57–58], которая, по-видимому, отождествлялась со звездой Вега. Ее появления наблюдали регулярно в новоассирийский период: […] mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: li-si) / mulbe-let TI.LA / an-nu-ti / pa-ni-u2-ti / ša ina pa-ni-ti / in-na-me-ru-ni «[...] (звезды) Сириус, Антарес, Вега ― те, что первыми стали уже видны» [SAA 10, 81: 1'–6', e. 7']. В связи с лунным затмением перед Вегой наряду с другими светилами совершали ритуал «Воздевания рук» (ŠU.IL2.LA2.KAM) [SAA 10, 240:9]; см. также [LAS 2, 177–178].

III. Отождествление.

= α Lyrae (Вега) [Gössmann 1950, 68; Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86];

= η Lyrae [Koch 1992, 60];

= α, ε, ζ Lyrae (в соответствии с VAT 16436:24) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 89].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Lyr]]

GAN2.UR3

2026-06-10T15:04:03Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN2.UR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The son of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* mulGAN2.UR3
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

*MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ''ša''2 d''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E2) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], dA.MAL) / ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''2
*"The star which stands in its (i.e. [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Entenabarguz]]) side is the Harrow, the weapon of ''Mār-bīti'', by means of which he sees the subterranean waters" (I ii 23-24) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 44].
|
|-
|List of stars '''VR 46,''' 1:25.
*mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2 ABZU igi.kar2
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which he sees Apsu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].??
For the god ''Mār-bīti'' see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson (2020 136 n. 8)<ref>Karlsson M. (2020). 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List (Appendix)'''
*(Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)
|
|-
|'''Miscellaneous''':

* A Name for Mercury K. 4339 r. iv: 1 MUL.GAN2.UR3 = MUL.UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (CT 25 13).
|
|}
See also:

* mul gišGAN2.UR3 ''u'' mulAPIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu'']
* "The Harrow and the Plough <s>Pole</s> stand in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14),
* quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Miaplacidus]]
|HIP 45238
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.69
|-
|2
|γ 2 Velorum
| HIP 39953
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.83
|-
|3
|ϵ Carinae
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Avior]] A
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|5
| [[Suhail]]
|HIP 44816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.21
|-
|6
|[[Aspidiske]]
| HIP 45556
|Inside the Hull
|2.26
|-
|7
|[[Markeb]]
|HIP 45941
|Inside the Hull
|2.473
|-
|8
|μ Velorum
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|9
|θ Carinae
|HIP 52419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.76
|-
|10
| υ Carinae
|HIP 48002
|Inside the Hull
|2.99
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 46701
|Inside the Hull
|3.139
|-
|12
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|13
|p Car
|HIP 51576
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|14
|V337 Car
|HIP 50371
| Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
|15
|a Car
|HIP 45080
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|16
|ϕ Velorum
| HIP 48774
|Inside the Hull
|3.45
|-
|17
|ο Velorum
|HIP 42536
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 44511
|Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|19
|l Car
|HIP 47854
| Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 43783
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 42570
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 51232
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|23
|Avior B
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 43023
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 45101
|Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
|26
|α Volantis
|HIP 44382
|Inside the Hull
|3.99
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 46974
| Inside the Hull
|4.09
|-
|28
| NGC 3114
|NGC 3114
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 52154
|Inside the Hull
|4.267
|-
|30
|IC 2581
|IC 2581
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|31
|V343 Car
|HIP 42568
|Inside the Hull
|4.313
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 45496
|Inside the Hull
|4.318
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 47175
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 51849
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|35
|V344 Car
|HIP 43105
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 47391
|Inside the Hull
|4.498
|-
|37
|MV Vel
|HIP 50676
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|38
|GZ Vel
|HIP 50555
|Inside the Hull
|4.543
|-
|39
|V520 Car
|HIP 52468
|Inside the Hull
|4.545
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 48374
| Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|41
|IC 2395
|IC 2395
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|42
|V399 Car
|HIP 51192
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
| 43
|H Vel
|HIP 43878
|Inside the Hull
|4.723
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 42624
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45856
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|46
|HY Vel
| HIP 42726
|Inside the Hull
|4.815
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 49712
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|49
| -
| HIP 42134
|Inside the Hull
|4.847
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 52102
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 51523
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|52
|V376 Car
|HIP 43937
|Inside the Hull
|4.895
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 43347
|Inside the Hull
|4.935
|-
|54
|GX Vel
|HIP 45085
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 42088
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 46950
| Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|57
| GU Vel
|HIP 41483
|Inside the Hull
|5.073
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 51912
|Inside the Hull
|5.088
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 46283
|Inside the Hull
|5.089
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45505
| Inside the Hull
|5.094
|-
|61
|KX Vel
|HIP 43413
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46914
|Inside the Hull
|5.12
|-
|63
|FZ Vel
| HIP 44093
|Inside the Hull
|5.146
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 42834
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 44143
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|66
|* B Vel A
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 41296
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|NZ Vel
|HIP 42504
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
| 69
| -
|HR 3976
| Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|70
|LN Vel
|HIP 42679
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 42129
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 45328
|Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 45631
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 49698
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|75
|LW Vel
|HIP 50070
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 51313
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 43671
| Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|78
| -
| HIP 47479
|Inside the Hull
|5.307
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 45571
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 42459
|Inside the Hull
| 5.439
|-
| 81
| -
|HIP 52004
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|82
| OP Vel
|HIP 43082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.459
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 46594
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 47204
|Inside the Hull
|5.467
|-
|85
|HX Vel
|HIP 42712
|Inside the Hull
|5.468
|-
| 86
|KT Vel
|HIP 42715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.474
|-
|87
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 52405
| Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 40282
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 45219
|Inside the Hull
|5.532
|-
|91
| * 33 Vel A
|HIP 41616
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|92
| -
| HIP 47717
|Inside the Hull
|5.544
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 51140
|Inside the Hull
|5.546
|-
|94
| -
| HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 48310
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|96
| -
|HR 3605
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|97
|* mu. Vel B
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.58
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 43499
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 45920
|Inside the Hull
|5.608
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 42535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.61
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 48348
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 43797
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 48613
|Inside the Hull
|5.705
|-
|105
|S Car
|HIP 49751
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 48287
|Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 45962
| Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 43148
|Inside the Hull
|5.748
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 49934
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 43669
| Inside the Hull
| 5.768
|-
|111
| -
| HIP 45122
| Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
| 112
| -
|HIP 46225
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 48339
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 44256
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 42177
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 47498
|Inside the Hull
|5.794
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 50493
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
| 118
| -
|HIP 40077
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|119
| -
| HIP 45314
|Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 44024
|Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
| 121
|V514 Car
|HIP 52043
| Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 42614
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
| 123
| -
|HR 4020
|Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 46460
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 41081
|Inside the Hull
|5.887
|-
|126
|V482 Car
|HIP 46620
|Inside the Hull
|5.888
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 43589
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 46482
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 50078
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 45270
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 49164
|Inside the Hull
|5.928
|-
|132
|LR Vel
|HIP 45675
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50993
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|134
|V335 Vel
|HIP 48527
|Inside the Hull
|5.932
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 40932
|Inside the Hull
|5.954
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 41674
|Inside the Hull
|5.969
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 52127
| Inside the Hull
|5.979
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 47559
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 46101
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|140
|* ups Car B
|HR 3891
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 45418
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 43620
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 51623
|Inside the Hull
|6.006
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 41861
|Inside the Hull
|6.021
|-
|145
| -
|HR 3386
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 46328
|Inside the Hull
|6.039
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 45481
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 41373
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 48119
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48835
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|151
| -
|HD 92463
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 44708
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 46093
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 51245
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
| 155
| -
| HIP 50044
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
|156
|* B Vel B
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|157
|NGC 2669
|NGC 2669
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|158
| R Car
|HIP 46806
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|159
| -
| HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
|160
|IV Vel
| HIP 48799
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
| 161
| -
|HIP 50232
|Inside the Hull
|6.134
|-
|162
|V478 Car
|HIP 45615
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 49994
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|164
|IP Vel
| HIP 47694
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 47172
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 49137
| Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 46067
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 49233
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 49160
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|170
|Cl Bochum 10
|Cl Bochum 10
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|171
| -
|HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 47913
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
| 173
| -
|HIP 45002
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 174
| -
|HIP 50287
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 41986
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 47145
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 51732
|Inside the Hull
|6.238
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 49394
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 42717
|Inside the Hull
|6.243
|-
|180
| -
|HR 4065
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 46737
|Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 43807
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|183
| -
|HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 51676
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 46045
|Inside the Hull
|6.264
|-
| 186
| -
|HIP 46049
|Inside the Hull
|6.265
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 43195
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|188
| -
| HIP 45742
|Inside the Hull
|6.268
|-
|189
|GY Vel
|HIP 50332
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 50562
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|191
|C 1033-598
|C 1033-598
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 45437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 52160
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 45603
|Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
|195
|V486 Car
|HIP 47591
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|196
| -
| HIP 50916
|Inside the Hull
|6.325
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 41813
|Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 41653
|Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 199
| -
|HR 3971
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 50785
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|201
|V473 Car
|HIP 43763
|Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 44665
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 45214
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|204
| -
|HIP 49223
|Inside the Hull
|6.371
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 41781
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 44423
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 48730
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|208
| -
| HIP 49619
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|209
|V368 Car
|HIP 49926
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 210
| -
| HIP 51461
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 47422
|Inside the Hull
|6.403
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 50067
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|213
| -
| HIP 49092
|Inside the Hull
|6.412
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 51984
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 40433
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|216
| -
|HIP 51327
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|217
|WR 22
|HIP 52308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|218
|V507 Car
|HIP 51265
| Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 51866
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 42400
|Inside the Hull
|6.431
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 44509
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|222
| -
| HIP 40749
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|223
|V469 Car
|HIP 41644
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|224
| -
|HIP 44565
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|225
|V495 Car
|HIP 49642
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 50069
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|228
|V487 Car
|HIP 47893
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 44979
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 42440
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 52103
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|232
|WR 24
|HIP 52488
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 41905
|Inside the Hull
|6.481
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 41426
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|235
|QZ Vel
|HIP 48469
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 49477
|Inside the Hull
|6.492
|}
===Additional ===

====Deity. ====
The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Niraḫ'' (d''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''2 ''mār bīti ša''2 uru''De-e-er''ki "Niraḫ, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kiš, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

====Symbol.====
Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

====Previous Identification. ====
= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====Parts of the constellation.====
''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

====Astrology.*====
Identifications:

(1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Predictions:

(2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury)ː mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].

(3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the southː [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUBme "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [Gössmann 1950, 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2 «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [Gössmann 1950, 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)''Maškakātu''
|
|-
|
===(mul)''Maškakātu''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Car]] [[Category:Vel]]

GAM3

2026-06-10T15:01:40Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the right hand of a human bearded figure and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislimu (Month IX). The man who carries the Crook could be either [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], The Faithful Shepherd of Anu in [[Orion]] (Papke 1989) or [[ŠU.GI]], The Old Man in [[Perseus]] (Beaulieu et al. 2018, 64).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ''ziqpu'' XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> G, 35b; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 64; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulGAM3 = [''gam-lu''] [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

* Text Nv. 10. 37'
** [DIŠ] ''ina'' itiNE mulGAM3 // mulSIPA.ZI.[AN.NA] // ''u'' d''U2-ge-e'' // mulAN.┌TA┐.GUB.[BA] / mulUR.GI7 // mulDINGIR.┌TUŠ┐.A.ME[Š] / ┌''u'' mul┐''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. ┌TA..ŠÚ┐.[UR.RA],
** In the Month of Ab 'The Crook,' 'The Faithful Shepherd [of Anu,'] and ''U2-ge-e'' is the AN.TA.GUB.BA-star; 'The Dog,' 'The Sitting God[s] and PA.BIL.SAG is the AN.[T]A.ŠU.[UR.RA]-star [Fincke 2025: 69, Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15" />, 64, 66].
* See also BM 34790 = LBAT 1502 i 2', 71: 15'; BM 35161 = LBAT 1508: 8' [Fincke 2025: 70-72]

** <s>"In the month Abu: the Crook, the Faithful Shepherd [of Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2
** "On the 20th of Nisan the Crook becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily rsings and settings: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL
** "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Crook. 10 days from the rising of the Crook to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars:
** mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings:
** ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa''
** " on the 20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the Crook is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon":
** mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34),
** see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13, 62 e. 18; SAA 8<ref name=":6">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislimu). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulGAM3 = gišTUKUL ''ša''2 ŠUII dAMAR.UTU "The crook is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) mulUDU.NITA2 = SAG.DU muGAM3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Crook". [HBA<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a)
*** [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ mina weight], ½ ''bēru'' o[n the groun]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Naṣrapu to the [Crook],"
** b)
*** [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ mina weight], 10 UŠ on the ground, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Crook to the Handle on the Crook". [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:1-4; TU<ref name=":9">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 1-4; HBA<ref name=":8" />, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u'']
** "½ ''bēru'' to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 ''lim'' 4 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Marduk's crook // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a)
*** TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...]
*** "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b)
*** TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...]
*** "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu''
** "½ ''bēru'' to the Crook. [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":10">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:16];
** for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U.
** mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x]
** "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":11">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 60, 77],
** mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|to be added after publication
|-
|'''Uranology'''
MLC 1866 iii 16:

* mulGAM3 x [x-''šu e-ṣir''],
* 'The Crook' in [its ([[MAR.GID2.DA|mulMAR.GÍD.DA]], 'The Wagon,' = The Big Dipper) is drawn] [ Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 37,41]

MLC 1884

* r 1'-2' (traces only),
* r. 3'-13':
** ┌''şa''┐''-lam lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-b''[''i-iš''] ''ziq-nu za-qin-nu ku-ur-ku-ru šá-kin'' DIŠ-''en'' MUL ''ina ku-ur-ku-ru-šú'' GUB-''zu'' ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šú'' ''na-ši'' [''i'']''na''? (erased?) GAM3 DIŠ-''en'' mulGAM3 GUB-''zu'' SAG.DU GAM3 SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA ┌2 or 3┐ MUL ''ina'' SAG.DU GAM3 ''e-ṣir''.MEŠ [x M]UL ''ina rit-t''i GAM3 GUB-''zu'', [M]UL SA4 ''ina ur-šú'' GUB-''zu'' [x] x x-''šú''? dNE? .GI? ''na-áš-rap'' ''na-ši'' [ x x x ] x x ''ina''? ''na''? ''-áš''? -''rap e-ṣir''.MEŠ
** [A hu]man-figure it is, dress[ed], bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''. 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''. In its right hand it carries a crook. In the crook a (star called) 'The Crook' stands. The head of the crook is the head of a ram. 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn. [x] stars in the handle of the crook stand. A bright [s]tar in its shaft stands. Its [x] fire, bearing a ''naṣrapu'' [ . . . ] in the ''naṣrapu'' are drawn. [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 63-64]
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he) is born, when the Crook (culminates),..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Crook] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":9" />, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, n01) ====
!
|-
|Var. reading:

* ulNAD3 = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of Kislimu [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA2 '''''?? do you want NA2 or NAD3 ??''''' it should be GAM3(?).

* XVIX '''''?? this is not a correct Roman number; or what is it ??'''''. K. 3384 (Reiner and Pingree, BPO 3, 1998<ref name=":3" />, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR<ref name=":13">''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref> 43, 2 = ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> VIII
* 11<reverse only>)

Venus - Names;

* see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT<ref name=":4" /> 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's crook and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed such objects [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 88; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14" />, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on seals, and later on the ''kudurru''s [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 165-167; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 64; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":11" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 72].

''Ziqpu'' XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; MA<ref name=":5" />, 142; ASM, 88].

''Ziqpu'' XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The Faithful Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is a rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangely long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Crook", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]]. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Crook", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR<ref name=":13" /> 53, 2:10; CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA<ref name=":8" />, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': dSag-me-gar ''u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) evil Crook, (it means): Jupiter is dim" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gössmann [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:175; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />, III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaningː [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Crook (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The crook is evil: the dynasty will perish. / [If the appearance of crook becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiance of the Crookː [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUḪUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Crook carries radiance: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [SAA 8<ref name=":6" />, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 115 r. 4; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 13; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Crookː DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE EBUR KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter comes close to the crookː the harvest of Akkad will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Crookː DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Crook behind [...] [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, n01) ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Aur]]

GU4.ALIM

2026-06-10T10:06:00Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.ALIM}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]
mulGU4.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), d''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian), 'The Buffalo,' is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation. With its name written syllabically in Akkadian, it is one 10 asterisms named in the two famous 'Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.' Later, in the first millennium, the Akkadian name again appears in the broken commentary 2R 47 iii 38 (d''Ku-sa-rik-ku'' = MUL [ . . .). In the DAL.BA.AN.NA-text Sumerian mulGU4.ALIM occurs as a multi-star/multi-feature asterism (right leg, left leg, midsection, head), probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]]. However, There is no way to be certain if the second millennium ''kusarikkum'' is comprised of the same stars as first millennium mulGU4.ALIM, or even in the same area of the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
It is an important constellation in the second millennium where ''Kusarikkum'', written in syllabic Akkadian appears as one of 10 named constellations in Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, as well as a parallel Hittite prayer with a final consonant H instead of K. Memories of the name continue into the first millennium where brief references are found in broken contexts. The Sumerian equivalent GU4.ALIM indicates that the being has bovine characteristics. Thus, it is most likely that the ''kusarikku'' is a mythological composite figure consisting of both human and animal parts. An omen apodosis in Šumma Izbu gives the situation of a human with the face of a ''kusarikku'' indicating that the composite beast has a bovine-like head and human body. Such creatures are depicted on cylinder seals.

The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian mulGU4.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.

The standard English translation of the star-name, 'Bison,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as bisons are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal. Therefore, we translate The Buffalo.

Var. reading:

* GUD.ALIM;
* = d''Kusarikku'',
A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (202x) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:20], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: d''ku-sa-ri-ku'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:19]
* (2) Hittite prayer: d''ku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 10].

|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §Y.
** a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Buffalo's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Buffalo's right leg]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
** §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108-110].
* §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4. alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] "Buffalo's right leg (κ Oph), left leg [...] (ζ2 Sco), [...] (χ Lup) [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur. idim] "The left paw [of the Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco), [...] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog] (χ Lup).
* §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ [...] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na ...] "Left leg of Buffalo (σ Oph), left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), [...] [... stars]. Field ... 2 intervals, [interval ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 47-48, 60]: [...] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "Mad Dog's left arm]" (θ Lup).
* §f.
** a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Cen[ter of the Buffalo]" (γ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim "[Right leg] of the Buffalo" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] "the right leg of Z[ubr]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
* §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim "the left hand of Zubr" (Ser d), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §j. mulsag gu4.alim "Buffalo's head" (η Ser?), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|ZA.BA4.BA4]].
* §n.
** a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] "Ri[ght] leg [of the Buffalo]" (κ Oph),
** b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "Right leg of the Buffalo fir[st]", see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
* §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba "The head of the B[ison] (η Ser? ), stars in the middle of the Buffalo (βγ Oph), le[ft] leg of the [Bis]on (σ Oph!), middle[on x x] x: 4 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; here, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ "Midd[le of the Wild Ca]t" (η Tel), cf. [Koch 1995, 50, 62].
* §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mul''Šar''2-''ur''4 mul˹''Šar''2-''gaz''˺ ''u'' ˹mul˺''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4. alim ''maḫ-ru'' "The right hand of the Buffalo (ζ Ser), Sharur (λ Sco), Shargaz (υ Sco) and the sting of Pabilsag (α CrA): 3 stars. A straight tight rope. 2 interval, interval. Buffalo's right hand first." [Walker 1995, 39-40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110].
* §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 "Left hand of Buffalo (ζ Ser), Lisi (α Sco), front (star) of Libra (α Lib): 3 stars. Triangle." [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; according to [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], instead of [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) should be [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph).
* §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph!), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "The left hand [of the Buffalo]" (Ser d), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|see Hoffmann (future book)
|}
See also mulG[U4].ALIM in K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim in the star list [III R, 57, 9:1], d''Ku-sa-ri-ku'' = MUL [...] in [II R, 47 iii 38].

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The constellation ''Kusarikku'' (= GU4.ALIM) is known from the Old Babylonian times, but the mythological character associated with it is much older. Images of bulls with human faces, standing upright, are known from early dynastic periods. The naked hero, lions, the lion’s dragon, bulls, and other animals were often depicted as standing alongside the bull with the human face. A tiara with horns, sits on the head of the bull with a human face, during the III dynasty of Ur and thereafter as an emblem of divinity. The bull with a human face was associated with the sun god, Utu. This is attested, in particular, within the identity: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = ''kusarikku'' = "bull-man". [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.] Ninurta/Ningirsu (and later Marduk), together with other demons, defeats the bull (this story plot goes back to the Neo-Sumerian times). Kusarikku is mentioned in Ee I 143 as a storm demon created by Tiamat, in the incantations of Šurpu VII 7 and among the gods of Esagil. From the Kassite period, and probably earlier, the image of the bull with the human face vested a magical and protective role [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179].

==== Symbol. ====
The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black and Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]

According to H.Walker, quoted by F.Wiggermann, "the constellation kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) — a bull-man, which constitutes Šullat and Ḫaniš, the Centaurus constellation". [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM "The right leg of the Buffalo" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left leg of Buffalo" (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-text (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM "Buffalo's head" (η Serpentis), see dbn-text (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM "Stars in the middle of the Buffalo" (β, γ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM "Right hand of the Buffalo" (ζ Serpentis), see dbn-text (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left hand of the Buffalo" (Serpentis d), see dbn-text (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Surprisingly, this ancient constellation is not mentioned in the EAE series texts.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g32)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: GUD.ALIM; = dKusarikku, букв. «Зубр»; мифологический персонаж, бык с чертами антропоморфности; созвездие между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD A/1, 349, D 164–165, K 584; G. 76; Jong-Ellis 1989; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:20], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: dku-sa-ri-ku [Dossin 1935, 181–182:19]. (2) Хеттская молитва: dku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu [KUB IV, 47 r. 10]. Dalbanna-текст. §Y. a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph), см. u21UR.IDIM. §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108–110]. §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4.alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] «Правая нога Зубра (κ Oph), левая нога […] (ζ2 Sco), […] (χ Lup) […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), […] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ […] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na …] «Левая нога Зубра (σ Oph), левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), […] [… звезды]. Поле … 2 интервала, [интервал …]» [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47–48, 60]: […] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §f. a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] «правая нога З[убра]» (κ Oph), см. h03Ḫaniš. §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim «левая рука Зубра» (Ser d), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §j. mulsag gu4.alim «голова Зубра» (η Ser?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), см. z01ZA.BA4.BA4. §n. a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] «Пр[авая] нога [Зубра]» (κ Oph), b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Правая нога Зубра перв[ая]», см. u21UR.IDIM. §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Голова З[убра] (η Ser?), звезды в середине Зубра (βγ Oph), лев[ая] нога [Зуб]ра (σ Oph!), середи[на x x] x: 4 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; здесь, по-видимому, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ «Середи[на Дикого Кот]а» (η Tel), см. [Koch 1995, 50, 62]. §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mulŠar2-ur4 mul˹Šar2-gaz˺ u ˹mul˺zi-qit mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4.alim maḫ-ru «Правая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Шарур (λ Sco), Шаргаз (υ Sco) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Правая рука Зубра первая» [Walker 1995, 39–40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110]. §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 «Левая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Лиси (α Sco), передняя (звезда) Весов (α Lib): 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; согласно [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], вместо [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) должно быть [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph). §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph!), см. L07LI9.SI4. §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser d), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

См. также mul[gu4].alim в K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim в списке звезд [III R, 57, 9:1], dKu-sa-ri-ku = MUL […] в [II R, 47 iii 38].

II. Божество.

Созвездие Kusarikku (= GU4.ALIM) известно со старовавилонского времени, однако связанный с ним мифологический персонаж намного древнее. Изображения быка с человеческим лицом, в том числе стоящего вертикально, известны с раннединастического периода. С ним рядом изображался нередко обнаженный герой, львы, львиный дракон, быки и другие животные. Со времени III династии Ура на его голове появляется тиара с рогами, как признак божественности. Бык с человеческим лицом был связан с богом солнца Уту. Об этом свидетельствуют, в частности, тождества: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = kusarikku = «бык-человек» [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.]. Нинурта/Нингирсу (а позднее Мардук) побеждают его вместе с другими демонами (сюжет известен с новошумерского времени). Kusarikku упоминается в Ee I 143 как демон бури, сотворенный Тиамат, в заклинаниях Šurpu VII 7 и среди богов Эсагилы. С касситского времени, а возможно и ранее, его изображения исполняли магическую защитную функцию [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].

III. Символ.

Бык-человек; бык с бородатым лицом, торсом и руками человека, стоящий вертикально [Black–Green 1992, 44, 49–51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

IV. Отождествление.

= часть Змееносца и передняя часть Змеи [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.].

Согласно Х.Уокеру, сообщение которого цитирует Ф.Виггерман, “созвездие kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) – это бык-человек, составлявший с Шуллат и Ханиш созвездие Центавра” [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

В общем списке звезд Д.Пингри не приводит отождествлений для этого созвездия [ASM, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая нога Зубра» (κ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-текст (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM «Голова Зубра» (η Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM «Звезды середины Зубра» (β, γ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая рука Зубра» (ζ Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая рука Зубра» (Serpentis d), см. dbn-текст (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Удивительно, но это древнее созвездие не упоминается в текстах серии ЕАЕ.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k30)
|
|-
|= mulGU4.ALIM; разновидность быка, возможно, зубр; мифологический персонаж и созвездие в области между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD K, 584; G. 76; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179], см. g32GU4.ALIM.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Nor]][[Category:Ara]]

GU4.ALIM

2026-06-10T10:05:01Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.ALIM}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]
mulGU4.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), d''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian), The Buffalo, is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation. With its name written syllabically in Akkadian, it is one 10 asterisms named in the two famous 'Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.' Later, in the first millennium, the Akkadian name again appears in the broken commentary 2R 47 iii 38 (d''Ku-sa-rik-ku'' = MUL [ . . .). In the DAL.BA.AN.NA-text Sumerian mulGU4.ALIM occurs as a multi-star/multi-feature asterism (right leg, left leg, midsection, head), probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]]. However, There is no way to be certain if the second millennium ''kusarikkum'' is comprised of the same stars as first millennium mulGU4.ALIM, or even in the same area of the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
It is an important constellation in the second millennium where ''Kusarikkum'', written in syllabic Akkadian appears as one of 10 named constellations in Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, as well as a parallel Hittite prayer with a final consonant H instead of K. Memories of the name continue into the first millennium where brief references are found in broken contexts. The Sumerian equivalent GU4.ALIM indicates that the being has bovine characteristics. Thus, it is most likely that the ''kusarikku'' is a mythological composite figure consisting of both human and animal parts. An omen apodosis in Šumma Izbu gives the situation of a human with the face of a ''kusarikku'' indicating that the composite beast has a bovine-like head and human body. Such creatures are depicted on cylinder seals.

The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian mulGU4.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.

The standard English translation of the star-name, 'Bison,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as bisons are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal. Therefore, we translate The Buffalo.

Var. reading:

* GUD.ALIM;
* = d''Kusarikku'',
A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (202x) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:20], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: d''ku-sa-ri-ku'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:19]
* (2) Hittite prayer: d''ku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 10].

|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §Y.
** a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Buffalo's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Buffalo's right leg]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
** §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108-110].
* §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4. alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] "Buffalo's right leg (κ Oph), left leg [...] (ζ2 Sco), [...] (χ Lup) [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur. idim] "The left paw [of the Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco), [...] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog] (χ Lup).
* §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ [...] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na ...] "Left leg of Buffalo (σ Oph), left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), [...] [... stars]. Field ... 2 intervals, [interval ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 47-48, 60]: [...] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "Mad Dog's left arm]" (θ Lup).
* §f.
** a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Cen[ter of the Buffalo]" (γ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim "[Right leg] of the Buffalo" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] "the right leg of Z[ubr]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
* §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim "the left hand of Zubr" (Ser d), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §j. mulsag gu4.alim "Buffalo's head" (η Ser?), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|ZA.BA4.BA4]].
* §n.
** a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] "Ri[ght] leg [of the Buffalo]" (κ Oph),
** b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "Right leg of the Buffalo fir[st]", see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
* §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba "The head of the B[ison] (η Ser? ), stars in the middle of the Buffalo (βγ Oph), le[ft] leg of the [Bis]on (σ Oph!), middle[on x x] x: 4 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; here, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ "Midd[le of the Wild Ca]t" (η Tel), cf. [Koch 1995, 50, 62].
* §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mul''Šar''2-''ur''4 mul˹''Šar''2-''gaz''˺ ''u'' ˹mul˺''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4. alim ''maḫ-ru'' "The right hand of the Buffalo (ζ Ser), Sharur (λ Sco), Shargaz (υ Sco) and the sting of Pabilsag (α CrA): 3 stars. A straight tight rope. 2 interval, interval. Buffalo's right hand first." [Walker 1995, 39-40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110].
* §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 "Left hand of Buffalo (ζ Ser), Lisi (α Sco), front (star) of Libra (α Lib): 3 stars. Triangle." [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; according to [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], instead of [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) should be [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph).
* §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph!), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "The left hand [of the Buffalo]" (Ser d), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|see Hoffmann (future book)
|}
See also mulG[U4].ALIM in K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim in the star list [III R, 57, 9:1], d''Ku-sa-ri-ku'' = MUL [...] in [II R, 47 iii 38].

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The constellation ''Kusarikku'' (= GU4.ALIM) is known from the Old Babylonian times, but the mythological character associated with it is much older. Images of bulls with human faces, standing upright, are known from early dynastic periods. The naked hero, lions, the lion’s dragon, bulls, and other animals were often depicted as standing alongside the bull with the human face. A tiara with horns, sits on the head of the bull with a human face, during the III dynasty of Ur and thereafter as an emblem of divinity. The bull with a human face was associated with the sun god, Utu. This is attested, in particular, within the identity: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = ''kusarikku'' = "bull-man". [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.] Ninurta/Ningirsu (and later Marduk), together with other demons, defeats the bull (this story plot goes back to the Neo-Sumerian times). Kusarikku is mentioned in Ee I 143 as a storm demon created by Tiamat, in the incantations of Šurpu VII 7 and among the gods of Esagil. From the Kassite period, and probably earlier, the image of the bull with the human face vested a magical and protective role [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179].

==== Symbol. ====
The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black and Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]

According to H.Walker, quoted by F.Wiggermann, "the constellation kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) — a bull-man, which constitutes Šullat and Ḫaniš, the Centaurus constellation". [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM "The right leg of the Buffalo" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left leg of Buffalo" (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-text (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM "Buffalo's head" (η Serpentis), see dbn-text (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM "Stars in the middle of the Buffalo" (β, γ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM "Right hand of the Buffalo" (ζ Serpentis), see dbn-text (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left hand of the Buffalo" (Serpentis d), see dbn-text (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Surprisingly, this ancient constellation is not mentioned in the EAE series texts.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g32)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: GUD.ALIM; = dKusarikku, букв. «Зубр»; мифологический персонаж, бык с чертами антропоморфности; созвездие между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD A/1, 349, D 164–165, K 584; G. 76; Jong-Ellis 1989; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:20], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: dku-sa-ri-ku [Dossin 1935, 181–182:19]. (2) Хеттская молитва: dku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu [KUB IV, 47 r. 10]. Dalbanna-текст. §Y. a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph), см. u21UR.IDIM. §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108–110]. §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4.alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] «Правая нога Зубра (κ Oph), левая нога […] (ζ2 Sco), […] (χ Lup) […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), […] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ […] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na …] «Левая нога Зубра (σ Oph), левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), […] [… звезды]. Поле … 2 интервала, [интервал …]» [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47–48, 60]: […] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §f. a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] «правая нога З[убра]» (κ Oph), см. h03Ḫaniš. §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim «левая рука Зубра» (Ser d), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §j. mulsag gu4.alim «голова Зубра» (η Ser?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), см. z01ZA.BA4.BA4. §n. a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] «Пр[авая] нога [Зубра]» (κ Oph), b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Правая нога Зубра перв[ая]», см. u21UR.IDIM. §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Голова З[убра] (η Ser?), звезды в середине Зубра (βγ Oph), лев[ая] нога [Зуб]ра (σ Oph!), середи[на x x] x: 4 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; здесь, по-видимому, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ «Середи[на Дикого Кот]а» (η Tel), см. [Koch 1995, 50, 62]. §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mulŠar2-ur4 mul˹Šar2-gaz˺ u ˹mul˺zi-qit mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4.alim maḫ-ru «Правая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Шарур (λ Sco), Шаргаз (υ Sco) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Правая рука Зубра первая» [Walker 1995, 39–40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110]. §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 «Левая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Лиси (α Sco), передняя (звезда) Весов (α Lib): 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; согласно [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], вместо [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) должно быть [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph). §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph!), см. L07LI9.SI4. §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser d), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

См. также mul[gu4].alim в K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim в списке звезд [III R, 57, 9:1], dKu-sa-ri-ku = MUL […] в [II R, 47 iii 38].

II. Божество.

Созвездие Kusarikku (= GU4.ALIM) известно со старовавилонского времени, однако связанный с ним мифологический персонаж намного древнее. Изображения быка с человеческим лицом, в том числе стоящего вертикально, известны с раннединастического периода. С ним рядом изображался нередко обнаженный герой, львы, львиный дракон, быки и другие животные. Со времени III династии Ура на его голове появляется тиара с рогами, как признак божественности. Бык с человеческим лицом был связан с богом солнца Уту. Об этом свидетельствуют, в частности, тождества: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = kusarikku = «бык-человек» [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.]. Нинурта/Нингирсу (а позднее Мардук) побеждают его вместе с другими демонами (сюжет известен с новошумерского времени). Kusarikku упоминается в Ee I 143 как демон бури, сотворенный Тиамат, в заклинаниях Šurpu VII 7 и среди богов Эсагилы. С касситского времени, а возможно и ранее, его изображения исполняли магическую защитную функцию [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].

III. Символ.

Бык-человек; бык с бородатым лицом, торсом и руками человека, стоящий вертикально [Black–Green 1992, 44, 49–51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

IV. Отождествление.

= часть Змееносца и передняя часть Змеи [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.].

Согласно Х.Уокеру, сообщение которого цитирует Ф.Виггерман, “созвездие kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) – это бык-человек, составлявший с Шуллат и Ханиш созвездие Центавра” [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

В общем списке звезд Д.Пингри не приводит отождествлений для этого созвездия [ASM, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая нога Зубра» (κ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-текст (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM «Голова Зубра» (η Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM «Звезды середины Зубра» (β, γ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая рука Зубра» (ζ Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая рука Зубра» (Serpentis d), см. dbn-текст (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Удивительно, но это древнее созвездие не упоминается в текстах серии ЕАЕ.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k30)
|
|-
|= mulGU4.ALIM; разновидность быка, возможно, зубр; мифологический персонаж и созвездие в области между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD K, 584; G. 76; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179], см. g32GU4.ALIM.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Nor]][[Category:Ara]]

GIR2.AN.NA

2026-06-10T09:49:34Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.AN.NA}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGIR2.AN.NA (𒀯𒄈𒀭𒈾) is a name for the asterism best known as mul[[Gir2.tab|gir2.tab]] = ''[[zuqaqīpu]],'' 'The Scorpion' (Scorpio) in Ancient Mesopotamia. The most common meaning of Sumerian GIR2 is that of a sharp implement, 'knife, dagger, sword,' but the lexical tradition also gives GIR2 on its own as an abbreviation of Sumerian gir2.tab = ''zuqaqīpu'' allowing for two alternative understandings of the name: 'Sword of Heaven,' and 'Scorpion of Heaven.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Lit. "Heavenly sword", an epithet of Scorpius [G. 93], but also see CAD Z 163 for gir2 = ''zuqaqīpu.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Spells from the Scorpion.'''
* mul.mul gir2.an.na "the Star Cluster, the Heavenly Sword"
* mulgir2.a[n.na] "the Hea[venly] Sword". [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 133; Svyat.-Tetv. 1998, 249].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly Sword = Scorpius". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:36].
|
|-
|'''Dilbat Tablet.'''
* mulgir2.an.na = Venus in the month of kislimu, see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]''.
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, g18)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Небесный меч», эпитет Скорпиона [G. 93].
I. Источники.

Заклинания от скорпиона. mul.mul gir2.an.na «Звезды, Небесный меч», mulgir2.a[n.na] «Не[бесный] меч» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 133; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249]. «Большой список звезд». mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:36]. Таблица Дилбат. Небесный меч ― Венера в месяце кислиму, см. d06Dilbat.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Sco]] [[Category:4work]]

GIR2.TAB

2026-06-10T09:48:03Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIR2.TAB, ''zuqaqīpu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Skopion xs.jpg|thumb|A scorpion in the Sahara desert (SMH 2007).]]
mulGIR2.TAB (𒀯𒄈𒋰) = ''zuqaqīpu'', 'The Scorpion,' is the ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to the [[Scorpius|Scorpion]] in the modern constellation of [[Scorpius]]. The Akkadian parallel ''zuqaqīpu'' is mostly found in lexical texts of the Urra XXII series.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* = ''zuqaqīpu'' (𒀯𒍪𒋡𒆠𒁍), scorpion; a constellation corresponding to [[Scorpius]] [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
* GIR2 short form in later astronomical and astrological texts, the zodiac sign Scorpius appears more often without the determinative [Gössmann 91].
* [[GIR2.AN.NA|GIR2.AN.NA]] = ''zuqaqīpu''
In MUL.APIN, the explanatory list<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mentions:
* mulGÍR.TAB (AN 16–17r; EA 9l, 10l, 11l, 12–13l).
* mulGABA GÍR.TAB “breast of the scorpion” (EA 11l).
* SI mulGÍR.TAB “horns (= pedipalpi) of the scorpion” (AN 16–17r).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources !!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114].

* (2) Series Urra XXII: Urra XXII 285' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 107]. mulgir2.tab = ''zu-qi-qi-pu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [''zu'']-''qa-qi-pi'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8;

|
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246

Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 102, Anu 2): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'', 'he star that stands after it (i.e. Ištar), 'The Scorpion,' Išḫara.'

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 194, Anu VIII, BM 34713, Anu IX), BM 82923: ulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI, 'The Scorpion' // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:23].

'''''Rising and Setting Stars: (Horowitz 2014: 168, Anu-Rising Month VIII, Setting Month II. - do you like this format?? It is very simple - I can go back and change all the previous listings???'''''

'''''Circular Astrolabes.'''''
Horowitz 2014: 123-124
* Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu, Month VIII), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].
* K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month Araḫsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].
'''Text HS 245''' (The Hilprecht Text).

* See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]];
* In Neo-Assyrian parallels:
** Sm. 1113:9′ - d''zu-qa-qi''2-''p''[''u''...],
** Sm. 162 rev. 7 - mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957-58; Horowitz 1993, 151-154].
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Stars."</s>'''
<s>Anu 2. </s>

* <s>MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "The star that stands after it (i.e. Ishtar), Scorpius, Ishara. Favorable for the oil trade" (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178].</s>
|
|-
|'''''"<s>Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."</s> '''''
'''<s>Astrolabe P.</s>'''
* <s>Arahsamnu month, s</s>tar<s>s of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Arahsamnu month, stars of Anu: mulGIR2.TAB // 1.10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI</s>
*** <s>"Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of heaven (and) earth". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:23].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. Kislimu month, stars Anu [LBAT, 149</s>9:9], <s>see (Kurtik ts02) [[Ṣalbatānu|''Ṣalbatanu'']].</s>
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* <s>(1) List (12´3):</s>
** <s>a) mul ''ša'' ''egir-šu gub-zu'' / mulgir2.tab d''Iš-ḫa-ra''</s>
*** <s>"The constellation that stands after it (i.e. after Venus), (is) Scorpius, Ishara" (B ii 6-7); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, Anu 2];</s>
** <s>(b) mul ... ''ana'' igi mulgir2.tab, see (Kurtik z10) [[Zibānītum]]''[[Zibānītum]]''</s>.
* (2) <s>List (3´12):</s>
** <s>[itiapin] ... mulgir2.tab ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''</s>
*** <s>The month of arahsamnu: ... Scorpius (on the way of) Anu (rises)" (C ii 8).</s>
* <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise — arahsamnu, sunset — ayaru [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].</s>
'''''C<s>ircular Astrolabes.</s>'''''
* <s>Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month of Arahsamnu), Scorpius, 70". [CT 33, 11].</s>
* <s>K.14943+: mulgir2.tab "(Stars of Anu, month arahsamnu), Scorpius, [70]" [CT 33, 12]; see also mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2].</s>
<s>'''A list of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 7)''':</s>

* <s>mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9-9a, III 8a-b, 11c-d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4-6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13-15, Pl. XVII 15-17].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11).
* (2) Stars of Ea (no. 10):
** a) mulGIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''2-''me'' "Scorpion, Išḫara, goddess of all inhabited regions" (I ii 29),
** b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB d''Li''9-''si''4 dAG "The chest of the Scorpion: Lisi, Nabu" (I ii 30),
** (c) 2 MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ina zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-''zu'' / d''Šar''2''-ur u Šar''2-''gaz'' "Two stars that stand on the sting of the Scorpion: Šarur and Šargaz" (I ii 31-32).
* (3) Dates of heliacal risings:
** a) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu the Scorpion becomes visible" (I iii 3),
** b) ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 ''u'' mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme "On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the Goat and the Breast of the Scorpion become visible" (I iii 4); on the joint rising of muluz3 and mulgir2.tab see also BM 55466+, see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (4) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) (I iii 13-14), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]],
** b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme-''ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "The Scorpion and the Dog rise, and the Asterism of Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25),
** c) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* (5) Stars "in the path of the Moon": mulGIR2.TAB, after mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4, before mul''Pa-bil-sag'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (6) Observations of heliacal risings and the direction of the wind:
** ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ''ina u''4-''me'' IGImeš IM ''ša''2 [DU-''ku'' ŠE]Š-''ar''2
** "On the 5th of Araḫsamnu, the Scorpion, on the 15th Breast of the Scorpion becomes visible; on the day that they become visible, you will observe the wind that [blows]" (II i 32-33).
* (7) A scheme for determining winds by the stars: mulGIR2.TAB - west, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU]]6.
* (8) Astrological predictions: [...] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 "[If ...] of the Scorpion becomes visible and the south wind blows: this year will be good" (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116].
Text BM 77054.

See (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]]. "A large list of stars."

* (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra "Scorpion = Išḫara";
* (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat "Scorpion = ditto(=Išḫara), Tiamat";
* (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab "Heavenly sword = Scorpion";
* (4) 12 stars of Elam: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol, App. B: 34-36, 204] ''Išhara not Ishkhara everywhere??? Yes of courseǃǃǃ''

'''''regarding Text BM 77054: all this is the Great Star List 25<nowiki>''</nowiki>-27<nowiki>''</nowiki> -'''''

'''<nowiki>;</nowiki> see also the list of "7 ''tikpi''-stars" [KAR, 142 i 37].'''
|[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See SAA 10, p. 381; SAA 8, p. 350a, 353].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:31.'''
* mulgir2.tab = d''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpius = Išḫara of the sea". [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (M) [mul''na'']-''at-tul-lum'' KIMIN MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' SI mulgir2.tab / [x-x-''t'']''u''2 ''u'' IGI mulUR.IDIM GU "The harness (''ziqpu'' XXVI: υ Boo), or the middle of Libra (β Lib), the horn of the Scorpion (γ Sco = σ Lib) / [...] and the Mad Dog’s eye (γ Lup): a string.
* (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹KIMIN˺ MURUB4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' MULme SAG mulGIR2.TAB / [''u''? MURU]B4 ˹mul˺UR.IDIM GU "Šupa (=''ziqpu'' I: α Boo) or the middle of Libra (γ Lib), the stars of Scorpius's head (δ Sco) [and the middle] part of the Mad Dog (η Lup): a string.
* (O) mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 KIMIN mulGABA GIR2.TAB / ˹MUL ''ta''˺-''ri''-''tu''2 mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' GIR3II EGIR ''ša''2 mulUR.IDIM GU "The 2nd star of the Harness (''ziqpu'' II: ε Boo), or the star on the chest of the Scorpion (α Sco), the raised tail of the Scorpion (μ1 Sco) and the hind paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:21-25; ASM, 93].

According to [Koch 1992, 58-59], murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' is γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim is Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab is β, δ, π Sco, mul''na-at-tul-lum'' 2-''u''2 is π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim is ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco).
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!GUs
|-
|M
|[[File:GU13 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|13th GU, GU (M), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>]]
|-
|N
|[[File:GU14 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|14th GU, GU (N), in Hoffmann (2022).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|O
|[[File:GU15 GUtext2022 Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpeg|thumb|15th GU, GU (O), in Hoffmann (2022).Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":0" />.]]
|}
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §b.
** a) mulSAG GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's head (δ Sco),
** b) mulSUḪUŠ UM.ME.DA G[IR2.TAB] "the base of the column (straightening muscle?) of the Sco[rpion]" (μ1, μ2 Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §c. [mulGIR2.TAB] "Scorpius"(η Sco), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §d. m[ul]SI ZAG GIR2.TAB "right horn of the Scorpius"(σ Sco), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §f. mulSUḪUŠ EME.DA GIR2.TAB MUL x [x MUL x] ˹GU4˺.ALIM 3 MULmeš(sic) SAG.DU3 "Base of the Scorpion column (μ1 Sco), [...] (γ Oph), [star x] Bison (κ Oph): 3 stars, triangle." [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48-49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Ser[unina Bison]" (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulGIR3 ZAG]? ˹GU4˺.ALIM "[Right leg of] the Bison" (κ Oph).
* §h. mulSAG GIR2.TAB mulŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM ''u'' mulŠullat(PA) [3 MULmeš] GU SI.SA2 DUB2.[BA] 2 DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA mu[lP]A ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "The Scorpion’s head (δ Sco), the Bull’s left paw (Ser d) and Šullat: [3 stars]. A straight tight rope. 2 intervals, interval. [Šull]lat first." [Walker 1995, 36-37; ASM, 109]; according to [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], here instead of mul''Šullat''(pa) should be mul''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "Ḫaniš" (α Cen).
* §j. [mu]l ''zi-qit'' GIR2.TAB mulSAG GU4.ALIM ''u''3 mulPA ˹3˺ [MULmeš ...] ˹2˺ DAL.BA.AN.NA DAL.BA.AN.NA MUL ''zi-q''[''it'' GIR2.TAB x] "Sting of the Scorpion (θ Sco), head of the Bull (η Ser?) and Šullat (β Cen?): 3 [stars ...]. 2 intervals, interval. The sting [of Scorpius ...]." [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy: GIR2'''
See [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; used in the lunar tablets dating back to the late fifth century BC. [Aaboe and Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30-31; 2010].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
(mul)GIR2.TAB is the designation of the constellation and zodiac sign of Scorpius. The four stars of the Scorpius constellation were used as "normal stars," see also (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] below.

'''Temple ritual in Babylon.'''

* múlGABA GIR2.TAB ''ka-bi-is'' GABA ''tam-tim'' "'The breast of the Scorpion' that walkes by the 'breast' of the sea." [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. A 3427:'''
* a) ˹TA˺ 5 UŠ ''ar''2 2 MUL2me ''ša''2 SAG múlA EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 múlDILI ''ša''2 múlKUN''-šu''2 [GIR2.TAB] "From (culmination point) 5° behind the 2 stars of the Lion's head to (the culmination point) 5° behind the Single star on its tail: [Scorpius rises]" (anaphora of the zodiac sign Scorpius, determined by the climax of the ziqpu stars),
* b) múlGIR2.TAB TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' .../ 2 UŠ 30 GAR 1''-et'' ḪA.LA ''ša''2 múlGIR2.TAB KUR''-ḫa'' ''ina'' 12 ḪA.LA 1 DANNA 10 UŠ ... "(Sign of the zodiac) Scorpius from its beginning to its end rises [...] / 2° 30' (which is) one (twelfth) part of Scorpius rises. In 12 parts 1 DANNA 10 UŠ [(culminates), and], ''(continued by:)''
* c) TA SAG''-šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR''-ḫa'' PAP 2 DANNA ''ina'' ''ziq-pi i-lak-ma'' [... ] "(Scorpius) from its beginning to its end rises. A total of 2 danna culminates, [...]" <s>(the indicated value of the time of rising of the constellation Scorpius corresponds to the length on the ecliptic 450),</s>
* d) múlGIR2-TAB ''meš-ḫi im-šuḫ'' ZI "Scorpius emits a ''mišḫu'' ..." [Steele 2017, 63-65; earlier Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:1, 15-17, 21; 241].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology, Magic and Calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GIR2.TAB - designation of the 8th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) Lunaria
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab "Scorpius region" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
** (b) BRM IV, 19: the text contains a zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria," in which gir2.tab is the designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius [Ungnad 1941-44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 8-''i-tum'' ḫa.la múlgir2.tab ''šum''3-''šu''2 "8th part, its name Scorpius." [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66],
** (b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu "8th part Aries — Aries Scorpius" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18-19]. The division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 4th part is mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Division of the zodiac sign Scorpius into 12 parts: ḫa.la ''sag-tu''2 ša, múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [''šum''3-''šu''2]? "The first part of Scorpius, [her name is] Scorpius." [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239, A 3427:2], see also Anaphora.
* (4) Zodiacal Astrology. KI múlGIR2.TAB ... "In the region of the Scorpius [was born]: ...she will become a witch, she will be happy? (var.: sinner) ..., a widow." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27].
* (5) Predicting the price of cereal by observing the positions of the planets relative to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. [DIŠ Sin ''ina'' mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-''ma''..."[If the Moon] eclipses [in Scorpius] ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

'''Short form GIR2'''

* (1) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-''tim'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Duuzu 7 // Scorpius 190 // Anything you smear." [SpTU III, 104:7, and also 20]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30].
* (2)
|[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
|-
|'''Zodiacal astrology: short form GIR2'''
* KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ''ni-zi''[''q-tu''4]
* "Region close to the Scorpion: death (in) days of wrath" [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'];
|
|}
See also: MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SI mulGIR2.TAB "The star on the horn of Scorpius" [SpTU II, 42:12], and also [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

[[File:Sco Bab stellarium J-Gullberg.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellation of the Scorpion in Stellarium, painted by J.Gullberg (2021).]]
[[File:Sco CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 192735.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GIR2.TAB (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|[[Antares]]
|HIP 80763
|Constellation lines
|0.91
|-
|2
| [[Shaula]]
|HIP 85927
|Constellation lines
|1.63
|-
|3
|[[Sargas]]
|HIP 86228
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.85
|-
|4
|[[Larawag]]
|HIP 82396
|Constellation lines
|2.29
|-
|5
|[[Dschubba]]
|HIP 78401
|Constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
|6
|κ Scorpii
|HIP 86670
|Inside the Hull
|2.386
|-
|7
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.5
|-
|8
|[SC96] Mis 162
|[SC96] Mis 162
|Inside the Hull
|2.51
|-
|9
|[[Acrab]]
|HIP 78820
|Constellation lines
|2.62
|-
|10
|[[Lesath]]
|HIP 85696
| Constellation lines
|2.65
|-
| 11
| [[Paikauhale]]
| HIP 81266
| Constellation lines
|2.81
|-
|12
|[[Alniyat]]
|HIP 80112
|Constellation lines
|2.89
|-
|13
|[[Fang]]
|HIP 78265
|Constellation lines
|2.91
|-
|14
|[[Xamidimura]]
|HIP 82514
|Inside the Hull
|2.98
|-
|15
|ι 1 Scorpii
|HIP 87073
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.992
|-
| 16
|[[Fuyue]]
| HIP 87261
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.21
|-
|17
| [[Brachium]]
| HIP 73714
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.21
|-
|18
|η Scorpii
|HIP 84143
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.33
|-
|19
|[SC96] Mis 190
|[SC96] Mis 190
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|20
|C 1652-407
|C 1652-407
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|21
|[[Pipirima]]
|HIP 82545
|Constellation lines
|3.542
|-
|22
| υ Librae
|HIP 76470
|Inside the Hull
|3.589
|-
|23
|ζ 2 Scorpii
|HIP 82729
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.62
|-
| 24
|τ Librae
|HIP 76600
|Constellation lines
|3.642
|-
|25
|[[Iklil]]
|HIP 78104
|Inside the Hull
|3.86
|-
|26
|[[Zubenelhakrabi]]
|HIP 76333
|Constellation lines
|3.91
|-
|27
|ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
|Inside the Hull
|3.97
|-
|28
|[[Jabbah]]
| HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4
|-
|29
|H Sco
|HIP 81304
|Inside the Hull
|4.156
|-
|30
|θ Librae
|HIP 77853
|Inside the Hull
|4.16
|-
|31
|ξ Sco B
|HIP 78727
| Constellation lines
|4.17
|-
|32
|N Sco
|HIP 80911
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|33
|Q Sco
|HIP 86170
|Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
|34
|ω 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78990
|Inside the Hull
|4.33
|-
| 35
|[[Jabbah]] A
|HIP 79374
|Constellation lines
|4.349
|-
|36
|χ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80569
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
| 37
|ω Ophiuchi
| HIP 80975
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|38
|ψ Ophiuchi
|HIP 80343
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|39
|13 Sco
| HIP 79404
|Inside the Hull
|4.568
|-
|40
|ο Scorpii
|HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
|4.57
|-
|41
|2 Sco
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.59
|-
|42
|37 Lib
|HIP 76219
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.62
|-
|43
|ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|44
| 1 Sco
|HIP 77635
|Inside the Hull
|4.635
|-
|45
|* 2 Sco A
|HIP 77840
|Inside the Hull
|4.71
|-
|46
|κ Librae
|HIP 76880
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 79881
|Inside the Hull
|4.782
|-
|48
|22 Sco
|HIP 80815
|Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
|49
|* ksi Sco B
|HIP 78727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.87
|-
|50
|48 Lib
|HIP 78207
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
| 51
|V1073 Sco
|HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|52
|β 2 Scorpii
|HIP 78821
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|53
|42 Lib
|HIP 76742
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
|4.966
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 83336
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|56
|λ Librae
|HIP 77811
|Inside the Hull
|5.027
|-
|57
|* rho Oph A
|HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 79302
|Inside the Hull
|5.102
|-
|59
|36 Lib
|HIP 76259
|Inside the Hull
|5.138
|-
|60
| * ksi Sco A
| HIP 78727
|Constellation lines
|5.16
|-
| 61
|* alf Sco B
|HD 148479
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 82493
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|63
| 41 Lib
|HIP 76628
|Inside the Hull
|5.359
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 77858
|Inside the Hull
|5.372
|-
|65
| -
| HIP 79050
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|66
|[SC96] Mis 382
|[SC96] Mis 382
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
| 67
|* tet Sco B
|HD 159532B
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|68
|M 4
|M 4
|Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|69
| -
|HIP 77859
|Inside the Hull
|5.402
|-
|70
|CD-29 12513B
|HIP 80399
|Inside the Hull
|5.41
|-
|71
| η Librae
|HIP 77060
|Inside the Hull
|5.412
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 80390
|Inside the Hull
|5.42
|-
|73
| -
| HIP 78246
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|74
|49 Lib
|HIP 78400
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 82676
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 82135
|Inside the Hull
|5.481
|-
|77
|27 Sco
|HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 79199
|Inside the Hull
|5.497
|-
|79
|ζ 4 Librae
|HIP 76126
|Inside the Hull
|5.499
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 79980
|Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 74732
|Inside the Hull
|5.506
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 76106
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 86698
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 84551
|Inside the Hull
|5.526
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 84401
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
| 86
|M 19
|M 19
|Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|87
|4 Sco
|HIP 77984
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|88
| ζ 1 Librae
|HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
|5.626
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|90
|26 Oph
|HIP 83196
|Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|91
|11 Sco
|HIP 79005
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 82775
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 76532
|Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 80672
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|95
|* 12 Sco A
|HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|96
|ζ 3 Librae
|HIP 75944
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 76569
|Inside the Hull
|5.816
|-
|98
|CD-29 12513A
|HR 6106
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
| -
| HIP 78168
| Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 81741
|Inside the Hull
|5.836
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 85889
|Inside the Hull
|5.838
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 74539
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|103
|66 G. Oph
|HIP 83176
|Inside the Hull
|5.86
|-
|104
|3 Sco
|HIP 77909
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 79098
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|106
|Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
|5.89
|-
|107
|V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
|Inside the Hull
|5.902
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 83896
| Inside the Hull
|5.911
|-
|109
| -
| HIP 81523
| Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|110
| -
| HIP 85048
|Inside the Hull
|5.914
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 79596
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
| 112
|V929 Sco
|HIP 78877
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 83235
|Inside the Hull
|5.934
|-
| 114
|[SC96] Mis 177
|[SC96] Mis 177
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 84425
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|116
|47 Lib
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|5.957
|-
|117
|[SC96] Mis 213
|[SC96] Mis 213
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 81992
|Inside the Hull
|5.982
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 85543
|Inside the Hull
|5.985
|-
|121
| -
| HIP 78665
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 84226
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
| 123
| -
|HIP 81904
|Inside the Hull
| 6.046
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 83100
|Inside the Hull
|6.048
|-
|125
|* 47 Lib A
|HIP 77939
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|126
| -
|HIP 79622
|Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 78575
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|128
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 79692
|Inside the Hull
|6.083
|-
|130
| -
| HIP 78726
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|131
| -
| HIP 82691
| Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|132
|36 G. Oph
|HIP 81728
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 77900
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|134
|RR Sco
|HIP 82912
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|135
| -
|HIP 78078
|Inside the Hull
| 6.117
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 84489
|Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
|137
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|138
|[SC96] Mis 165
|[SC96] Mis 165
|Inside the Hull
|6.14
|-
|139
| -
| HIP 85237
|Inside the Hull
|6.142
|-
|140
| -
|HIP 85839
|Inside the Hull
|6.158
|-
|141
|28 Lib
|HIP 75110
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
| 142
| -
| HIP 84445
|Inside the Hull
|6.184
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
| 144
| -
|HIP 76503
|Inside the Hull
|6.194
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 77985
|Inside the Hull
|6.199
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 77689
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 78699
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 76033
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 149
| -
|HIP 82453
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|150
| V861 Sco
|HIP 82911
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|151
|34 G. Oph
|HIP 81632
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 82783
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|153
| -
|HIP 86246
|Inside the Hull
|6.27
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 78058
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 155
| -
|HIP 84151
|Inside the Hull
|6.285
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 77007
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|157
| -
| HIP 79945
|Inside the Hull
|6.298
|-
|158
|[SC96] Mis 208
|[SC96] Mis 208
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 82554
|Inside the Hull
|6.315
|-
|160
| -
|HIP 78486
|Inside the Hull
|6.317
|-
|161
| -
|HIP 76567
|Inside the Hull
|6.319
|-
|162
| -
|HIP 78955
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|163
| -
| HIP 82855
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 164
|[SC96] Mis 549
|[SC96] Mis 549
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 165
| -
|HIP 76666
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 78059
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 79031
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 79605
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 82731
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|170
|[SC96] Mis 201
|[SC96] Mis 201
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
|171
|V1077 Sco
|HIP 84650
|Inside the Hull
|6.367
|-
|172
| -
|HR 6426
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|173
| V900 Sco
| HIP 82669
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|174
| -
|HIP 77729
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 87042
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 79599
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 85786
|Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 85019
|Inside the Hull
|6.419
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 79788
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 180
| -
|HIP 79203
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 79530
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 84332
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 85020
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|184
| -
|HD 152249
| Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
|186
|23 Lib
|HIP 74500
|Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|187
| -
| HIP 80324
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 86098
|Inside the Hull
| 6.463
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 74490
|Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
|190
|[SC96] GC 33
|[SC96] GC 33
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Ishkara, see (Kurtik i15) [[Išḫara|d''Išḫara'']]. The name ''zu''2''-qa''2''-qi''4''-ip'', as a royal name, at the beginning of the post-Flood part of the "Sumerian royal list" relating to Kishu, cf. [Jacobsen 1939, 78-79:10-11].

Prayers and rituals.

* (1) Ritual at the lunar eclipse in the month of Kislimu, see (Kurtik u06)[[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (2) Hemerology for the 18th of duuzu: ''pad-su ana'' ˹mul˺gir2.tab ''liš-ku-un'' "Let him offer his sacrifice to Scorpius" [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94-95].
* (3) The purifying ritual of the "Exaltation of hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [d''iš-ḫa-ra''] "Spell, (constellation) Scorpius, [Ishkhara]". [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58-59;].
* (4) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the deity statue, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (5) The astral-mythological text BM 55466+, where the night sky in the month of Tebetu is interpreted as a representation of Marduk's battle with Tiamat and Kingu, see (Kurtk u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* (6) In astrological geography, Scorpius correlates (a) with Sea Land and Dilmun or Borsippa, (b) with Khursagkalamma, Borsippa [Weidner 1963; Kurtik 2010; Steele 2015].
* (7) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mul]GIR2.TAB d''Iš-ḫa-ra'' d''Ištar'' ''ina qe''2-''reb'' MURUB4 ''e-peš ša''2-''aš''2-''me'' / [...''a'']''š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu'' "Scorpion, Ishkhara, (i.e. The Scorpion Ishtar, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the battle, in the midst of the fight / [...] 'stubborn' (opponents) of yours, let him defeat, let him turn them into ghosts!" [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′-8′].

''Also = Racc Text 213???''

==== Symbol. ====
Scorpion. Early depictions of the scorpion/scorpio-man in Mesopotamian glyptics of the 3rd millennium BC, when it may have already acquired astral significance, see [Kononenko 1997]. [Kononenko 1997] as well as [Kurtik 1998, 36; 2022, ]. For the images on the kudurru see. [Seidl 1968, 156-157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48], for astral images on Hellenistic seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, no. See [AUWE 19, no. 1008-1017; Kurtik 2007, fig. 24, 32]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlGIR2 (designation of the zodiac sign Scorpius) corresponds to G[IR2.TAB] "Sc[orpio]". [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Sco seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|zodiac sign Scorpius on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]]
= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246]

= Scorpius + part of Librae, constellation figure correlated with stars, [Koch 1989, 114-115, Abb. 16 a-b].

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Middle star in the head of Scorpion" (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 ''e ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Upper star of Scorpion's head" (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ''ša''2 SAG GIR2.TAB "Lower star of the Scorpion's head" (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 "(God) of Fox" (α Scorpii),

The 4 indicated stars above were used as "normal stars" in the "Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 26-29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab "Claws (lit. Horn) of the Scorpion", see GU-text, MUL.APIN et al.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab "Stars of the Scorpion's head", see GU-text.

(7) gaba gir2.tab "Breasts of the Scorpion", see GU-text, etc.

(8) mul ''ta-ri-tu''2 mulgir2.tab "The raised tail of the Scorpion", see GU-text.

(9) Scorpion's head (δ Sco), see dbn-text.

(10) Base of the Scorpion's column (straightening muscle?) (μ1, μ2 Sco), see dbn-text.

(11) Right claw (lit. horn) of the Scorpion (σ Sco), see dbn-text.

(12) Scorpius's sting, see dbn-text, and also below.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB "Scorpion's lips" (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, no. -651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB "Star with great brilliance on the Scorpion's head" [AD I, 42, no. -651:10-11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB "The middle section of the Scorpion." [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) [...K]UN mulGIR2.TAB "Tail of the Scorpion" [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) ''u''2''-ru-ud'': ''u''2''-ru-uḫ'' mulGIR2.TAB "Throat of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB "Center (lit. Navel) of the Scorpion. [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB "(2 stars) on the sting of the Scorpion" (λ, υ Scorpii), see MUL.APIN et al, as well as (Kurtik sh05) [[ŠAR2.GAZ|ŠAR2.GAZ]] and (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

(20) The border of the Scorpion; [...mul]GIR2.TAB ''it-ta-tu-ša''2 MI-''mu'' ... "[...] Scorpion, its border is dark [...]" [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; mulGIR2.TAB: d''Dil-bat'' [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Lisi; cf. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], (Kurtik n25) [[NIM.MA|NIM.MA(ki)]], II 3.

(3) Scorpion's stinger = Pabilsag; see (Kurtik p04) [[PA.BIL.SAG|dPA.BIL2.SAG]], VI 4, (Kurtik sh06) [[ŠAR2.UR4|ŠAR2.UR4]].

In [G. 94, IV 2-3] identifications of the Scorpion with Jupiter, Mars and Mercury are suggested, which, as far as we know, is not confirmed by the texts. See, however, below (28).

===== Predictions: =====
(4) General astrological significance; mulGIR2.TAB ''ana'' KI.LAM "Scorpion for (predicting the state of) the market." [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Heliacal risings earlier and later; "The Scorpion rises heliacally in the month of arahsamnu, variant: tebetu; if this star rises early: the king of the country will walk proudly, he will conquer [kings], his enemies; if the star rises late: kings of other countries will start enmity against the king of that country" [BPO 2, IX 9]; see also [ibid., X 19, XI 4-6].

(6) View of the Scorpion’s claws; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-''ša''2 ''zu-᾽-u''2''-ra'' KUR2 ZI-''ma ina'' [gišTUKUL ŠUB-''ut''] "If the claws (lit. horns) of the Scorpion are twisted?: an enemy will appear, but will fall by weapons (in battle)", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-''ša''2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' LUGAL ''a-a-bi-šu''2 Š[U-''su'' KUR-''ad''2] "If the Scorpion’s claws emit rays (lit. carry radiation): the king will strike his enemies with his hand" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346 +:41-42], see also [ARAK, 218:2-4, 547:1-4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ''ana'' UR2-''šu''2 GUR I3 ''ina'' KUR LA2-''ṭi'' "[If the Scorpion, its foreparts] are facing its 'knee': there will be lack of oil" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''zu''-᾽-''u''2-''ra ša''2-''ru-ru na-ša''2-''a'' / dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mul''zi-ba-ni-ti'' GUB-''ma'' "If the claws of the Scorpion are twisted? (and) it carries radiation, (it means): the planet stands in Libra." [ACh Ištar, 28:6-7].

(7) The Scorpion is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ''ša''2 KUR DU3.A.BI ''iš-tan-na-an-na''? "If the Scorpion is dark: the kings of all other countries will become hostile (to Akkad?), variant: the kings of all countries will feud one with another." [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''i-da-tu-ša''2 ''uk-ku-la'' UN.MEŠ ''i-lam-mi-na'' d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Scorpion’s sides are very dark: people will be bad, (it means): Mars stands in it." [ARAK, 502:14]. See also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 3, and Mercury and Scorpius below.

(8) Star in the head of the Scorpion; ''i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-i-e kak-ka-bu'' / [''ina''] SAG.DU ''ša'' mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 ''it-ti-ti-iz'' GISKIM-''šu''2 ''la i-lap-pa-''[''at''] "This night the star stood in the head of the Scorpion before the moon: this sign does not portend anything (bad)". [ARAK, 98: 7-r. 2]. See also (Kurtik ts06) ''[[Ṣurru]]''.

(9) The Scorpion during its first appearance in the month of kislimu; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra ina'' GIBIL UD.DA-''ša''2 / GA[BA]-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-at'' / SI.ME-''ša''2! ''nin-mu-ra'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL ''ina'' KUR ''i-ḫar-ru-pu'' ... "If the Scorpion, the goddess Ishkhara, at the renewal of her light (i.e. at the heliacal rising?), her breasts have great luster, and her tails become dark, and her claws (literally horns) stand opposite each other: the country will have a season of early rain and flood; locusts will attack and devour the country; cattle will be destroyed and the houses of the herders..." [ARAK, 504: 5-r. 2], parallel: DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB d''iš-ḫa-ra'' / ''ina'' IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-''ša''2 ''nin-gu-la'' /: ''nen-bu-ṭa'' GABA-''sa''3 ''nam-rat'' KUN-''sa''3 ''e-ṭa-ti'' ... "If in the month of kislimu, the Scorpion, the goddess Ishara, at its first appearance, its claws (resemble) the month? var.: connected, her breasts have great luster, and her tail is dark: ..." [ARAK, 376 r. 4-10]; see also [ibid., 543:1-7].

(10) Eclipse of the Moon in the Scorpion; observations: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [''ina'' EN!.NUN-UD.ZAL / ''i-sa-kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''i-sa''!-''kan'' / ''ina'' IM.U18!.LU ''u''2''-zak-ki'' / ''ina'' ZAG-''šu''2 ''a-dir'' / ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' / mul''ku-ma-ru'' / ''ša'' mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ''ziq-pu'' / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x] ''i-sa-kan'' "The lunar eclipse occured during the morning watch on the 14th of Simman. The eclipse began in the south (of the lunar disk) and cleared out in the south. Its right side eclipsed. The eclipse took place within the perimeters of the Scorpion constellatoin. The Shoulder of the Demon, with an Open Mouth, culminated. An eclipse (the size of) two fingers occurred." [LABS, 149: 3′-r.6]. (DIŠ) ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-''ma'' KA´M[I''-su''] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''2 ŠA3-''ši-na'' ŠUB-''ni ina'' AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) on the 14th day of Siman a (lunar) eclipse occurs and (the Moon) sets (eclipses): pregnant women will miscarry their fetal babies; (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Scorpion" (Late Commentary on EAE) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15-16]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGIR2.TAB ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki ''u'' NI.TUKki: ''bar''2-''sipa''2ki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Scorpion: solution for Sea country and Dilmun, var: Borsippa". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) The Moon at its first appearance and the Scorpion; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2... "If at its first appearance, the Moon is surrounded by the Scorpion, like a halo: lions and wolves will rage, the means of communication will become unsafe...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (var. ''zi-qit'' mulGIR2.TAB) ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion (var.: stinger of the Scorpion) stands in the middle of it (= Moon): floods will come and wash away the dikes...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its shoulder: this year rats will destroy the canes and sesame...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its right horn: this year locusts will attack and devour the country...", DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If the Scorpion stands on its left horn: this year the locusts will attack and devour the country, the king of Akkad and the king (Amurru) will be hostile to each other ...", DIŠ mulGIR2. TAB ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 GUB KUR ''in-neš-š''[''i''] "If the Scorpion stands in front of it: the country will become weak", DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (var: KI.MIN ''zi-qit-tum'') GIM TUR3 NIGIN-''šu''2 ''ina'' MU BI ZI-''ut'' ERIN2-''man-da'' "If the tail (var. stinger) of the Scorpion surrounds (the moon) like a halo: this year Umman-manda (the country) will attack (the country of Akkad)." [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22-28], see also [ARAK, 66 r. 1-4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Lunar halo and the Scorpion; 30 MI ''an-ni-u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-''ma'' NIGIN-''ma a-na'' ˹A.AN˺ [''u''] A.KAL "This night the moon was surrounded by a halo in the Scorpion: (it portends) rain [and] flood". [ARAK, 2:1-2], see also [ibid, 377: 7-r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulGIR2.TAB / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / ''uš-taḫ-ḫa'' NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-''ma'' / A.RA2 KUD.ME "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Scorpion stands in it: entu- priestesses will become pregnant, men, variant: lions will rage and cut the message." [ARAK, 307:1-5], see also [ibid., 147 r. 2-4, 480: 7- r. 1].

(13) The Sun and the Scorpion; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB [...] "If the Sun sets and the Scorpion stands in its place [...]" [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Jupiter and the head of the Scorpion; see (Kurtik s04) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 31.

(15) Jupiter and the Scorpion in the lunar halo; see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

(16) Rising of Venus, the Moon, the Scorpion and Gemini; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD d''Sin u'' mulGIR2.TAB IGI-''ma'' IGI-''it'' MUL [...] / ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.IN ...d''Ni-ri''... "If Venus (rises) in the month of Ayar, (and before that) the Moon, the Scorpion, the opposite asterism, [...] and Gemini are visible, variant: (opposite) the Yoke...: there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Rising of the Venus in the Scorpion; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN KUR-''ḫa ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-''ma'' NU SIG5 "If Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu — it rises in the Scorpion, this is unfavorable" [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , see also [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Venus, the Moon and Lugalirra in the Scorpion; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin ''u'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra ina'' iti''Še-er''-[''e-re-ši ina birīt'' SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ''ina'' [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 d''Sin u''] dLugal-GIR3''-ra'' / ''ina'' SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.U ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If in the month of the plowing of the furrow, Venus (during its appearance), the Moon and Lugalirra, in between the claws of the Scorpion, are visible and within it? and Venus, the Moon, and Lugalirra are coming out of its right claw: there will be famine, famine of barley and straw in the land." [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], for a parallel see. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Venus enters into the perimeters of the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ma'' BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE''-ma ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki ... "If Venus enters into the Scorpion: there will be famine in the country; if in the east, bad for Elam; if in the west, bad for Akkad ..." [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Venus approaches the Scorpion; DIŠ d''Dil-bat a-na'' mulGIR2.TAB TE-''ḫi'' ... "If Venus comes close to the Scorpion: unfavorable winds will blow in the country; Adad will send rain, and Ea will send spring to the country of Guti." [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. See also [ibid., 55:3-8].

(21) Mercury in Scorpion; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 10.

(22) Saturn, Libra and Scorpion; see (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]],

(23) Mars approaching Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 32.

(24) Asterism of Elam = Mars in Scorpius; see (Kurtik n20) [[NIM.MA]], II 3.

(25) Mars and Scorpion; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 34.

(26) The Plough(=Mars) and Scorpion; see (Kurtik a43) [[APIN|gišAPIN]], VI 8.

(27) Planets and the Scorpion; three versions of protasis: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands in the middle of Scorpius", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB "If a planet stands before Scorpius" and DIŠ mulUDU. IDIM ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE "If a planet faces Scorpius" have the same apodosis: ina MU BI A.ANmeš ''u'' A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš "rain and flood will wash away (roads) this year" [TU, 16 r. 16-18; Largement 1957, 250:77-79a].

(28) The Scorpion (= Mars?) approaches the Moon; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ''ana'' IGI 30 TE-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If Scorpius comes close, upfront the Moon, and stands there: the reign of the king will be long; the enemy will attack, but will be defeated" [ARAK, 430:1-5], see also [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9-14].

(29) Baltesha and the Scorpion; see (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], V 3.

(30) Shooting stars and the Scorpion; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-''ma'' EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ''ina'' ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' "If a star flashes from within the middle portion of the Scorpion and moves to the limits of Amurru: there will be rain this month", DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 2 A. ANme ŠURme "If 2 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain twice this month", DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-''ma'' EN KI-''it'' IM.MAR DUmeš ''ina'' ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme "If 3 stars erupt from within the middle of the Scorpion and moves up towards the limits of Amurru: it will rain three times this month. [Stev. O.T., 232:13-15], autograph [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15-17].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik g17 GIR2
!
|-
|
==== GIR2 ====
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион»; обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах чаще без детерминатива [G. 91].
I. Источники.

Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT 474b; LBAT, passim]; используется в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969; Britton 1989, 30–31; 2010]. Поздняя астрономия, астрология и календарь. (1) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт для изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(= itiŠU) 7 // GIR2 19 // KI.KAL-tim MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 7 // Скорпион 190 // Все что угодно намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:7, а также 20]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:4, 13, 17, 26, 30]. (2) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2 UŠ2 UDmeš ni-zi[q-tu4] «Область Скорпиона: смерть (в) дни гнева» [SpTU II, 43:24; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14:24; Sachs 1952, 66, 68; LBAT, 1600 obv. 10'], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192].
|
|-
!Kurtik g19 GIR2.TAB
!
|-
|
==== GIR2.TAB ====
|
|-
|= zuqaqīpu «Скорпион»; созвездие, соответствующее Скорпиону (Scorpius) [G. 94; BPO 2, 12; CAD Z, 165].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 108:405], mulg[ir2.tab] [MSL XI, 133, col. viii 44], mulgir2.tab [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 3], mulgir2.tab [Emar VI/4, 154:114]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulgir2.tab = zu-qi-qi-pu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], mulgir2.tab? = [zu]-qa-qi-pi [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:285ʹ]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. mulGIR2.TAB [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, 2:11; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:45]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. а33AN.TA.GUB; в новоассирийских параллелях: Sm. 1113:9′ — dzu-qa-qi2-p[u…], Sm. 162 rev. 7 — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1957–58; Horowitz 1993, 151–154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul ša egir-šu gub-zu / mulgir2.tab dIš-ḫa-ra «Созвездие, которое после нее (т.е. после Венеры) стоит, (это) Скорпион, Ишхара» (B ii 6–7); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 2]; b) mul … ana igi mulgir2.tab, см. z10Zibānītum. (2) Cписок (3´12): [itiapin] … mulgir2.tab šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц арахсамну: … Скорпион (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 8). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — арахсамну, заход — айяру [KAV 218, C. 16, 27; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. u21UR.IDIM. BM 82923. Месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану: mulGIR2.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-at AN KI «Скорпион // 70 // Богиня неба (и) земли» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:23]. BM 34713. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:9], см. ts02Ṣalbatānu. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulgir2.tab // 1,10 «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, 70» [CT 33, 11]. K.14943+: mulgir2.tab «(Звезды Ану, месяц арахсамну), Скорпион, [70]» [CT 33, 12]; см. также mulgir2.tab [CT 26, 49, Sm. 1125:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 7): mulgir2.tab [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. ЕАЕ. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r.16; BPO 2, I 12, II 9–9a, III 8a–b, 11c–d, 25, V 1, VIII 4, IX 9, X 19, XI 4–6; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; NSAM 2, 250; Reiner 1999, 27; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 27 Ca 12; SpTU II, 40:17; Stev. O.T 232:13–15, Pl. XVII 15–17]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra a-na KI.LAM ša-am-ni da-˹ma˺-[qi] «Звезда, которая стоит после нее (т.е. Иштар), Скорпион, Ишхара. Благоприятно для торговли маслом» (A. 16, B. 16) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11). (2) Звезды Эа (№ 10): a) mulGIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad2-me «Скорпион, Ишхара, богиня всех обитаемых регионов» (I ii 29), b) mulGABA GIR2.TAB dLi9-si4 dAG «Грудь Cкорпиона: Лиси, Набу» (I ii 30), (c) 2 MULmeš ša2 ina zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB GUBmeš-zu / dŠar2-ur u Šar2-gaz «Две звезды, которые стоят на жале Скорпиона: Шарур и Шаргаз» (I ii 31–32). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: а) ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB IGI «5-го арахсамну Скорпион становится видимым» (I iii 3), b) ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mulUZ3 u mulGABA.GIR2.TAB IGIme «15-го арахсамну Коза и Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны» (I iii 4); о совместном восходе muluz3 и mulgir2.tab см. также BM 55466+, u31UZ3. (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 13–14), см. m35MUL.MUL, b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Собака восходят, и Звезда Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25), c) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. (5) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGIR2.TAB, после mulZi-ba-ni-tu4, перед mulPa-bil-sag (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Наблюдения гелиакических восходов и направлений ветра: ina itiAPIN UD 5 KAM mulGIR2.TAB UD 15 KAM mulGABA GIR2.TAB / IGImeš ina u4-me IGImeš IM ša2 [DU-ku ŠE]Š-ar2 «5-го арахсамну Скорпион, 15-го Грудь Скорпиона становятся видны; в день, когда они становятся видны, ты наблюдаешь ветер, который [дует]» (II i 32–33). (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulGIR2.TAB — запад, см. k24KU6. (8) Астрологические предсказания: […] mulGIR2.TAB IGI imU18 DU MU BI SIG5 «[Если …] Скорпион становится виден и южный ветер дует: этот год будет благоприятным» (II iii 52) [MA, 33, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 68, 79, 87, 116]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 381; ARAK, 350a, 353]. Текст BM 77054. См. m35MUL.MUL. «Большой список звезд». (1) mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra «Скорпион = Ишхара»; (2) mulgir2.tab = dmin ti-amat «Скорпион = ditto(=Ишхара), Тиамат»; (3) mulgir2.an.na = mulgir2.tab «Небесный меч = Скорпион»; (4) 12 звезд Элама: mulgir2.tab [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 34–36, 204]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:31. mulgir2.tab = diš-ḫa-ra tam-tim «Скорпион = Ишхара моря» [HBA 52:31; Wee 2016, 162–3]. GU-текст. (M) [mulna]-at-tul-lum kimin murub4 mulzi-ba-nit si mulgir2.tab / [x-x-t]u2 u igi mulur.idim gu «Упряжь (ziqpu XXVI: υ Boo), или середина Весов (β Lib), рог Скорпиона (γ Sco = σ Lib) / […] и глаз Бешеного Пса (γ Lup): веревка». (N) ˹mulšu˺.pa ˹kimin˺ murub4 mulzi-ba-nit mul.me sag mulgir2.tab / [u? muru]b4 ˹mul˺ur.idim gu «Шупа (=ziqpu I: α Boo) или середина Весов (γ Lib), звезды головы Скорпиона (δ Sco) [и средняя] часть Бешеного Пса (η Lup): веревка». (O) mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 kimin mul gaba gir2.tab / ˹mul ta˺-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab u gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim gu «2-я звезда Упряжи (ziqpu II: ε Boo), или звезда на груди Скорпиона (α Sco), поднятый хвост Скорпиона (μ1 Sco) и задняя лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:21–25; ASM, 93]. Согласно [Koch 1992, 58–59], murub4 mulzi-ba-nit — γ, λ Lib, igi mulur.idim — Sco H, mul.me sag mulgir2.tab — β, δ, π Sco, mulna-at-tul-lum 2-u2 — π1 Boo, gir3II egir ša2 mulur.idim — ζ2 Sco (ξ1 Sco). Dalbanna-текст. §b. a) mulsag gir2.tab «голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), b) mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab] «основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Ско[рпиона]» (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §c. [mulgir2.tab] «Скорпион»(η Sco), см. L07LI4.SI9. §d. m[ul]si zag gir2.tab «правый рог Скорпиона» (σ Sco), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §f. mulsuḫuš eme.da gir2.tab mul x [x x mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim 3 mul.meš(sic) sag.du3 «Основание колонны Скорпиона (μ1 Sco), […] (γ Oph), [звезда x] Зубра (κ Oph): 3 звезды, треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 36; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48–49, 61]: mul x [x x] = mulmu[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), [mul x] ˹gu4˺.alim = [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph). §h. mulsag gir2.tab mulšu gub3 gu4.alim u mulŠullat(pa) [3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.[ba] 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mu[lp]a maḫ-[ru] «Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), левая рука Быка (Ser d) и Шуллат: [3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. [Шул]лат первый.» [Walker 1995, 36–37; ASM, 109]; согласно [Koch 1995, 49, 61 Anm. 22], здесь вместо mulŠullat(pa) должно быть mulḪaniš(lugal) «Ханиш» (α Cen). §j. [mu]l zi-qit gir2.tab mulsag gu4.alim u3 mulpa ˹3˺ [mul.meš …] ˹2˺ dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mul zi-q[it gir2.tab x x] «Жало Скорпиона (θ Sco), голова Быка (η Ser?) и Шуллат (β Cen?): 3 [звезды …]. 2 интервала, интервал. Жал[о Скорпиона …].» [Walker 1995, 37; Koch 1995, 49, 61; ASM, 109]. «Дневники наблюдений». (mul)GIR2.TAB — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Скорпион. Четыре звезды созвездия Скорпион использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. ниже, а также m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Храмовый ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgaba gir2.tab ka-bi-is gaba tam-tim «“Грудь Скорпиона”, что идет по “груди” моря» [RAcc. 138:313; Linssen 2004, 220:313]. Анафора. A 3427: a) ˹ta˺ 5 UŠ ar2 2 mul2.me ša2 sag múlA en 5 UŠ ar2 múldili ša2 múlkun-šu2 [gir2.tab] «От (кульминации точки) 50 после 2 звезд головы Льва до (кульминации точки) 50 после Отдельной звезды на его хвосте: [Скорпион]» (анафора знака зодиака Скорпион, определенная по кульминациям ziqpu-звезд), b) múlgir2.tab ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa …/ 2 UŠ 30 gar 1-et ḫa.la ša2 múlgir2.tab kur-ḫa ina 12 ḫa.la 1 danna 10 UŠ … «(Знак зодиака) Скорпион от его начала до его конца восходит […] / (за) 2030' одна (двенадцатая) часть Скорпиона восходит, 12 частей (за промежуток) 1 danna 10 UŠ (восходят) […], c) ta sag-šu2 en til-šu2 kur-ḫa napḫar 2 danna ina ziq-pi i-lak-ma […] «(Созвездие Скорпион) от его начала до его конца восходит, всего за (промежуток) 2 danna, (измеренный) по прохождениям ziqpu-звезд […]» (указанное значение времени восхода созвездия Скорпион соответствует протяженности на эклиптике 450), d) múlgir2.tab meš-ḫi im-šuḫ ZI «Скорпион испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:1, 15–17, 21; 241]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GIR2.TAB — обозначение 8-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgir2.tab «Область Скорпиона» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:7, 22, 47; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. b) BRM IV, 19: текст содержит зодиакальную схему, известную под названием «додекатемория», в которой gir2.tab — обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион [Ungnad 1941–44, 274: g, 1, 3, 11; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 8-i-tum ḫa.la múlgir2.tab šum3-šu2 «8-я часть, ее имя Скорпион» [TU, 14:17; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 8-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgir2.tab ša2 múllu «8-я часть Овна — Скорпион Овна» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:18–19]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 4-я часть — mulgir2.tab [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. Подразделение знака зодиака Скорпион на 12 частей: ḫa.la sag-tu2 ša2 múlgir2.tab múlgir2.tab [šum3-šu2]? «Первая часть Скорпиона, [ее имя] Скорпион» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239, A 3427:2], см. также «Анафора». (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGIR2.TAB … «В области Скорпиона [родилась]: …она будет ведьмой, она будет счастлива? (вар.: грешница) …, вдова» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 7′; Reiner 2000, 425, note 27]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: mulGIR2.TAB [SpTU I, 94: 33]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. [DIŠ Sin ina mulGIR2.TAB] AN.MI [GAR]-ma…»[Если Луна] затмилась [в Скорпионе] …» [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 1, 3, 9], см. s20Sîn.

См. также: MUL ša2 ina SI mulGIR2.TAB «Звезда на роге Скорпиона» [SpTU II, 42:12], а также [SpTU V, 268; LBAT, 1591 obv. 3].

II. Божество.

Ишхара, см. i15dIšḫara. Имя zu2-qa2-qi4-ip, как царское имя, в начале послепотопной части «Шумерского царского списка», относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 78–79:10–11]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал при лунном затмении в месяце кислиму, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (2) Гемерология на 18-е дуузу: pad-su ana ˹mul˺gir2.tab liš-ku-un «Жертвоприношение свое Скорпиону пусть он принесет» [KAR, 178 vi 47; Labat 1939, 94–95]. (3) Очистительный ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): en2 mulgir2.tab [diš-ḫa-ra] «Заклинание, (созвездие) Скорпион, [Ишхара]» [BMS, No. 4 rev.; Ebeling 1953, 58–59;]. (4) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k24KU6. (5) Астрально-мифологический текст BM 55466+, где ночное небо в месяце тебету трактуется как изображение битвы Мардука с Тиамат и Кингу, см. u31UZ. (6) В астрологической географии Скорпион соотносится: a) c Морской страной и Дильмуном или Борсиппой, b) c Хурсагкаламмой, Борсиппой [Weidner 1963; Куртик 2010; Steele 2015]. (7) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mul]GIR2.TAB dIš-ḫa-ra dIštar ina qe2-reb MURUB4 e-peš ša2-aš2-me / […a]š-ṭu-ti-ka li-bel ana za-qi-qi li-im-nu «Скорпион, Ишхара, (т.е.) Иштар, посредине битвы, учиняя схватку / […] ‘упорных’ (противников) твоих пусть одолеет, в призраки пусть обратит!» [Watanabe 1992, 369, K. 6331: 7′–8′].

III. Символ.

Скорпион. Ранние изображения скорпиона/скорпионочеловека в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э., когда он, возможно, уже приобрел астральное значение, см. [Кононенко 1997], а также [Куртик 1998, 36; 2022, ]. Изображения на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 156–157; Куртик 2007, рис. 48], астральные изображения на эллинистических печатях из Урука см. [AUWE 19, No. 1008–1017; Куртик 2007, рис. 24, 32]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlGIR2 (обозначение знака зодиака Скорпион) соответствует G[IR2.TAB] «Ск[орпион]» [SpTU II, 43:8, 24; Hunger 1996].

IV. Отождествление.

= Scorpius [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol. 208, App. C; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 246].

= Scorpius + часть Librae, фигура созвездия, соотнесенная со звездами, [Koch 1989, 114–115, Abb. 16 a–b].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 MURUB4 ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Средняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (δ Scorpii),

(2) MUL2 e ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Верхняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (β Scorpii),

(3) MUL2 SIG ša2 SAG GIR2.TAB «Нижняя звезда головы Скорпиона» (π Scorpii),

(4) mulSI4 «(Бог) Лиси» (α Scorpii),

4 указанные звезды в «Дневниках наблюдений» использовались в качестве «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, No. 26–29.

(5) si mulgir2.tab «Клешни (букв. Рог) Скорпиона», см. GU-текст, MUL.APIN и др.

(6) mul.me sag mulgir2.tab «Звезды головы Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(7) gaba gir2.tab «Грудь Скорпиона», см. GU-текст и др.

(8) mul ta-ri-tu2 mulgir2.tab «Поднятый хвост Скорпиона», см. GU-текст.

(9) Голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(10) Основание колонны (выпрямляющей мышцы?) Скорпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(11) Правая клешня (букв. рог) Скорпиона (σ Sco), см. dbn-текст.

(12) Жало Скорпиона, см. dbn-текст, а также ниже.

(13) NUNDUN GIR2.TAB «Губа Скорпиона» (β, λ Sco) (?) [AD I, 42, No. –651:10].

(14) MUL2 SA4 ša2 SAG mulxGIR2.TAB «Звезда с большим блеском на голове Скорпиона» [AD I, 42, No. –651:10–11].

(15) MURUB4 mulGIR2.TAB «Середина Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:20].

(16) […K]UN mulGIR2.TAB «Хвост Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:21; NSAM 2 ].

(17) u2-ru-ud: u2-ru-uḫ mulGIR2.TAB «Горло Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:22].

(18) [L]I.DUR mulGIR2.TAB «Центр (букв. Пуп) Скорпиона» [Reiner 1999, 27:24].

(19) zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB «(2 звезды) на жале Скорпиона» (λ, υ Scorpii), см. MUL.APIN и др., а также sh05ŠAR2.GAZ и sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

(20) Граница Скорпиона; […mul]GIR2.TAB it-ta-tu-ša2 MI-mu … «[…] Скорпион, граница его темная […]» [NSAM 2, 206, App. 4:1].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; mulGIR2.TAB: dDil-bat [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:22′].

(2) = Лиси; см. [BPO 2, III 11c, V 1], n25NIM.MA(ki), II 3.

(3) Жало Скорпиона = Пабилсаг; см. p04dPA.BIL2.SAG, VI 4, sh06ŠAR2.UR4.

В [G. 94, IV 2–3] предполагаются отождествления Скорпиона с Юпитером, Марсом и Меркурием, что, насколько нам известно, текстами не подтверждается. См., однако, ниже (28).

Предсказания и наблюдения:

(4) Общее астрологическое значение; mulGIR2.TAB ana KI.LAM «Скорпион для (предсказания состояния) рынка» [BPO 2, I 12, II 9].

(5) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже; «Скорпион восходит гелиакически в месяце арахсамну, вариант: тебету; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь той страны будет ходить гордо, он покорит [царей], своих врагов; если звезда восходит поздно: цари всех стран начнут враждовать против царя той страны» [BPO 2, IX 9]; см. также [ibid., X 19, XI 4–6].

(6) Вид клешней Скорпиона; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I.M]EŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra KUR2 ZI-ma ina [gišTUKUL ŠUB-ut] «Если клешни (букв. рога) Скорпиона скручены?: враг появится, но падет от оружия (в битве)», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB S[I].MEŠ-ša2 ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a LUGAL a-a-bi-šu2 Š[U-su KUR-ad2] «Если Скорпион, клешни его, испускают лучи (букв. несут излучение): царь ру[кой своей поразит] своих врагов» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:41–42], см. также [ARAK, 218:2–4, 547:1–4]. [DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ]-šu2 ana UR2-šu2 GUR I3 ina KUR LA2-ṭi «[Если Скорпион, передние части] его, обращены к его «колену»: в стране будет недостаток масла» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:39]. DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB SI.MEŠ-ša2 zu-᾽-u2-ra ša2-ru-ru na-ša2-a / dUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulzi-ba-ni-ti GUB-ma «Если клешни Скорпиона скручены? (и) несут излучение, (это означает): планета в Весах стоит» [ACh Ištar, 28:6–7].

(7) Скорпион темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB a-dir LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI MI2.KUR2 GAR.MEŠ KI.MIN LUGAL.MEŠ ša2 KUR DU3.A.BI iš-tan-na-an-na? «Если Скорпион темный: цари всех стран станут враждебны (Аккаду?), вариант: цари всех стран будут враждовать друг с другом» [ARAK, 502:13], DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB i-da-tu-ša2 uk-ku-la UN.MEŠ i-lam-mi-na dṣal-bat-a-nu ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB-ma «Если стороны Скорпиона очень темные: людям будет плохо, (это означает): Марс стоит в нем» [ARAK, 502:14]. См. также z10Zibānītum, VI 3, а также ниже «Меркурий и Скорпион».

(8) Звезда в голове Скорпиона; i-na mu-ši an-ni-i-e kak-ka-bu / [ina] SAG.DU ša mulGIR2.TAB / ina IGI d30 it-ti-ti-iz GISKIM-šu2 la i-lap-pa-[at] «Этой ночью звезда стояла в голове Скорпиона впереди Луны: знак этот не предвещает ничего (плохого)» [ARAK, 98: 7–r. 2]. См. также ts06Ṣurru.

(9) Скорпион при его первом появлении в месяце кислиму; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra ina GIBIL UD.DA-ša2 / GA[BA]-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-at / SI.ME-ša2! nin-mu-ra / A.AN u A.KAL ina KUR i-ḫar-ru-pu … «Если Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при обновлении ее света (т.е. при гелиакическом восходе?), грудь ее имеет большой блеск, хвост ее темный, клешни ее (букв. рога) напротив друг друга: дождь и наводнение в стране будут ранними; саранча нападет и пожрет страну; гибель скота и жилищ скотоводов…» [ARAK, 504: 5–r. 2], параллель: DIŠ ina itiGAN mulGIR2.TAB diš-ḫa-ra / ina IGI.LAL-šu2 SI.MEŠ-ša2 nin-gu-la /: nen-bu-ṭa GABA-sa3 nam-rat KUN-sa3 e-ṭa-ti … «Если в месяце кислиму Скорпион, богиня Ишхара, при своей первой видимости, клешни ее (напоминают) месяц?, вар.: связаны, грудь ее имеет большой блеск, ее хвост темный: …» [ARAK, 376 r. 4–10]; см. также [ibid., 543:1–7].

(10) Затмение Луны в Скорпионе; наблюдение: ina iti!SIG4 [UD]-˹14˺-[K]AM / 30 AN.MI! [ina EN!.NUN—UD.ZAL / i-sa-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU i-sa!-kan / ina IM.U18!.LU u2-zak-ki / ina ZAG-šu2 a-dir / ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir / mulku-ma-ru / ša mulUD.KA.DU8.A / ziq-pu / 2 ŠU.SI AN.MI / [x x] i-sa-kan «14-го симану произошло лунное затмение в утреннюю стражу. Оно началось на юге (лунного диска) и прояснилось на юге. Его правая сторона затмилась. Затмение имело место в области созвездия Скорпион. Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминировало. Затмение (величиной) 2 пальца произошло» [LABS, 149: 3′–r.6]. (DIŠ) ina itiSIG4 UD.˹14˺.KAM. AN.MI /// GAR-ma KA´M[I-su] TU SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša2 ŠA3-ši-na ŠUB-ni ina AB2.GIR2.TAB AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) в месяце симану в 14-й день происходит (лунное) затмение и (Луна) заходит (затмившейся): беременные женщины будут выкидывать своих внутриутробных младенцев; (это означает): затмение произошло в Скорпионе» (поздний комментарий к ЕАЕ) [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 rev. 15–16]. DIŠ ina KI mulGIR2.TAB a-dir EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki u NI.TUKki: bar2-sipa2ki «Если (Луна) в пределах Скорпиона затмилась: решение для Морской страны и Дильмуна, вар.: Борсиппы» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:42].

(11) Луна при ее первом появлении и Скорпион; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2… «Если при своем появлении Луна окружена Скорпионом, подобно гало: львы и волки будут неистовствовать, пути сообщения станут небезопасными …», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB (вар.: zi-qit mulGIR2.TAB) ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион (вар.: жало Скорпиона) в середине ее (= Луны) стоит: придет половодье и размоет дамбы…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina MAŠ.QA-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее плече стоит: в этом году крысы уничтожат тростник и сезам…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB … «Если Скорпион на ее правом роге стоит: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina SI GUB3-šu2 GUB… «Если Скорпион стоит на ее левом роге: в этом году нападет саранча и пожрет страну, царь Аккада и царь (Амурру) будут враждебны друг другу…», DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB ina IGI-šu2 GUB KUR in-neš-š[i] «Если Скорпион впереди ее стоит: страна ослабеет», DIŠ KUN mulGIR2.TAB (вар: KI.MIN zi-qit-tum) GIM TUR3 NIGIN-šu2 ina MU BI ZI-ut ERIN2-man-da «Если хвост (вар.: жало) Скорпиона окружает (Луну) подобно гало: в этом году нападение (страны) Умман-манда (на страну Аккад)» [NSAM 2, VI.4.1: §§22–28], см. также [ARAK, 66 r. 1–4; Leibovici 1957, 23:32; SpTU II, 40 r. 17].

(12) Лунное гало и Скорпион; 30 MI an-ni-u2 ina ŠA3-bi mulGIR2.TAB / TUR3-ma NIGIN-ma a-na ˹A.AN˺ [u] A.KAL «Этой ночью Луна была окружена гало в Скорпионе: (это предвещает) дождь [и] наводнение» [ARAK, 2:1–2], см. также [ibid., 377: 7–r. 2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulGIR2.TAB / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB NIN.DINGIR.RA.ME / uš-taḫ-ḫa-a NITA.ME /: UR.MAḪ.ME IDIM.ME-ma / A.RA2 KUD.ME «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем стоит Скорпион: entu-жрицы будут беременеть, мужчины, вариант: львы будут беситься и перережут сообщение» [ARAK, 307:1–5], см. также [ibid., 147 r. 2–4, 480: 7– r. 1].

(13) Солнце и Скорпион; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 mulGIR2.TAB GUB […] «Если Солнце заходит и на его месте Скорпион стоит […]» [van Soldt 1995, 89, Tablet 27 (28), Ca 12].

(14) Юпитер и голова Скорпиона; см. s04SAG.ME.GAR, III 31.

(15) Юпитер и Скорпион в лунном гало; см. s09SAG.ME.GAR

(16) Восход Венеры, Луна, Скорпион и Близнецы; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD dSin u mulGIR2.TAB IGI-ma IGI-it MUL […] / u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA KI.MIN … dNi-ri… «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце айяру, (при этом) видны Луна и Скорпион и напротив звезда […] и Близнецы, вариант: (напротив) Ярмо …: в стране будет голод» [BPO 3, 112: II 2, 126].

(17) Восход Венеры в Скорпионе; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN KUR-ḫa ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma NU SIG5 «Если Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну — она восходит в Скорпионе, она неблагоприятная» [BPO 3, 134: VIII 1] , см. также [ibid., 124, VIII 4].

(18) Венера, Луна и Лугальирра в Скорпионе; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR dSin u dLugal-GIR3-ra ina itiŠe-er-[e-re-ši ina birīt SI] / mulGIR2.TAB IGI.MEŠ ina [ŠA3 dEŠ.DAR4 dSin u] dLugal-GIR3-ra / ina SI 15-šu2 E3 SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina KUR GAL2 «Если в месяц Вспахивания борозды Венера (при своем появлении), Луна и Лугальирра между клешнями Скорпиона видны и внутри него? Венера, Луна и Лугальирра выходят из его правой клешни: будет голод на ячмень и солому в стране» [BPO 3, 173:34, 182:34], параллель см. [ibid. 186, K.3191:5].

(19) Венера входит в область Скорпиона; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na Š[A3 m]ulGIR2.TAB TU SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2-ma BE-ma ina dUTU.E3 ḪUL NIM.MAki BE-ma ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ḪUL ˹URI?˺ki … «Если Венера входит в пределы Скорпиона: в стране будет голод, если на востоке, плохо для Элама, если на западе, плохо для Аккада …» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:24].

(20) Венера приближается к Скорпиону; DIŠ dDil-bat a-na mulGIR2.TAB TE-ḫi … «Если Венера подходит близко к Скорпиону: неблагоприятные ветры будут дуть в стране; Адад пошлет дожди, а Эа — свои источники в страну Гутиев» [ARAK, 55: 7-r. 2]. См. также [ibid., 55:3–8].

(21) Меркурий в Скорпионе; см. g34GU4.UD, V 10.

(22) Сатурн, Весы и Скорпион; см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ,

(23) Марс приближается к Скорпиону; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 32.

(24) Звезда Элама = Марс в Скорпионе; см. n20NIM.MA, II 3.

(25) Марс и Скорпион; см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 34.

(26) Плуг(=Марс) и Скорпион; см. a43gišAPIN, VI 8.

(27) Планета и Скорпион; три варианта протасиса: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета в середине Скорпиона стоит», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI mulGIR2.TAB GUB «Если планета перед Скорпионом стоит» и DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana mulGIR2.TAB TE «Если планета к Скорпиону приближается» имеют одинаковый аподосис: ina MU BI A.ANmeš u A.KALmeš DIG.DIGmeš «в этом году дожди и наводнения (дороги) размоют» [TU, 16 r. 16–18; Largement 1957, 250:77–79a].

(28) Скорпион (= Марс?) приближается к Луне; [DIŠ] mulGIR2.TAB / ana IGI 30 TE-ma GUB-iz … «Если Скорпион подходит близко в передней части Луны и стоит там: правление царя будет долгим; враг атакует, но будет побежден» [ARAK, 430:1–5], см. также [ibid., 466; LABS, 364 r. 9–14].

(29) Балтеша и Скорпион; см. b03BAL.TEŠ2.A, V 3.

(30) Падающие звезды и Скорпион; DIŠ UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠUR-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DU-ik ina ITI BI A.AN ŠUR-nun «Если звезда из середины Скорпиона вспыхивает и перемещается до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет дождь», DIŠ 2 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 2 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 2 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 2 дождя», DIŠ 3 UL TA ŠA3 ulGIR2.TAB ŠURme-ma EN KI-it IM.MAR DUmeš ina ITI BI 3 A.ANme ŠURme «Если 3 звезды из середины Скорпиона вспыхивают и перемещаются до пределов Амурру: в этом месяце будет 3 дождя» [Stev. O.T., 232:13–15], автография [ibid., 237, Pl. XVII:15–17].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, z12)
|
|-
|
==== mul''Zuqaqīpu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGIR2.TAB «Скорпион», в основном в лексических текстах серии Urra XXII, см. g19GIR2.TAB.
|
|}
== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Sco]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

GILIM.MA

2026-06-10T09:44:12Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Venus mnras hoffmannVogt2019.jpeg|thumb|planet Venus next to the Pleiades; it is clearly visible in the photograph that rays and "horns" depend on the brightness of the source (Venus has them in a dirty and gloomy atmosphere, the stars don't), photographs by Susanne M Hoffmann April 2020.]]
mulGILIM (𒀯𒄃𒈠) is a Sumerian asterism name equated with mul[[AB.SIN|AB.SÍN]], 'The Furrow' in the Great Star List, in this context perhaps a name for Venus. The most common sense the Sumerian term is Akkadian ''parāku,'' 'to lie across,' which occurs in the context of other planets, and the Sun and Moon (CAD P 154-155)''.'' This sense of ''parāku'' in the context of the 'The Furrow'-asterism could refer to the meaning of ''parāku,'' <nowiki>''</nowiki>to furrow or cross-plow a field' (CAD P 158), with perhaps reference to the 'V'-shaped ears of grain of the drawing of mul[[AB.SIN|AB.SÍN]] on VAT 7847+AO 6488 (Weidner 1967, TAFEL 10, Beaulieu et al. 2018 99 bottom image) which lie across the front of the human figure in the drawing.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The resumption of the sign's-reading with final M (GILIM.MA) insures the reading GILIM in this star-name but the reading GIB/GILIB for the same sign allows for readings GIB/GILIB in other contexts.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
* DIŠ MUL GILIM.MA ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB / AN.MI SU.BIR4 GAR-''an''
** "If the Star of Destruction stands within the Moon: there will be an eclipse of Subartu" [ARAK, 399:1-2].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* mulgilim = MIN (mulab.sin2)
** Here GILIM as a by-name for 'The Furrow' (in the context of Venus) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, g16)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар: mulGILIM; = gilimmu(?) «(Звезда) Разрушение», по другой версии, «Связка тростника»; эпитет Венеры (?) [G. 84, 227].
I. Источники.

«Рапорты». DIŠ mulGILIM.MA ina ŠA3 30 GUB / AN.MI SU.BIR4 GAR-an «Если (Звезда)-Разрушение стоит внутри Луны: будет затмение Субарту» [ARAK, 399:1–2]. «Большой список звезд». mulgilim = min(= mulab.sin2) «Связка Тростника = ditto (Борозда, как эпитет Венеры)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:42].
|'''G. 84 mulGIB.BA (is obsolete)'''
Nur die Stelle Rep.245 Vs 1: Wenn das Gestirn GIB.BA im Mondes steht, wird eine Verwirrung in Subartu stattfinden.
s. mulKIL2.

'''G. 227 mulKIL2'''

Beiname der ABSIN2 : K250 I 12
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

GIG

2026-06-10T09:06:47Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The Sumerian term GIG (𒈪𒉭) is identified with Mars: literally 'disease., reflecting Mars' malefic nature. The standard Akkadian is the name for Mars [[Ṣalbatānu|d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'']] (Kurtik ts02).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* MUL GIG = ''kakkab''(MUL) ''šib-ṭi'' <''u''> ''mūtāni''(NAM.BAD)meš = MIN(=d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']),
* "Star of Disease = Star of Plague and Death = Mars". [Urgud B VI, MSL XI, 40:38; Reynolds 1998, 349, 353];
* partially parallel to: [d''ṣal-bat-a-nu''] ''a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi'' "[Mars], so it is said, for (predicting) death." [ARAK, 114:3].

{{Template:Mars}}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|название Марса; только в Ḫg. B VI: mulgig = kakkab(MUL) šib-ṭi <nowiki> mūtāni(NAM.BAD)</nowiki>meš = MIN(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Звезда Болезнь = Звезда чумы и смертей = Марс» [MSL XI, 40:38; Reynolds 1998, 349, 353]; частичная параллель: [dṣal-bat-a-nu] a-na mu-ta-ni qa-bi «[Марс], так говорят, для (предсказания) смерти» [ARAK, 114:3].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

GI6

2026-06-10T09:05:37Z

WayneHorowitz: no changes

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGI6}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulGI6 (𒀯𒈪), 'the Dark or Black-star' is used for both the planets Mercury and Saturn. Mercury and Saturn are the two hardest planets to find and identify with the naked eye.

Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>

Var. readings:

* mulGIG2,
* mulMI;
* = ''ṣalmu'' "dark star";
* the name of Saturn and Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 86].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* (1) mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) "Dark star = Shade = Saturn, (star) of the Sun". [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343].
* (2) mulgi6 = MUL ''ṣal''-[''me''...] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9].
* (3) mulgi6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud "Dark star = Saturn = Mercury" [II R, 57, 59 a, b; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":0" /> 86].
* (4) [mul]gi6 = d''zi''-[''ba-ni-tu''4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22].
* (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].
|
|}See also:

* MUL.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''2 "Dark star = Libra" [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI: ''Zi-ba-ni-tu''4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19];
* [m]ulMI: dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š: MI: ''ṣa-la-mu'': mul4KASKAL.UTU "Dark (star) = Saturn, MI = 'dark' = (star) Path of the Sun" [SpTU I, 84:16]. See [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

== Additional ==

==== II. Identification. ====
(1) = Saturn; see above, also III 2.

(2) = Mercury; mulge6 = ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Dark star = Libra = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], see also [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. In MUL.APIN II i 59 it says about Mercury: MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and bright or yellow-green and dark" [Hunger & Steele 2019, 81]; dpap.sukkal which is usually identified with Orion (MUL.APIN I ii 2) seems to be Mercury in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" [Gössmann 86]. The identification with "Libra" may also imply a connection with Saturn, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]].

(3) = Libra; see above.

==== III. Astrology. ====
(1) The Moon and the Dark Starː DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 MUL.MI [...] "If the Moon, at its appearance, (meets) the Dark Star [...]" [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; [...M]UL MI ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 GUB ''u'' MU[L...] "The dark [star] stands on its (the Moon's) right horn [...]" [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) The Chariot (= Venus) and the Dark Star (= Saturn); see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 7.

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGIG2, mulMI; = ṣalmu «Темная звезда»; название Сатурна и Меркурия [G. 86].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulgi6 = ANṣa-al-meDUL3 = MIN(=dSAG.UŠ dUTU) «Темная звезда = Статуя = Сатурн, (звезда) Солнца» [MSL XI, 40:40; LAS 2, 343]. (2) mulgi6 = MUL ṣal-[me…] [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 9]. (3) mulgi6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [II R, 57, 59 a, b; G. 86]. (4) [mul]gi6 = dzi-[ba-ni-tu4] [CT 26, 41, K.11283:4; HBA, 22]. (5) mulgi6 [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 6]. EAE. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 21′; NSAM 2, 248]. «Большой список звезд». ulgi6 = dpap.sukkal [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:169].

См. также: MUL.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu2 «Темная звезда = Весы» [NSAM 2, 105, IVb: r. 3], MULx.MI : Zi-ba-ni-tu4 [ibid. 107, IVc:19], [m]ulMI : dUD[U.IDIM.SAG.U]Š : MI : ṣa-la-mu : mul4KASKAL.UTU «Темная (звезда) = Сатурн, MI = «темный» = (звезда) Путь Солнца» [SpTU I, 84:16]. См. [SpTU II, 42 r.10; SpTU V, 264 r. 2].

II. Отождествление.

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также III 2.

(2) = Меркурий; mulge6 = zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Темная звезда = Весы = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 6], см также [NSAM 2, Text IVb r. 3, IVc:19]. B MUL.APIN II i 59 о Меркурии сказано: MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и блестящая, либо желто-зеленая и темная» [MA, 84]; dpap.sukkal, который обычно отождествляется с Орионом (MUL.APIN I ii 2), в «Большом списке звезд» обозначает, по-видимому, Меркурий [G. 86]. Отождествление с «Весами» может подразумевать также связь с Сатурном, см. s10SAG.UŠ.

(3) = Весы; см. выше.

III. Астрология.

(1) Луна и Темная звезда; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 MUL.MI […] «Если Луна при своем появлении (встретила) Темную звезду […]» [NSAM 2, 132, Ve r. 6′]; […M]UL MI ina SI ZAG-šu2 GUB u MU[L…] «Темная [зв]езда на ее (Луны) правом роге стоит […]» [NSAM 2, 159, Vt:4′].

(2) Колесница (=Венера) и Темная звезда (=Сатурн); см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 7.

(3) Красная планета (= Марс) и Темная звезда (= Сатурн); см. s04SA5, II 9.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GENNA

2026-06-10T09:03:41Z

WayneHorowitz: we should explain why this name is used

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
múl dGENNA (𒋼𒀭𒌉𒁹) = ''kayyamānu''(''m'') "Constant" is a common name for Saturn in cuneiform. It is the name that is used in the lists of 7 planets in the Late Babylonian Uranology tablet MCL 1866 and contemporary Late Babylonian ritual texts. The sign GENNA is the compound TUR.DIŠ''. We should explain why this name is used maybe???''

{{Template:Saturn}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* dTUR.DIŠ;
* ''= [[Kayyamānu(m)|kayyamānu(m]]) "''Constant"; The Sumerian equivalents of ''kayyamānu''(''m'') [[SAG.UŠ|mul/dSAG.UŠ]] and [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]] (Kurtik s10, u09) are also commonly used in the first millennium BCE.

A designation of Saturn in astronomical texts of the first millennium BCE [Gössmann 69].

The name apparently comes from the Akkadian word, ''ginâ'', "constantly, normally" [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], close in meaning to ''kayyamānu'', and apparently reflects the slow motion of Saturn relative to the stars in comparison to other planets.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Neo-Babylonian comments: GENNA = ''ka-a-a-nu'' [AHw, 420].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
Only in later copies and commentaries, cf. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4-5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
First in the diary for -567 as dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; in the same diary we find dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2]; in later texts the designation Saturn is always GENNA.
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* (d)GENNA — the designation of Saturn in Seleucid ephemerides and horoscopes [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
* [MLC 1866 iv 8, Beaulieu et al. 38 D iv 8]
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology,''' Zodiacal Astrology.

* a) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''lu'' [...] ''ina'' KI SAL.MEŠ KI d''Sin'' UŠ U3.TU
** "Because Saturn or [Mars] (stands) with the moon (or: at the place of the Moon) in the region of females: a male child will be born." [LBAT, 1593:7′-8′; Reiner 2000].
* b) ''aš''2-''šu''2 dTUR.DIŠ ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat?-a?-nu?'' KI ''Sin'' / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU
** "Because Saturn and Mars? with [or: at the place of] the Moon (stand): 2 (male babies?) will be born." [LBAT, 1593:9′-10′; Reiner 2000].
* c) Mercury or Saturn with the Moon, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
|
|}

==== Ritual Texts/ Miscellaneous ====

* (1) New Year ritual in Babylon: múlGENNA MUL ''kit-tu''2 ''u mi-šar'', "Saturn, the star of truth and justice". [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307].
* (2) Ritual in Uruk, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: dTUR.DIŠ; = kayyamānu(m) «Постоянный»; обозначение Сатурна в астрономических текстах I тыс. до н.э. [G. 69]. Название происходит, по-видимому, от аккадского ginâ «постоянно, нормально» [AHw, 289; CAD G, 78], близкого по смыслу kayyamānu, и отражает, по-видимому, медленный характер движения Сатурна относительно звезд в сравнении с другими планетами. В астрологических текстах обычно употребляли названия SAG.UŠ, UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ (s10, u09).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Нововавилонский комментарий: GENNA = ka-a-a-nu [AHw, 420]. ЕАЕ. Только в поздних копиях и комментариях, см. [ABCD, 285, BM 47447 Rev. 29; SpTU I, 90:4–5, 7, 9; SpTU II, 42 r. 1, 6; SpTU III, 102 Rs. 8; SpTU IV, 162 r. 13]. «Дневники наблюдений». Впервые в дневнике за -567 г. как dGENNA [ADRT I, -567:9]; в этом же дневнике встречаем dSAG.UŠ [ibid., -567:2], в более поздних текстах обозначение Сатурна всегда ― GENNA. Математическая астрономия. (d)GENNA ― обозначение Сатурна в эфемеридах селевкидского времени и гороскопах [ACT II, 474a; BH, 28]. Храмовые ритуалы. (1) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне: múlgenna mul kit-tu2 u mi-šar «Сатурн ― звезда суда и справедливости» [RAcc. 138:307; Linssen 2004, 220:307]. (2) Ритуал в Уруке, см. u07UDU.IDIM. Поздняя астрология. Зодиакальная астрология. a) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ lu […] ina KI SAL.MEŠ KI dSin DU-zu UŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн или [Марс] в области женщин стоит с Луной (или: на месте Луны): младенец мужского пола родится» [LBAT, 1593:7′–8′; Reiner 2000]. b) aš2-šu2 dTUR.DIŠ u dṢal-bat?-a?-nu? KI Sin / 2 UŠ(!).MEŠ U3.TU «Поскольку Сатурн и Марс? с [или: на месте] Луной (стоят): 2 (младенца мужского пола?) родятся» [LBAT, 1593:9′–10′; Reiner 2000]. с) Меркурий или Сатурн с Луной, см. g34GU4.UD.

См. также mulGI6.NA (силлабическая запись GENNA?) [SpTU II, 42 r. 6].

См. также [SpTU V, 271:8ʹ].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]

GAN2.UR3

2026-06-10T08:02:38Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN2.UR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The son of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* mulGAN2.UR3
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

*MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ''ša''2 d''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E2) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], dA.MAL) / ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''2
*"The star which stands in its (i.e. [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Entenabarguz]]) side is the Harrow, the weapon of ''Mār-bīti'', by means of which he sees the subterranean waters" (I ii 23-24) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 44].
|
|-
|List of stars '''VR 46,''' 1:25.
*mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2 ABZU igi.kar2
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which he sees Apsu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].??
For the god ''Mār-bīti'' see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson (2020 136 n. 8)<ref>Karlsson M. (2020). 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List (Appendix)'''
*(Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)
|
|-
|'''Miscellaneous''': A Name for Mercury K. 4339 r. iv: 1 MUL.GAN2.UR3 = MUL.UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (CT 25 13).
|
|}
See also: mul gišGAN2.UR3 ''u'' mulAPIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Plough <s>Pole</s> stand in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Miaplacidus]]
|HIP 45238
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.69
|-
|2
|γ 2 Velorum
| HIP 39953
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.83
|-
|3
|ϵ Carinae
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Avior]] A
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|5
| [[Suhail]]
|HIP 44816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.21
|-
|6
|[[Aspidiske]]
| HIP 45556
|Inside the Hull
|2.26
|-
|7
|[[Markeb]]
|HIP 45941
|Inside the Hull
|2.473
|-
|8
|μ Velorum
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|9
|θ Carinae
|HIP 52419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.76
|-
|10
| υ Carinae
|HIP 48002
|Inside the Hull
|2.99
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 46701
|Inside the Hull
|3.139
|-
|12
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|13
|p Car
|HIP 51576
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|14
|V337 Car
|HIP 50371
| Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
|15
|a Car
|HIP 45080
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|16
|ϕ Velorum
| HIP 48774
|Inside the Hull
|3.45
|-
|17
|ο Velorum
|HIP 42536
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 44511
|Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|19
|l Car
|HIP 47854
| Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 43783
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 42570
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 51232
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|23
|Avior B
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 43023
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 45101
|Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
|26
|α Volantis
|HIP 44382
|Inside the Hull
|3.99
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 46974
| Inside the Hull
|4.09
|-
|28
| NGC 3114
|NGC 3114
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 52154
|Inside the Hull
|4.267
|-
|30
|IC 2581
|IC 2581
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|31
|V343 Car
|HIP 42568
|Inside the Hull
|4.313
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 45496
|Inside the Hull
|4.318
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 47175
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 51849
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|35
|V344 Car
|HIP 43105
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 47391
|Inside the Hull
|4.498
|-
|37
|MV Vel
|HIP 50676
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|38
|GZ Vel
|HIP 50555
|Inside the Hull
|4.543
|-
|39
|V520 Car
|HIP 52468
|Inside the Hull
|4.545
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 48374
| Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|41
|IC 2395
|IC 2395
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|42
|V399 Car
|HIP 51192
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
| 43
|H Vel
|HIP 43878
|Inside the Hull
|4.723
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 42624
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45856
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|46
|HY Vel
| HIP 42726
|Inside the Hull
|4.815
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 49712
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|49
| -
| HIP 42134
|Inside the Hull
|4.847
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 52102
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 51523
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|52
|V376 Car
|HIP 43937
|Inside the Hull
|4.895
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 43347
|Inside the Hull
|4.935
|-
|54
|GX Vel
|HIP 45085
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 42088
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 46950
| Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|57
| GU Vel
|HIP 41483
|Inside the Hull
|5.073
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 51912
|Inside the Hull
|5.088
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 46283
|Inside the Hull
|5.089
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45505
| Inside the Hull
|5.094
|-
|61
|KX Vel
|HIP 43413
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46914
|Inside the Hull
|5.12
|-
|63
|FZ Vel
| HIP 44093
|Inside the Hull
|5.146
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 42834
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 44143
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|66
|* B Vel A
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 41296
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|NZ Vel
|HIP 42504
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
| 69
| -
|HR 3976
| Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|70
|LN Vel
|HIP 42679
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 42129
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 45328
|Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 45631
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 49698
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|75
|LW Vel
|HIP 50070
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 51313
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 43671
| Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|78
| -
| HIP 47479
|Inside the Hull
|5.307
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 45571
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 42459
|Inside the Hull
| 5.439
|-
| 81
| -
|HIP 52004
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|82
| OP Vel
|HIP 43082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.459
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 46594
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 47204
|Inside the Hull
|5.467
|-
|85
|HX Vel
|HIP 42712
|Inside the Hull
|5.468
|-
| 86
|KT Vel
|HIP 42715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.474
|-
|87
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 52405
| Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 40282
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 45219
|Inside the Hull
|5.532
|-
|91
| * 33 Vel A
|HIP 41616
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|92
| -
| HIP 47717
|Inside the Hull
|5.544
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 51140
|Inside the Hull
|5.546
|-
|94
| -
| HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 48310
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|96
| -
|HR 3605
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|97
|* mu. Vel B
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.58
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 43499
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 45920
|Inside the Hull
|5.608
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 42535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.61
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 48348
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 43797
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 48613
|Inside the Hull
|5.705
|-
|105
|S Car
|HIP 49751
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 48287
|Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 45962
| Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 43148
|Inside the Hull
|5.748
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 49934
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 43669
| Inside the Hull
| 5.768
|-
|111
| -
| HIP 45122
| Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
| 112
| -
|HIP 46225
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 48339
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 44256
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 42177
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 47498
|Inside the Hull
|5.794
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 50493
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
| 118
| -
|HIP 40077
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|119
| -
| HIP 45314
|Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 44024
|Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
| 121
|V514 Car
|HIP 52043
| Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 42614
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
| 123
| -
|HR 4020
|Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 46460
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 41081
|Inside the Hull
|5.887
|-
|126
|V482 Car
|HIP 46620
|Inside the Hull
|5.888
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 43589
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 46482
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 50078
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 45270
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 49164
|Inside the Hull
|5.928
|-
|132
|LR Vel
|HIP 45675
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50993
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|134
|V335 Vel
|HIP 48527
|Inside the Hull
|5.932
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 40932
|Inside the Hull
|5.954
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 41674
|Inside the Hull
|5.969
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 52127
| Inside the Hull
|5.979
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 47559
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 46101
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|140
|* ups Car B
|HR 3891
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 45418
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 43620
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 51623
|Inside the Hull
|6.006
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 41861
|Inside the Hull
|6.021
|-
|145
| -
|HR 3386
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 46328
|Inside the Hull
|6.039
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 45481
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 41373
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 48119
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48835
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|151
| -
|HD 92463
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 44708
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 46093
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 51245
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
| 155
| -
| HIP 50044
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
|156
|* B Vel B
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|157
|NGC 2669
|NGC 2669
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|158
| R Car
|HIP 46806
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|159
| -
| HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
|160
|IV Vel
| HIP 48799
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
| 161
| -
|HIP 50232
|Inside the Hull
|6.134
|-
|162
|V478 Car
|HIP 45615
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 49994
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|164
|IP Vel
| HIP 47694
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 47172
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 49137
| Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 46067
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 49233
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 49160
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|170
|Cl Bochum 10
|Cl Bochum 10
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|171
| -
|HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 47913
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
| 173
| -
|HIP 45002
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 174
| -
|HIP 50287
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 41986
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 47145
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 51732
|Inside the Hull
|6.238
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 49394
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 42717
|Inside the Hull
|6.243
|-
|180
| -
|HR 4065
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 46737
|Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 43807
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|183
| -
|HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 51676
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 46045
|Inside the Hull
|6.264
|-
| 186
| -
|HIP 46049
|Inside the Hull
|6.265
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 43195
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|188
| -
| HIP 45742
|Inside the Hull
|6.268
|-
|189
|GY Vel
|HIP 50332
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 50562
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|191
|C 1033-598
|C 1033-598
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 45437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 52160
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 45603
|Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
|195
|V486 Car
|HIP 47591
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|196
| -
| HIP 50916
|Inside the Hull
|6.325
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 41813
|Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 41653
|Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 199
| -
|HR 3971
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 50785
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|201
|V473 Car
|HIP 43763
|Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 44665
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 45214
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|204
| -
|HIP 49223
|Inside the Hull
|6.371
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 41781
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 44423
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 48730
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|208
| -
| HIP 49619
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|209
|V368 Car
|HIP 49926
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 210
| -
| HIP 51461
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 47422
|Inside the Hull
|6.403
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 50067
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|213
| -
| HIP 49092
|Inside the Hull
|6.412
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 51984
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 40433
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|216
| -
|HIP 51327
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|217
|WR 22
|HIP 52308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|218
|V507 Car
|HIP 51265
| Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 51866
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 42400
|Inside the Hull
|6.431
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 44509
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|222
| -
| HIP 40749
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|223
|V469 Car
|HIP 41644
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|224
| -
|HIP 44565
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|225
|V495 Car
|HIP 49642
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 50069
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|228
|V487 Car
|HIP 47893
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 44979
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 42440
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 52103
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|232
|WR 24
|HIP 52488
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 41905
|Inside the Hull
|6.481
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 41426
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|235
|QZ Vel
|HIP 48469
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 49477
|Inside the Hull
|6.492
|}
===Additional ===

====Deity. ====
The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Niraḫ'' (d''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''2 ''mār bīti ša''2 uru''De-e-er''ki "Niraḫ, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kiš, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

====Symbol.====
Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

====Previous Identification. ====
= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====Parts of the constellation.====
''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

====Astrology.*====
Identifications:

(1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Predictions:

(2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury)ː mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].

(3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the southː [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUBme "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [Gössmann 1950, 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2 «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [Gössmann 1950, 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)''Maškakātu''
|
|-
|
===(mul)''Maškakātu''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Car]] [[Category:Vel]]

GAN2.UR3

2026-06-10T07:55:32Z

WayneHorowitz: I made a correction in 'See also' under the Great Star List'

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN2.UR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul gišGAN2.UR3 (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = (mul)''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The son of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
* mulGAN2.UR3
* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

A constellation which included the eastern part of the Sails ([[Vela]]) and possibly part of the [[Centaurus]] (Centaurus).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulgiš.gan2.ur3 = ''maš-ka-ka-ti/tu''2 [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 44; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 109:301ʹ].
|Example
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e-f; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:27].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of stars of Ea (no. 6):

*MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ''ša''2 d''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E2) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], dA.MAL) / ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''2
*"The star which stands in its (i.e. [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ|Entenabarguz]]) side is the Harrow, the weapon of ''Mār-bīti'', by means of which he sees the subterranean waters" (I ii 23-24) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 44].
|
|-
|List of stars '''VR 46,''' 1:25.
*mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ''ša''2 ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2 ABZU igi.kar2
*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which he sees Apsu" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
For the god ''Mār-bīti'' see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson (2020 136 n. 8)<ref>Karlsson M. (2020). 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(I) ''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 "Harrow bite" (μ Vel) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14-15]; see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List (Appendix)'''
*(Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming)
|
|}
See also: mul gišGAN2.UR3 ''u'' mulAPIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Plough <s>Pole</s> stand in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Miaplacidus]]
|HIP 45238
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.69
|-
|2
|γ 2 Velorum
| HIP 39953
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.83
|-
|3
|ϵ Carinae
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|1.86
|-
|4
|[[Avior]] A
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.01
|-
|5
| [[Suhail]]
|HIP 44816
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.21
|-
|6
|[[Aspidiske]]
| HIP 45556
|Inside the Hull
|2.26
|-
|7
|[[Markeb]]
|HIP 45941
|Inside the Hull
|2.473
|-
|8
|μ Velorum
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines
|2.69
|-
|9
|θ Carinae
|HIP 52419
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.76
|-
|10
| υ Carinae
|HIP 48002
|Inside the Hull
|2.99
|-
|11
| -
|HIP 46701
|Inside the Hull
|3.139
|-
|12
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|ASAS J091626-6728.7
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|13
|p Car
|HIP 51576
|Inside the Hull
|3.27
|-
|14
|V337 Car
|HIP 50371
| Inside the Hull
|3.35
|-
|15
|a Car
|HIP 45080
|Inside the Hull
|3.4
|-
|16
|ϕ Velorum
| HIP 48774
|Inside the Hull
|3.45
|-
|17
|ο Velorum
|HIP 42536
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 44511
|Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|19
|l Car
|HIP 47854
| Inside the Hull
|3.75
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 43783
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|21
| -
| HIP 42570
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 51232
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|23
|Avior B
|HIP 41037
|Constellation lines
|3.85
|-
|24
| -
| HIP 43023
|Inside the Hull
|3.91
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 45101
|Inside the Hull
|3.943
|-
|26
|α Volantis
|HIP 44382
|Inside the Hull
|3.99
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 46974
| Inside the Hull
|4.09
|-
|28
| NGC 3114
|NGC 3114
|Inside the Hull
|4.2
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 52154
|Inside the Hull
|4.267
|-
|30
|IC 2581
|IC 2581
|Inside the Hull
|4.3
|-
|31
|V343 Car
|HIP 42568
|Inside the Hull
|4.313
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 45496
|Inside the Hull
|4.318
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 47175
|Inside the Hull
|4.35
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 51849
|Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|35
|V344 Car
|HIP 43105
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 47391
|Inside the Hull
|4.498
|-
|37
|MV Vel
|HIP 50676
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|38
|GZ Vel
|HIP 50555
|Inside the Hull
|4.543
|-
|39
|V520 Car
|HIP 52468
|Inside the Hull
|4.545
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 48374
| Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|41
|IC 2395
|IC 2395
|Inside the Hull
|4.6
|-
|42
|V399 Car
|HIP 51192
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
| 43
|H Vel
|HIP 43878
|Inside the Hull
|4.723
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 42624
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 45856
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|46
|HY Vel
| HIP 42726
|Inside the Hull
|4.815
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 49712
|Inside the Hull
|4.845
|-
|49
| -
| HIP 42134
|Inside the Hull
|4.847
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 52102
|Inside the Hull
|4.87
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 51523
|Inside the Hull
|4.89
|-
|52
|V376 Car
|HIP 43937
|Inside the Hull
|4.895
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 43347
|Inside the Hull
|4.935
|-
|54
|GX Vel
|HIP 45085
|Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 42088
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
| 56
| -
|HIP 46950
| Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|57
| GU Vel
|HIP 41483
|Inside the Hull
|5.073
|-
|58
| -
| HIP 51912
|Inside the Hull
|5.088
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 46283
|Inside the Hull
|5.089
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 45505
| Inside the Hull
|5.094
|-
|61
|KX Vel
|HIP 43413
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 46914
|Inside the Hull
|5.12
|-
|63
|FZ Vel
| HIP 44093
|Inside the Hull
|5.146
|-
| 64
| -
|HIP 42834
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 44143
|Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
|66
|* B Vel A
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 41296
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|68
|NZ Vel
|HIP 42504
|Inside the Hull
|5.19
|-
| 69
| -
|HR 3976
| Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|70
|LN Vel
|HIP 42679
|Inside the Hull
|5.227
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 42129
|Inside the Hull
|5.234
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 45328
|Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 45631
|Inside the Hull
|5.254
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 49698
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|75
|LW Vel
|HIP 50070
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 51313
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 43671
| Inside the Hull
|5.302
|-
|78
| -
| HIP 47479
|Inside the Hull
|5.307
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 45571
|Inside the Hull
|5.39
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 42459
|Inside the Hull
| 5.439
|-
| 81
| -
|HIP 52004
|Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|82
| OP Vel
|HIP 43082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.459
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 46594
|Inside the Hull
|5.46
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 47204
|Inside the Hull
|5.467
|-
|85
|HX Vel
|HIP 42712
|Inside the Hull
|5.468
|-
| 86
|KT Vel
|HIP 42715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.474
|-
|87
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Cl Trumpler 14
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 52405
| Inside the Hull
|5.51
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 40282
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 45219
|Inside the Hull
|5.532
|-
|91
| * 33 Vel A
|HIP 41616
|Inside the Hull
|5.535
|-
|92
| -
| HIP 47717
|Inside the Hull
|5.544
|-
|93
| -
|HIP 51140
|Inside the Hull
|5.546
|-
|94
| -
| HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 48310
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|96
| -
|HR 3605
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|97
|* mu. Vel B
|HIP 52727
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.58
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 43499
| Inside the Hull
|5.59
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 45920
|Inside the Hull
|5.608
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 42535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.61
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 48348
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 43797
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 48613
|Inside the Hull
|5.705
|-
|105
|S Car
|HIP 49751
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 48287
|Inside the Hull
|5.711
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 45962
| Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 43148
|Inside the Hull
|5.748
|-
|109
| -
|HIP 49934
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
| 110
| -
|HIP 43669
| Inside the Hull
| 5.768
|-
|111
| -
| HIP 45122
| Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
| 112
| -
|HIP 46225
|Inside the Hull
|5.77
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 48339
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 44256
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 42177
|Inside the Hull
|5.782
|-
|116
| -
| HIP 47498
|Inside the Hull
|5.794
|-
|117
| -
|HIP 50493
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
| 118
| -
|HIP 40077
|Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|119
| -
| HIP 45314
|Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 44024
|Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
| 121
|V514 Car
|HIP 52043
| Inside the Hull
|5.876
|-
|122
| -
|HIP 42614
|Inside the Hull
|5.879
|-
| 123
| -
|HR 4020
|Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 124
| -
|HIP 46460
|Inside the Hull
|5.886
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 41081
|Inside the Hull
|5.887
|-
|126
|V482 Car
|HIP 46620
|Inside the Hull
|5.888
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 43589
|Inside the Hull
|5.889
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 46482
|Inside the Hull
|5.904
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 50078
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 45270
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 49164
|Inside the Hull
|5.928
|-
|132
|LR Vel
|HIP 45675
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|133
| -
|HIP 50993
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|134
|V335 Vel
|HIP 48527
|Inside the Hull
|5.932
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 40932
|Inside the Hull
|5.954
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 41674
|Inside the Hull
|5.969
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 52127
| Inside the Hull
|5.979
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 47559
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|139
| -
|HIP 46101
|Inside the Hull
|5.988
|-
|140
|* ups Car B
|HR 3891
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 45418
|Inside the Hull
|5.993
|-
|142
| -
|HIP 43620
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|143
| -
|HIP 51623
|Inside the Hull
|6.006
|-
|144
| -
|HIP 41861
|Inside the Hull
|6.021
|-
|145
| -
|HR 3386
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|146
| -
|HIP 46328
|Inside the Hull
|6.039
|-
|147
| -
|HIP 45481
|Inside the Hull
|6.04
|-
|148
| -
|HIP 41373
|Inside the Hull
|6.041
|-
|149
| -
|HIP 48119
|Inside the Hull
|6.047
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 48835
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|151
| -
|HD 92463
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 44708
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 46093
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
|154
| -
| HIP 51245
|Inside the Hull
|6.086
|-
| 155
| -
| HIP 50044
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
|156
|* B Vel B
|HIP 41039
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|157
|NGC 2669
|NGC 2669
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|158
| R Car
|HIP 46806
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|159
| -
| HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
|160
|IV Vel
| HIP 48799
|Inside the Hull
|6.115
|-
| 161
| -
|HIP 50232
|Inside the Hull
|6.134
|-
|162
|V478 Car
|HIP 45615
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|163
| -
|HIP 49994
| Inside the Hull
|6.147
|-
|164
|IP Vel
| HIP 47694
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|165
| -
|HIP 47172
|Inside the Hull
|6.177
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 49137
| Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|167
| -
|HIP 46067
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|168
| -
|HIP 49233
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 49160
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|170
|Cl Bochum 10
|Cl Bochum 10
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|171
| -
|HR 3817
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 47913
|Inside the Hull
|6.211
|-
| 173
| -
|HIP 45002
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 174
| -
|HIP 50287
| Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|175
| -
|HIP 41986
|Inside the Hull
|6.221
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 47145
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 51732
|Inside the Hull
|6.238
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 49394
|Inside the Hull
|6.24
|-
|179
| -
|HIP 42717
|Inside the Hull
|6.243
|-
|180
| -
|HR 4065
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|181
| -
|HIP 46737
|Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 43807
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|183
| -
|HR 3840
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|184
| -
|HIP 51676
| Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 46045
|Inside the Hull
|6.264
|-
| 186
| -
|HIP 46049
|Inside the Hull
|6.265
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 43195
|Inside the Hull
|6.266
|-
|188
| -
| HIP 45742
|Inside the Hull
|6.268
|-
|189
|GY Vel
|HIP 50332
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|190
| -
|HIP 50562
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|191
|C 1033-598
|C 1033-598
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 45437
|Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 52160
|Inside the Hull
|6.314
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 45603
|Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
|195
|V486 Car
|HIP 47591
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
|196
| -
| HIP 50916
|Inside the Hull
|6.325
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 41813
|Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 41653
|Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 199
| -
|HR 3971
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|200
| -
|HIP 50785
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|201
|V473 Car
|HIP 43763
|Inside the Hull
|6.353
|-
|202
| -
|HIP 44665
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|203
| -
|HIP 45214
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|204
| -
|HIP 49223
|Inside the Hull
|6.371
|-
|205
| -
|HIP 41781
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|206
| -
|HIP 44423
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|207
| -
|HIP 48730
|Inside the Hull
|6.377
|-
|208
| -
| HIP 49619
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|209
|V368 Car
|HIP 49926
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 210
| -
| HIP 51461
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|211
| -
|HIP 47422
|Inside the Hull
|6.403
|-
|212
| -
|HIP 50067
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|213
| -
| HIP 49092
|Inside the Hull
|6.412
|-
|214
| -
|HIP 51984
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
|215
| -
|HIP 40433
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|216
| -
|HIP 51327
|Inside the Hull
|6.418
|-
|217
|WR 22
|HIP 52308
|Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|218
|V507 Car
|HIP 51265
| Inside the Hull
|6.426
|-
|219
| -
|HIP 51866
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|220
| -
|HIP 42400
|Inside the Hull
|6.431
|-
|221
| -
|HIP 44509
|Inside the Hull
|6.438
|-
|222
| -
| HIP 40749
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|223
|V469 Car
|HIP 41644
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|224
| -
|HIP 44565
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|225
|V495 Car
|HIP 49642
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|226
| -
|HIP 50069
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|227
| -
|HIP 50520
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|228
|V487 Car
|HIP 47893
|Inside the Hull
|6.471
|-
|229
| -
|HIP 44979
|Inside the Hull
|6.476
|-
|230
| -
|HIP 42440
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|231
| -
|HIP 52103
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|232
|WR 24
|HIP 52488
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|233
| -
|HIP 41905
|Inside the Hull
|6.481
|-
|234
| -
|HIP 41426
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|235
|QZ Vel
|HIP 48469
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
|236
| -
|HIP 49477
|Inside the Hull
|6.492
|}
===Additional ===

====Deity. ====
The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' dMUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Niraḫ'' (d''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''2 ''mār bīti ša''2 uru''De-e-er''ki "Niraḫ, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name (giš)gan2.ur3 as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kiš, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

====Symbol.====
Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

====Previous Identification. ====
= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

====Parts of the constellation.====
''ni-šik ša''2 mul gišGAN2. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

====Astrology.*====
Identifications:

(1) = Mercury; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud " [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Predictions:

(2) Goat (=Venus) reaches the Harrow (=Mercury)ː mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim'' AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A.. "The goat reaches Harrow: there will be an epidemic among the cattle this year." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12e], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:17′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101: 27].

(3) Goat (=Venus) reaches Harrow (=Mercury) from the southː [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUBme "[If the Goat] reaches the Harrow from the south: in this year herds of cattle and small cattle will die" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, II 12f ]. See also [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 54:6-7].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mul gišGAN2.UR3.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul gišgan2.ur3 = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu2 [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša2 ina A2-šu2 GUB-zu mul gišGAN2.UR3 gišTUKUL ša2 dMār(A)-bīti(E2) (в [Gössmann 1950, 17] – dA.MAL) / ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u2 «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. mul gišgan2.ur3 gištukul ša2 dA.E2 ša2 ina lib3-bi-šu2 ABZU igi.kar2 «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša2 mul gišgan2.ur3 «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

См. также: mul gišGAN2.UR3 u mulAPIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].

II. Божество.

Эпитет mār bīti, используемый в MUL.APIN в связи с Бороной, имели два змеиных божества, почитавшихся в Дере: Šaḫan (правильное чтение Irḫan [McEvan 1983, 223; Krebernik 1984, 298ff.]), и Нирах (dNiraḫ ilu šu-pu-u2 mār bīti ša2 uruDe-e-erki «Нирах, блистательный бог, принц Дера» [McEvan 1983, 222, note 31]), см. также [Tallqvist 1938, 120, 440]. Можно ли утверждать на этом основании, что созвездие Борона было связано с одним из этих божеств? Название (giš)gan2.ur3 как царское имя приводится в «Шумерском царском списке», в части, относящейся к Кишу, см. [Jacobsen 1939, 76–77:43–45; Hallo 1963, 52].

III. Символ.

Неизвестен. Описание конструкций бороны, употреблявшихся при обработке полей в древней Месопотамии, см. [Salonen 1968, 109–115].

IV. Отождествление.

= Crux [Gössmann 1950, 66];

= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

V. Части созвездия.

ni-šik ša2 mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Укус Бороны», см. выше.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Меркурий; mulgan2.ur3 = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Борона = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 1].

Предсказания:

(2) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий); mulUZ3 mulGAN2.UR3 KUR-ud ina MU BI ŠUB-tim AB2.GU[D.ḪI.A... «Коза достигает Бороны: в этом году будет эпидемия среди скота» [BPO 2, II 12e], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:17′; SpTU III, 101: 27].

(3) Коза (=Венера) достигает Бороны (=Меркурий) с юга; [DIŠ mulUZ3?] mul gišGAN2.UR3 A2 IM.Ux.LU KUR-ud ina MU BI AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A ŠUB.ME «[Если Коза] достигает Бороны с юга: в этом году стада крупного и мелкого рогатого скота погибнут» [BPO 3, 94, K.2226+:ii 40], параллели см. [BPO 2, II 12f ]. См. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 54:6–7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m21) (mul)''Maškakātu''
|
|-
|
===(mul)''Maškakātu''===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul gišGAN2.UR3 «Борона»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной части Парусов и части Центавра. Силлабическая запись встречается в поздних копиях серии Urra XXII; см. g08GAN2.UR3.
|
|}

== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Car]] [[Category:Vel]]

GAM3

2026-06-10T06:30:52Z

WayneHorowitz: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislimu (Month IX).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ''ziqpu'' XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> G, 35b; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 64; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Text Nv. 10. 37' [DIŠ] ''ina'' itiNE mulGAM3 // mulSIPA.ZI.[AN.NA] // ''u'' d''U2-ge-e'' // mulAN.┌TA┐.GUB.[BA] / mulUR.GI7 // mulDINGIR.┌TUŠ┐.A.ME[Š] / ┌''u'' mul┐''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. ┌TA..ŠÚ┐.[UR.RA], In the Month of Ab 'The Crook,' 'The Faithful Shepherd [of Anu,'] and ''U2-ge-e'' is the AN.TA.GUB.BA-star; 'The Dog,' 'The Sitting God[s] and PA.BIL.SAG is the AN.[T]A.ŠU.[UR.RA]-star [Fincke 2025: 69, Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15" />, 64, 66]. See also BM 34790 = LBAT 1502 i 2', 71: 15'; BM 35161 = LBAT 1508: 8' [Fincke 2025: 70-72]

** <s>"In the month Abu: the Crook, the Faithful Shepherd [of Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Crook becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily rsings and settings: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Crook. 10 days from the rising of the Crook to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' " on the 20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the Crook is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13, 62 e. 18; SAA 8<ref name=":6">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislimu). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulGAM3 = gišTUKUL ''ša''2 ŠUII dAMAR.UTU "The crook is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) mulUDU.NITA2 = SAG.DU muGAM3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Crook". [HBA<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ mina weight], ½ ''bēru'' o[n the groun]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Naṣrapu to the [Crook],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ mina weight], 10 UŠ on the ground, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Crook to the Handle on the Crook". [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:1-4; TU<ref name=":9">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 1-4; HBA<ref name=":8" />, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "½ ''bēru'' to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 ''lim'' 4 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Marduk's crook // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ ''bēru'' to the Crook. [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":10">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":11">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
MLC 1866 iii 16: mulGÀM ''ina'' x [x-''šu e-ṣir''], 'The Crook' in [its (mul[[MAR.GÍD.DA]], 'The Wagon,' = The Big Dipper) is drawn] [ Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 63-64

MLC 1884 r. 1'-13': r 1'-2' (traces only), ┌''şa''┐''-lam lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-b''[''i-iš''] ''ziq-nu za-qin-nu ku-ur-ku-ru šá-kin'' DIŠ-''en'' MUL ''ina ku-ur-ku-ru-šú'' GUB-''zu'' ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šú'' GÀM ''na-ši'' [''i'']''na''? (erased?) GÀM DIŠ-''en'' mulGÀM GUB-''zu'' SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA ┌2 or 3┐ MUL ''ina'' SAG.DU GÀM ''e-ṣir''.MEŠ [x M]UL ''ina rit-t''i GÀM GUB-''zu'', [M]UL SA4 ''ina ur-šú'' GUB-''zu'' [x] x x-''šú''? dNE? .GI? ''na-áš-rap'' ''na-ši'' [ x x x ] x x ''ina''? ''na''? ''-áš''? -''rap e-ṣir''.MEŠ

[A hu]man-figure it is, dress[ed], bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''. 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''. In its right hand it carries a crook. In the crook a (star called) 'The Crook' stands. The head of the crook is the head of a ram. 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn. [x] stars in the handle of the crook stand. A bright [s]tar in its shaft stands. Its [x] fire, bearing a ''naṣrapu'' [ . . . ] in the ''naṣrapu'' are drawn. [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41]

<s>r'1'–2' (traces only)</s>
* <s>3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],</s>
* <s>4' bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''.</s>
* <s>5' 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''.</s>
* <s>6' In its right hand it carries a crook.</s>
* <s>7' In the crook stands a (star called) “The Crook”.</s>
* <s>8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.</s>
* <s>9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.</s>
* <s>10' [x] star(s) stand in the handle of the crook.</s>
* <s>11' A bright [st]ar stands in its shaft.</s>
* <s>12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.</s>
* <s>13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn</s>.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he) is born, when the Crook (culminates),..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Crook] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":9" />, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, n01) ====
!
|-
|Var. reading:

* ulNAD3 = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of Kislimu [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA2 '''''?? do you want NA2 or NAD3 ??''''' it should be GAM3(?).

* XVIX '''''?? this is not a correct Roman number; or what is it ??'''''. K. 3384 (Reiner and Pingree, BPO 3, 1998<ref name=":3" />, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR<ref name=":13">''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref> 43, 2 = ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> VIII
* 11<reverse only>)

Venus - Names;

* see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT<ref name=":4" /> 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's crook and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed such objects [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 88; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14" />, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on seals, and later on the ''kudurru''s [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 165-167; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 64; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":11" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 72].

''Ziqpu'' XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; MA<ref name=":5" />, 142; ASM, 88].

''Ziqpu'' XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The Faithful Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is a rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangely long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Crook", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]]. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Crook", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR<ref name=":13" /> 53, 2:10; CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA<ref name=":8" />, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': dSag-me-gar ''u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) evil Crook, (it means): Jupiter is dim" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gössmann [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:175; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />, III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaningː [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Crook (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The crook is evil: the dynasty will perish. / [If the appearance of crook becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiance of the Crookː [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUḪUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Crook carries radiance: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [SAA 8<ref name=":6" />, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 115 r. 4; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 13; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Crookː DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE EBUR KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter comes close to the crookː the harvest of Akkad will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Crookː DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Crook behind [...] [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, n01) ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Aur]]

GAM3

2026-06-10T06:22:48Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislimu (Month IX).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ''ziqpu'' XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> G, 35b; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 64; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Text Nv. 10. 37' [DIŠ] ''ina'' itiNE mulGAM3 // mulSIPA.ZI.[AN.NA] // ''u'' d''U2-ge-e'' // mulAN.┌TA┐.GUB.[BA] / mulUR.GI7 // mulDINGIR.┌TUŠ┐.A.ME[Š] / ┌''u'' mul┐''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. ┌TA..ŠÚ┐.[UR.RA], In the Month of Ab 'The Crook,' 'The Faithful Shepherd [of Anu,'] and ''U2-ge-e'' is the AN.TA.GUB.BA-star; 'The Dog,' 'The Sitting God[s] and PA.BIL.SAG is the AN.[T]A.ŠU.[UR.RA]-star [Fincke 2025: 69, Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15" />, 64, 66]. See also BM 34790 = LBAT 1502 i 2', 71: 15'; BM 35161 = LBAT 1508: 8' [Fincke 2025: 70-72]

** <s>"In the month Abu: the Crook, the Faithful Shepherd [of Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Crook becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily rsings and settings: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Crook. 10 days from the rising of the Crook to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' " on the 20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the Crook is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13, 62 e. 18; SAA 8<ref name=":6">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislimu). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulGAM3 = gišTUKUL ''ša''2 ŠUII dAMAR.UTU "The crook is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) mulUDU.NITA2 = SAG.DU muGAM3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Crook". [HBA<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ mina weight], ½ ''bēru'' o[n the groun]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Naṣrapu to the [Crook],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ mina weight], 10 UŠ on the ground, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Crook to the Handle on the Crook". [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:1-4; TU<ref name=":9">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 1-4; HBA<ref name=":8" />, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "½ ''bēru'' to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 ''lim'' 4 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Marduk's crook // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ ''bēru'' to the Crook. [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":10">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":11">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology''' (MLC 1884 r. 1'-13')
r 1'-2' (traces only), ┌''şa''┐''-lam lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-b''[''i-iš''] ''ziq-nu za-qin-nu ku-ur-ku-ru šá-kin'' DIŠ-''en'' MUL ''ina ku-ur-ku-ru-šú'' GUB-''zu'' ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šú'' GÀM ''na-ši'' [''i'']''na''? (erased?) GÀM DIŠ-''en'' mulGÀM GUB-''zu'' SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA ┌2 or 3┐ MUL ''ina'' SAG.DU GÀM ''e-ṣir''.MEŠ [x M]UL ''ina rit-t''i GÀM GUB-''zu'', [M]UL SA4 ''ina ur-šú'' GUB-''zu'' [x] x x-''šú''? dNE? .GI? ''na-áš-rap'' ''na-ši'' [ x x x ] x x ''ina''? ''na''? ''-áš''? -''rap e-ṣir''.MEŠ

[A hu]man-figure it is, dress[ed], bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''. 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''. In its right hand it carries a crook. In the crook a (star called) 'The Crook' stands. The head of the crook is the head of a ram. 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn. [x] stars in the handle of the crook stand. A bright [s]tar in its shaft stands. Its [x] fire, bearing a ''naṣrapu'' [ . . . ] in the ''naṣrapu'' are drawn. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 63-64

<s>r'1'–2' (traces only)</s>
* 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
* 4' bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''.
* 5' 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''.
* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook.
* 7' In the crook stands a (star called) “The Crook”.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.
* 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
* 10' [x] star(s) stand in the handle of the crook.
* 11' A bright [st]ar stands in its shaft.
* 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.
* 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he) is born, when the Crook (culminates),..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Crook] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":9" />, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, n01) ====
!
|-
|Var. reading:

* ulNAD3 = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of Kislimu [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA2 '''''?? do you want NA2 or NAD3 ??''''' it should be GAM3(?).

* XVIX '''''?? this is not a correct Roman number; or what is it ??'''''. K. 3384 (Reiner and Pingree, BPO 3, 1998<ref name=":3" />, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR<ref name=":13">''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref> 43, 2 = ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> VIII
* 11<reverse only>)

Venus - Names;

* see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT<ref name=":4" /> 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's crook and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed such objects [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 88; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14" />, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on seals, and later on the ''kudurru''s [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 165-167; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 64; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":11" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 72].

''Ziqpu'' XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; MA<ref name=":5" />, 142; ASM, 88].

''Ziqpu'' XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The Faithful Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is a rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangely long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Crook", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]]. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Crook", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR<ref name=":13" /> 53, 2:10; CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA<ref name=":8" />, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': dSag-me-gar ''u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) evil Crook, (it means): Jupiter is dim" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gössmann [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:175; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />, III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaningː [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Crook (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The crook is evil: the dynasty will perish. / [If the appearance of crook becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiance of the Crookː [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUḪUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Crook carries radiance: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [SAA 8<ref name=":6" />, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 115 r. 4; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 13; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Crookː DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE EBUR KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter comes close to the crookː the harvest of Akkad will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Crookː DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Crook behind [...] [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, n01) ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Aur]]

GAM3

2026-06-10T06:09:46Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislimu (Month IX).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ''ziqpu'' XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> G, 35b; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 64; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Text Nv. 10. 37' [DIŠ] ''ina'' itiNE mulGAM3 // mulSIPA.ZI.[AN.NA] // ''u'' d''U2-ge-e'' // mulAN.┌TA┐.GUB.[BA] / mulUR.GI7 // mulDINGIR.┌TUŠ┐.A.ME[Š] / ┌''u'' mul┐''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. ┌TA..ŠÚ┐.[UR.RA], In the Month of Ab 'The Crook,' 'The Faithful Shepherd [of Anu,'] and ''U2-ge-e'' is the AN.TA.GUB.BA-star; 'The Dog,' 'The Sitting God[s] and PA.BIL.SAG is the AN.[T]A.ŠU.[UR.RA]-star [Fincke 2025: 69, Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15" />, 64, 66]. See also BM 34790 = LBAT 1502 i 2', 71: 15'; BM 35161 = LBAT 1508: 8' [Fincke 2025: 70-72]

** <s>"In the month Abu: the Crook, the Faithful Shepherd [of Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Crook becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily rsings and settings: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Crook. 10 days from the rising of the Crook to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' " on the 20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the Crook is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13, 62 e. 18; SAA 8<ref name=":6">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislimu). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulGAM3 = gišTUKUL ''ša''2 ŠUII dAMAR.UTU "The crook is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) mulUDU.NITA2 = SAG.DU muGAM3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Crook". [HBA<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ mina weight], ½ ''bēru'' o[n the groun]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Naṣrapu to the [Crook],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ mina weight], 10 UŠ on the ground, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Crook to the Handle on the Crook". [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:1-4; TU<ref name=":9">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 1-4; HBA<ref name=":8" />, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "½ ''bēru'' to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 ''lim'' 4 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Marduk's crook // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ ''bēru'' to the Crook. [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":10">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":11">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology''' (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 63-64)
r 1'-2' (traces only), ┌şa┐-lam lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-b[i-iš] ziq-nu za-qin-nu ku-ur-ku-ru šá-kin DIŠ-en MUL ina ku-ur-ku-ru-šú GUB-zu ina ŠUII 15-šú GÀM na-ši [i]na? (erased?) GÀM DIŠ-en mulGÀM GUB-zu SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA ┌2 or 3┐ MUL ina SAG.DU GÀM e-ṣir.MEŠ [x MUL ina rit-ti GÀM GUB-zu]
<s>r'1'–2' (traces only)</s>
* 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
* 4' bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''.
* 5' 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''.
* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook.
* 7' In the crook stands a (star called) “The Crook”.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.
* 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
* 10' [x] star(s) stand in the handle of the crook.
* 11' A bright [st]ar stands in its shaft.
* 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.
* 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he) is born, when the Crook (culminates),..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Crook] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":9" />, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, n01) ====
!
|-
|Var. reading:

* ulNAD3 = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of Kislimu [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA2 '''''?? do you want NA2 or NAD3 ??''''' it should be GAM3(?).

* XVIX '''''?? this is not a correct Roman number; or what is it ??'''''. K. 3384 (Reiner and Pingree, BPO 3, 1998<ref name=":3" />, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR<ref name=":13">''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref> 43, 2 = ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> VIII
* 11<reverse only>)

Venus - Names;

* see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT<ref name=":4" /> 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's crook and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed such objects [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 88; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14" />, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on seals, and later on the ''kudurru''s [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 165-167; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 64; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":11" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 72].

''Ziqpu'' XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; MA<ref name=":5" />, 142; ASM, 88].

''Ziqpu'' XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The Faithful Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is a rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangely long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Crook", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]]. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Crook", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR<ref name=":13" /> 53, 2:10; CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA<ref name=":8" />, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': dSag-me-gar ''u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) evil Crook, (it means): Jupiter is dim" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gössmann [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:175; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />, III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaningː [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Crook (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The crook is evil: the dynasty will perish. / [If the appearance of crook becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiance of the Crookː [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUḪUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Crook carries radiance: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [SAA 8<ref name=":6" />, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 115 r. 4; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 13; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Crookː DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE EBUR KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter comes close to the crookː the harvest of Akkad will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Crookː DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Crook behind [...] [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, n01) ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Aur]]

GAM3

2026-06-10T05:55:20Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mul / dGAM3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
mul / dGAM3 (𒀯𒆛) = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism that corresponds to [[Capella]] with the eastern half of classical [[Auriga]]. The Uranology Text E (MLC 1884) places 'The Crook' in the hand of 'The Old Man' ([[Perseus]]), and speaks of a number of its component parts including its head which is in the shape of a ram's head, its handle, and its shaft. The remaining stars and star-clusters of Auriga that are not part of 'The Crook' may be understood as groups of sheep standing in the background of the image. The asterism is also identified as Marduk's star (Jupiter or Mercury) in Kislimu (Month IX).

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Variant readings:

* mulZUBI;
* = mul''gamlu'' "staff (with a crooked handle)";
* = ''gamlu'' “throwing stick”. mulGÀM (EN 4l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

Var. designations:

* 1) a constellation in Ascendant (Auriga),
* 2) ''ziqpu'' XVI (α Aurigae, Capella) [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> G, 35b; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 64; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Urra XXII:

* mulGÀM = [''gam-lu''] [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch, Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” , Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:291ʹ], Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolaires du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105: col. iii 14;],.
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 9a, 29a, VI 4-4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.3111+:7].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Text Nv. 10. 37' [DIŠ] ''ina'' itiNE mulGAM3 // mulSIPA.ZI.[AN.NA] // ''u'' d''U2-ge-e'' // mulAN.┌TA┐.GUB.[BA] / mulUR.GI7 // mulDINGIR.┌TUŠ┐.A.ME[Š] / ┌''u'' mul┐''Pa-bil-sag'' // mulA[N. ┌TA..ŠÚ┐.[UR.RA], In the Month of Ab 'The Crook,' 'The Faithful Shepherd [of Anu,'] and ''U2-ge-e'' is the AN.TA.GUB.BA-star; 'The Dog,' 'The Sitting God[s] and PA.BIL.SAG is the AN.[T]A.ŠU.[UR.RA]-star [Fincke 2025: 69, Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15" />, 64, 66]. See also BM 34790 (LBAT 1502 i 2', 71: 15' [Fincke 2025: 70-71]

** "In the month Abu: the Crook, the Faithful Shepherd [of Anu], / and AN.U2.GI.E — The upward stan[ding] Asterism. / The Hound, the Sitting Gods and Pabilsag— The up[ward]ly fla[ring] star" (Rev. 37-40) [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":15">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''
* (1) ... "The Crook, ''Gamlu''" (I i 4)
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 "On the 20th of Nisan the Crook becomes visible" (I ii 37); for a quote from MUL.APIN see [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 62:17-18].
* (3) Simultaneous daily rsings and settings: (I iii 28), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL "35 days from the rising of the Fish to the rising of the Crook. 10 days from the rising of the Crook to the rising of the Star Cluster" (I iii 43-44).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulGAM3 after mulŠU.GI before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations simultaneous with heliacal risings: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' " on the 20th of Nisan...the shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of heaven / opposite your chest, and the Crook is rising" (I iv 13-14).
* (7) Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGAM3, after mulŠU.GI, before mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68].
|[[File:Crook stellarium.jpg|thumb|Gamlu, The Crook, in Stellarium (CC BY J. Gullberg and S. Hoffmann).]]
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13, 62 e. 18; SAA 8<ref name=":6">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) 7 tikpu-stars: mulgam3;
* (2) ''gam-lum'', in an unclear sense [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107-108].
* (3) The star of Marduk in Month IX (Kislimu). See [[AMAR.UTU]].
|
|-
|List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 49.

* (1) mulGAM3 = gišTUKUL ''ša''2 ŠUII dAMAR.UTU "The crook is a weapon in the hands of Marduk";
* (2) mulUDU.NITA2 = SAG.DU muGAM3 "Star-Baran = Top of the Crook". [HBA<ref name=":8">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51-52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA ''i-n''[''a qaq-q'']''a-ri'' | 27 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' AN-[''e''] / TA mul''na-aṣ-ra-pi'' | EN mul[GAM3]
*** "[2½ mina weight], ½ ''bēru'' o[n the groun]d, 27000 miles in the sky / From Naṣrapu to the [Crook],"
** b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3
*** "[1⅔ mina weight], 10 UŠ on the ground, 18000 miles in the sky / From the Crook to the Handle on the Crook". [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:1-4; TU<ref name=":9">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 1-4; HBA<ref name=":8" />, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''gam-l''[''u''] "½ ''bēru'' to the Staff." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 224-225:11].
* (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 ''lim'' 4 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Marduk's crook // 1 (star) // 14400 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:8].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the Old Man to the Staff [...]",
** b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL...[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Great Twi[ns]..." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:8-9].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''gam-lu'' "½ ''bēru'' to the Crook. [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":10">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:16]; for a parallel see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 180:8']. See also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] "Staff (ζ, η Aur), the right foot of the Old Man (ρ Per), the left foot [x x] of Gemini (μ Gem): [...3 stars]. Straight, tight rope. 2 inter[va]ls, ditto [x x]." [Walker 1995, 34; ASM<ref name=":11">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 107]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left leg of [Great] Twins" (μ Gem).
|
|-
|'''Uranology''' (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 63-64)
* r'1'–2' (traces only)
* 3' [A hu]man figure it is, dress[ed],
* 4' bearded, set with a ''kurkurru''.
* 5' 1 star stands in its ''kurkurru''.
* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook.
* 7' In the crook stands a (star called) “The Crook”.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram.
* 9' 2(or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
* 10' [x] star(s) stand in the handle of the crook.
* 11' A bright [st]ar stands in its shaft.
* 12' Its [x], fire, bearing a Naṣrapu.
* 13' [. . .] in the Naṣrapu are drawn.
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3...[TU...] "If (he) is born, when the Crook (culminates),..." [SpTU V, 265:x+1].
* (2) AO 6483: [...: múlzubi] ''e''3-''a'' nig2.tuk uš2 giš[...] "(If the child is born when) [... the Crook] appears: he will be healthy, death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":9" />, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (2022, n01) ====
!
|-
|Var. reading:

* ulNAD3 = "bed-star"; the name of Jupiter in the month of Kislimu [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 291]. Only in IIIR, 53, 2, see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]]. Likely a scribe's error; instead of NA2 '''''?? do you want NA2 or NAD3 ??''''' it should be GAM3(?).

* XVIX '''''?? this is not a correct Roman number; or what is it ??'''''. K. 3384 (Reiner and Pingree, BPO 3, 1998<ref name=":3" />, 262-63 Group G) + K. 5990 (IIIR<ref name=":13">''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. (cited as I R, II R, etc.)''.''</ref> 43, 2 = ACh Ištar<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> VIII
* 11<reverse only>)

Venus - Names;

* see also BM 45697 (81-7-6, 102) (LBAT<ref name=":4" /> 1564), BM 37391, and maybe BM 32314.

Text has MA sign form of TIM and NA.
|
|}
See also (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
[[File:GAM3 CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172016.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAM3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Capella]]
| HIP 24608
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 0.08
|-
| 2
| [[Menkalinan]]
| HIP 28360
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.9
|-
| 3
| [[Mahasim]]
| HIP 28380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.62
|-
| 4
| ν Aurigae
| HIP 27673
| Inside the Hull
| 3.95
|-
| 5
| -
| HIP 27319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.292
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 27777
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
d''gamlu'' — a shepherd's crook and/or weapon characterized by its curvature. Marduk and other deities possessed such objects [AHw<ref>''von Soden, W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 279; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 310]. Immediately after múlGAM3 in VAT 16436:9 follows múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA "the hand on the staff of Damkinunna". [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227], most likely a variant of the name of the Sumerian goddess dDam.ki.na (var.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), considered the wife of Ea [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 88; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":14" />, 280]. For ''gamlu'' as a divine symbol and as a tool of the caster see also [Wiggermann 1992, 61-62].

==== Symbol. ====
A staff with a rounded handle in the form of a ram's head, at least for certain in the case of the asterism. The symbol is known from the Old Babylonian time on seals, and later on the ''kudurru''s [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 165-167; Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 149-151], where it was depicted often next to a goat-fish, which suggests its connection with the god Ea.

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= [[Auriga]] [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 64; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78; MA<ref name=":5" />, 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":7" />, 207, App. C; ASM<ref name=":11" />, 272; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 72].

''Ziqpu'' XVI:

= α Aurigae ([[Capella]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; MA<ref name=":5" />, 142; ASM, 88].

''Ziqpu'' XVII:

= β Aurigae ([[Menkalinan]]) [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 319, note 15], see also (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]].<gallery>
File:Papke Ori+Crook.jpg|Gamlu as part of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA's shepherd's staff; interpretation by Papke (1989).
File:White-Gavin2014 GamluGrook.jpg|Gamlu, The Crook, in the reconstruction by Gavin White (2014).
File:Ori+shepherdStaff stellarium.jpg|The Faithful Shepherd of Anu with a staff reaching to Auriga (CC BY SMH in Stellarium with drawing by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster 2016).
File:Crook stellarium.jpg|Crook as a standalone constellation (Stellarium CC BY J. Gullberg and SMH).
</gallery>Papke (1989) is wrong, as his Shepherd has only the leg formed by the stars of Ori which is a rather nonsensical image. A much more fitting representation of the Gamlu-Crook as Shepherd's Staff was designed by LWL Planetarium Münster, Germany, in 2016: their figure of the shepherd fits the stars of Orion and the shepherd's staff only appears strangely long.

White (2014) gives three images: A sketch of the Greek shepherd in Auriga just called "Crook" which is not justified by any text, a Babylonian "bison-man" which is (a) in our mind a wrong wording because bisons live only in North America and not in Mesopotamia, and (b) also not attested in any text: The constellation of the "bison-man" (GU.ALIM) occurs only in the dal.ba.an.na text, and needs to be identified with a different area in the sky. White's last version of "Gamlu" as a simply throwing stick is correct: Our drawing differs, but the object can be considered in more than one way.

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) kišib gam3 "Handle on the Crook", see (Kurtik k21) [[KIŠIB]]. Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":12" />, 64)

(2) sag.du mulgam3 "Top of the Crook", see list of stars in VR 46.1, also (Kurtik u10) [[UDU.NITA2|UDU.NITA2]].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Jupiter; mulGAM3 — the name of Marduk (dAMAR.UTU = Jupiter) in the month Kislimu [IIIR<ref name=":13" /> 53, 2:10; CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49, S. 777:10], see also [HBA<ref name=":8" />, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The asterism of Marduk — so said of the Staff". [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 29a + Parallels]; see also: ''Ga''2-''am''3-''lum lum-''[''m'']''un'': dSag-me-gar ''u''2-''ta-an-na-at-ma'' "(Constellation) evil Crook, (it means): Jupiter is dim" [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 84:14], and also [Brown 2000<ref>''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 61].

(2) = Mars(?); so considered by Bezold, quoted by Gössmann [Bezold 1920<ref>Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 122:175; Gössmann<ref name=":0" />, III, A 2 ], but we find no confirmation in the texts.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) General astrological meaningː [mulGAM3 ''ana'' BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 ''lum-mu-un'' BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 ''zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l'']''a-mu'' BALA ḪA.A''-ma'' MAN-''ma'' DU6+DU-''a'' "[Crook (to predict) the end of a dynasty]. / The crook is evil: the dynasty will perish. / [If the appearance of crook becomes dark]: a dynasty will perish and another will arise. [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, VI 4-4b + Parallels].

(4) Radiance of the Crookː [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI ''na-ši'' / SUḪUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-''an'' "If the Crook carries radiance: the foundation of the throne remains solid" [SAA 8<ref name=":6" />, 170 r. 1-2]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 115 r. 4; BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XVI 13; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:13]; perhaps the reference here is to the rising of Jupiter near the Ascendant, cf. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Jupiter approaches the Crookː DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGAM3 TE EBUR KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] "If Jupiter comes close to the crookː the harvest of Akkad will prosper" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) The Old Man and the Crookː DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''gam-lum'' TAK4-''ib'' [...] "If the Old Man leaves the Crook behind [...] [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, K.2111+:7], see also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 15, and Uranology above.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, a6) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulZUBI; = mulgamlu «Посох (с кривой ручкой)»; 1) созвездие в Возничем (Auriga), 2) ziqpu XVI (α Aurigae, Капелла) [AHw, 279a; CAD G, 35b; G. 64; Schaumberger 1952, 228].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul˹zubi˺ = [gam-lu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105: col. iii 14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:291ʹ]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 9a, 29a, VI 4–4a, VIII 2, 5, XVI 6, 13; BPO 3, K.3111+:7]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 4): mulGAM3 dGam-lum «Посох» (I i 4). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM mulGAM3 IGI.LA2 «20-го нисану Посох становится видимым» (I ii 37); цитата из MUL.APIN см. [LABS, 62:17–18]. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulKU6 35 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGAM3 / TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL «35 дней от восхода Рыбы до восхода Посоха. 10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд» (I iii 43–44). (5) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulGAM3 после mulŠU.GI перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 5). (6) Кульминации, одновременные гелиакическим восходам: ina itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM ... / ku-ma-ru ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / ina IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulGAM3 KUR-ḫa «20-го нисану...плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба / напротив твоей груди, и Посох восходит» (I iv 13–14). (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGAM3, после mulŠU.GI, перед mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 40, 51, 55, 59, 61, 68]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 160:13, 62 e. 18; ARAK, 115 r. 4, 170 r. 1]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 7 tikpu-звезд: mulgam3; (2) gam-lum, в неясном значении [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161, 222; Weidner 1959–60, 107–108]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 49. (1) mulgam3 = gištukul ša2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руках Мардука»; (2) muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда–Баран = Вершина Посоха» [HBA, 51–52; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA KI.LA2] | ½ DANNA i-n[a qaq-q]a-ri | 27 IGI DANNA ina AN-[e] / TA mulna-aṣ-ra-pi | EN mul[GAM3] «[2½ мины веса], 150 н[а зем]ле, 27000 миль на небе / От Нацрапу до [Посоха]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA i-na KI.MIN(=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM3 | EN mulKIŠIB GAM3 «[1⅔ мины веса], 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Посоха до Руки на Посохе» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:1–4; TU, 21 r. 1–4; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulgam-l[u] «150 до Посоха» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:11]. (3) VAT 16436: múlGAM3 dBAD // 1 // 14 IGI 4 ME KUŠ3 «Посох Мардука // 1 (звезда) // 14400 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:8]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM, [...] «От Старика до Посоха [...]», b) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:8–9]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulgam-lu «½ мили(150) до Посоха» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:16]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid., 180:8']. См. также k21KIŠIB. Dalbanna-текст. §U. mulgam3 mulgir3 zag šu.gi mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x 3 mul.meš] gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.[an].na min [x x] «Посох (ζ, η Aur), правая нога Старика (ρ Per), левая нога [x x] Близнецов (μ Gem): […3 звезды]. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интер[ва]ла, ditto [x x]» [Walker 1995, 34; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 60, 77], mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [x x] = mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem). Текст Nv. 10. ˹diš˺ ina itine mulgam3 // mulsipa.zi.[an.na] // u mulAN.U2.GI.E // mulAN.TA.GUB.[BA] / mulur.gi7 // muldingir.tuš.a.[meš] / u mulPa-bil-sag // mulA[N.T]A.Š[U.UR.RA] «В месяце абу: Посох, Праведный Пастух [Ану], / и AN.U2.GI.E — Наверху стоя[щая] звезда. / Пес, Сидящие боги и Пабилсаг — На[вер]ху вспы[хивающая] звезда» (Rev. 37–40) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. Поздняя астрология. (1) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI mulZUB]I U3.[TU…] «Если (он), когда Посох (кульминирует), родился…» [SpTU V, 265:x+1]. (2) AO 6483: […: múlzubi] e3-a nig2.tuk uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… Посох] появляется: он будет здоровым, смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 36; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

II. Божество.

dgamlu ― оружие (kakku) или какой-то другой предмет (посох!), которому свойственна кривизна; имелся не только у Мардука [AHw, 279; Tallqvist 1938, 310]. Непосредственно за múlGAM3 в VAT 16436:9 следует múlKIŠIB GAM3 dDAM.KI.NUN.NA «Рука на Посохе Дамкинунны» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227]. dDAM.KI.NUN.NA, возможно, есть вариант имени шумерской богини dDam.ki.na (вар.: dDam.ki.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.an.na, dDam.gal.nun.na), считавшейся супругой Эа [Litke 1998, 88; Tallqvist 1938, 280]. О gamlu как божественном символе и как инструменте заклинателя см. также [Wiggermann 1992, 61–62].

III. Символ.

Посох с закругленной ручкой в виде бараньей головы(?). Символ известен со старовавилонского времени на печатях, а позднее на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 165–167; Van Buren 1945, 149–151], где изображался нередко рядом с козой-рыбой, что свидетельствует о его связи с богом Эа.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= Auriga [G. 64; Weidner 1957–59, 78; MA, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; ASM, 272; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

Ziqpu XVI:

= α Aurigae (Capella) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; MA, 142; ASM, 88].

Ziqpu XVII:

= β Aurigae [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 319, note 15], см. также k21KIŠIB.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) kišib gam3 «Рука на Посохе», см. k21KIŠIB.

(2) sag.du mulgam3 «Вершина Посоха», см. список звезд в VR 46,1, а также u10UDU.NITA2.

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Юпитер; mulGAM3 ― имя Мардука (dAMAR.UTU = Юпитер) в месяце кислиму [III R 53, 2:10; CT 26, 49, S. 777:10], см. также [HBA, 24]; mul dAMAR.UTU a-na mulGAM3 i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят о Посохе» [BPO 2, III 29a + Parallels]; cм. также: Ga2-am3-lum lum-[m]un: dSag-me-gar u2-ta-an-na-at-ma «(Созвездие) Посох зловещее, (это означает): блеск Юпитера слабый» [SpTU I, 84:14], а также [Brown 2000, 61].

(2) = Марс(?); так считает Бецольд, которого цитирует Гесман [Bezold 1920, 122:175; G., III, A 2 ], однако подтверждений в текстах не находим.

Предсказания:

(3) Общее астрологическое значение; [mulGAM3 ana BALA TIL.L]A / mulGAM3 lum-mu-un BALA ḪA.[A] / [DIŠ mulGAM3 zi-mu-šu uṣ-ṣa-na-l]a-mu BALA ḪA.A-ma MAN-ma DU6+DU-a «[Посох (для предсказания) конца династии]. / (Если) Посох зловещий: династия погибнет. / [Если при своем появлении Посох становится темны]м: династия погибнет и другая возникнет» [BPO 2, VI 4–4b + Parallels].

(4) Излучение в Посохе; [DIŠ dG]AM3 ŠE.ER.ZI na-ši / SUDUŠ AŠ.TE GIN-an «Если Посох излучение несет: основание трона останется прочным» [ARAK, 170 r. 1–2]; параллели см. [ibid., 115 r. 4; BPO 2, XVI 13; LABS, 160:13]; возможно, здесь речь идет о восходе Юпитера вблизи Возничего, см. [Brown 2000, 61].

(5) Юпитер приближается к Посоху; DIŠ dSAG.ME.GAR ana mulGAM3 TE ERUB KUR.URIki S[I.SA2] «Если Юпитер приближается к Посоху: урожай Аккада будет обильным» [BPO 2, III 9a + Parallels].

(6) Старик и Посох; DIŠ mulŠU.GI gam-lum TAK4-ib [...] «Если Старик оставляет Посох позади [...] [BPO 3, K.2111+:7], см. также sh16ŠU.GI, VI 15.
|Example
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, a7) ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGAM3(=ZUBI) «Посох», см. g06GAM3.
|
|-
!
=== Kurtik (2022, n01) ===
!
|-
|вар. чтения: ulNAD3; = «Звезда-ложе»; имя Юпитера в месяце кислиму [G. 291]. Только в IIIR, 53, 2, см. a28dAMAR.UTU. Возможно, это ошибка переписчика; вместо NA2 должно быть GAM3(?).
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Aur]]

GAM-ti

2026-06-10T05:11:56Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAM, ''kippatu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele.jpg|thumb|Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.]]
[[File:Enlil withDignitySymbol.jpg|thumb|Enlil with Ring+Rod-symbol of dignity, painted by Jessica Gullberg. It is well possible that Enlil was imagined in the constellation [[ŠU.PA]] that later became the Greek "Ploughman", [[Bootes]], and that CrB was imagined the ring+rod emblem (SMH).]]
GAM (𒃵) = ''kippatu'' (𒄒𒉺𒀜), 'The Circle, The Ring'. An asterism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.' It is also used as an alternative name for [[Corona Borealis]] (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur2. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-''ti'' add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian ''kippatu''. This asterism is said to have 9 stars in the ''ziqpu''-star texts.

The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abraham 2011<ref>M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive <nowiki>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu</nowiki></ref> and Slansky<ref>Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.</ref> what ever year it is.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM/ GAM-''ti.'' In Stellarium painted as a horncrown of Babylonian deities by Jessica Gullberg.]]The translation ''<nowiki/>'ring''' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. ''kippatu'' in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art

Var. names:

* GAM;
* = mul''kippatu'' "Ring, Circle";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' III (α Coronae Borealis, Gemma),
* 2) a group of stars in Corona Borealis [Gössmann 1950, 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme:

* ˹''kip-pat''˺ as asterism of Anu — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Ṭebet, see (Kurtik d05) ''[[Dilbat]]'' 1502.
* dPA ''u'' dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | ''kip''!-''pat''! ''ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "Šullat and Haniš - (asterism) Antagubba. The ring culminates 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46].

Observations during the time of Sargon II:

* ''ina'' U[GU] / mul''kip-pi-te u''2-''s''[''ar-ri''] / ''ina'' UGU MUL ''taš-ka-''[''a-ti''] / [''i'']''t-tu-u''2-''aḫ'' [xx]
* "(The storm) beg[an] (during the culmination) of the Ring and [su]bsided (when the stars of the) Tripl[ets] (culminated)". [Lanfranchi and Parpola 1990<ref>Lanfranchi G.B., Parpola S. The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part II. Helsinki University Press, 1990 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. V).</ref>, 249:12ʹ-15ʹ].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ ''i-na qaq-qa-ri'' | 21 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' DAN[NA ''i-na šamê''(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN. ANŠE EGIR-''ti'' | EN m[ulGAM-''ti''] "2 mina weight, 12 UŠ on the ground, 21600 miles in the sky / From the Hind section of the Rope to the Ri[ng]",
** (b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (=''ina qaqqari'') | 27 ''lim'' DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM-''ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' "2½ mina weight, ½ ''bēru'' on earth, 27000 miles in the sky, from the Ring to the star from the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7-10; TU, 21:7-10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436: múl''kip-pat'' // 9 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "ring // 9 (stars) / 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:20].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 12 UŠ ''ana'' [mulGAM-''ti''] "12° to the [Ring]" (rev. 3),
** b) mul[GAM-''t'']''i'' "[Rin]g," a circle of 9 points in the diagram (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:3, 176-178].
|[[File:AlRawi planisphere CrB.jpg|thumb|CrB on the Sippar planisphere (al-Rawi 2001), referred to as "kippatu".]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (P) ˹mul˺''kip-pat'' KIMIN IGI mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz GU
* "Ring (''ziqpu'' III: α CrB), or eye of Zababa (η Oph), Šarur (and) Šargaz (λ, υ Sco): a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, BM 78161:26]; according to [Koch 1992, 59], igi mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 is υ Oph.
|[[File:TheCircle Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism of Dignity/ The Circle, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-star.'''
See [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":1" />, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) A[N...]/ 3 KUŠ3 SIG ''kip-pat'' IGI "Mars appeared 3 cubits below the Ring" [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3">Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991</ref> II, No.-234: 7-9].
* (2) When describing the motion of comets: KUŠ3? ''e'' ''kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu''2 ''ana'' ULU3 "...cubits? above the Ring, its tail to the south". [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3" /> III, No.-162 r. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 22554/2

* ''ki-i'' múl''kip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''2-''ša''[''r-r'']''u''-''u''2
* "When the Ring culminates (and) the lunar eclipse should begin..." [SpTU III, 102:18]. See also U.197 obv. 5': múl''kip-pat'' [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= α, β [[Corona Borealis|Coronae Borealis]] [G. 65];

= stars with great brilliance in the western part of the Northern Corona; according to VAT 16436:3, contains 9 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; it is α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, according to [ASM<ref name=":0">Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

= [[Corona Borealis]] [ASM<ref name=":0" />, 271].

''Ziqpu'' III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 321; Koch 1992<ref>Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59; ASM<ref name=":0" />, 86].

See also (Kurtik b02) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. названия: GAM; = mulkippatu «Кольцо, Круг»; 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Гемма), 2) группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis) [G. 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952].
I. Источники.

Наблюдение времен Саргона II: ina U[GU] / mulkip-pi-te u2-s[ar-ri] / ina UGU MUL taš-ka-[a-ti] / [i]t-tu-u2-aḫ [xx] «(Шторм) нач[ался] (во время кульминации) Кольца и [у]тих (когда кульминировали звезды) Трой[ни]» [Lanfranchi–Parpola 1990, 249:12ʹ–15ʹ]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA i-na šamê(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] «2 мины веса, 120 на земле, 21600 миль на небе / От Задней части Упряжи до Ко[льцa]», b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (=ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «2½ мины веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль на небе от Кольца до звезды из Пары» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7–10; TU, 21:7–10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16436: múlkip-pat // 9 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Кольцо // 9 (звезд) / 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:20]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: a) 12 UŠ ana [mulGAM-ti] «120 до [Кольца]» (rev. 3), b) mul[GAM-t]i «[Кольц]о», на диаграмме кружочек из 9 точек (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:3, 176–178]. GU-текст. (P) ˹mul˺kip-pat kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu «Кольцо (ziqpu III: α CrB), или глаз Забабы (η Oph), Шарур (и) Шаргаз (λ, υ Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; cогласно [Koch 1992, 59], igi mulZa-ba4-ba4 — υ Oph. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) A[N...] / 3 KUŠ3 SIG kip-pat IGI «Марс появился на 3 локтя ниже Кольца» [AD II, No.-234: 7–9]. (2) При описании движения кометы: KUŠ? e kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu2 ana ULU3 «…локтей? выше Кольца, ее хвост к югу» [AD III, No.-162 r. 9]. Текст Nv. 10. Интеркаляционная схема: ˹kip-pat˺ как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце тебету, см. d05DIL.BAT 1502. dPA u dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | kip!-pat! ana ziq-pi 30 […] «Шуллат и Ханиш — (звезда) Антагубба. Кольцо кульминирует 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46]. Поздняя астрология. W 22554/2: ki-i múlkip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) u2-ša[r-r]u-u2 «Если Кольцо кульминирует (и) лунное затмение должно начаться...» [SpTU III, 102:18]. См. также U.197 obv. 5': múlkip-pat […] [Sachs 1952, 74].

II. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= α, β Coronae Borealis [G. 65];

= звезды с большим блеском в западной части Северной Короны; согласно VAT 16436:3, содержит 9 звезд [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; это α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, согласно [ASM, 88].

= Corona Borealis [ASM, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321; Koch 1992, 59; ASM, 86].

См. также b02BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k19)
|
|-
|= mulGAM-ti «Кольцо, круг»; = ziqpu III, группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis); см. g05GAM-ti, b03BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:CrB]]

GU4.UD

2026-06-08T20:06:50Z

WayneHorowitz: should this perhaps be moved to UDU.IDIM GU4.UD ??? - I would leave this alone though because UDU.IDIM is not actually the name but the sense is the Planet, Bull of the Sun. Lets discuss this

{{DISPLAYTITLE: GU4.UD}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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mul/dGU4.UD (𒀯𒄞𒌓), 'The Bull of the Sun' (GU4 = bull, UD/UTU for the Sun-god dutu = Akkadian ''Šamaš''), is the standard Sumerian name for the planet Mercury. More often the name occurs in the longer formula mul/d[[UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD]]. A standard Akkadian equivalent is ''šiḫṭu'', with reference to Sunrise and so Mercury as a morning-star (see CAD ŠII 416-417).
{{Template:Mercury}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings and signs:

* mul/dGU4.UTU, mul/dGUD.UD, mul/dGU3.UD; = ''šiḫṭu'',
* Sum(erian). lit. "Bull of the Sun," Akk. "Jump"; a common name for Mercury, fixing the peculiarities of its motion relative to the Sun [G. 79].

The Greek lexicographer Hesychius gives the Babylonian name for Mercury:

*Σεχέζ. τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. "Sexes: the star of Hermes: the Babylonians." [TLG 4085-003 Σ 469], derived probably from the Akkadian ''šiḫṭu''.

See also

* (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UD]],
* (Kurtik g31) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4]],
* (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|dLUGAL.GIR3.RA]],
* (Kurtik m47) ''[[Muštarīlu]]'',
* (Kurtik n43)[[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]],
* (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]],
* (Kurtik u08)[[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI, 40:42].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, III 7c, 29a, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 244:46; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 90:1; SpTU V, 264:16ʹ, r. 3, 7].
|
|-
|'''New Year's ritual in Babylon.'''
*múlgu4.ud ''mu-ša''2-''az-nin zunni''(šeg3) "Mercury, (abundantly) pouring rain." [RAcc. 138:306; Linssen 2004, 220:306];
**Parallel: dgu4.ud...''mu-šab-šu-u''2 ''zunni''(šeg3) ''u mīli''(a.kal) "Mercury ...responsible for rains and floods" [Lambert 1957-59, 386:7], see also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
|
|-
| '''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [LABS, 380-381; ARAK, 352].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) The character of astrological impact.
**(a) DIŠ dGU4.UD ''qar-da-at''2 ''e-tel-let e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu'' "If Mercury (appears): (this sign is) heroic, noble; (it is characterized by) great dignity."
**(b) KI dGU4.UD ''e-tel-liš'' DU.DU E2.MEŠ ŠEŠ.MEŠ-''šu''2 BAD-''el'' "(If) the region of Mercury: he will tread proudly, over his household, his brothers will rule. [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324-325].
***Parallel: LU2.TUR ''a-lid-ma'' dGU4.UD ''qar-da-at e-tel-le-et e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu'' "If a child is born when Mercury comes forward (i.e. the heliacal rising of Mercury takes place): (he will be) brave, noble; . [TCL 6, 14 obv. 31; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(2) "Hypsoma.
**(a) dgu4.ud ''ina qaq-qar'' mulab.sin2 ''u''2-''šar-ši-du bīt''(E2) ''ni-ṣir-ti-šu''2 ''u''3 muluga ''kakkab'' dadad ''ik-šu-du ḫar-ra-an'' dšamši "Mercury, within the region of the Furrow (=Virgo), has firmly established his house niṣirti, and the Raven, the asterism of Adad, reaches the path of the Sun." [Weidner 1967, 11, K 3753:5-6].
** (b) According to E. Weidner, Tablet AO 6448 represents Mercury when it is in its hypsoma; depicted from left to right: on the tail of the serpent bird (inscription: mulu[g]amušen "Raven"), an eight-pointed star (inscription: dgu4.ud "Mercury"), a standing female figure with a spike in her hand (inscription: ˹mulab.sin2˺ "Furrow" = Virgo) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V; TU, 12 rev.]. c) In the horoscope: ''ina'' E2 ''ni-ṣir-ti ša''2 GU4.UD ''a-lid'' "In the niṣirti house was Mercury born". [BH, 46-50, 69, Text 6 obv. 4']. See also (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
**(3) Zodiacal astrology.
***(a) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' KI.MEŠ ''ša''2 UŠ ''u'' SAL KI d''Sin'' SAL U3.TU / ''ša''2 d''Dil-bat'' KI.MIN-''ma'' "Since Mercury stands in regions, that are either male or female in gender, and it (stands) with the Moon [or, in the place of the Moon]: a female child will be born. This is the same for Venus." [LBAT, 1593:8′-9′; Reiner 2000]; for Mercury's neutral gender see. K.2346+ rev. 29: dGUD.UD NITA SAL "Mercury — male (and/or) female" [BPO 3, 248:57; Reiner 2000, 424, note 19].
***(b) ''aš''2-''šu''2 dGUD.UD ''u''2-''lu'' dTUR.DIŠ KI ''Sin'' UŠ ''u'' SAL "Since Mercury or Saturn (stands) with the Moon [or: in the place of the Moon]: male and female babies (will be born)" [LBAT, 1593:10′; Reiner 2000].
***(c) ''aš''2''-šu''2 dGUD.UD ''u'' d''Dil-bat'' / KI ''Sin'' 2-''ta'' SAL.MEŠ "Since Mercury and Venus (stands) with the Moon [or: in place of the Moon]: 2 female babies (will be born)." [LBAT, 1593:10′-11′; Reiner 2000].
**(4) Predicting prices of cereals from observations of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 94:24, 28].
**(5) Predictions of enemy attacks based on observations of the positions and visibility of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 14, 19; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213-214, 216]. Star of the east and west. kakkab ṣīt šamši (dutu.e3) u3 erēb šamši (dutu.šu2.a) ... "(Mercury) — the star of the east and west [...]". [Lambert 1957-58, 386:11].
|
|}
See (mul)''ši-iḫ-ṭu'' "Mercury" [LBAT, 1611:21′-22′], KASKAL dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 100:8′], dGU4.UD [SpTU II, 42:2, 9, 10; SpTU V, 268:12].

===Additional===

==== II. Deity.====
As a deity, Mercury was identified with Nabu, son of Marduk, a local deity of the city of Borsippa (see (Kurtik n02) [[Nabû|d''Nabû'']]), and also with Ninurta, son of Enlil; standard expression: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 d''Nin-urta'' MU-''šu''2 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta", see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], (Kurtik n45) [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]]. In Neo-Assyrian letter, calling for the blessings of the gods on the king, along with other gods, also mentions dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (Nabu and Ninurta are mentioned separately) [LABS, 197:10]. see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]]. Mercury, like Venus, was considered a bisexual deity: dGU4.UD NITA SAL "Mercury is male (and/or) female" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:57].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
(1) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "reviving" the deity statue, see (Kurtk k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], II.

(2) Deities — act as witnesses to agreements made, in the fourth place mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (after Jupiter, Venus and Saturn) [Parpola-Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 14], for a parallel see. [Wiseman 1958, 29:14].

(3) A spell against the weakening of sexual potency (ŠA3.ZI.GA), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(4) Babylonian New Year ritual, see above.

See also (Kurtik g01) ''[[Ga-ga]]''.

====III. Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = star of Marduk; MUL.dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "Star of Marduk — so it is said of Mercury" [BPO 2, III 29a], see also [Lambert 1957-59, 386:6].

(2) = Fish; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN TE...] "If the Fish approaches the Bow: harvest will be abundant in the land... (This means:) Mercury approaches the Fu[rrow]." [BPO 2, XVI 17]; here the identities are assumed to be: Mercury = Fish, Furrow = Bow. See also (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 4, (Kurtik k20) [[KU6|KU6]], V 3, 10.

(3) = Bow; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 2.

(4) = Field; mulAŠ.GAN2 = mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 58, K.148:37].

(5) = Lugalirra; dLUGAL.GIR3.RA = dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 134, K.2907, VIII 4], and also [ibid., 194, K. 42+:7′-8′].

(6) = Arrow; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulTI8mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of duuzu, the Arrow reaches the Eagle: sesame will be good; (this means): Mercury reaches Mars in the month of duuzu" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:46]; this prediction suggests the following identities: Arrow = Mercury, Eagle = Mars. DIŠ mulKAK.SI.SA2 SA5-''ma''? dGUD.UD ŠE.ER.ZI [...] ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If the Arrow (= Sirius) is red — Mercury radiates [...]: sesame will be good" [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:45]. See also: d''Šu''?(LA)-''ku-du'' / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Arrow = Mercury (?)". [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:21′], (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]], VI 1.

(7) = Entenabarhum; see below (23), also (Kurtik e13) [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM]], VI 2.

(8) = Borona; see (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|GAN2.UR3]], VI 1.

(9) = Mars; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MU.NI ''ša''2-''ru-ru iš-ši'' LUGAL NIM.MAki ''i-dan-''[''nin''] "If Mercury, whose name is Mars, emits radiation: the king of Elam will be streng[thened]" [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46].

(10) = Eagle; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.

For other examples of astrological identifications of Mercury, see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV.

===== Predictions: =====
(11) Mercury in Scorpius, which is dark; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB GI6 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi taš-mu-u''2 ''ina'' KUR I3.GAL2 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-''ma'' "If Scorpius is black in the middle: there will be peace in the country. (This means:) Mercury stands in Scorpius." [ARAK, 504:3-4], see also [ibid., 113:8-9, 371 r. 2-3, 545:1′-4′].

(12) Mercury in Crab; see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], VI 12.

(13) Mercury in Furrow; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 2, 4.

(14) Mercury in Leo; see (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]], VI 5.

(15) Venus or Mercury in the Tail; see (Kurtik k27) [[KUN|KUNmeš]], III 2-3.

(16) Two stars on the sides of Venus; [DIŠ d]''Dil-bat'' 1 UL ''ina'' 15-''šu''2 1 UL ''ina'' 2,30-''šu''2 DU-''iz'' ... [BE-''m'']''a'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u'' dGUD.UD SAL.SIG, "[If] Venus — one star stands on its right, and another one on its left: the country will experience difficulties... [I]f Jupiter and Mercury: a good sign..." [BPO 3, 70, BM 75228:16]. 15-''ša''2 ''u'' 2,30-''ša''2 SA5 ''tuk-kup'' mulGUD.UD ''u'' d''Ṣal-bat-a''-[''nu''...] "Its (Venus) right and left sides are stained in red — Mercury and Mar[s stand...] [BPO 3, 132, K.2907: II 8], see also [ibid. 132: III 5, 134: VIII 4].

(17) Correspondences “Gemini — planets”; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

(18) Mercury approaches Venus on the way towards Ea; DIŠ d''Dil''-[''bat'' MU]L NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-''ši'' dGUD.UD ''ina šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' TE''-ši-ma'' ḪUL KUR URIki "If Venus, the stars do not come close enough to Venus to be considered, (this means): Mercury comes close to Venus (in the way towards) Ea: ill/evil for Akkad." [BPO 3, 244, K. 2346+:18].

(19) Mercury approaches Venus in the way towards Enlil or Anu; see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]], VI 1.

(20) The colors of the planets: MUL MI dSAG.UŠ: dGUD.UD "Black Star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248:54].

(21) Moon and Mercury; DIŠ 30 KI.MIN (= ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) / [UD].28.KAM2 IGI-''ma'' UD.1.KAM2 GU4.UD TE-''šu''2-''ma ina'' ITI-''šu''2 ŠU2-''ma'' UD.28.KAM2 KI-''šu''2 ... "If the Moon, during its appearance on the 28th day, looks like the moon during the 1st day (of the month), (this means) that Mercury has approached her (and) that it has come (with the moon) on the 28th day..." [NSAM 2, 38, Col. I:18].

(22) Sunrise in the month of arahsamnu; DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 "If the planet (= Mercury) rises in the month of arahsamnu: the harvest of the country will be abundant" [ARAK, 504:1-2].

(23) Rising in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 dUDU.IDIM IGI-''ir'': ''Sag''3''-me-gar'': ''ša''2''-niš'' GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-''ma'' "If a planet appears in the month of Nisan, (it means): (first) Jupiter, and in the second, Mercury appears in Nisan" (comment on Table 56 EAE) [SpTU I, 90:1].

(24) Sunrise in the months of Ayar and Siman; dGUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 IGI / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ITI IGI.LAL / A.AN ''u'' A.[KAL] / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''šum-ma'' [''ina''] itiGUD / ''šum-ma ina'' itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-''ma'' A.ŠA3 A.QAR ''i-ma-kir'' / dDIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB / ZI-''ut'' SU.BIR4ki / ''u''3 ''kaš-ši-i ana'' KUR "Mercury becomes visible in the east. If the planet becomes visible at (the beginning of) the month: rain and flood. If the planet becomes visible either [in] the month of ayar or in the month of suman: floods will irrigate the fields. If the planet stands in the east: Subartu and the Kassites will attack the country. [ARAK, 157:1-9], see also [ibid., 407:5-8].

(25) Sunrise in the month of duuzu; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ''ina E''3''-šu''2 ''mul-lu-uḫ ... an-nu-ti ša'' dGUD.UD "If a planet becomes visible in the month of duzu: there will be death. If Entenabarhum (=Mercury) flares up during its appearance: crops will yield normally, and business activity will be stable. These (omens) are from Mercury" [ARAK, 158 r. 6, 9].

(26) Mercury within the Furrow emits great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

(27) Current observations of Mercury and other luminaries; d''Dil-bat'' dGUD.UD ''a-na ru-u''2-''bi il-lu-ku'' "Venus (and) Mercury approaches the moment for setting" [ARAK, 2:3], dGUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''it-ta-mar'' "Mercury becomes visible in the east" [ARAK, 113:7], ''ta-mar-tu'' / ''ša'' dGUD.UD ''qur-bu'' / ''zi-i-nu dan-nu il-lak'' / dIM GU3-''šu''2 ŠUB-''di'' "(Forthcoming) observations of Mercury at risk: heavy rain and storms will come" [LABS, 224:11-13], see also [LABS, 152 r. 2-4].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g34)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: mul / dGU4.UTU, mul/dGUD.UD, mul/dGU3.UD; = šiḫṭu, шум. букв. «Бык Солнца», акк. «Прыжок»; распространенное название Меркурия, фиксирующее особенности его движения относительно Солнца [G. 79]. Греческий лексикограф Гесихий приводит вавилонское название Меркурия: Σεχέζ. τοῦ Ἑρμοῦ ἀστήρ. Βαβυλώνιοι. «Сексес: звезда Гермеса: вавилоняне» [TLG 4085–003 Σ 469], происходящее, вероятно, от аккадского šiḫṭu. См. также a28dAMAR.UTU, g31GU4, L16dLUGAL.GIR3.RA, m47Muštarīlu, n43dNIN.URTA, u07UDU.IDIM, u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 7c, 29a, XVI 17–18; BPO 3, 281; Largement 1957, 244:46; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 90:1; SpTU V, 264:16ʹ, r. 3, 7]. Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне. múlgu4.ud mu-ša2-az-nin zunni(šeg3) «Меркурий, (обильно) изливающий дождь» [RAcc. 138:306; Linssen 2004, 220:306]; параллель: dgu4.ud… mu-šab-šu-u2 zunni(šeg3) u mīli(a.kal) «Меркурий …отвечающий за дожди и наводнения» [Lambert 1957–59, 386:7], см. также u07UDU.IDIM. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [LABS, 380–381; ARAK, 352]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Характер астрологического воздействия. a) DIŠ dGU4.UD qar-da-at2 e-tel-let e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu «Если Меркурий (появляется): (этот знак) героический, благородный; (ему свойственно) большое достоинство».

b) KI dGU4.UD e-tel-liš DU.DU E2.MEŠ ŠEŠ.MEŠ-šu2 BAD-el «(Если) область Меркурия: он будет ступать гордо, над домочадцами, братьями своими господствовать» [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 2, 6; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212, 215, 219 Comment. + Parallels; 1988b, 324–325]. Параллель: LU2.TUR a-lid-ma dGU4.UD qar-da-at e-tel-le-et e-mu-qan pu-ug-lu «Если ребенок родился, когда Меркурий вышел вперед (т.е. имел место гелиакический восход Меркурия): (он будет) отважный, благородный; …» [TCL 6, 14 obv. 31; Sachs 1952, 66]. (2) «Гипсома». a) dgu4.ud ina qaq-qar mulab.sin2 u2-šar-ši-du bīt(E2) ni-ṣir-ti-šu2 u3 muluga kakkab dadad ik-šu-du ḫar-ra-an dšamši «Меркурий в области Борозды (=Дева) дом niṣirti своего твердо основал, и Ворон, звезда Адада, пути Солнца достигает» [Weidner 1967, 11, K 3753:5–6]. b) Cогласно Э.Вайднеру, табл. AO 6448 представляет Меркурий, когда он находится в своей гипсоме; изображены слева–направо: на хвосте змеи птица (надпись: mulu[g]amušen «Ворон»), восьмиконечная звезда (надпись: dgu4.ud «Меркурий»), стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руках (надпись: ˹mulab.sin2˺ «Борозда» = Дева) [Weidner 1927, 73, Taf. V; TU, 12 rev.]. c) В гороскопе: ina E2 ni-ṣir-ti ša2 GU4.UD a-lid «В доме niṣirti Меркурия он родился» [BH, 46–50, 69, Text 6 obv. 4']. См. также u07UDU.IDIM. (3) Зодиакальная астрология. а) aš2-šu2 dGUD.UD ina KI.MEŠ ša2 UŠ u SAL KI dSin SAL U3.TU / ša2 dDil-bat KI.MIN-ma «Поскольку Меркурий в областях, которые либо мужские, либо женские (стоит) с Луной [или: на месте Луны]: младенец женского пола родится. Для Венеры то же» [LBAT, 1593:8′–9′; Reiner 2000]; о нейтральном роде Меркурия см. K.2346+ rev. 29: dGUD.UD NITA SAL «Меркурий — мужчина (и/или) женщина» [BPO 3, 248:57; Reiner 2000, 424, note 19]. b) aš2-šu2 dGUD.UD u2-lu dTUR.DIŠ KI Sin UŠ u SAL «Поскольку Меркурий или Сатурн с Луной [или: на месте Луны] (стоят): младенцы мужского и женского пола (родятся)» [LBAT, 1593:10′; Reiner 2000]. c) aš2-šu2 dGUD.UD u dDil-bat / KI Sin 2-ta SAL.MEŠ «Поскольку Меркурий и Венера с Луной [или: на месте Луны] (стоят): 2 младенца женского пола (родятся)» [LBAT, 1593:10′–11′; Reiner 2000]. (4) Предсказание цен на злаки по наблюдениям положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 94:24, 28]. (5) Предсказания нападения врагов из наблюдений положений и видимости планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 14, 19; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216]. Звезда востока и запада. kakkab ṣīt šamši (dutu.e3) u3 erēb šamši (dutu.šu2.a) … «(Меркурий) — звезда востока и запада […]» [Lambert 1957–58, 386:11].

См. (mul)ši-iḫ-ṭu «Меркурий» [LBAT, 1611:21′–22′], KASKAL dGU4.UD [SpTU I, 100:8'], dGU4.UD [SpTU II, 42:2, 9, 10; SpTU V, 268:12].

II. Божество.

Как божество Меркурий отождествлялся с Набу, сыном Мардука, местным божеством города Борсиппы (см. n02dNabû), а также с Нинуртой, сыном Энлиля, стандартное выражение: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dNin-urta MU-šu2 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта», см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, n45dNIN.URTA. В новоассирийском письме в призывании благословения богов на царя наряду с другими богами упоминается также dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (Набу и Нинурта при этом упоминаются отдельно) [LABS, 197:10]. см. u07UDU.IDIM. Меркурий, подобно Венере, считался бисексуальным божеством: dGU4.UD NITA SAL «Меркурий — мужчина (и/или) женщина» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:57]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, II. (2) Божества — свидетели договора, на четвертом месте mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (после Юпитера, Венеры и Сатурна) [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 14], параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 29:14]. (3) Заклинание против ослабления сексуальной потенции (ŠA3.ZI.GA), cм. m35MUL.MUL. (4) Новогодний ритуал в Вавилоне, см. выше.

См. также g01Ga-ga.

III. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = звезда Мардука; MUL.dAMAR.UTU a-na dGUD.UD i-qab-bi «Звезда Мардука — так о Меркурии говорят» [BPO 2, III 29a], см. также [Lambert 1957–59, 386:6].

(2) = Рыба; ˹DIŠ mulKU6˺ ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN TE…] «Если Рыба к Луку подходит: урожай в стране будет обильным… (Это означает): Меркурий к Бо[розде подходит]» [BPO 2, XVI 17]; здесь предполагаются тождества: Меркурий = Рыба, Борозда = Лук. См. также b06BAN, V 4, k20KU6, V 3, 10.

(3) = Лук; см. b06BAN, V 2.

(4) = Поле; mulAŠ.GAN2 = mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 58, K.148:37].

(5) = Лугальирра; dLUGAL.GIR3.RA = dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [BPO 3, 134, K.2907, VIII 4], а также [ibid., 194, K. 42+:7′–8′].

(6) = Стрела; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulTI8mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma «Если в месяце дуузу Стрела достигает Орла: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:46]; это предсказание предполагает тождества: Стрела = Меркурий, Орел = Марс. DIŠ mulKAK.SI.SA2 SA5-ma? dGUD.UD ŠE.ER.ZI […] ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если Стрела (= Сириус) красная — Меркурий излучение […]: сезам будет хорошим» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:45]. См. также: dŠu?(LA)-ku-du / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Стрела = Меркурий (?)» [NSAM 2, 137, Vg:21′], n35NIN.MAḪ, VI 1.

(7) = Энтенабархум; см. ниже (23), а также e13EN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM, VI 2.

(8) = Борона; см. g08GAN2.UR3, VI 1.

(9) = Марс; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu MU.NI ša2-ru-ru iš-ši LUGAL NIM.MAki i-dan-[nin] «Если Меркурий, чье имя Марс, излучение испускает: царь Элама укреп[ится]» [Largement 1957, 244:46; TU, 16:46].

(10) = Орел; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

Другие примеры астрологических отождествлений Меркурия см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV.

Предсказания:

(11) Меркурий в Скорпионе, который темный; DIŠ mulGIR2.TAB GI6 ina ŠA3-bi taš-mu-u2 ina KUR I3.GAL2 / dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB GUB-ma «Если Скорпион черный в середине: в стране будет мир. (Это означает): Меркурий в Скорпионе стоит» [ARAK, 504:3–4], см. также [ibid., 113:8–9, 371 r. 2–3, 545:1′–4′].

(12) Меркурий в Крабе; см. a18AL.LUL, VI 12.

(13) Меркурий в Борозде; см. b06BAN, V 2, 4.

(14) Меркурий во Льве; см. u20UR.GU.LA, VI 5.

(15) Венера или Меркурий в Хвостах; см. k27KUNmeš, III 2–3.

(16) Две звезды по сторонам Венеры; [DIŠ d]Dil-bat 1 UL ina 15-šu2 1 UL ina 2,30-šu2 DU-iz … [BE-m]a mulSAG.ME.GAR u dGUD.UD SAL.SIG5 «[Если] Венера — одна звезда стоит справа от нее, одна слева: страна испытает трудности… [Есл]и Юпитер и Меркурий: хороший знак…» [BPO 3, 70, BM 75228:16]. 15-ša2 u 2,30-ša2 SA5 tuk-kup mulGUD.UD u dṢal-bat-a-[nu…] «Ее (Венеры) правая сторона и левая сторона запятнаны красным — Меркурий и Мар[с стоят …] [BPO 3, 132, K.2907: II 8], см. также [ibid. 132: III 5, 134: VIII 4].

(17) Соответствие «Близнецы – планеты»; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 1.

(18) Меркурий подходит к Венере на пути Эа; DIŠ dDil-[bat MU]L NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-ši dGUD.UD ina šu-ut dE2-a TE-ši-ma ḪUL KUR URIki «Если Венера, звезды не для счета приближаются к ней, (это означает): Меркурий подходит близко к ней (на пути) Эа: зло для Аккада» [BPO 3, 244, K. 2346+:18].

(19) Меркурий подходит к Венере на пути Энлиля или Ану; см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 1.

(20) Цвета планет: MUL MI dSAG.UŠ: dGUD.UD «Черная звезда = Сатурн, вар.: Меркурий» [BPO 3, 248:54].

(21) Луна и Меркурий; DIŠ 30 KI.MIN (= ina IGI.LA2-šu2) / [UD].28.KAM2 IGI-ma UD.1.KAM2 GU4.UD TE-šu2-ma ina ITI-šu2 ŠU2-ma UD.28.KAM2 KI-šu2 … «Если Луна при своем появлении в 28-й день выглядит как в 1-й день (месяца), (это означает): Меркурий приблизился к ней в этом месяце (и) зашел вместе (с ней) в 28-й день…» [NSAM 2, 38, Col. I:18].

(22) Восход в месяце арахсамну; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 «Если планета (= Меркурий) восходит в месяце арахсамну: урожай страны будет обильным» [ARAK, 504:1–2].

(23) Восход в месяце нисану; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 dUDU.IDIM IGI-ir: Sag3-me-gar: ša2-niš GU4.UD ina itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-ma «Если в месяце нисану планета появляется, (это означает): (во-первых), Юпитер, во-вторых, Меркурий в нисану появляется» (комм. к табл. 56 ЕАЕ) [SpTU I, 90:1)].

(24) Восход в месяцах айяру и симану; dGUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 IGI / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ITI IGI.LAL / A.AN u A.[KAL] / DIŠ dUDU.IDIM šum-ma [ina] itiGUD / šum-ma ina itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-ma A.ŠA3 A.QAR i-ma-kir / dDIŠ dUDU.IDIM ina IM.KUR.RA GUB / ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki / u3 kaš-ši-i ana KUR «Меркурий стал виден на востоке. Если планета становится видна в (начале) месяца: дождь и навод[нение]. Если планета становится видна либо [в] месяце айяру, либо в месяце симану: наводнение придет и оросит поля. Если планета стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов на страну» [ARAK, 157:1–9], см. также [ibid., 407:5–8].

(25) Восход в месяце дуузу; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiŠU IGI.LAL UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ / DIŠ mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM ina E3-šu2 mul-lu-uḫ … an-nu-ti ša dGUD.UD «Если планета становится видна в месяце дуузу: будут смерти. Если Энтенабархум (=Меркурий) при своем появлении вспыхивает: нормальный урожай, деловая активность будет стабильной. Эти (предзнаменования) от Меркурия» [ARAK, 158 r. 6, 9].

(26) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(27) Текущие наблюдения Меркурия и других светил; dDil-bat dGUD.UD a-na ru-u2-bi il-lu-ku «Венера (и) Меркурий приближаются к моменту захода» [ARAK, 2:3], dGUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 it-ta-mar «Меркурий стал виден на востоке» [ARAK, 113:7], ta-mar-tu / ša dGUD.UD qur-bu / zi-i-nu dan-nu il-lak / dIM GU3-šu2 ŠUB-di «(Предстоящее) наблюдение Меркурия под угрозой: пройдут сильный дождь и грозa» [LABS, 224:11–13], см. также [LABS, 152 r. 2–4].
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

GU4.AN.NA

2026-06-08T19:47:06Z

WayneHorowitz: Underlined and Bold are to be discussed and checked.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.AN.NA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]
[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg|thumb|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU4.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
mulGU4.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU4.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''GU.AN.NA''', GU2.AN.NA, and GU3.AN.NA are attested. '''The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are mul (d)''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî dAnim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.'''

<s>The spelling variant GU3.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref> and, thus, invites the interpretation as a "Gate of Heaven" that can have a religious function.</s>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg|thumb|Division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries before 320±10 BCE, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851 (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026).]]
Var. readings and designations:

*GUD.AN.NA,
*GU2.AN.NA,
*GU3.AN.NA,
* GU4.AN,
*AN.GU4;
*= mul (d)''Is lê''; mur. "Heavenly Bull", acq. "Bull's jaw"; constellation in Taurus (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
T'''he sumerogram means “Bull of Heaven” and its normal Akk. equivalent is ''alû'' as attested,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> e.g., in the Gilgameš epic (etymology unclear, perhaps identical with the homophonous name of a demon and/or a drum). As a star name, GU4.AN.NA is read ''Is-lê'' “Jaw of the Wild Bull” (see below). mulGU4.AN.NA.'''

In the book Kurtik (2007), the content of this lexicon entry was distributed across the following lemmata:

*(Kurtik g31) GU4,
*(Kurtik g26) GU.AN.NA, a variant entry of mulGU4.AN.NA ‘Heavenly Bull’ in which the standard GU4 is replaced by GU; in the New Assyrian report: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m[a]'' ‘Venus in the Heavenly Bull stands.’ [ARAK, 461:5].
* (Kurtik g28) GU2.AN.NA, a variant of the inscription for mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", a homophonic replacement of the standard GU4 into GU2 was made. The inscription under the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 writes of a ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] mulgu4.an.na is mistaken.
Alternative Mesopotamian names for asterisms within mulGU4.AN.NA, The Heavenly Bull are:
*(Kurtik a12) [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']], Crown of Anu (God of Heaven),
*(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]],'' Jaw of the Bull,
*(Kurtik k03) [[KA.AN.NA]], Mouth of Heaven''', probably to be read as GU3.AN.NA'''.
(Kurtik a25) AM.AN.NA, equalling Gössmann (19), was a misreading in the Great Star List (List of the Seven Enlils), now corrected to GU4.AN.NA [Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
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==== (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
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|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' Urra XXII series:
**mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' "Heavenly Bull = Jaw of the Bull". [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:20],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is le-[e]'' [SpTU III, 114A v 17],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is l[e-e]'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1 /5 iv 1],
**[mulg]u4.an.na = i''s le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ].
*'''(2)''' Series Ḫg. B VI:
**m'''ul''''''gu4<s>d</s>.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e = la-ḫe-e al-pi'' "Bull of Anu = Jaw''' of the Bull = Jaw of the Bull." [MSL XI, 40:43],
** mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12].
|
|-
|'''''Spells against the sting of a scorpion'''''.

*mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 "Heavenly Bull", "a Star, not belonging to the Heavenly Bull", mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na "Star Cluster, Heavenly Bull". [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Svyat.-Tetv. 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|“'''Three Stars Each''' (Astrolabe Group)
Horowitz 2014: 246

*Menologies: Horowitz 2014: 61-64
**itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(text: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KAxNE ba.an.sa2: itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim /'' [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' "Simanu, the heavenly Bull, the crown of Anu. This star is like Girra (in its brilliance)" (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 I i 26-27, 32-33, Horowitz 2014: 34) 34:26]; for parallels see Horowitz 2014: 62-64 and cf. BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Emelyanov 1999, 72,
**(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]''.
**
*Star-Catalogues: Horowitz 2014: 103
*MUL ''šá'' EGIR.BI GUB-''zu'' mul ''is le-e A-gi'' d''A-nim'', 'The star which stands after it is 'The Jaw of the Bull,' the Crown of Anu (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 II i 7-8 + dupl., Horowitz 2014: 103.
*
*m'''ul''''''GU4.AN.NA = ''is lê'', is not listed among the 36 month-stars, nor the rising and setting stars of the Three Star Each (Astrolabes) tradition'''
*
*CT 33: 9 and Nv. 10
*CT 33 9: 10 [mulG]U4.AN.NA (Anu 5), Horowitz 2014: 210.
*In Nv. 10, mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA, 'The Faithful Shepherd of Heaven,' occurs in the Anu 5 position (see Horowitz 2014: 220).
*
*<s>Month-Star Lists: Horowitz 2014</s>
**<s>a) The 12 stars of Anu (no. 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176].</s>
|
|-
|"'''''<s>Catalogue of 30 Stars."</s>'''''
<s>Ea 3.</s>
* <s>MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu2'' GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim''</s>
*<s>"The star that stands after them (i.e. after MUL.MUL "Star Cluster"), the Bull of Heaven (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177]</s>.
|
|-
|'''''EAE'''''.
See. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30-31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246].
|
|-
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

*('''1)''' the Stars of Anu (no. 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Heavenly Bull, Bull's Jaw, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
*'''(2)''' Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' "The Heavenly Bull rises, Shupa sets" (I iii 15).
*'''(3)''' The intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA "20 days from the rising of the Stars to the rising of the Celestial Bull. 20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu" (I iii 45-46).
*'''(4)''' Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68].
|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]
|-
|
|
|-
|"'''''Reports''."'''
'''See. [ARAK, 349].'''
|
|-
|'''''Dalbanna-text.'''''

*'''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] "Star with great brilliance from the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau).
*'''§B.''' mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[...] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a...] "The star with the great brilliance of the [Heavenly] Bull (γ Tau), the crown of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (λ1 Ori), [...] / [3 st]ars, straight tightrope, 2 intervals, interval[l]."
*'''§M.''' mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš ...] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "Star with great luster of the Hea[venly] Bull (γ Tau), [Stars] (η, 27 Tau), beginning of the Heavenly Bull (ζ Tau): [3 stars ...]. 2 intervals, [inter]val. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106].
|
|-
|'''''Text BM 36609'''''.

* '''(a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] "Brilliant star of the Heavenly Bull" (α Tauri),
*'''(b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri) (possibly an alternative name for ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The Northern reins of the Chariot", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] [Rougton-Steele-Walker 2004, 554-555].
|
|-
| "'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts'''''."

* (mul)GU4.AN is a designation for the constellation and zodiac sign of the Heavenly Bull in the early diaries, see, for example, [ADRT I, no. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10]
|
|-
| '''''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''''
*'''(1)''' Horoscopes. The designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in one of the early horoscopes (-409):
**ddele-bat / ''ina'' GU4.AN
**"Venus in Taurus." [BH, 56, 2:5].
* '''(2)''' Lunaria. BRM IV, 20:
** ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] "The place of the brilliant star of the Heaven[ly] Bull",
** astrological meaning: "the establishment (storage, accumulation?) of silver" [Ungnad 1941-44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
*'''(3)''' "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
*'''(4)''' "Hypsoma.
**KI/E2 ''niṣirti''
**"The secret place (of the moon)," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*'''(5)''' Predictions of cereal prices determined by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38-39].
*'''(6)''' An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A]
**"'Way' - Shamash; ayaru; Heavenly Bull". [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78].
*'''(7)''' Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

See also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ]
|[[File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]][[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
====(g31) GU4====
Rarely used in abbreviations:

* 1) from mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull". [G. 75],
* 2) from mulGU4.UD "Mercury" [G. 79] in Seleucid texts.
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign on clay tablet VAT 7851 with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025) <ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
*GU4 — sign of the zodiac or the constellation Heavenly Bull.
**'''''VAT 7851'''''.
***mul.mul mulgu4
***"Star Cluster, Bull" are two alternative designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6].
**See also gu4 as a designation of the constellation Bull (?) in BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].
*GU4 — the designation of Mercury.
**'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], see also [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|-
|
====(g'''28) GU.AN.NA'''====
'''In the Neo-Assyrian report:'''

*'''[mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']'''
*'''"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [ARAK, 461:5].'''
|
|-
|
====(g26) GU2.AN.NA====
The inscription below the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 describing the ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] erroneously for mulGU4.AN.NA.
|[[File:Tau O175Livingstone1986.jpg|thumb|Bull of Heaven on Seleucid tablet O175 (Livingstone 1986)<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>.]]
|-
|
====('''a25) AM.AN.NA'''====
'''= mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", A Wild Bull of Heaven. [G. 19].'''

'''Only in the text 82.9-18.7292 (7 of Enlil), where the Heavenly Bull is correlated with Enlil of Aratta, see (Kurtik e12) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].'''
|[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]
|-
|
==== ('''k03) KA.AN.NA''' ====
'''Lit. "Heavenly Mouth"; the reading adopted in [G. 206] for the name of the constellation in the Astrolabe B menology (parallel to the Akkadian ''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw"); an alternative reading and apparently the only correct one is mulGU3.AN.NA, cf. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].'''
|[[File:Hyadespleiadesmoon IMG 2665 b s.gif|thumb|Hyades, Pleiades and the Moon (photograph by SMH)]]
|}
[[File:GUANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU4.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Aldebaran]]
|HIP 21421
|Constellation lines
|0.86
|-
|2
|[[Elnath]]
|HIP 25428
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.65
|-
|3
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.87
|-
|4
|[[Tianguan]]
| HIP 26451
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.03
|-
|5
|[[Chamukuy]]
|HIP 20894
| Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|6
|λ Tauri
|HIP 18724
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|7
|[[Ain]]
|HIP 20889
|Constellation lines
|3.53
|-
|8
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|9
|[[Prima Hyadum]]
|HIP 20205
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
|10
|[[Secunda Hyadum]]
|HIP 20455
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|11
|θ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20885
|Inside the Hull
|3.84
|-
|12
|κ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20635
|Inside the Hull
|4.201
|-
|13
|τ Tauri
|HIP 21881
|Inside the Hull
|4.258
|-
|14
|υ Tauri
|HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 15
|δ 3 Tauri
|HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
|4.298
|-
|16
|37 Tau
|HIP 19038
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|17
|71 Tau
|HIP 20713
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|18
|ι Tauri
|HIP 23497
|Inside the Hull
|4.615
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 20
|δ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20542
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|21
|114 Tau
|HIP 25539
|Inside the Hull
|4.868
|-
|22
|ω 2 Tauri
|HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
|23
|109 Tau
|HIP 24822
|Inside the Hull
|4.948
|-
|24
|75 Tau
|HIP 20877
|Inside the Hull
|4.969
|-
|25
| 97 Tau
|HIP 22565
|Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
|26
| [[Pleione]]
|HIP 17851
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|27
|58 Tau
|HIP 20261
|Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
|28
|κ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20641
|Inside the Hull
|5.264
|-
|29
|l Tau
|HIP 23871
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|56 Tau
|HIP 20186
|Inside the Hull
|5.346
|-
|31
|χ Tauri
|HIP 20430
|Inside the Hull
|5.378
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|33
|81 Tau
|HIP 21039
|Inside the Hull
|5.454
|-
|34
| 118 Tau
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
|35
|53 Tau
| HIP 20171
|Inside the Hull
|5.482
|-
|36
|103 Tau
|HIP 23900
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|37
| ω 1 Tauri
|HIP 19388
|Inside the Hull
|5.504
|-
|38
|36 Tau
|HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
|39
|72 Tau
|HIP 20789
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
|40
|80 Tau
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
|41
|32 Tau
|HIP 18471
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|42
|63 Tau
|HIP 20484
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|43
|51 Tau
| HIP 20087
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|* 80 Tau A
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
|5.666
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 20842
|Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
|46
|89 Tau
|HIP 21588
|Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
|47
| 98 Tau
|HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
|5.785
|-
|48
| 99 Tau
|HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|49
|* 118 Tau A
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|50
|HU Tau
|HIP 21604
|Inside the Hull
|5.842
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 18735
|Inside the Hull
|5.865
|-
| 52
|39 Tau
|HIP 19076
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|53
|105 Tau
|HIP 23883
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 19376
|Inside the Hull
|5.927
|-
|55
| -
| HIP 19284
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 20417
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 20614
|Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 22176
|Inside the Hull
|5.981
|-
|59
|V1141 Tau
|HIP 20493
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
| 60
|85 Tau
|HIP 21137
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|61
|V1116 Tau
|HIP 21459
|Inside the Hull
|6.019
|-
| 62
|33 Tau
|HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
|6.038
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 17921
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 19261
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 19641
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
| 66
| -
|HIP 20255
|Inside the Hull
|6.094
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 24820
|Inside the Hull
|6.107
|-
|68
|V1137 Tau
|HIP 19672
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|69
|95 Tau
|HIP 21961
|Inside the Hull
|6.151
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 17900
|Inside the Hull
|6.153
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 18508
|Inside the Hull
|6.165
|-
| 72
| -
|HIP 23589
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 21689
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 24977
|Inside the Hull
|6.205
|-
|75
|108 Tau
|HIP 24512
|Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
|6.291
|-
|77
|48 Tau
|HIP 19877
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 78
| -
|HIP 18717
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 22128
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 24984
|Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
|82
|62 Tau
|HIP 20533
|Inside the Hull
|6.337
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 22850
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 21408
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|85
|SZ Tau
|HIP 21517
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|86
|NGC 1647
|NGC 1647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|87
|70 Tau
| HIP 20661
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|88
|26 Tau
|HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 21053
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 24252
|Inside the Hull
|6.79
|}
=== Additional===

==== Deity.====
 A mythological character amidst Ana's entourage. Ištar, Ana's daughter, asks her father to place the Heavenly Bull at her own disposal in order to use it to destroy the city of Uruk — thus avenging Gilgamesh, who had rejected her claims. Accordingly, the bull reaped mass destruction, only to be eventually killed by Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. In the Sumerian version of the myth, the same name is used for the bull [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], Akkadian descriptions are found in the epic, "About the one who has seen it all" (VI 92-180) [I will open to you, 152-155]. Although the mythological text does not explicitly relate the Heavenly Bull with mulGU4.AN.NA as being the same character, this hypothesis is, however, considered as the most probable [Black-Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. In astrological geography, the Heavenly Bull is associated: (a) with Aratta, (b) with Ur, Der or Duranki [Weidner 1963].

See also: [...] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] "[...] Heavenly Bull, [said]," found in a Neo-Assyrian mythological text with unclear contexts [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

====Symbol.====
In Mesopotamian glyptics and ceramics there are many images of bulls, but few of them have astral significance. The most famous are two Seleucid tablets from Uruk. On one of them (O 175) is a description of a ritual for making a sacred drum from an ox hide; a lying humpbacked bull is depicted, with the inscription: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' "The heavenly bull — a bull whose face is placed before Enlil". [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Kurtik 2007, fig. 10], on another tablet (VAT 7851) — a galloping humpbacked bull with its head turned backwards, next to symbols of the Moon and Pleiades [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1-2; Kurtik 2007, fig. 13]. Similar images of a galloping, walking, or lying bull, surrounded with astral symbols (month, stars, signs of the zodiac) are found on Seleucid seals [AUWE 19, no. 705-714, 841, p. 154], see for example [Kurtik 2007, figure 15]. These images fully depict the whole figure of the bull. In the list of zodiacal constellation symbols W 22646, the name MUL2.MUL2 (=Pleiades), which was more often used for the second zodiac sign, corresponds to the entry: al-pi ana [x ...] "bull for [...]". [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

 We believe, however, that these images have no astronomical significance. In fact, Mesopotamian astronomers distinguished in the sky as a figure of the constellation mulGU4.AN.NA only the front part of the bull, as later Greek astronomers did. This is indicated by the following three circumstances: (a) the Akkadian name of the constellation mulIs lê "Jaw of the Bull" (see i15), (b) the absence of references to the hind parts of the bull in the description of the positions of stars in the constellation, (c) on some seals with astral symbols, only the Bull’s head is depicted, thus lacking a complete figure of the Bull [Kurtik 2007, Fig. 16, 29, 30]. Note, in addition, that the constellations mu''l''''Is lê'' "Bull's jaw" (=Hiades) and mul''Zappu'' "Bristles, mane (of the Bull)" (=Pleiades) stretch out to areas corresponding to the borders of the Greek Taurus — as such, there is simply not enough room for a full figure of the bull to be attested [Kurtik 2002, 94-95]. The absence of the rear portion of the Heavenly Bull is probably connected with the Akkadian myth in which Enkidu, following his victory, tears off the bull’s hind leg and throws it at Ištar’s face [I will reveal it to you, 154:154-155].

====Previous Identifications.====
 = Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957-59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

 = αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77-79, 111].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
 (1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau or rather α Tauri, see [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 555]), see dbn-text (§§A, B, M), Lunaria et al, and (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

 (2) ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Beginning of the Heavenly Bull" (ζ Tau), see dbn-text (§§M).

 (3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri), see text BM 36609.

====Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
 (1) = Mars(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI...] "If the Heavenly Bull [enters] the Field [...]" [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; here mulGU4.AN.NA is presumably the name of Mars, whose name appears in line 7 of the same text as a similar prediction, see also [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] and (4)-(5) below.<gallery>
File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus accompanied by a goat-fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

===== Predictions: =====
 (2) ''Visibility of the Heavenly Bull''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are dim: the country’s welfare will disappear, the litter of cattle and sheep will not grow." [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽-lu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are bright: the litter of cattle will grow." [BPO 2, XV 31].

 (3) ''Eclipse of the Moon in the Heavenly Bull''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "(If an eclipse occurs in) the Pleiades and the Heavenly Bull: pestilence." [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Heavenly Bull: solution (for) Ura and Duranka (= Nippur)". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

 (4) ''The Heavenly Bull'' (= ''planet'') ''and the eclipse of the moon''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN. NA KI 3[0 GUB...] "If (during the rising of the Moon) the crown on the crown grows: the country’s empty warehouses will fill up; (this means): the Heavenly Bull [stands] in the position of the Mo[on] during an eclipse... [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

 (5) ''The Heavenly Bull'' (= ''planet''?) ''and the lunar halo''; observations: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] "The Celestial Bull stands in the lunar halo. For two consecutive days he stood in the halo of the moon" [ARAK, 68:4-7].

 (6) Backward motion of Venus in the Heavenly Bull; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA is-sa2-ḫu-ur [...] BA BE "[If Venus is in] the Heavenly [Bull] and turned around: [...] will die." [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], for a parallel see. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

 (7) ''Venus in the Heavenly Bull'' — "flood" of dragonflies; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U''-kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap-''[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] "[If] Venus carries a silver crown: a “flo[od]” of dragonflies will co[me]["flood]" of dragonflies, the "flood" will be power[ful]. (It means:) Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull." [ARAK, 461:3-5].

 (8) ''Jupiter and the Heavenly Bull''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (glossary: ''is-niq'')... "If Jupiter comes close to the Heavenly Bull: the treasures of the country will perish, the litter of cattle and small animals will not be abundant" [ARAK, 49:9]. Observations and recommendations: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' "Jupiter has entered the borders of the Heavenly Bull: the king, my lord, must beware of draughts" [ARAK, 49 r. 2-3].

 (9) ''Mercury in the Heavenly Bull'' (observations); see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 31.

 (10) ''Saturn in the Heavenly Bull''; see (Kurtik g12) [[GI.GI]], III 2.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
==== Kurtik (a25) AM.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|
= mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 19]. Только в тексте 82,9-18,7292 (7 Энлилей), где Небесный Бык соотносится с Энлилем из Аратты, см. e12dEn-lil2
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
!
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: GUD.AN.NA, GU2.AN.NA, GU4.AN, AN.GU4; = mul (d)''Is lê''; шум. «Небесный Бык», акк. «Челюсть Быка»; созвездие в Тельце (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72]. См. также a12AGA d''A-nim'', a25AM.AN.NA, g31GU4, g26GU.AN.NA, g28GU2.AN.NA, i15''Is lê'', k03KA.AN.NA.||
|-
| '''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' «Небесный Бык = Челюсть быка» [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:20], mulgu4.an.na = ''is le''-[''e''] [SpTU III, 114A v 17], mulgu4.an.na = ''is l''[''e-e''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1/5 iv 1], [mulg]u4.an.na = ''is le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ]. '''(2)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulgud.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e'' = ''la-ḫe-e al-pi'' «Бык Ану = Челюсть Быка = Челюсть Быка» [MSL XI, 40:43], mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12]. '''''Заклинания против укуса скорпиона'''''. mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 «Небесный Бык», «Звезда, не принадлежащая Небесному Быку», mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный Бык» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(текст: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KA´NE ba.an.ša2 : itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim'' / [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' «Симану, Небесный Бык, корона Ану. Эта звезда подобна Гирре (по своему блеску)» (A i 26–27, 32–33) [Horowitz 2014, 34:26]; параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985, 403:12–13], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Емельянов 1999, 72]. '''(2)''' Список (12´3): mul''is le-e'' (B i 8), см. i15''Is lê''. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) 12 звезд Ану (№ 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 3. MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim'' «Звезда, которая стоит после них (т.е. после MUL.MUL «Звезд»), Бык Небес (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30–31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246]. '''''MUL.APIN.'' (1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' «Небесный Бык, Челюсть Быка, корона Ану» (I ii 1). '''(2)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' «Небесный Бык восходит, Шупа садится» (I iii 15). '''(3)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка. 20 дней от восхода Небесного Быка до восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану» (I iii 45–46). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), см. s20''Sîn''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [ARAK, 349]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau). '''B'''. mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[…] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a…] «Звезда с большим блеском [Небесного] Быка (γ Tau), корона Праведного Пастуха Ану (λ1 Ori), […]. / [3 зв]езды, прямая туго натянутая веревка, 2 интервала, интерва[л]». '''§M'''. mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' «Звезда с большим блеском Не[бесного] Быка (γ Tau), [Звезды] (η, 27 Tau), начало Небесного Быка (ζ Tau): [3 звезды …]. 2 интервала, [интер]вал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106]. '''''Текст BM 36609'''''. '''a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] «Блестящая звезда Небесного Быка» (α Tauri), '''b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri) (возможно, альтернативное название для ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ) [Rougton–Steele–Walker 2004, 554–555]. «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». (mul)GU4.AN — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Небесный Бык в ранних дневниках, см., например, [ADRT I, No. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10] '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Гороскопы». Обозначение знака зодиака Телец в одном из ранних гороскопов (-409): d''dele-bat'' / ''ina'' GU4.AN «Венера в Тельце» [BH, 56, 2:5]. '''(2)''' «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] «Место блестящей звезды Небесно[го] Быка», астрологическое значение: «установление (хранение, накопление?) серебра» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. '''(3)''' «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. '''(4)''' «Гипсома». KI/E2 ''niṣirti'' «Секретное место (Луны)», см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38–39]. '''(6)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A] «“Путь” — Шамаш; айяру; Небесный Бык» [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78]. '''(7)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], см. s20''Sîn''.
См. также список «7 ''tikpi''-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Ана. Дочь Ана Иштар просит своего отца предоставить в ее распоряжение Небесного Быка, чтобы с его помощью разрушить город Урук и таким образом отомстить Гильгамешу, отвергнувшему ее притязания. Бык произвел большие разрушения, но был убит Гильгамешем и его другом Энкиду. В шумерском варианте мифа используется это же название быка [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], аккадское описание содержится в эпосе «О все видавшем» (VI 92–180) [Я открою тебе, 152–155]. Хотя из текста мифа явным образом не следует, что Небесный Бык и mulGU4.AN.NA — это один и тот же персонаж, данная гипотеза, тем не менее, считается наиболее вероятной [Black–Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. В астрологической географии Небесный Бык был связан: a) c Араттой, b) с Уром, Дером или Дуранки [Weidner 1963].

См. также: […] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] «[…] Небесный Бык, как [говорят]», в новоассирийском мифологическом тексте в неясном контексте [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

III. Символ.

В месопотамской глиптике и керамике имеется немало изображений быков, однако астральное значение имеют немногие из них. Наибольшей известностью пользуются две селевкидские таблички из Урука. На одной (О 175) приводится описание ритуала для изготовления священного барабана из шкуры быка; изображен лежащий горбатый бык, рядом с которым надпись: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' «Небесный Бык — бык, чье лицо помещено перед Энлилем» [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Куртик 2007, рис. 10], на другой (VAT 7851) — скачущий горбатый бык c обращенной назад головой, рядом символы Луны и Плеяд [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1–2; Куртик 2007, рис. 13]. Весьма похожие изображения скачущего, идущего или лежащего горбатого быка, в окружении астральных символов (месяц, звезды, знаки зодиака) встречаются на печатях селевкидского времени [AUWE 19, No. 705–714, 841, p. 154], см., например, [Куртик 2007, рис. 15]. На них представлена полная фигура быка. В списке символов зодиакальных созвездий W 22646, названию MUL2.MUL2 (=Плеяды), которое чаще всего использовалось для обозначения второго знака зодиака, соответствует запись: ''al-pi ana'' [x …] «быка для […]» [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

Мы однако полагаем, что эти изображения не имеют астрономического значения. В действительности, месопотамские астрономы выделяли на небе в качестве фигуры созвездия mulGU4.AN.NA только переднюю часть быка, как это делали позднее греческие астрономы. На это указывают следующие три обстоятельства: а) аккадское название созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (см. i15), b) отсутствие упоминаний о задних частях быка при описании положений звезд в созвездии, с) на некоторых печатях с астральными символами вместо полной фигуры Быка изображается только его голова [Куртик 2007, рис. 16, 29, 30]. Можно заметить, кроме того, что созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (=Гиады) и mul''Zappu'' «Щетина, грива (Быка)» (=Плеяды) ограничивают на небе как раз ту область, в которой располагался греческий Телец — для полной фигуры быка просто не остается места [Куртик 2002, 94–95]. Отсутствие задней части у фигуры Небесного Быка связано, возможно, с аккадским мифом, в котором Энкиду после одержанной им победы отрывает у быка заднюю ляжку и швыряет ее в лицо Иштар [Я открою тебе, 154:154–155].

IV. Отождествление.

= Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957–59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77–79, 111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau или, скорее, α Tauri, см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 555]), см. dbn-текст (§§А, В, М), «Лунарии» и др., а также i15''Is lê''.

(2) ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Начало Небесного Быка» (ζ Tau), см. dbn-текст (§ М).

(3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri), см. текст BM 36609.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI…] «Если Небесный Бык [входит] в пределы Поля […]» [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; здесь mulGU4.AN.NA предположительно — название Марса, имя которого встречается в строке 7 того же текста в аналогичном предсказании, см. также [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] и (4)–(5) ниже.

Предсказания:

(2) ''Видимость Небесного Быка''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень тусклые: благополучие страны исчезнет, приплод скота и овец не будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba''-᾽-''lu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень яркие: приплод скота будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 31].

(3) ''Затмение Луны в Небесном Быке''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «(Если затмение произошло в) Плеядах и Небесном Быке: мор» [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' «Если (Луна) затмилась в пределах Небесного Быка: решение (для) Ура и Дуранки (= Ниппур)» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

(4) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета'') ''и затмение Луны''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN.NA KI 3[0 GUB…] «Если (при появлении Луны) корона на короне выросла: пустые склады страны наполнятся; (это означает): во время затмения Небесный Бык (= планета?) на месте Лу[ны стоит…] [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

(5) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета''?) ''и лунное гало''; наблюдение: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me'' ''i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] «Небесный Бык стоит в лунном гало. В течение двух дней подряд он стоял в гало Луны» [ARAK, 68:4–7].

(6) ''Попятное движение Венеры в Небесном Быке''; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA ''is-sa''2-''ḫu-ur'' […] BA BE «[Если Венера внутри] Небесного [Быка] развернулась: […] умрет» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], параллель см. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

(7) ''Венера в Небесном Быке'' — «''наводнение''» ''стрекоз''; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U-''kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap''-[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «[Если] Венера несет серебряную корону: «навод[нение]» стрекоз пр[идет], [«наводнение»] стрекоз, «наводнение» будет мощн[ым]. (Это означает): Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:3–5].

(8) ''Юпитер и Небесный Бык''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (глосса: ''is-niq'')… «Если Юпитер подходит близко к Небесному Быку: сокровища страны погибнут, приплод крупного и мелкого скота не будет изобильным» [ARAK, 49:9]. Наблюдение и рекомендация: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' «Юпитер вошел в пределы Небесного Быка: царь, мой господин, должен остерегаться сквозняков» [ARAK, 49 r. 2–3].

(9) ''Меркурий в Небесном Быке'' (наблюдение); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 31.

(10) ''Сатурн в Небесном Быке''; см. g12GI.GI, III 2.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g26) mulGU.AN.NA (417)====
!
|-
|вариант записи mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», в которой стандартное GU4 заменено на GU; в новоассирийском рапорте: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:5].
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g28) mulGU2.AN.NA (119)====
!
|-
|вариант записи для mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», произведена омофонная замена стандартного GU4 на GU2. Надпись под изображением лежащего горбатого быка (зебу?) на селевкидской табличке O 175 с описанием ритуала для изготовления священного барабана [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; в [Livingstone 1986, 194] ошибочно mulgu4.an.na.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g31) mulGU4 (215)====
!
|-
|редко используемые сокращения: 1) от mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 75], 2) от mulGU4.UD «Меркурий» [G. 79] в селевкидских текстах.

I. Источники.

GU4 — знак зодиака или созвездие Небесный Бык.

'''''VAT 7847'''''. mul.mul mulgu4 «Звезды, Бык» — два альтернативных обозначения знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6]. См. также gu4 как обозначение созвездия Бык (?) в BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].

GU4 — обозначение Меркурия.
'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], см. также [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (k03) KA.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|букв. «Небесные Уста»; принятое в [G. 206] чтение названия созвездия в менологии «Астролябии Б» (параллель к аккадскому Is lê «Челюсть Быка»); альтернативное прочтение и, по-видимому, единственно правильное – mulGU3.AN.NA, см. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Tau]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

GU4.AN.NA

2026-06-08T19:32:09Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.AN.NA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]
[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg|thumb|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU4.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
mulGU4.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU4.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''GU.AN.NA''', GU2.AN.NA, and GU3.AN.NA are attested. '''The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are mul (d)''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî dAnim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.'''

<s>The spelling variant GU3.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref> and, thus, invites the interpretation as a "Gate of Heaven" that can have a religious function.</s>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg|thumb|Division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries before 320±10 BCE, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851 (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026).]]
Var. readings and designations:

*GUD.AN.NA,
*GU2.AN.NA,
*GU3.AN.NA,
* GU4.AN,
*AN.GU4;
*= mul (d)''Is lê''; mur. "Heavenly Bull", acq. "Bull's jaw"; constellation in Taurus (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
T'''he sumerogram means “Bull of Heaven” and its normal Akk. equivalent is ''alû'' as attested,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> e.g., in the Gilgameš epic (etymology unclear, perhaps identical with the homophonous name of a demon and/or a drum). As a star name, GU4.AN.NA is read ''Is-lê'' “Jaw of the Wild Bull” (see below). mulGU4.AN.NA.'''

In the book Kurtik (2007), the content of this lexicon entry was distributed across the following lemmata:

*(Kurtik g31) GU4,
*(Kurtik g26) GU.AN.NA, a variant entry of mulGU4.AN.NA ‘Heavenly Bull’ in which the standard GU4 is replaced by GU; in the New Assyrian report: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m[a]'' ‘Venus in the Heavenly Bull stands.’ [ARAK, 461:5].
* (Kurtik g28) GU2.AN.NA, a variant of the inscription for mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", a homophonic replacement of the standard GU4 into GU2 was made. The inscription under the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 writes of a ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] mulgu4.an.na is mistaken.
Alternative Mesopotamian names for asterisms within mulGU4.AN.NA, The Heavenly Bull are:
*(Kurtik a12) [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']], Crown of Anu (God of Heaven),
*(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]],'' Jaw of the Bull,
*(Kurtik k03) [[KA.AN.NA]], Mouth of Heaven''', probably to be read as GU3.AN.NA'''.
(Kurtik a25) AM.AN.NA, equalling Gössmann (19), was a misreading in the Great Star List (List of the Seven Enlils), now corrected to GU4.AN.NA [Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
|
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' Urra XXII series:
**mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' "Heavenly Bull = Jaw of the Bull". [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:20],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is le-[e]'' [SpTU III, 114A v 17],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is l[e-e]'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1 /5 iv 1],
**[mulg]u4.an.na = i''s le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ].
*'''(2)''' Series Ḫg. B VI:
**m'''ul''''''gu4<s>d</s>.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e = la-ḫe-e al-pi'' "Bull of Anu = Jaw''' of the Bull = Jaw of the Bull." [MSL XI, 40:43],
** mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12].
|
|-
|'''''Spells against the sting of a scorpion'''''.

*mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 "Heavenly Bull", "a Star, not belonging to the Heavenly Bull", mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na "Star Cluster, Heavenly Bull". [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Svyat.-Tetv. 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|“'''Three Stars Each''' (Astrolabe Group)
Horowitz 2014: 246

*Menologies: Horowitz 2014: 61-64
**itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(text: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KAxNE ba.an.sa2: itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim /'' [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' "Simanu, the heavenly Bull, the crown of Anu. This star is like Girra (in its brilliance)" (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 I i 26-27, 32-33, Horowitz 2014: 34) 34:26]; for parallels see Horowitz 2014: 62-64 and cf. BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Emelyanov 1999, 72,
**(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]''.
**
*Star-Catalogues: Horowitz 2014: 103
*MUL ''šá'' EGIR.BI GUB-''zu'' mul ''is le-e A-gi'' d''A-nim'', 'The star which stands after it is 'The Jaw of the Bull,' the Crown of Anu (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 II i 7-8 + dupl., Horowitz 2014: 103.
*
*Month-Star Lists The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
**a) The 12 stars of Anu (no. 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176].
|
|-
|"'''''<s>Catalogue of 30 Stars."</s>'''''
<s>Ea 3.</s>
* <s>MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu2'' GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim''</s>
*<s>"The star that stands after them (i.e. after MUL.MUL "Star Cluster"), the Bull of Heaven (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177]</s>.
|
|-
|'''''EAE'''''.
See. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30-31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246].
|
|-
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

*('''1)''' the Stars of Anu (no. 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Heavenly Bull, Bull's Jaw, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
*'''(2)''' Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' "The Heavenly Bull rises, Shupa sets" (I iii 15).
*'''(3)''' The intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA "20 days from the rising of the Stars to the rising of the Celestial Bull. 20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu" (I iii 45-46).
*'''(4)''' Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68].
|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]
|-
|"'''''Reports'''''."
See. [ARAK, 349].
|
|-
|'''''Dalbanna-text.'''''

*'''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] "Star with great brilliance from the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau).
*'''§B.''' mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[...] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a...] "The star with the great brilliance of the [Heavenly] Bull (γ Tau), the crown of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (λ1 Ori), [...] / [3 st]ars, straight tightrope, 2 intervals, interval[l]."
*'''§M.''' mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš ...] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "Star with great luster of the Hea[venly] Bull (γ Tau), [Stars] (η, 27 Tau), beginning of the Heavenly Bull (ζ Tau): [3 stars ...]. 2 intervals, [inter]val. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106].
|
|-
|'''''Text BM 36609'''''.

* '''(a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] "Brilliant star of the Heavenly Bull" (α Tauri),
*'''(b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri) (possibly an alternative name for ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The Northern reins of the Chariot", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] [Rougton-Steele-Walker 2004, 554-555].
|
|-
| "'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts'''''."

* (mul)GU4.AN is a designation for the constellation and zodiac sign of the Heavenly Bull in the early diaries, see, for example, [ADRT I, no. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10]
|
|-
| '''''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''''
*'''(1)''' Horoscopes. The designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in one of the early horoscopes (-409):
**ddele-bat / ''ina'' GU4.AN
**"Venus in Taurus." [BH, 56, 2:5].
* '''(2)''' Lunaria. BRM IV, 20:
** ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] "The place of the brilliant star of the Heaven[ly] Bull",
** astrological meaning: "the establishment (storage, accumulation?) of silver" [Ungnad 1941-44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
*'''(3)''' "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
*'''(4)''' "Hypsoma.
**KI/E2 ''niṣirti''
**"The secret place (of the moon)," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*'''(5)''' Predictions of cereal prices determined by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38-39].
*'''(6)''' An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A]
**"'Way' - Shamash; ayaru; Heavenly Bull". [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78].
*'''(7)''' Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

See also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ]
|[[File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]][[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
====(g31) GU4====
Rarely used in abbreviations:

* 1) from mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull". [G. 75],
* 2) from mulGU4.UD "Mercury" [G. 79] in Seleucid texts.
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign on clay tablet VAT 7851 with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025) <ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
*GU4 — sign of the zodiac or the constellation Heavenly Bull.
**'''''VAT 7851'''''.
***mul.mul mulgu4
***"Star Cluster, Bull" are two alternative designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6].
**See also gu4 as a designation of the constellation Bull (?) in BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].
*GU4 — the designation of Mercury.
**'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], see also [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|-
|
====(g28) GU.AN.NA====
In the Neo-Assyrian report:

*[mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']
*"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [ARAK, 461:5].
|
|-
|
====(g26) GU2.AN.NA====
The inscription below the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 describing the ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] erroneously for mulGU4.AN.NA.
|[[File:Tau O175Livingstone1986.jpg|thumb|Bull of Heaven on Seleucid tablet O175 (Livingstone 1986)<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>.]]
|-
|
====(a25) AM.AN.NA====
= mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", A Wild Bull of Heaven. [G. 19].

Only in the text 82.9-18.7292 (7 of Enlil), where the Heavenly Bull is correlated with Enlil of Aratta, see (Kurtik e12) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]
|-
|
==== (k03) KA.AN.NA ====
Lit. "Heavenly Mouth"; the reading adopted in [G. 206] for the name of the constellation in the Astrolabe B menology (parallel to the Akkadian ''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw"); an alternative reading and apparently the only correct one is mulGU3.AN.NA, cf. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
|[[File:Hyadespleiadesmoon IMG 2665 b s.gif|thumb|Hyades, Pleiades and the Moon (photograph by SMH)]]
|}
[[File:GUANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU4.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Aldebaran]]
|HIP 21421
|Constellation lines
|0.86
|-
|2
|[[Elnath]]
|HIP 25428
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.65
|-
|3
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.87
|-
|4
|[[Tianguan]]
| HIP 26451
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.03
|-
|5
|[[Chamukuy]]
|HIP 20894
| Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|6
|λ Tauri
|HIP 18724
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|7
|[[Ain]]
|HIP 20889
|Constellation lines
|3.53
|-
|8
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|9
|[[Prima Hyadum]]
|HIP 20205
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
|10
|[[Secunda Hyadum]]
|HIP 20455
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|11
|θ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20885
|Inside the Hull
|3.84
|-
|12
|κ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20635
|Inside the Hull
|4.201
|-
|13
|τ Tauri
|HIP 21881
|Inside the Hull
|4.258
|-
|14
|υ Tauri
|HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 15
|δ 3 Tauri
|HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
|4.298
|-
|16
|37 Tau
|HIP 19038
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|17
|71 Tau
|HIP 20713
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|18
|ι Tauri
|HIP 23497
|Inside the Hull
|4.615
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 20
|δ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20542
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|21
|114 Tau
|HIP 25539
|Inside the Hull
|4.868
|-
|22
|ω 2 Tauri
|HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
|23
|109 Tau
|HIP 24822
|Inside the Hull
|4.948
|-
|24
|75 Tau
|HIP 20877
|Inside the Hull
|4.969
|-
|25
| 97 Tau
|HIP 22565
|Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
|26
| [[Pleione]]
|HIP 17851
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|27
|58 Tau
|HIP 20261
|Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
|28
|κ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20641
|Inside the Hull
|5.264
|-
|29
|l Tau
|HIP 23871
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|56 Tau
|HIP 20186
|Inside the Hull
|5.346
|-
|31
|χ Tauri
|HIP 20430
|Inside the Hull
|5.378
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|33
|81 Tau
|HIP 21039
|Inside the Hull
|5.454
|-
|34
| 118 Tau
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
|35
|53 Tau
| HIP 20171
|Inside the Hull
|5.482
|-
|36
|103 Tau
|HIP 23900
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|37
| ω 1 Tauri
|HIP 19388
|Inside the Hull
|5.504
|-
|38
|36 Tau
|HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
|39
|72 Tau
|HIP 20789
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
|40
|80 Tau
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
|41
|32 Tau
|HIP 18471
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|42
|63 Tau
|HIP 20484
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|43
|51 Tau
| HIP 20087
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|* 80 Tau A
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
|5.666
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 20842
|Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
|46
|89 Tau
|HIP 21588
|Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
|47
| 98 Tau
|HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
|5.785
|-
|48
| 99 Tau
|HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|49
|* 118 Tau A
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|50
|HU Tau
|HIP 21604
|Inside the Hull
|5.842
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 18735
|Inside the Hull
|5.865
|-
| 52
|39 Tau
|HIP 19076
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|53
|105 Tau
|HIP 23883
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 19376
|Inside the Hull
|5.927
|-
|55
| -
| HIP 19284
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 20417
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 20614
|Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 22176
|Inside the Hull
|5.981
|-
|59
|V1141 Tau
|HIP 20493
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
| 60
|85 Tau
|HIP 21137
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|61
|V1116 Tau
|HIP 21459
|Inside the Hull
|6.019
|-
| 62
|33 Tau
|HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
|6.038
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 17921
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 19261
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 19641
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
| 66
| -
|HIP 20255
|Inside the Hull
|6.094
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 24820
|Inside the Hull
|6.107
|-
|68
|V1137 Tau
|HIP 19672
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|69
|95 Tau
|HIP 21961
|Inside the Hull
|6.151
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 17900
|Inside the Hull
|6.153
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 18508
|Inside the Hull
|6.165
|-
| 72
| -
|HIP 23589
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 21689
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 24977
|Inside the Hull
|6.205
|-
|75
|108 Tau
|HIP 24512
|Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
|6.291
|-
|77
|48 Tau
|HIP 19877
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 78
| -
|HIP 18717
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 22128
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 24984
|Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
|82
|62 Tau
|HIP 20533
|Inside the Hull
|6.337
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 22850
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 21408
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|85
|SZ Tau
|HIP 21517
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|86
|NGC 1647
|NGC 1647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|87
|70 Tau
| HIP 20661
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|88
|26 Tau
|HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 21053
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 24252
|Inside the Hull
|6.79
|}
=== Additional===

==== Deity.====
 A mythological character amidst Ana's entourage. Ištar, Ana's daughter, asks her father to place the Heavenly Bull at her own disposal in order to use it to destroy the city of Uruk — thus avenging Gilgamesh, who had rejected her claims. Accordingly, the bull reaped mass destruction, only to be eventually killed by Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. In the Sumerian version of the myth, the same name is used for the bull [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], Akkadian descriptions are found in the epic, "About the one who has seen it all" (VI 92-180) [I will open to you, 152-155]. Although the mythological text does not explicitly relate the Heavenly Bull with mulGU4.AN.NA as being the same character, this hypothesis is, however, considered as the most probable [Black-Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. In astrological geography, the Heavenly Bull is associated: (a) with Aratta, (b) with Ur, Der or Duranki [Weidner 1963].

See also: [...] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] "[...] Heavenly Bull, [said]," found in a Neo-Assyrian mythological text with unclear contexts [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

====Symbol.====
In Mesopotamian glyptics and ceramics there are many images of bulls, but few of them have astral significance. The most famous are two Seleucid tablets from Uruk. On one of them (O 175) is a description of a ritual for making a sacred drum from an ox hide; a lying humpbacked bull is depicted, with the inscription: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' "The heavenly bull — a bull whose face is placed before Enlil". [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Kurtik 2007, fig. 10], on another tablet (VAT 7851) — a galloping humpbacked bull with its head turned backwards, next to symbols of the Moon and Pleiades [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1-2; Kurtik 2007, fig. 13]. Similar images of a galloping, walking, or lying bull, surrounded with astral symbols (month, stars, signs of the zodiac) are found on Seleucid seals [AUWE 19, no. 705-714, 841, p. 154], see for example [Kurtik 2007, figure 15]. These images fully depict the whole figure of the bull. In the list of zodiacal constellation symbols W 22646, the name MUL2.MUL2 (=Pleiades), which was more often used for the second zodiac sign, corresponds to the entry: al-pi ana [x ...] "bull for [...]". [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

 We believe, however, that these images have no astronomical significance. In fact, Mesopotamian astronomers distinguished in the sky as a figure of the constellation mulGU4.AN.NA only the front part of the bull, as later Greek astronomers did. This is indicated by the following three circumstances: (a) the Akkadian name of the constellation mulIs lê "Jaw of the Bull" (see i15), (b) the absence of references to the hind parts of the bull in the description of the positions of stars in the constellation, (c) on some seals with astral symbols, only the Bull’s head is depicted, thus lacking a complete figure of the Bull [Kurtik 2007, Fig. 16, 29, 30]. Note, in addition, that the constellations mu''l''''Is lê'' "Bull's jaw" (=Hiades) and mul''Zappu'' "Bristles, mane (of the Bull)" (=Pleiades) stretch out to areas corresponding to the borders of the Greek Taurus — as such, there is simply not enough room for a full figure of the bull to be attested [Kurtik 2002, 94-95]. The absence of the rear portion of the Heavenly Bull is probably connected with the Akkadian myth in which Enkidu, following his victory, tears off the bull’s hind leg and throws it at Ištar’s face [I will reveal it to you, 154:154-155].

====Previous Identifications.====
 = Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957-59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

 = αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77-79, 111].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
 (1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau or rather α Tauri, see [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 555]), see dbn-text (§§A, B, M), Lunaria et al, and (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

 (2) ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Beginning of the Heavenly Bull" (ζ Tau), see dbn-text (§§M).

 (3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri), see text BM 36609.

====Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
 (1) = Mars(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI...] "If the Heavenly Bull [enters] the Field [...]" [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; here mulGU4.AN.NA is presumably the name of Mars, whose name appears in line 7 of the same text as a similar prediction, see also [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] and (4)-(5) below.<gallery>
File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus accompanied by a goat-fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

===== Predictions: =====
 (2) ''Visibility of the Heavenly Bull''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are dim: the country’s welfare will disappear, the litter of cattle and sheep will not grow." [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽-lu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are bright: the litter of cattle will grow." [BPO 2, XV 31].

 (3) ''Eclipse of the Moon in the Heavenly Bull''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "(If an eclipse occurs in) the Pleiades and the Heavenly Bull: pestilence." [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Heavenly Bull: solution (for) Ura and Duranka (= Nippur)". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

 (4) ''The Heavenly Bull'' (= ''planet'') ''and the eclipse of the moon''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN. NA KI 3[0 GUB...] "If (during the rising of the Moon) the crown on the crown grows: the country’s empty warehouses will fill up; (this means): the Heavenly Bull [stands] in the position of the Mo[on] during an eclipse... [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

 (5) ''The Heavenly Bull'' (= ''planet''?) ''and the lunar halo''; observations: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] "The Celestial Bull stands in the lunar halo. For two consecutive days he stood in the halo of the moon" [ARAK, 68:4-7].

 (6) Backward motion of Venus in the Heavenly Bull; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA is-sa2-ḫu-ur [...] BA BE "[If Venus is in] the Heavenly [Bull] and turned around: [...] will die." [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], for a parallel see. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

 (7) ''Venus in the Heavenly Bull'' — "flood" of dragonflies; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U''-kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap-''[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] "[If] Venus carries a silver crown: a “flo[od]” of dragonflies will co[me]["flood]" of dragonflies, the "flood" will be power[ful]. (It means:) Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull." [ARAK, 461:3-5].

 (8) ''Jupiter and the Heavenly Bull''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (glossary: ''is-niq'')... "If Jupiter comes close to the Heavenly Bull: the treasures of the country will perish, the litter of cattle and small animals will not be abundant" [ARAK, 49:9]. Observations and recommendations: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' "Jupiter has entered the borders of the Heavenly Bull: the king, my lord, must beware of draughts" [ARAK, 49 r. 2-3].

 (9) ''Mercury in the Heavenly Bull'' (observations); see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 31.

 (10) ''Saturn in the Heavenly Bull''; see (Kurtik g12) [[GI.GI]], III 2.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
==== Kurtik (a25) AM.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|
= mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 19]. Только в тексте 82,9-18,7292 (7 Энлилей), где Небесный Бык соотносится с Энлилем из Аратты, см. e12dEn-lil2
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
!
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: GUD.AN.NA, GU2.AN.NA, GU4.AN, AN.GU4; = mul (d)''Is lê''; шум. «Небесный Бык», акк. «Челюсть Быка»; созвездие в Тельце (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72]. См. также a12AGA d''A-nim'', a25AM.AN.NA, g31GU4, g26GU.AN.NA, g28GU2.AN.NA, i15''Is lê'', k03KA.AN.NA.||
|-
| '''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' «Небесный Бык = Челюсть быка» [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:20], mulgu4.an.na = ''is le''-[''e''] [SpTU III, 114A v 17], mulgu4.an.na = ''is l''[''e-e''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1/5 iv 1], [mulg]u4.an.na = ''is le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ]. '''(2)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulgud.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e'' = ''la-ḫe-e al-pi'' «Бык Ану = Челюсть Быка = Челюсть Быка» [MSL XI, 40:43], mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12]. '''''Заклинания против укуса скорпиона'''''. mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 «Небесный Бык», «Звезда, не принадлежащая Небесному Быку», mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный Бык» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(текст: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KA´NE ba.an.ša2 : itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim'' / [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' «Симану, Небесный Бык, корона Ану. Эта звезда подобна Гирре (по своему блеску)» (A i 26–27, 32–33) [Horowitz 2014, 34:26]; параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985, 403:12–13], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Емельянов 1999, 72]. '''(2)''' Список (12´3): mul''is le-e'' (B i 8), см. i15''Is lê''. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) 12 звезд Ану (№ 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 3. MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim'' «Звезда, которая стоит после них (т.е. после MUL.MUL «Звезд»), Бык Небес (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30–31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246]. '''''MUL.APIN.'' (1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' «Небесный Бык, Челюсть Быка, корона Ану» (I ii 1). '''(2)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' «Небесный Бык восходит, Шупа садится» (I iii 15). '''(3)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка. 20 дней от восхода Небесного Быка до восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану» (I iii 45–46). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), см. s20''Sîn''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [ARAK, 349]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau). '''B'''. mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[…] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a…] «Звезда с большим блеском [Небесного] Быка (γ Tau), корона Праведного Пастуха Ану (λ1 Ori), […]. / [3 зв]езды, прямая туго натянутая веревка, 2 интервала, интерва[л]». '''§M'''. mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' «Звезда с большим блеском Не[бесного] Быка (γ Tau), [Звезды] (η, 27 Tau), начало Небесного Быка (ζ Tau): [3 звезды …]. 2 интервала, [интер]вал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106]. '''''Текст BM 36609'''''. '''a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] «Блестящая звезда Небесного Быка» (α Tauri), '''b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri) (возможно, альтернативное название для ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ) [Rougton–Steele–Walker 2004, 554–555]. «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». (mul)GU4.AN — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Небесный Бык в ранних дневниках, см., например, [ADRT I, No. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10] '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Гороскопы». Обозначение знака зодиака Телец в одном из ранних гороскопов (-409): d''dele-bat'' / ''ina'' GU4.AN «Венера в Тельце» [BH, 56, 2:5]. '''(2)''' «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] «Место блестящей звезды Небесно[го] Быка», астрологическое значение: «установление (хранение, накопление?) серебра» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. '''(3)''' «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. '''(4)''' «Гипсома». KI/E2 ''niṣirti'' «Секретное место (Луны)», см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38–39]. '''(6)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A] «“Путь” — Шамаш; айяру; Небесный Бык» [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78]. '''(7)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], см. s20''Sîn''.
См. также список «7 ''tikpi''-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Ана. Дочь Ана Иштар просит своего отца предоставить в ее распоряжение Небесного Быка, чтобы с его помощью разрушить город Урук и таким образом отомстить Гильгамешу, отвергнувшему ее притязания. Бык произвел большие разрушения, но был убит Гильгамешем и его другом Энкиду. В шумерском варианте мифа используется это же название быка [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], аккадское описание содержится в эпосе «О все видавшем» (VI 92–180) [Я открою тебе, 152–155]. Хотя из текста мифа явным образом не следует, что Небесный Бык и mulGU4.AN.NA — это один и тот же персонаж, данная гипотеза, тем не менее, считается наиболее вероятной [Black–Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. В астрологической географии Небесный Бык был связан: a) c Араттой, b) с Уром, Дером или Дуранки [Weidner 1963].

См. также: […] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] «[…] Небесный Бык, как [говорят]», в новоассирийском мифологическом тексте в неясном контексте [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

III. Символ.

В месопотамской глиптике и керамике имеется немало изображений быков, однако астральное значение имеют немногие из них. Наибольшей известностью пользуются две селевкидские таблички из Урука. На одной (О 175) приводится описание ритуала для изготовления священного барабана из шкуры быка; изображен лежащий горбатый бык, рядом с которым надпись: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' «Небесный Бык — бык, чье лицо помещено перед Энлилем» [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Куртик 2007, рис. 10], на другой (VAT 7851) — скачущий горбатый бык c обращенной назад головой, рядом символы Луны и Плеяд [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1–2; Куртик 2007, рис. 13]. Весьма похожие изображения скачущего, идущего или лежащего горбатого быка, в окружении астральных символов (месяц, звезды, знаки зодиака) встречаются на печатях селевкидского времени [AUWE 19, No. 705–714, 841, p. 154], см., например, [Куртик 2007, рис. 15]. На них представлена полная фигура быка. В списке символов зодиакальных созвездий W 22646, названию MUL2.MUL2 (=Плеяды), которое чаще всего использовалось для обозначения второго знака зодиака, соответствует запись: ''al-pi ana'' [x …] «быка для […]» [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

Мы однако полагаем, что эти изображения не имеют астрономического значения. В действительности, месопотамские астрономы выделяли на небе в качестве фигуры созвездия mulGU4.AN.NA только переднюю часть быка, как это делали позднее греческие астрономы. На это указывают следующие три обстоятельства: а) аккадское название созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (см. i15), b) отсутствие упоминаний о задних частях быка при описании положений звезд в созвездии, с) на некоторых печатях с астральными символами вместо полной фигуры Быка изображается только его голова [Куртик 2007, рис. 16, 29, 30]. Можно заметить, кроме того, что созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (=Гиады) и mul''Zappu'' «Щетина, грива (Быка)» (=Плеяды) ограничивают на небе как раз ту область, в которой располагался греческий Телец — для полной фигуры быка просто не остается места [Куртик 2002, 94–95]. Отсутствие задней части у фигуры Небесного Быка связано, возможно, с аккадским мифом, в котором Энкиду после одержанной им победы отрывает у быка заднюю ляжку и швыряет ее в лицо Иштар [Я открою тебе, 154:154–155].

IV. Отождествление.

= Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957–59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77–79, 111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau или, скорее, α Tauri, см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 555]), см. dbn-текст (§§А, В, М), «Лунарии» и др., а также i15''Is lê''.

(2) ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Начало Небесного Быка» (ζ Tau), см. dbn-текст (§ М).

(3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri), см. текст BM 36609.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI…] «Если Небесный Бык [входит] в пределы Поля […]» [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; здесь mulGU4.AN.NA предположительно — название Марса, имя которого встречается в строке 7 того же текста в аналогичном предсказании, см. также [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] и (4)–(5) ниже.

Предсказания:

(2) ''Видимость Небесного Быка''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень тусклые: благополучие страны исчезнет, приплод скота и овец не будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba''-᾽-''lu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень яркие: приплод скота будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 31].

(3) ''Затмение Луны в Небесном Быке''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «(Если затмение произошло в) Плеядах и Небесном Быке: мор» [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' «Если (Луна) затмилась в пределах Небесного Быка: решение (для) Ура и Дуранки (= Ниппур)» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

(4) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета'') ''и затмение Луны''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN.NA KI 3[0 GUB…] «Если (при появлении Луны) корона на короне выросла: пустые склады страны наполнятся; (это означает): во время затмения Небесный Бык (= планета?) на месте Лу[ны стоит…] [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

(5) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета''?) ''и лунное гало''; наблюдение: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me'' ''i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] «Небесный Бык стоит в лунном гало. В течение двух дней подряд он стоял в гало Луны» [ARAK, 68:4–7].

(6) ''Попятное движение Венеры в Небесном Быке''; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA ''is-sa''2-''ḫu-ur'' […] BA BE «[Если Венера внутри] Небесного [Быка] развернулась: […] умрет» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], параллель см. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

(7) ''Венера в Небесном Быке'' — «''наводнение''» ''стрекоз''; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U-''kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap''-[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «[Если] Венера несет серебряную корону: «навод[нение]» стрекоз пр[идет], [«наводнение»] стрекоз, «наводнение» будет мощн[ым]. (Это означает): Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:3–5].

(8) ''Юпитер и Небесный Бык''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (глосса: ''is-niq'')… «Если Юпитер подходит близко к Небесному Быку: сокровища страны погибнут, приплод крупного и мелкого скота не будет изобильным» [ARAK, 49:9]. Наблюдение и рекомендация: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' «Юпитер вошел в пределы Небесного Быка: царь, мой господин, должен остерегаться сквозняков» [ARAK, 49 r. 2–3].

(9) ''Меркурий в Небесном Быке'' (наблюдение); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 31.

(10) ''Сатурн в Небесном Быке''; см. g12GI.GI, III 2.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g26) mulGU.AN.NA (417)====
!
|-
|вариант записи mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», в которой стандартное GU4 заменено на GU; в новоассирийском рапорте: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:5].
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g28) mulGU2.AN.NA (119)====
!
|-
|вариант записи для mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», произведена омофонная замена стандартного GU4 на GU2. Надпись под изображением лежащего горбатого быка (зебу?) на селевкидской табличке O 175 с описанием ритуала для изготовления священного барабана [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; в [Livingstone 1986, 194] ошибочно mulgu4.an.na.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g31) mulGU4 (215)====
!
|-
|редко используемые сокращения: 1) от mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 75], 2) от mulGU4.UD «Меркурий» [G. 79] в селевкидских текстах.

I. Источники.

GU4 — знак зодиака или созвездие Небесный Бык.

'''''VAT 7847'''''. mul.mul mulgu4 «Звезды, Бык» — два альтернативных обозначения знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6]. См. также gu4 как обозначение созвездия Бык (?) в BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].

GU4 — обозначение Меркурия.
'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], см. также [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|
|-
!
==== Kurtik (k03) KA.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|букв. «Небесные Уста»; принятое в [G. 206] чтение названия созвездия в менологии «Астролябии Б» (параллель к аккадскому Is lê «Челюсть Быка»); альтернативное прочтение и, по-видимому, единственно правильное – mulGU3.AN.NA, см. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
|
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Tau]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

GU4.AN.NA

2026-06-08T19:25:45Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.AN.NA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]
[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg|thumb|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU4.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
mulGU4.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU4.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''GU.AN.NA''', GU2.AN.NA, and GU3.AN.NA are attested. '''The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are mul (d)''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agû dAnim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.'''

<s>The spelling variant GU3.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref> and, thus, invites the interpretation as a "Gate of Heaven" that can have a religious function.</s>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:TauAll+year2 stellarium vat7851.jpg|thumb|Division of the Taurus sign in ancient Mesopotamia: above in the Astronomical Diaries before 320±10 BCE, middle mapped to Stellarium, on VAT 7851 (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann, WGSN 2026).]]
Var. readings and designations:

*GUD.AN.NA,
*GU2.AN.NA,
*GU3.AN.NA,
* GU4.AN,
*AN.GU4;
*= mul (d)''Is lê''; mur. "Heavenly Bull", acq. "Bull's jaw"; constellation in Taurus (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
T'''he sumerogram means “Bull of Heaven” and its normal Akk. equivalent is ''alû'' as attested,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> e.g., in the Gilgameš epic (etymology unclear, perhaps identical with the homophonous name of a demon and/or a drum). As a star name, GU4.AN.NA is read ''Is-lê'' “Jaw of the Wild Bull” (see below). mulGU4.AN.NA.'''

In the book Kurtik (2007), the content of this lexicon entry was distributed across the following lemmata:

*(Kurtik g31) GU4,
*(Kurtik g26) GU.AN.NA, a variant entry of mulGU4.AN.NA ‘Heavenly Bull’ in which the standard GU4 is replaced by GU; in the New Assyrian report: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m[a]'' ‘Venus in the Heavenly Bull stands.’ [ARAK, 461:5].
* (Kurtik g28) GU2.AN.NA, a variant of the inscription for mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", a homophonic replacement of the standard GU4 into GU2 was made. The inscription under the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 writes of a ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] mulgu4.an.na is mistaken.
Alternative Mesopotamian names for asterisms within mulGU4.AN.NA, The Heavenly Bull are:
*(Kurtik a12) [[AGA A-nim|AGA d''A-nim'']], Crown of Anu (God of Heaven),
*(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]],'' Jaw of the Bull,
*(Kurtik k03) [[KA.AN.NA]], Mouth of Heaven''', probably to be read as GU3.AN.NA'''.
(Kurtik a25) AM.AN.NA, equalling Gössmann (19), was a misreading in the Great Star List (List of the Seven Enlils), now corrected to GU4.AN.NA [Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
|
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' Urra XXII series:
**mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' "Heavenly Bull = Jaw of the Bull". [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:20],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is le-[e]'' [SpTU III, 114A v 17],
**mulgu4.an.na = ''is l[e-e]'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1 /5 iv 1],
**[mulg]u4.an.na = i''s le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ].
*'''(2)''' Series Ḫg. B VI:
**m'''ul''''''gu4<s>d</s>.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e = la-ḫe-e al-pi'' "Bull of Anu = Jaw''' of the Bull = Jaw of the Bull." [MSL XI, 40:43],
** mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12].
|
|-
|'''''Spells against the sting of a scorpion'''''.

*mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 "Heavenly Bull", "a Star, not belonging to the Heavenly Bull", mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na "Star Cluster, Heavenly Bull". [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Svyat.-Tetv. 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|“'''Three Stars Each''' (Astrolabe Group)
Horowitz 2014: 246

*Menologies: Horowitz 2014: 61-64
**itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(text: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KAxNE ba.an.sa2: itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim /'' [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' "Simanu, the heavenly Bull, the crown of Anu. This star is like Girra (in its brilliance)" (VAT 9416 = KAV 218 I i 26-27, 32-33, Horowitz 2014: 34) 34:26]; for parallels see Horowitz 2014: 62-64 and cf. BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Emelyanov 1999, 72,
**(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]''.
*Star-Catalogues: Horowitz 2014: 103
*MUL
*The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
**a) The 12 stars of Anu (no. 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176].
|
|-
|"'''''Catalogue of 30 Stars."'''''
Ea 3.
* MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu2'' GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim''
*"The star that stands after them (i.e. after MUL.MUL "Star Cluster"), the Bull of Heaven (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177].
|
|-
|'''''EAE'''''.
See. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30-31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246].
|
|-
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

*('''1)''' the Stars of Anu (no. 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Heavenly Bull, Bull's Jaw, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
*'''(2)''' Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' "The Heavenly Bull rises, Shupa sets" (I iii 15).
*'''(3)''' The intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ša2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA "20 days from the rising of the Stars to the rising of the Celestial Bull. 20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu" (I iii 45-46).
*'''(4)''' Stars "in the way of the moon": mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68].
|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]
|-
|"'''''Reports'''''."
See. [ARAK, 349].
|
|-
|'''''Dalbanna-text.'''''

*'''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] "Star with great brilliance from the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau).
*'''§B.''' mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[...] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a...] "The star with the great brilliance of the [Heavenly] Bull (γ Tau), the crown of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (λ1 Ori), [...] / [3 st]ars, straight tightrope, 2 intervals, interval[l]."
*'''§M.''' mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš ...] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "Star with great luster of the Hea[venly] Bull (γ Tau), [Stars] (η, 27 Tau), beginning of the Heavenly Bull (ζ Tau): [3 stars ...]. 2 intervals, [inter]val. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106].
|
|-
|'''''Text BM 36609'''''.

* '''(a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] "Brilliant star of the Heavenly Bull" (α Tauri),
*'''(b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri) (possibly an alternative name for ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI "The Northern reins of the Chariot", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]] [Rougton-Steele-Walker 2004, 554-555].
|
|-
| "'''''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts'''''."

* (mul)GU4.AN is a designation for the constellation and zodiac sign of the Heavenly Bull in the early diaries, see, for example, [ADRT I, no. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10]
|
|-
| '''''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''''
*'''(1)''' Horoscopes. The designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in one of the early horoscopes (-409):
**ddele-bat / ''ina'' GU4.AN
**"Venus in Taurus." [BH, 56, 2:5].
* '''(2)''' Lunaria. BRM IV, 20:
** ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] "The place of the brilliant star of the Heaven[ly] Bull",
** astrological meaning: "the establishment (storage, accumulation?) of silver" [Ungnad 1941-44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193].
*'''(3)''' "Microzodiac. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
*'''(4)''' "Hypsoma.
**KI/E2 ''niṣirti''
**"The secret place (of the moon)," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
*'''(5)''' Predictions of cereal prices determined by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38-39].
*'''(6)''' An extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A]
**"'Way' - Shamash; ayaru; Heavenly Bull". [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78].
*'''(7)''' Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the positions of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.

See also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ]
|[[File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).]][[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025).<ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
====(g31) GU4====
Rarely used in abbreviations:

* 1) from mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull". [G. 75],
* 2) from mulGU4.UD "Mercury" [G. 79] in Seleucid texts.
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Fig1 taurus tablet 150dpi sciLogs.jpg|thumb|Taurus sign on clay tablet VAT 7851 with drawings of Pleiades (Bristle), Hyades (Chariot), Bull, and the Moon during a total lunar eclipse in the Moon's hypsoma; drawing by Hoffmann (2025) <ref name=":0" />]]
|-
|
*GU4 — sign of the zodiac or the constellation Heavenly Bull.
**'''''VAT 7851'''''.
***mul.mul mulgu4
***"Star Cluster, Bull" are two alternative designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6].
**See also gu4 as a designation of the constellation Bull (?) in BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].
*GU4 — the designation of Mercury.
**'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], see also [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
|-
|
====(g28) GU.AN.NA====
In the Neo-Assyrian report:

*[mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']
*"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [ARAK, 461:5].
|
|-
|
====(g26) GU2.AN.NA====
The inscription below the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 describing the ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] erroneously for mulGU4.AN.NA.
|[[File:Tau O175Livingstone1986.jpg|thumb|Bull of Heaven on Seleucid tablet O175 (Livingstone 1986)<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>.]]
|-
|
====(a25) AM.AN.NA====
= mulGU4.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", A Wild Bull of Heaven. [G. 19].

Only in the text 82.9-18.7292 (7 of Enlil), where the Heavenly Bull is correlated with Enlil of Aratta, see (Kurtik e12) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG|thumb|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]
|-
|
==== (k03) KA.AN.NA ====
Lit. "Heavenly Mouth"; the reading adopted in [G. 206] for the name of the constellation in the Astrolabe B menology (parallel to the Akkadian ''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw"); an alternative reading and apparently the only correct one is mulGU3.AN.NA, cf. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
|[[File:Hyadespleiadesmoon IMG 2665 b s.gif|thumb|Hyades, Pleiades and the Moon (photograph by SMH)]]
|}
[[File:GUANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU4.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Aldebaran]]
|HIP 21421
|Constellation lines
|0.86
|-
|2
|[[Elnath]]
|HIP 25428
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.65
|-
|3
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.87
|-
|4
|[[Tianguan]]
| HIP 26451
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.03
|-
|5
|[[Chamukuy]]
|HIP 20894
| Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|6
|λ Tauri
|HIP 18724
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.41
|-
|7
|[[Ain]]
|HIP 20889
|Constellation lines
|3.53
|-
|8
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Inside the Hull
|3.63
|-
|9
|[[Prima Hyadum]]
|HIP 20205
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
|10
|[[Secunda Hyadum]]
|HIP 20455
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|11
|θ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20885
|Inside the Hull
|3.84
|-
|12
|κ 1 Tauri
|HIP 20635
|Inside the Hull
|4.201
|-
|13
|τ Tauri
|HIP 21881
|Inside the Hull
|4.258
|-
|14
|υ Tauri
|HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 15
|δ 3 Tauri
|HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
|4.298
|-
|16
|37 Tau
|HIP 19038
|Constellation lines
|4.37
|-
|17
|71 Tau
|HIP 20713
|Inside the Hull
|4.48
|-
|18
|ι Tauri
|HIP 23497
|Inside the Hull
|4.615
|-
| 19
| -
|HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 20
|δ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20542
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
|21
|114 Tau
|HIP 25539
|Inside the Hull
|4.868
|-
|22
|ω 2 Tauri
|HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
|23
|109 Tau
|HIP 24822
|Inside the Hull
|4.948
|-
|24
|75 Tau
|HIP 20877
|Inside the Hull
|4.969
|-
|25
| 97 Tau
|HIP 22565
|Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
|26
| [[Pleione]]
|HIP 17851
|Inside the Hull
|5.09
|-
|27
|58 Tau
|HIP 20261
|Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
|28
|κ 2 Tauri
|HIP 20641
|Inside the Hull
|5.264
|-
|29
|l Tau
|HIP 23871
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|30
|56 Tau
|HIP 20186
|Inside the Hull
|5.346
|-
|31
|χ Tauri
|HIP 20430
|Inside the Hull
|5.378
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
|5.45
|-
|33
|81 Tau
|HIP 21039
|Inside the Hull
|5.454
|-
|34
| 118 Tau
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
|35
|53 Tau
| HIP 20171
|Inside the Hull
|5.482
|-
|36
|103 Tau
|HIP 23900
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|37
| ω 1 Tauri
|HIP 19388
|Inside the Hull
|5.504
|-
|38
|36 Tau
|HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
|39
|72 Tau
|HIP 20789
|Inside the Hull
|5.514
|-
|40
|80 Tau
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
|41
|32 Tau
|HIP 18471
|Inside the Hull
|5.617
|-
|42
|63 Tau
|HIP 20484
|Inside the Hull
|5.625
|-
|43
|51 Tau
| HIP 20087
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|* 80 Tau A
|HIP 20995
|Inside the Hull
|5.666
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 20842
|Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
|46
|89 Tau
|HIP 21588
|Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
|47
| 98 Tau
|HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
|5.785
|-
|48
| 99 Tau
|HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
|5.806
|-
|49
|* 118 Tau A
|HIP 25695
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|50
|HU Tau
|HIP 21604
|Inside the Hull
|5.842
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 18735
|Inside the Hull
|5.865
|-
| 52
|39 Tau
|HIP 19076
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|53
|105 Tau
|HIP 23883
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 19376
|Inside the Hull
|5.927
|-
|55
| -
| HIP 19284
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 20417
|Inside the Hull
|5.95
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 20614
|Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 22176
|Inside the Hull
|5.981
|-
|59
|V1141 Tau
|HIP 20493
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
| 60
|85 Tau
|HIP 21137
|Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|61
|V1116 Tau
|HIP 21459
|Inside the Hull
|6.019
|-
| 62
|33 Tau
|HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
|6.038
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 17921
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 19261
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 19641
|Inside the Hull
|6.087
|-
| 66
| -
|HIP 20255
|Inside the Hull
|6.094
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 24820
|Inside the Hull
|6.107
|-
|68
|V1137 Tau
|HIP 19672
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|69
|95 Tau
|HIP 21961
|Inside the Hull
|6.151
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 17900
|Inside the Hull
|6.153
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 18508
|Inside the Hull
|6.165
|-
| 72
| -
|HIP 23589
|Inside the Hull
|6.188
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 21689
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 24977
|Inside the Hull
|6.205
|-
|75
|108 Tau
|HIP 24512
|Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
|6.291
|-
|77
|48 Tau
|HIP 19877
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 78
| -
|HIP 18717
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|80
| -
|HIP 22128
|Inside the Hull
|6.329
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 24984
|Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
|82
|62 Tau
|HIP 20533
|Inside the Hull
|6.337
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 22850
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 21408
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|85
|SZ Tau
|HIP 21517
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|86
|NGC 1647
|NGC 1647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|87
|70 Tau
| HIP 20661
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|88
|26 Tau
|HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 21053
|Inside the Hull
|6.491
|-
| 90
| -
|HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 24252
|Inside the Hull
|6.79
|}
=== Additional===

==== Deity.====
 A mythological character amidst Ana's entourage. Ištar, Ana's daughter, asks her father to place the Heavenly Bull at her own disposal in order to use it to destroy the city of Uruk — thus avenging Gilgamesh, who had rejected her claims. Accordingly, the bull reaped mass destruction, only to be eventually killed by Gilgamesh and his friend Enkidu. In the Sumerian version of the myth, the same name is used for the bull [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], Akkadian descriptions are found in the epic, "About the one who has seen it all" (VI 92-180) [I will open to you, 152-155]. Although the mythological text does not explicitly relate the Heavenly Bull with mulGU4.AN.NA as being the same character, this hypothesis is, however, considered as the most probable [Black-Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. In astrological geography, the Heavenly Bull is associated: (a) with Aratta, (b) with Ur, Der or Duranki [Weidner 1963].

See also: [...] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] "[...] Heavenly Bull, [said]," found in a Neo-Assyrian mythological text with unclear contexts [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

====Symbol.====
In Mesopotamian glyptics and ceramics there are many images of bulls, but few of them have astral significance. The most famous are two Seleucid tablets from Uruk. On one of them (O 175) is a description of a ritual for making a sacred drum from an ox hide; a lying humpbacked bull is depicted, with the inscription: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' "The heavenly bull — a bull whose face is placed before Enlil". [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Kurtik 2007, fig. 10], on another tablet (VAT 7851) — a galloping humpbacked bull with its head turned backwards, next to symbols of the Moon and Pleiades [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1-2; Kurtik 2007, fig. 13]. Similar images of a galloping, walking, or lying bull, surrounded with astral symbols (month, stars, signs of the zodiac) are found on Seleucid seals [AUWE 19, no. 705-714, 841, p. 154], see for example [Kurtik 2007, figure 15]. These images fully depict the whole figure of the bull. In the list of zodiacal constellation symbols W 22646, the name MUL2.MUL2 (=Pleiades), which was more often used for the second zodiac sign, corresponds to the entry: al-pi ana [x ...] "bull for [...]". [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

 We believe, however, that these images have no astronomical significance. In fact, Mesopotamian astronomers distinguished in the sky as a figure of the constellation mulGU4.AN.NA only the front part of the bull, as later Greek astronomers did. This is indicated by the following three circumstances: (a) the Akkadian name of the constellation mulIs lê "Jaw of the Bull" (see i15), (b) the absence of references to the hind parts of the bull in the description of the positions of stars in the constellation, (c) on some seals with astral symbols, only the Bull’s head is depicted, thus lacking a complete figure of the Bull [Kurtik 2007, Fig. 16, 29, 30]. Note, in addition, that the constellations mu''l''''Is lê'' "Bull's jaw" (=Hiades) and mul''Zappu'' "Bristles, mane (of the Bull)" (=Pleiades) stretch out to areas corresponding to the borders of the Greek Taurus — as such, there is simply not enough room for a full figure of the bull to be attested [Kurtik 2002, 94-95]. The absence of the rear portion of the Heavenly Bull is probably connected with the Akkadian myth in which Enkidu, following his victory, tears off the bull’s hind leg and throws it at Ištar’s face [I will reveal it to you, 154:154-155].

====Previous Identifications.====
 = Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952-53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957-59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

 = αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77-79, 111].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
 (1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Star with great brilliance of the Heavenly Bull" (γ Tau or rather α Tauri, see [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 555]), see dbn-text (§§A, B, M), Lunaria et al, and (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is lê'']].

 (2) ''maḫ-ra-tum ša''2 mulgu4.an.na "Beginning of the Heavenly Bull" (ζ Tau), see dbn-text (§§M).

 (3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA "Horn of the Heavenly Bull" (β Tauri), see text BM 36609.

====Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
 (1) = Mars(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI...] "If the Heavenly Bull [enters] the Field [...]" [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; here mulGU4.AN.NA is presumably the name of Mars, whose name appears in line 7 of the same text as a similar prediction, see also [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] and (4)-(5) below.<gallery>
File:Tau seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
File:Tau+cap seal Wallenfels1993.png|Taurus accompanied by a goat-fish on Mesopotamian seal print, Wallenfels (1993).
</gallery>

===== Predictions: =====
 (2) ''Visibility of the Heavenly Bull''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are dim: the country’s welfare will disappear, the litter of cattle and sheep will not grow." [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba-᾽-lu'' ... "If the stars of the Heavenly Bull are bright: the litter of cattle will grow." [BPO 2, XV 31].

 (3) ''Eclipse of the Moon in the Heavenly Bull''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "(If an eclipse occurs in) the Pleiades and the Heavenly Bull: pestilence." [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Heavenly Bull: solution (for) Ura and Duranka (= Nippur)". [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

 (4) ''The Heavenly Bull'' (= ''planet'') ''and the eclipse of the moon''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN. NA KI 3[0 GUB...] "If (during the rising of the Moon) the crown on the crown grows: the country’s empty warehouses will fill up; (this means): the Heavenly Bull [stands] in the position of the Mo[on] during an eclipse... [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

 (5) ''The Heavenly Bull'' (= ''planet''?) ''and the lunar halo''; observations: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] "The Celestial Bull stands in the lunar halo. For two consecutive days he stood in the halo of the moon" [ARAK, 68:4-7].

 (6) Backward motion of Venus in the Heavenly Bull; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA is-sa2-ḫu-ur [...] BA BE "[If Venus is in] the Heavenly [Bull] and turned around: [...] will die." [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], for a parallel see. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

 (7) ''Venus in the Heavenly Bull'' — "flood" of dragonflies; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U''-kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap-''[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] "[If] Venus carries a silver crown: a “flo[od]” of dragonflies will co[me]["flood]" of dragonflies, the "flood" will be power[ful]. (It means:) Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull." [ARAK, 461:3-5].

 (8) ''Jupiter and the Heavenly Bull''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (glossary: ''is-niq'')... "If Jupiter comes close to the Heavenly Bull: the treasures of the country will perish, the litter of cattle and small animals will not be abundant" [ARAK, 49:9]. Observations and recommendations: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' "Jupiter has entered the borders of the Heavenly Bull: the king, my lord, must beware of draughts" [ARAK, 49 r. 2-3].

 (9) ''Mercury in the Heavenly Bull'' (observations); see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 31.

 (10) ''Saturn in the Heavenly Bull''; see (Kurtik g12) [[GI.GI]], III 2.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!
==== Kurtik (a25) AM.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|
= mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 19]. Только в тексте 82,9-18,7292 (7 Энлилей), где Небесный Бык соотносится с Энлилем из Аратты, см. e12dEn-lil2
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g33) GU4.AN.NA====
!
|-
|вар. чтения и обозначения: GUD.AN.NA, GU2.AN.NA, GU4.AN, AN.GU4; = mul (d)''Is lê''; шум. «Небесный Бык», акк. «Челюсть Быка»; созвездие в Тельце (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72]. См. также a12AGA d''A-nim'', a25AM.AN.NA, g31GU4, g26GU.AN.NA, g28GU2.AN.NA, i15''Is lê'', k03KA.AN.NA.||
|-
| '''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: mulgu4.an.na = ''si le-e'' «Небесный Бык = Челюсть быка» [MSL XI, 30, Section 10:3; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:20], mulgu4.an.na = ''is le''-[''e''] [SpTU III, 114A v 17], mulgu4.an.na = ''is l''[''e-e''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 104, 79.B.1/5 iv 1], [mulg]u4.an.na = ''is le-e'' [Cavigneaux 1979, 132, 17:8; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:273ʹ]. '''(2)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulgud.an.na = UZU.ME.ZE2 ''le-e'' = ''la-ḫe-e al-pi'' «Бык Ану = Челюсть Быка = Челюсть Быка» [MSL XI, 40:43], mulgu4.an.na = MUL ''i''[''s-le-e''] [SpTU III, 116, Rs. iii 12]. '''''Заклинания против укуса скорпиона'''''. mul.an.gu4, mul nu an.gu4 «Небесный Бык», «Звезда, не принадлежащая Небесному Быку», mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный Бык» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:25, 27, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: itisig4 mulgu3(KA).an.na aga(текст: IL2).an.na.ke4 / mul.bi KA´NE ba.an.ša2 : itisig4 ''is le-e a-gi'' d''A-nim'' / [mu]l.bi dBIL.GI ''ša-nin'' «Симану, Небесный Бык, корона Ану. Эта звезда подобна Гирре (по своему блеску)» (A i 26–27, 32–33) [Horowitz 2014, 34:26]; параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985, 403:12–13], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD I, 189a; Емельянов 1999, 72]. '''(2)''' Список (12´3): mul''is le-e'' (B i 8), см. i15''Is lê''. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) 12 звезд Ану (№ 5): [mulg]u4.an.na [CT 33, 9 r. 10; MCG, 176]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 3. MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'') mulGU4.AN.NA (B: [mul''is le'']-''e''!) AGA dAN-''nim'' «Звезда, которая стоит после них (т.е. после MUL.MUL «Звезд»), Бык Небес (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [ABCD, 285, App. 2.4: r. 24; BPO 2, XV 30–31; BPO 3, 281; NSAM 2, 246]. '''''MUL.APIN.'' (1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 6): mulGU4.AN.NA d''is le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' «Небесный Бык, Челюсть Быка, корона Ану» (I ii 1). '''(2)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulGU4.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ŠU2-''bi'' «Небесный Бык восходит, Шупа садится» (I iii 15). '''(3)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGU4.AN.NA 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка. 20 дней от восхода Небесного Быка до восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану» (I iii 45–46). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU4.AN.NA (I iv 33), см. s20''Sîn''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [ARAK, 349]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§A.''' mul dil.bad mulgu4.an.n[a] «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau). '''B'''. mul dil.bat mulgu4.[an.na mul] ˹aga˺ mulsipa.zi.an.na mulx[…] / [3 m]ul.meš gu s[i.sa2] ˹dub2˺.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.n[a…] «Звезда с большим блеском [Небесного] Быка (γ Tau), корона Праведного Пастуха Ану (λ1 Ori), […]. / [3 зв]езды, прямая туго натянутая веревка, 2 интервала, интерва[л]». '''§M'''. mul dil.bat gu4.a[n.na mul.mul] ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na [3 mul.meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.a]n.na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' «Звезда с большим блеском Не[бесного] Быка (γ Tau), [Звезды] (η, 27 Tau), начало Небесного Быка (ζ Tau): [3 звезды …]. 2 интервала, [интер]вал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; Koch 1995, 46, 58; ASM, 106]. '''''Текст BM 36609'''''. '''a)''' SA4 ''ša''2 múlG[U4.AN.NA] «Блестящая звезда Небесного Быка» (α Tauri), '''b)''' SI múlGU4.[AN.NA] «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri) (возможно, альтернативное название для ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''2 SI «Северная вожжа Колесницы», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ) [Rougton–Steele–Walker 2004, 554–555]. «'''''Дневники наблюдений'''''». (mul)GU4.AN — обозначение созвездия и знака зодиака Небесный Бык в ранних дневниках, см., например, [ADRT I, No. -567:1, r. 6′; -440 r. 3′; -418: 5; -372 C rev. 9′, D rev. 10] '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Гороскопы». Обозначение знака зодиака Телец в одном из ранних гороскопов (-409): d''dele-bat'' / ''ina'' GU4.AN «Венера в Тельце» [BH, 56, 2:5]. '''(2)''' «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.[na] «Место блестящей звезды Небесно[го] Быка», астрологическое значение: «установление (хранение, накопление?) серебра» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:19; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193]. '''(3)''' «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. '''(4)''' «Гипсома». KI/E2 ''niṣirti'' «Секретное место (Луны)», см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGUD.AN.NA [SpTU I, 94:6, 38–39]. '''(6)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: GIR2 // d''Šamaš''(UTU) // itiGU4.SI.SA2 mulGU4.AN.N[A] «“Путь” — Шамаш; айяру; Небесный Бык» [SpTU IV, 159:4; Reiner 1995, 78]. '''(7)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulGU4.AN.NA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:11′, 136 r. 20], см. s20''Sîn''.
См. также список «7 ''tikpi''-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35], mulGU4.AN.NA [SpTU II, 42:6; SpTU V, 270:2ʹ].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Ана. Дочь Ана Иштар просит своего отца предоставить в ее распоряжение Небесного Быка, чтобы с его помощью разрушить город Урук и таким образом отомстить Гильгамешу, отвергнувшему ее притязания. Бык произвел большие разрушения, но был убит Гильгамешем и его другом Энкиду. В шумерском варианте мифа используется это же название быка [Cavigneaux, al-Rawi 1993; ETCSL, Text 1.8.1.2], аккадское описание содержится в эпосе «О все видавшем» (VI 92–180) [Я открою тебе, 152–155]. Хотя из текста мифа явным образом не следует, что Небесный Бык и mulGU4.AN.NA — это один и тот же персонаж, данная гипотеза, тем не менее, считается наиболее вероятной [Black–Green 1992, 49; G. 77, I; Soltysiak 2001, 2001]. В астрологической географии Небесный Бык был связан: a) c Араттой, b) с Уром, Дером или Дуранки [Weidner 1963].

См. также: […] mulgu4.an.na ''ki''-˹''i''˺ [''qabû''] «[…] Небесный Бык, как [говорят]», в новоассирийском мифологическом тексте в неясном контексте [Lambert 1989, 216:8; Livingstone 1986, 64:8].

III. Символ.

В месопотамской глиптике и керамике имеется немало изображений быков, однако астральное значение имеют немногие из них. Наибольшей известностью пользуются две селевкидские таблички из Урука. На одной (О 175) приводится описание ритуала для изготовления священного барабана из шкуры быка; изображен лежащий горбатый бык, рядом с которым надпись: mulGU2.AN.NA / ''ša''2 GU4 IGI-''šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 GAR-''nu'' «Небесный Бык — бык, чье лицо помещено перед Энлилем» [TU, 47 rev.; Livingstone 1986, 194; Куртик 2007, рис. 10], на другой (VAT 7851) — скачущий горбатый бык c обращенной назад головой, рядом символы Луны и Плеяд [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 1; Weidner 1967, Taf. 1–2; Куртик 2007, рис. 13]. Весьма похожие изображения скачущего, идущего или лежащего горбатого быка, в окружении астральных символов (месяц, звезды, знаки зодиака) встречаются на печатях селевкидского времени [AUWE 19, No. 705–714, 841, p. 154], см., например, [Куртик 2007, рис. 15]. На них представлена полная фигура быка. В списке символов зодиакальных созвездий W 22646, названию MUL2.MUL2 (=Плеяды), которое чаще всего использовалось для обозначения второго знака зодиака, соответствует запись: ''al-pi ana'' [x …] «быка для […]» [Foxvog 1993, 107; SpTU II, 43:2, 20].

Мы однако полагаем, что эти изображения не имеют астрономического значения. В действительности, месопотамские астрономы выделяли на небе в качестве фигуры созвездия mulGU4.AN.NA только переднюю часть быка, как это делали позднее греческие астрономы. На это указывают следующие три обстоятельства: а) аккадское название созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (см. i15), b) отсутствие упоминаний о задних частях быка при описании положений звезд в созвездии, с) на некоторых печатях с астральными символами вместо полной фигуры Быка изображается только его голова [Куртик 2007, рис. 16, 29, 30]. Можно заметить, кроме того, что созвездия mul''Is lê'' «Челюсть Быка» (=Гиады) и mul''Zappu'' «Щетина, грива (Быка)» (=Плеяды) ограничивают на небе как раз ту область, в которой располагался греческий Телец — для полной фигуры быка просто не остается места [Куртик 2002, 94–95]. Отсутствие задней части у фигуры Небесного Быка связано, возможно, с аккадским мифом, в котором Энкиду после одержанной им победы отрывает у быка заднюю ляжку и швыряет ее в лицо Иштар [Я открою тебе, 154:154–155].

IV. Отождествление.

= Taurus [Waerden 1949, 14; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 74; Weidner 1957–59, 76a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207; ASM, 271; Horowitz 2014, 246; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].

= αθ1.2γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 77–79, 111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dil.bat gu4.an.na, mul sa4 ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Звезда с большим блеском Небесного Быка» (γ Tau или, скорее, α Tauri, см. [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 555]), см. dbn-текст (§§А, В, М), «Лунарии» и др., а также i15''Is lê''.

(2) ''maḫ-ra-tum'' ''ša''2 mulgu4.an.na «Начало Небесного Быка» (ζ Tau), см. dbn-текст (§ М).

(3) SI múlGU4.AN.NA «Рог Небесного Быка» (β Tauri), см. текст BM 36609.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''(?); DIŠ ''a-na'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 mulGU4.AN.NA [TU-''ma'' IGI…] «Если Небесный Бык [входит] в пределы Поля […]» [ACh Suppl., 47:4]; здесь mulGU4.AN.NA предположительно — название Марса, имя которого встречается в строке 7 того же текста в аналогичном предсказании, см. также [NSAM 2, 82, note 272] и (4)–(5) ниже.

Предсказания:

(2) ''Видимость Небесного Быка''; DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''lum-mu-nu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень тусклые: благополучие страны исчезнет, приплод скота и овец не будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 30 + Parallels]. DIŠ ulGU4.AN.NA UL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''ba''-᾽-''lu'' … «Если звезды Небесного Быка очень яркие: приплод скота будет расти» [BPO 2, XV 31].

(3) ''Затмение Луны в Небесном Быке''; MULx.MULx ''u'' mulxGU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «(Если затмение произошло в) Плеядах и Небесном Быке: мор» [ABCD, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 24]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU4.AN.NA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ŠEŠ.UNUGki ''u Dur-an-ki'' «Если (Луна) затмилась в пределах Небесного Быка: решение (для) Ура и Дуранки (= Ниппур)» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:39].

(4) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета'') ''и затмение Луны''; DIŠ AGA ''ana'' AGA ''i-li-ip'' KUR I3.DUB.MEŠ-''ša''2 SUD.MEŠ DIRI.MEŠ ''ina'' AN.MI mulGU4.AN.NA KI 3[0 GUB…] «Если (при появлении Луны) корона на короне выросла: пустые склады страны наполнятся; (это означает): во время затмения Небесный Бык (= планета?) на месте Лу[ны стоит…] [NSAM 2, IIIc:9′+ note 192, 272].

(5) ''Небесный Бык'' (= ''планета''?) ''и лунное гало''; наблюдение: [mul]GUD.AN.NA ''ina'' TUR3 30 / ''iz-za-az-ma'' / 2 UD-''me'' ''i-da-at a-ḫe-e-''˹''iš''˺ / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 ''it-ti-it-z''[''i''] «Небесный Бык стоит в лунном гало. В течение двух дней подряд он стоял в гало Луны» [ARAK, 68:4–7].

(6) ''Попятное движение Венеры в Небесном Быке''; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 GUD?].AN.NA ''is-sa''2-''ḫu-ur'' […] BA BE «[Если Венера внутри] Небесного [Быка] развернулась: […] умрет» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:5], параллель см. [ibid., 106, K.7169+ rev.? 3′].

(7) ''Венера в Небесном Быке'' — «''наводнение''» ''стрекоз''; [DIŠ] dIŠ.TAR AGA KUG.UD ''ap-rat'' ˹A˺.[KAL] ''ku-li-li'' D[U-''kam''] / [A.KAL] ''ku-li-li'' A.KAL ''gap''-[''šu''] / [mul]''Dil-bat ina'' mulGUD.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «[Если] Венера несет серебряную корону: «навод[нение]» стрекоз пр[идет], [«наводнение»] стрекоз, «наводнение» будет мощн[ым]. (Это означает): Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:3–5].

(8) ''Юпитер и Небесный Бык''; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' mulGUD.AN.NA DIM4 (глосса: ''is-niq'')… «Если Юпитер подходит близко к Небесному Быку: сокровища страны погибнут, приплод крупного и мелкого скота не будет изобильным» [ARAK, 49:9]. Наблюдение и рекомендация: mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' ŠA3 mulGUD.AN.NA ''e-ta-rab'' / LUGAL ''be-li''2 TA IGI ''zi-i-qi lu e-ti-ik'' «Юпитер вошел в пределы Небесного Быка: царь, мой господин, должен остерегаться сквозняков» [ARAK, 49 r. 2–3].

(9) ''Меркурий в Небесном Быке'' (наблюдение); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 31.

(10) ''Сатурн в Небесном Быке''; см. g12GI.GI, III 2.
|
|-
!
====Kurtik (g26) mulGU.AN.NA (417)====
!
|-
|вариант записи mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», в которой стандартное GU4 заменено на GU; в новоассирийском рапорте: [mul]''dil-bat ina'' mulGU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a''] «Венера в Небесном Быке стоит» [ARAK, 461:5].
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|-
!
====Kurtik (g28) mulGU2.AN.NA (119)====
!
|-
|вариант записи для mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык», произведена омофонная замена стандартного GU4 на GU2. Надпись под изображением лежащего горбатого быка (зебу?) на селевкидской табличке O 175 с описанием ритуала для изготовления священного барабана [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; в [Livingstone 1986, 194] ошибочно mulgu4.an.na.
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|-
!
====Kurtik (g31) mulGU4 (215)====
!
|-
|редко используемые сокращения: 1) от mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык» [G. 75], 2) от mulGU4.UD «Меркурий» [G. 79] в селевкидских текстах.

I. Источники.

GU4 — знак зодиака или созвездие Небесный Бык.

'''''VAT 7847'''''. mul.mul mulgu4 «Звезды, Бык» — два альтернативных обозначения знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Tafel 6]. См. также gu4 как обозначение созвездия Бык (?) в BM 55466+ rev. 14 [STC I, 213; II Pl. LXXI].

GU4 — обозначение Меркурия.
'''''A 3456''''', passim [Hunger 1988], см. также [Sachs 1948, 280, 287].
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|-
!
==== Kurtik (k03) KA.AN.NA ====
!
|-
|букв. «Небесные Уста»; принятое в [G. 206] чтение названия созвездия в менологии «Астролябии Б» (параллель к аккадскому Is lê «Челюсть Быка»); альтернативное прочтение и, по-видимому, единственно правильное – mulGU3.AN.NA, см. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
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|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Tau]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

<references />

GU.LA

2026-06-08T12:06:50Z

WayneHorowitz: I redid the teaser, I redid the Astrolabe entries, all of the Anaphora sections need to be redone on the basis of F. Rochberg's article 2004: A Babylonian Rising times scheme|

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Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "The Great One,'Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts <s>[Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71;</s> <s>Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257</s>]. In addition to the attested translation <s>of GU.LA</s> mulGU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII: indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as an Akkadian name for this asterism. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism mul [[DGU.LA|d]][[DGU.LA|GU.LA]], and the Lion-constellation mulUR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). <s>'''''For mul dGU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''</s>
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg|thumb|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]

* rdwsee also (Kurtik g25) GU.
* see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)''Rabû''

Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:

* [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [MSL XI<ref name=":3">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:18].
* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?).
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref> 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mulgu.la [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 107:389].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulgu.la = (pass) [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 30:25a'],
** [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 49, RS Rec. A:64],
** mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:320ʹ].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 246
Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 195, Ea X (BM 34713 Ea XI); BM 82923: 28: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN IDIM d''E''2-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of the Source, Ea". [Horowitz 2014: 141, Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30: 28].,

Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161: 8, 19): Ea, mulGU.LA; Ea, mul AL.LUL = ''aluttu'', Anu; mulTI8mušen, Enlil). Note the mistake in Astrolabe B (KAV 218 = VAT 9416) mulUR.GU.LA mistake for mulGU.LA. The same error occurs in the Circular Astrolabe K. 14193+ (see Horowitz 2014: 124).
*Circular/Round?? Astrolabes: K. 14193+ Tebet mulUR.GU.LA mistake for mulGU.LA (see Horowitz 2014 124-125).
**
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''

|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3]
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): mulgu.la [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Verderame 2002<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247; SpTU IV<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11">''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]],
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": mulGU.LA, after mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, before KUNmeš (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68].
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Elam: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:205].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [''ša'' dŠamaš...] / u mulGU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' it[iA]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''2 KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM3]
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I<ref name=":14">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:3'-4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* a) ''qu''2-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]."
* b) ˹''qu''2?˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:12′-13′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU).
* (2) Microzodiac.
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here).
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+:
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // ''Sin'' ...] múlGU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''10 "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu."
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // ''Sin ina'' GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine? of the Giant. / Region of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4].
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU.LA [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 94, passim].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlGU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15">''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
!Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation)
!
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ].
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":6" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* múlGU, the star of Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]].
|
|-
|'''<s>Anaphora.</s>'''
<s>А 3427:</s>

* <s>''ina'' itiab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)</s>
* <s>"In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 múlgu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":16" /> 246:23].</s>
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim].
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts:
** a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu ''šum''3-''šu''2 "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU<ref name=":17">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:19; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
** b) Sp II 202+: 11-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu "11th part Hired Man - Hired Man Giant" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16" />, 246:24].
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI8mušen) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 104:6, and also 104:19];
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 105:3, 16, 29].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 192].
** b) KI múlGU [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15" />].
|[[File:Aqr seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Aquarius in Wallenfels (1993)]]
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 96:1; SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 270:3′].
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Enif]]
|HIP 107315
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.39
|-
|2
| [[Sadalsuud]]
|HIP 106278
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.89
|-
|3
|[[Sadalmelik]]
|HIP 109074
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|4
|[[Skat]]
|HIP 113136
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|5
| [[Biham]]
|HIP 109427
| Inside the Hull
|3.55
|-
|6
|[[Safina]]
|HIP 114341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.64
|-
|7
|ζ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 110960
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
| 8
|γ Piscium
|HIP 114971
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|9
|[[Shatabhisha]]
|HIP 112961
|Constellation lines
|3.79
|-
|10
|[[Sadachbia]]
| HIP 110395
|Constellation lines
|3.834
|-
|11
|98 Aqr
|HIP 115438
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|12
| τ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 112716
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|13
|η Aquarii
|HIP 111497
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|14
|ι Piscium
|HIP 116771
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
| 15
| [[Ancha]]
|HIP 110003
|Constellation lines
|4.16
|-
| 16
|ϕ Aquarii
|HIP 114724
| Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
|17
|ψ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 114855
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|18
|ι Aquarii
|HIP 109139
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.27
|-
|19
|* zet02 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Constellation lines
|4.34
|-
|20
|ψ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 115033
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|21
|30 Psc
|HIP 154
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.41
|-
| 22
|7 Cet
|HIP 1170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|23
|ω 2 Aquarii
|HIP 116971
|Constellation lines
|4.484
|-
|24
| * zet01 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|25
|λ Piscium
|HIP 116928
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|26
|[[Fumalsamakah]]
|HIP 113889
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|27
|[[Hydor]]
|HIP 301
|Inside the Hull
| 4.536
|-
| 28
|π Aquarii
|HIP 110672
|Constellation lines
| 4.64
|-
|29
|ο Aquarii
|HIP 108874
|Inside the Hull
|4.69
|-
| 30
|35 Peg
| HIP 110882
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 31
|σ Aquarii
|HIP 111123
|Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
|32
|104 Aqr A
| HIP 116901
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|33
|ν Pegasi
|HIP 109068
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
| 34
|27 Psc
|HIP 118209
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.886
|-
|35
|6 Cet
|HIP 910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.89
|-
|36
| 3 Cet
|HIP 355
|Constellation lines
| 4.924
|-
|37
|κ Piscium
|HIP 115738
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|38
|ω 1 Aquarii
| HIP 116758
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|39
|ψ 3 Aquarii
| HIP 115115
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 40
|[[Situla]]
|HIP 111710
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|41
| χ Aquarii
|HIP 114939
|Inside the Hull
|5.06
|-
|42
|7 Psc
|HIP 115227
|Inside the Hull
|5.069
|-
|43
|25 Aqr
|HIP 106944
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 44
| 94 Aqr A
|HIP 115126
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|45
| 108 Aqr
|HIP 117629
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|46
|97 Aqr
|HIP 115404
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|47
| 106 Aqr
|HIP 117089
|Inside the Hull
|5.239
|-
|48
|258 G. Aqr
|HIP 116957
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|49
|18 G. Cet
|HIP 983
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|50
|32 Aqr
|HIP 108991
|Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
|51
|7 Peg
|HIP 107151
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|52
|42 Aqr
|HIP 110000
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|53
| ρ Aquarii
|HIP 110273
|Inside the Hull
|5.339
|-
| 54
| 103 Aqr
|HIP 116889
|Inside the Hull
|5.344
|-
|55
|30 Peg
|HIP 110298
|Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
|56
|38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
|Inside the Hull
|5.422
|-
|57
|2 Psc
|HIP 113521
|Inside the Hull
|5.426
|-
|58
| 5 Psc
|HIP 114273
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|59
|83 Aqr
|HIP 113996
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
| 60
|20 Psc
| HIP 117375
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|61
|30 Aqr
|HIP 108868
|Inside the Hull
|5.543
|-
|62
| 217 G. Aqr
| HIP 114822
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 115142
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|64
|77 Aqr
|HIP 113148
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|65
|28 Aqr
|HIP 108691
|Inside the Hull
|5.597
|-
|66
| * i02 Aqr A
|HIP 117218
|Inside the Hull
|5.616
|-
| 67
|11 Peg
|HIP 107575
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|68
|19 Peg
|HIP 108699
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|69
|26 Aqr
| HIP 107144
| Inside the Hull
|5.641
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 116591
|Inside the Hull
|5.654
|-
|71
|16 Psc
| HIP 116495
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|72
|τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
|Inside the Hull
|5.681
|-
|73
|269 G. Aqr
|HIP 117567
|Inside the Hull
|5.691
|-
|74
|* 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|75
|94 G. Aqr
|HIP 108102
|Inside the Hull
|5.704
|-
| 76
|264 G. Aqr
|HIP 117314
| Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 117756
| Inside the Hull
|5.747
|-
|78
|44 Aqr
|HIP 110023
|Inside the Hull
|5.751
|-
|79
|50 Aqr
|HIP 110602
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 113184
|Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
|81
|7 G. Cet
|HIP 343
|Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
|82
|80 G. Aqr
|HIP 106592
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|83
|51 Aqr
|HIP 110578
|Inside the Hull
|5.779
|-
|84
|74 Aqr
|HIP 113031
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 110009
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|86
|34 Peg
|HIP 110785
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|87
|11 G. Psc
|HIP 113622
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|88
|271 G. Aqr
| HIP 117722
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|89
|14 Psc
|HIP 116323
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
|60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
|Inside the Hull
|5.875
|-
|91
| 138 G. Aqr
|HIP 110532
|Inside the Hull
|5.907
|-
|92
| -
| HR 8716
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|93
|255 G. Aqr
|HIP 116853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
|94
| 202 G. Aqr
|HIP 113686
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|95
|268 G. Aqr
|HIP 117541
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|96
|225 G. Aqr
|HIP 115144
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 97
|24 Psc
|HIP 117761
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|98
|246 G. Aqr
|HIP 116368
|Inside the Hull
|5.944
|-
|99
|45 Aqr
|HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 109466
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|101
|18 Peg
| HIP 108612
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|102
|39 Aqr
|HIP 109624
|Inside the Hull
|6.043
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 117420
|Inside the Hull
| 6.069
|-
|104
|198 G. Aqr
|HIP 113531
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 105
|1 Psc
|HIP 113167
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 114750
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
| 107
|CF Cet
|HIP 696
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|108
| 155 G. Aqr
|HIP 111171
|Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
|109
|13 G. Peg
|HIP 108090
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|110
|128 G. Aqr
|HIP 109984
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 113998
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 111170
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|113
|31 G. Peg
|HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 113421
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|115
|89 G. Aqr
|HIP 107596
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 115257
|Inside the Hull
|6.172
|-
|117
|70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|118
|78 Aqr
|HIP 113127
|Inside the Hull
| 6.181
|-
|119
|234 G. Aqr
|HIP 115528
|Inside the Hull
| 6.186
|-
| 120
|238 G. Aqr
| HIP 115906
|Inside the Hull
| 6.191
|-
|121
|29 G. Peg
|HIP 109939
|Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
|122
|82 Aqr
|HIP 113781
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|123
| 10 G. Cet
|HIP 602
|Inside the Hull
|6.203
|-
|124
|266 G. Aqr
|HIP 117494
|Inside the Hull
|6.213
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 106758
|Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
|126
|81 Aqr
|HIP 113674
| Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
| 127
|98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 128
|3 Psc
| HIP 113610
|Inside the Hull
|6.224
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 108144
|Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 111761
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|131
|9 Psc
|HIP 115768
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 115953
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|1 Cet
| HIP 118178
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|134
|115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|135
|5 G. Psc
|HIP 113360
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 111965
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 137
|197 G. Aqr
|HIP 113345
|Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 115015
| Inside the Hull
| 6.327
|-
|139
|96 G. Aqr
|HIP 108453
|Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|140
|24 G. Psc
| HIP 115476
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|141
|30 G. Psc
| HIP 115945
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|142
| 56 Aqr
|HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|143
|7 G. Psc
|HIP 113433
|Inside the Hull
| 6.374
|-
|144
|237 G. Aqr
|HIP 115839
| Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
| 145
| -
|HIP 110091
|Inside the Hull
|6.379
|-
|146
|189 G. Aqr
|HIP 113080
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|147
|251 G. Aqr
|HIP 116624
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|148
|58 Aqr
|HIP 111200
|Inside the Hull
|6.381
|-
|149
|13 Psc
| HIP 116146
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|150
|16 G. Psc
|HIP 114005
|Inside the Hull
|6.388
|-
|151
|240 G. Aqr
|HIP 116060
|Inside the Hull
|6.391
|-
|152
|121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|153
|152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|154
| 67 Aqr
|HIP 112179
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|155
|248 G. Aqr
|HIP 116428
|Inside the Hull
|6.407
|-
|156
|15 G. Psc
|HIP 113904
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
| 157
| * i02 Aqr B
| HIP 117218
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|158
| 213 G. Aqr
|HIP 114371
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 112168
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|160
|13 G. Psc
|HIP 113705
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| -
|HR 8629
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|162
|15 Psc
|HIP 116422
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|163
|10 G. Peg
|HIP 107271
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 116106
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= d''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987<ref name=":18">''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.</ref>; Kononenko 1997<ref>''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.</ref>, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].

==== Symbol. ====
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 124-133; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987<ref name=":18" />, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21">''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21" />, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19" />, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20" />, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, 12; MA<ref name=":12" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 246].

==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) ''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),

Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".

(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat".

(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 ''u''3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-''ma'' mulGAL: mulGU.LA ''ina'' [A2-''šu''2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":4" />, 11:72].

(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' mulxGU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV<ref name=":10" />, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2''-lu'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUNki ''u''2-''lu'' uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU<ref name=":17" />, 11:2].

(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 28a].

(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [d''Dil'']-''bat'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2''-tan-na-at''2-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''š'']''u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].

(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11" />, 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== GU.LA ===
|
|-
|= rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [Gössman 1950, 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; Verderame 2002, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3'].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6.

III. Символ.

Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1994, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше).

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно),

Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория».

(4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат».

(2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

Предсказания:

(4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [Verderame 2002, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2].

(6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [Verderame 2002, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′].

(9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU)
!
|-
|
=== GU ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r01)
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|-
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=== (mul)''Rabû'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Aqr]]

GU.LA

2026-06-08T11:43:58Z

WayneHorowitz: Who wrote the gul + a and the rest under the Akkadian parallel in Concordance??

{{distinguish|Gula}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "The Great One,'Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts <s>[Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71;</s> <s>Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257</s>]. In addition to the attested translation <s>of GU.LA</s> mulGU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII: indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as an Akkadian name for this asterism. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism mul [[DGU.LA|d]][[DGU.LA|GU.LA]], and the Lion-constellation mulUR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). <s>'''''For mul dGU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''</s>
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg|thumb|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]

* see also (Kurtik g25) GU.
* see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)''Rabû''

Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:

* [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [MSL XI<ref name=":3">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:18].
* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?).
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref> 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mulgu.la [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 107:389].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulgu.la = (pass) [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 30:25a'],
** [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 49, RS Rec. A:64],
** mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:320ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
'''Astrolabe P.'''

* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

'''Astrolabe B.'''

* (1) List (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "The month of Tebet: the Giant (on the way towards) Ea (rises)" (C i 10).
* (2) List (rising-setting=6m):
** a) itiab mulgu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen ˹e3˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31),
** b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen [šu2] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40].
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN BE d''E''2-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:28].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3]
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): mulgu.la [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Verderame 2002<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247; SpTU IV<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11">''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]],
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": mulGU.LA, after mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, before KUNmeš (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68].
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Elam: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:205].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [''ša'' dŠamaš...] / u mulGU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' it[iA]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''2 KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM3]
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I<ref name=":14">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:3'-4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* a) ''qu''2-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]."
* b) ˹''qu''2?˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:12′-13′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU).
* (2) Microzodiac.
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here).
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+:
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // ''Sin'' ...] múlGU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''10 "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu."
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // ''Sin ina'' GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine? of the Giant. / Region of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4].
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU.LA [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 94, passim].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlGU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15">''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
!Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation)
!
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ].
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":6" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* múlGU, the star of Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* ''ina'' itiab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 múlgu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":16" /> 246:23].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim].
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts:
** a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu ''šum''3-''šu''2 "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU<ref name=":17">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:19; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
** b) Sp II 202+: 11-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu "11th part Hired Man - Hired Man Giant" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16" />, 246:24].
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI8mušen) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 104:6, and also 104:19];
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 105:3, 16, 29].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 192].
** b) KI múlGU [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15" />].
|[[File:Aqr seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Aquarius in Wallenfels (1993)]]
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 96:1; SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 270:3′].
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Enif]]
|HIP 107315
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.39
|-
|2
| [[Sadalsuud]]
|HIP 106278
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.89
|-
|3
|[[Sadalmelik]]
|HIP 109074
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|4
|[[Skat]]
|HIP 113136
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|5
| [[Biham]]
|HIP 109427
| Inside the Hull
|3.55
|-
|6
|[[Safina]]
|HIP 114341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.64
|-
|7
|ζ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 110960
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
| 8
|γ Piscium
|HIP 114971
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|9
|[[Shatabhisha]]
|HIP 112961
|Constellation lines
|3.79
|-
|10
|[[Sadachbia]]
| HIP 110395
|Constellation lines
|3.834
|-
|11
|98 Aqr
|HIP 115438
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|12
| τ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 112716
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|13
|η Aquarii
|HIP 111497
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|14
|ι Piscium
|HIP 116771
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
| 15
| [[Ancha]]
|HIP 110003
|Constellation lines
|4.16
|-
| 16
|ϕ Aquarii
|HIP 114724
| Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
|17
|ψ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 114855
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|18
|ι Aquarii
|HIP 109139
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.27
|-
|19
|* zet02 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Constellation lines
|4.34
|-
|20
|ψ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 115033
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|21
|30 Psc
|HIP 154
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.41
|-
| 22
|7 Cet
|HIP 1170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|23
|ω 2 Aquarii
|HIP 116971
|Constellation lines
|4.484
|-
|24
| * zet01 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|25
|λ Piscium
|HIP 116928
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|26
|[[Fumalsamakah]]
|HIP 113889
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|27
|[[Hydor]]
|HIP 301
|Inside the Hull
| 4.536
|-
| 28
|π Aquarii
|HIP 110672
|Constellation lines
| 4.64
|-
|29
|ο Aquarii
|HIP 108874
|Inside the Hull
|4.69
|-
| 30
|35 Peg
| HIP 110882
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 31
|σ Aquarii
|HIP 111123
|Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
|32
|104 Aqr A
| HIP 116901
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|33
|ν Pegasi
|HIP 109068
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
| 34
|27 Psc
|HIP 118209
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.886
|-
|35
|6 Cet
|HIP 910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.89
|-
|36
| 3 Cet
|HIP 355
|Constellation lines
| 4.924
|-
|37
|κ Piscium
|HIP 115738
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|38
|ω 1 Aquarii
| HIP 116758
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|39
|ψ 3 Aquarii
| HIP 115115
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 40
|[[Situla]]
|HIP 111710
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|41
| χ Aquarii
|HIP 114939
|Inside the Hull
|5.06
|-
|42
|7 Psc
|HIP 115227
|Inside the Hull
|5.069
|-
|43
|25 Aqr
|HIP 106944
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 44
| 94 Aqr A
|HIP 115126
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|45
| 108 Aqr
|HIP 117629
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|46
|97 Aqr
|HIP 115404
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|47
| 106 Aqr
|HIP 117089
|Inside the Hull
|5.239
|-
|48
|258 G. Aqr
|HIP 116957
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|49
|18 G. Cet
|HIP 983
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|50
|32 Aqr
|HIP 108991
|Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
|51
|7 Peg
|HIP 107151
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|52
|42 Aqr
|HIP 110000
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|53
| ρ Aquarii
|HIP 110273
|Inside the Hull
|5.339
|-
| 54
| 103 Aqr
|HIP 116889
|Inside the Hull
|5.344
|-
|55
|30 Peg
|HIP 110298
|Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
|56
|38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
|Inside the Hull
|5.422
|-
|57
|2 Psc
|HIP 113521
|Inside the Hull
|5.426
|-
|58
| 5 Psc
|HIP 114273
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|59
|83 Aqr
|HIP 113996
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
| 60
|20 Psc
| HIP 117375
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|61
|30 Aqr
|HIP 108868
|Inside the Hull
|5.543
|-
|62
| 217 G. Aqr
| HIP 114822
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 115142
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|64
|77 Aqr
|HIP 113148
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|65
|28 Aqr
|HIP 108691
|Inside the Hull
|5.597
|-
|66
| * i02 Aqr A
|HIP 117218
|Inside the Hull
|5.616
|-
| 67
|11 Peg
|HIP 107575
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|68
|19 Peg
|HIP 108699
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|69
|26 Aqr
| HIP 107144
| Inside the Hull
|5.641
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 116591
|Inside the Hull
|5.654
|-
|71
|16 Psc
| HIP 116495
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|72
|τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
|Inside the Hull
|5.681
|-
|73
|269 G. Aqr
|HIP 117567
|Inside the Hull
|5.691
|-
|74
|* 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|75
|94 G. Aqr
|HIP 108102
|Inside the Hull
|5.704
|-
| 76
|264 G. Aqr
|HIP 117314
| Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 117756
| Inside the Hull
|5.747
|-
|78
|44 Aqr
|HIP 110023
|Inside the Hull
|5.751
|-
|79
|50 Aqr
|HIP 110602
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 113184
|Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
|81
|7 G. Cet
|HIP 343
|Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
|82
|80 G. Aqr
|HIP 106592
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|83
|51 Aqr
|HIP 110578
|Inside the Hull
|5.779
|-
|84
|74 Aqr
|HIP 113031
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 110009
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|86
|34 Peg
|HIP 110785
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|87
|11 G. Psc
|HIP 113622
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|88
|271 G. Aqr
| HIP 117722
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|89
|14 Psc
|HIP 116323
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
|60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
|Inside the Hull
|5.875
|-
|91
| 138 G. Aqr
|HIP 110532
|Inside the Hull
|5.907
|-
|92
| -
| HR 8716
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|93
|255 G. Aqr
|HIP 116853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
|94
| 202 G. Aqr
|HIP 113686
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|95
|268 G. Aqr
|HIP 117541
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|96
|225 G. Aqr
|HIP 115144
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 97
|24 Psc
|HIP 117761
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|98
|246 G. Aqr
|HIP 116368
|Inside the Hull
|5.944
|-
|99
|45 Aqr
|HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 109466
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|101
|18 Peg
| HIP 108612
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|102
|39 Aqr
|HIP 109624
|Inside the Hull
|6.043
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 117420
|Inside the Hull
| 6.069
|-
|104
|198 G. Aqr
|HIP 113531
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 105
|1 Psc
|HIP 113167
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 114750
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
| 107
|CF Cet
|HIP 696
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|108
| 155 G. Aqr
|HIP 111171
|Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
|109
|13 G. Peg
|HIP 108090
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|110
|128 G. Aqr
|HIP 109984
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 113998
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 111170
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|113
|31 G. Peg
|HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 113421
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|115
|89 G. Aqr
|HIP 107596
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 115257
|Inside the Hull
|6.172
|-
|117
|70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|118
|78 Aqr
|HIP 113127
|Inside the Hull
| 6.181
|-
|119
|234 G. Aqr
|HIP 115528
|Inside the Hull
| 6.186
|-
| 120
|238 G. Aqr
| HIP 115906
|Inside the Hull
| 6.191
|-
|121
|29 G. Peg
|HIP 109939
|Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
|122
|82 Aqr
|HIP 113781
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|123
| 10 G. Cet
|HIP 602
|Inside the Hull
|6.203
|-
|124
|266 G. Aqr
|HIP 117494
|Inside the Hull
|6.213
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 106758
|Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
|126
|81 Aqr
|HIP 113674
| Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
| 127
|98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 128
|3 Psc
| HIP 113610
|Inside the Hull
|6.224
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 108144
|Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 111761
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|131
|9 Psc
|HIP 115768
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 115953
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|1 Cet
| HIP 118178
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|134
|115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|135
|5 G. Psc
|HIP 113360
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 111965
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 137
|197 G. Aqr
|HIP 113345
|Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 115015
| Inside the Hull
| 6.327
|-
|139
|96 G. Aqr
|HIP 108453
|Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|140
|24 G. Psc
| HIP 115476
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|141
|30 G. Psc
| HIP 115945
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|142
| 56 Aqr
|HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|143
|7 G. Psc
|HIP 113433
|Inside the Hull
| 6.374
|-
|144
|237 G. Aqr
|HIP 115839
| Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
| 145
| -
|HIP 110091
|Inside the Hull
|6.379
|-
|146
|189 G. Aqr
|HIP 113080
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|147
|251 G. Aqr
|HIP 116624
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|148
|58 Aqr
|HIP 111200
|Inside the Hull
|6.381
|-
|149
|13 Psc
| HIP 116146
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|150
|16 G. Psc
|HIP 114005
|Inside the Hull
|6.388
|-
|151
|240 G. Aqr
|HIP 116060
|Inside the Hull
|6.391
|-
|152
|121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|153
|152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|154
| 67 Aqr
|HIP 112179
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|155
|248 G. Aqr
|HIP 116428
|Inside the Hull
|6.407
|-
|156
|15 G. Psc
|HIP 113904
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
| 157
| * i02 Aqr B
| HIP 117218
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|158
| 213 G. Aqr
|HIP 114371
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 112168
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|160
|13 G. Psc
|HIP 113705
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| -
|HR 8629
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|162
|15 Psc
|HIP 116422
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|163
|10 G. Peg
|HIP 107271
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 116106
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= d''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987<ref name=":18">''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.</ref>; Kononenko 1997<ref>''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.</ref>, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].

==== Symbol. ====
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 124-133; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987<ref name=":18" />, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21">''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21" />, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19" />, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20" />, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, 12; MA<ref name=":12" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 246].

==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) ''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),

Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".

(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat".

(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 ''u''3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-''ma'' mulGAL: mulGU.LA ''ina'' [A2-''šu''2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":4" />, 11:72].

(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' mulxGU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV<ref name=":10" />, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2''-lu'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUNki ''u''2-''lu'' uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU<ref name=":17" />, 11:2].

(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 28a].

(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [d''Dil'']-''bat'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2''-tan-na-at''2-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''š'']''u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].

(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11" />, 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== GU.LA ===
|
|-
|= rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [Gössman 1950, 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; Verderame 2002, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3'].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6.

III. Символ.

Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1994, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше).

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно),

Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория».

(4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат».

(2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

Предсказания:

(4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [Verderame 2002, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2].

(6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [Verderame 2002, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′].

(9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU)
!
|-
|
=== GU ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, r01)
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|-
|
=== (mul)''Rabû'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Aqr]]

GU4.ALIM

2026-06-08T08:52:07Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.ALIM}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]
mulGU4.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), d''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian), The Buffalo, is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation. With its name written syllabically in Akkadian, it is one 10 asterisms named in the two famous 'Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.' Later, in the first millennium, the Akkadian name again appears in the broken commentary 2R 47 iii 38 (d''Ku-sa-rik-ku'' = MUL [ . . .), and with many of its constituent stars identified under its Sumerian name mulGU4.ALIM are in the DAL.BA.AN.NA-text, here with reference to a multi-star asterism, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]]. There is no way to be certain if the second millennium ''kusarikkum'' is comprised of the same stars as first millennium mulGU4.ALIM, or even in the same area of the sky.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
It is an important constellation in the second millennium where ''Kusarikkum'', written in syllabic Akkadian appears as one of 10 named constellations in Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, as well as a parallel Hittite prayer with a final consonant H instead of K. Memories of the name continue into the first millennium where brief references are found in broken contexts. The Sumerian equivalent GU4.ALIM indicates that the being has bovine characteristics. Thus, it is most likely that the ''kusarikku'' is a mythological composite figure consisting of both human and animal parts. An omen apodosis in Šumma Izbu gives the situation of a human with the face of a ''kusarikku'' indicating that the composite beast has a bovine-like head and human body. Such creatures are depicted on cylinder seals.

The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian mulGU4.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.

The standard English translation of the star-name, 'Bison,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as bisons are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal. Therefore, we translate The Buffalo.

Var. reading:

* GUD.ALIM;
* = d''Kusarikku'',
A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (202x) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:20], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: d''ku-sa-ri-ku'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:19]
* (2) Hittite prayer: d''ku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 10].

|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §Y.
** a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Buffalo's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Buffalo's right leg]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
** §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108-110].
* §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4. alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] "Buffalo's right leg (κ Oph), left leg [...] (ζ2 Sco), [...] (χ Lup) [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur. idim] "The left paw [of the Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco), [...] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog] (χ Lup).
* §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ [...] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na ...] "Left leg of Buffalo (σ Oph), left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), [...] [... stars]. Field ... 2 intervals, [interval ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 47-48, 60]: [...] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "Mad Dog's left arm]" (θ Lup).
* §f.
** a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Cen[ter of the Buffalo]" (γ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim "[Right leg] of the Buffalo" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] "the right leg of Z[ubr]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
* §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim "the left hand of Zubr" (Ser d), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §j. mulsag gu4.alim "Buffalo's head" (η Ser?), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|ZA.BA4.BA4]].
* §n.
** a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] "Ri[ght] leg [of the Buffalo]" (κ Oph),
** b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "Right leg of the Buffalo fir[st]", see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
* §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba "The head of the B[ison] (η Ser? ), stars in the middle of the Buffalo (βγ Oph), le[ft] leg of the [Bis]on (σ Oph!), middle[on x x] x: 4 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; here, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ "Midd[le of the Wild Ca]t" (η Tel), cf. [Koch 1995, 50, 62].
* §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mul''Šar''2-''ur''4 mul˹''Šar''2-''gaz''˺ ''u'' ˹mul˺''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4. alim ''maḫ-ru'' "The right hand of the Buffalo (ζ Ser), Sharur (λ Sco), Shargaz (υ Sco) and the sting of Pabilsag (α CrA): 3 stars. A straight tight rope. 2 interval, interval. Buffalo's right hand first." [Walker 1995, 39-40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110].
* §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 "Left hand of Buffalo (ζ Ser), Lisi (α Sco), front (star) of Libra (α Lib): 3 stars. Triangle." [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; according to [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], instead of [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) should be [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph).
* §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph!), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "The left hand [of the Buffalo]" (Ser d), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|see Hoffmann (future book)
|}
See also mulG[U4].ALIM in K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim in the star list [III R, 57, 9:1], d''Ku-sa-ri-ku'' = MUL [...] in [II R, 47 iii 38].

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The constellation ''Kusarikku'' (= GU4.ALIM) is known from the Old Babylonian times, but the mythological character associated with it is much older. Images of bulls with human faces, standing upright, are known from early dynastic periods. The naked hero, lions, the lion’s dragon, bulls, and other animals were often depicted as standing alongside the bull with the human face. A tiara with horns, sits on the head of the bull with a human face, during the III dynasty of Ur and thereafter as an emblem of divinity. The bull with a human face was associated with the sun god, Utu. This is attested, in particular, within the identity: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = ''kusarikku'' = "bull-man". [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.] Ninurta/Ningirsu (and later Marduk), together with other demons, defeats the bull (this story plot goes back to the Neo-Sumerian times). Kusarikku is mentioned in Ee I 143 as a storm demon created by Tiamat, in the incantations of Šurpu VII 7 and among the gods of Esagil. From the Kassite period, and probably earlier, the image of the bull with the human face vested a magical and protective role [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179].

==== Symbol. ====
The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black and Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]

According to H.Walker, quoted by F.Wiggermann, "the constellation kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) — a bull-man, which constitutes Šullat and Ḫaniš, the Centaurus constellation". [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM "The right leg of the Buffalo" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left leg of Buffalo" (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-text (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM "Buffalo's head" (η Serpentis), see dbn-text (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM "Stars in the middle of the Buffalo" (β, γ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM "Right hand of the Buffalo" (ζ Serpentis), see dbn-text (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left hand of the Buffalo" (Serpentis d), see dbn-text (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Surprisingly, this ancient constellation is not mentioned in the EAE series texts.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g32)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: GUD.ALIM; = dKusarikku, букв. «Зубр»; мифологический персонаж, бык с чертами антропоморфности; созвездие между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD A/1, 349, D 164–165, K 584; G. 76; Jong-Ellis 1989; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:20], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: dku-sa-ri-ku [Dossin 1935, 181–182:19]. (2) Хеттская молитва: dku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu [KUB IV, 47 r. 10]. Dalbanna-текст. §Y. a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph), см. u21UR.IDIM. §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108–110]. §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4.alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] «Правая нога Зубра (κ Oph), левая нога […] (ζ2 Sco), […] (χ Lup) […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), […] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ […] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na …] «Левая нога Зубра (σ Oph), левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), […] [… звезды]. Поле … 2 интервала, [интервал …]» [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47–48, 60]: […] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §f. a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] «правая нога З[убра]» (κ Oph), см. h03Ḫaniš. §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim «левая рука Зубра» (Ser d), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §j. mulsag gu4.alim «голова Зубра» (η Ser?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), см. z01ZA.BA4.BA4. §n. a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] «Пр[авая] нога [Зубра]» (κ Oph), b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Правая нога Зубра перв[ая]», см. u21UR.IDIM. §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Голова З[убра] (η Ser?), звезды в середине Зубра (βγ Oph), лев[ая] нога [Зуб]ра (σ Oph!), середи[на x x] x: 4 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; здесь, по-видимому, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ «Середи[на Дикого Кот]а» (η Tel), см. [Koch 1995, 50, 62]. §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mulŠar2-ur4 mul˹Šar2-gaz˺ u ˹mul˺zi-qit mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4.alim maḫ-ru «Правая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Шарур (λ Sco), Шаргаз (υ Sco) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Правая рука Зубра первая» [Walker 1995, 39–40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110]. §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 «Левая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Лиси (α Sco), передняя (звезда) Весов (α Lib): 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; согласно [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], вместо [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) должно быть [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph). §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph!), см. L07LI9.SI4. §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser d), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

См. также mul[gu4].alim в K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim в списке звезд [III R, 57, 9:1], dKu-sa-ri-ku = MUL […] в [II R, 47 iii 38].

II. Божество.

Созвездие Kusarikku (= GU4.ALIM) известно со старовавилонского времени, однако связанный с ним мифологический персонаж намного древнее. Изображения быка с человеческим лицом, в том числе стоящего вертикально, известны с раннединастического периода. С ним рядом изображался нередко обнаженный герой, львы, львиный дракон, быки и другие животные. Со времени III династии Ура на его голове появляется тиара с рогами, как признак божественности. Бык с человеческим лицом был связан с богом солнца Уту. Об этом свидетельствуют, в частности, тождества: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = kusarikku = «бык-человек» [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.]. Нинурта/Нингирсу (а позднее Мардук) побеждают его вместе с другими демонами (сюжет известен с новошумерского времени). Kusarikku упоминается в Ee I 143 как демон бури, сотворенный Тиамат, в заклинаниях Šurpu VII 7 и среди богов Эсагилы. С касситского времени, а возможно и ранее, его изображения исполняли магическую защитную функцию [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].

III. Символ.

Бык-человек; бык с бородатым лицом, торсом и руками человека, стоящий вертикально [Black–Green 1992, 44, 49–51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

IV. Отождествление.

= часть Змееносца и передняя часть Змеи [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.].

Согласно Х.Уокеру, сообщение которого цитирует Ф.Виггерман, “созвездие kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) – это бык-человек, составлявший с Шуллат и Ханиш созвездие Центавра” [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

В общем списке звезд Д.Пингри не приводит отождествлений для этого созвездия [ASM, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая нога Зубра» (κ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-текст (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM «Голова Зубра» (η Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM «Звезды середины Зубра» (β, γ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая рука Зубра» (ζ Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая рука Зубра» (Serpentis d), см. dbn-текст (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Удивительно, но это древнее созвездие не упоминается в текстах серии ЕАЕ.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k30)
|
|-
|= mulGU4.ALIM; разновидность быка, возможно, зубр; мифологический персонаж и созвездие в области между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD K, 584; G. 76; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179], см. g32GU4.ALIM.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Nor]][[Category:Ara]]

GU4.ALIM

2026-06-08T08:44:53Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulGU4.ALIM}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]
mulGU4.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), d''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian), The Buffalo, is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation. With its name written syllabically in Akkadian, it is one 10 asterisms named in the two famous 'Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.' Later, in the first millennium a number of stars in the constellation under the Sumerian name mulGU4.ALIM are identified in the DAL.BA.AN.NA-text, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
It is an important constellation in the second millennium where ''Kusarikkum'', written in syllabic Akkadian appears as one of 10 named constellations in Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, as well as a parallel Hittite prayer with a final consonant H instead of K. Memories of the name continue into the first millennium where brief references are found in broken contexts. The Sumerian equivalent GU4.ALIM indicates that the being has bovine characteristics. Thus, it is most likely that the ''kusarikku'' is a mythological composite figure consisting of both human and animal parts. An omen apodosis in Šumma Izbu gives the situation of a human with the face of a ''kusarikku'' indicating that the composite beast has a bovine-like head and human body. Such creatures are depicted on cylinder seals.

The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian mulGU4.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.

The standard English translation of the star-name, 'Bison,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as bisons are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal. Therefore, we translate The Buffalo.

Var. reading:

* GUD.ALIM;
* = d''Kusarikku'',
A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (202x) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
* (1) Old Babylonian prayer:
** a) Erm. 15642: ''ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:20], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
** b) AO 6769: d''ku-sa-ri-ku'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:19]
* (2) Hittite prayer: d''ku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 10].

|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §Y.
** a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] "the [Buffalo's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] "[the Buffalo's right leg]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
** §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108-110].
* §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4. alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] "Buffalo's right leg (κ Oph), left leg [...] (ζ2 Sco), [...] (χ Lup) [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [...] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur. idim] "The left paw [of the Mad Dog]" (ζ2 Sco), [...] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog] (χ Lup).
* §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ [...] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na ...] "Left leg of Buffalo (σ Oph), left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ2 Sco), [...] [... stars]. Field ... 2 intervals, [interval ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 47-48, 60]: [...] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] "Mad Dog's left arm]" (θ Lup).
* §f.
** a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? "Cen[ter of the Buffalo]" (γ Oph),
** b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim "[Right leg] of the Buffalo" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] "the right leg of Z[ubr]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
* §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim "the left hand of Zubr" (Ser d), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §j. mulsag gu4.alim "Buffalo's head" (η Ser?), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]].
* §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|ZA.BA4.BA4]].
* §n.
** a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] "Ri[ght] leg [of the Buffalo]" (κ Oph),
** b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "Right leg of the Buffalo fir[st]", see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
* §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba "The head of the B[ison] (η Ser? ), stars in the middle of the Buffalo (βγ Oph), le[ft] leg of the [Bis]on (σ Oph!), middle[on x x] x: 4 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; here, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ "Midd[le of the Wild Ca]t" (η Tel), cf. [Koch 1995, 50, 62].
* §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mul''Šar''2-''ur''4 mul˹''Šar''2-''gaz''˺ ''u'' ˹mul˺''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4. alim ''maḫ-ru'' "The right hand of the Buffalo (ζ Ser), Sharur (λ Sco), Shargaz (υ Sco) and the sting of Pabilsag (α CrA): 3 stars. A straight tight rope. 2 interval, interval. Buffalo's right hand first." [Walker 1995, 39-40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110].
* §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 "Left hand of Buffalo (ζ Ser), Lisi (α Sco), front (star) of Libra (α Lib): 3 stars. Triangle." [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; according to [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], instead of [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) should be [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph).
* §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph!), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|LI9.SI4]].
* §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "The left hand [of the Buffalo]" (Ser d), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|see Hoffmann (future book)
|}
See also mulG[U4].ALIM in K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim in the star list [III R, 57, 9:1], d''Ku-sa-ri-ku'' = MUL [...] in [II R, 47 iii 38].

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The constellation ''Kusarikku'' (= GU4.ALIM) is known from the Old Babylonian times, but the mythological character associated with it is much older. Images of bulls with human faces, standing upright, are known from early dynastic periods. The naked hero, lions, the lion’s dragon, bulls, and other animals were often depicted as standing alongside the bull with the human face. A tiara with horns, sits on the head of the bull with a human face, during the III dynasty of Ur and thereafter as an emblem of divinity. The bull with a human face was associated with the sun god, Utu. This is attested, in particular, within the identity: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = ''kusarikku'' = "bull-man". [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.] Ninurta/Ningirsu (and later Marduk), together with other demons, defeats the bull (this story plot goes back to the Neo-Sumerian times). Kusarikku is mentioned in Ee I 143 as a storm demon created by Tiamat, in the incantations of Šurpu VII 7 and among the gods of Esagil. From the Kassite period, and probably earlier, the image of the bull with the human face vested a magical and protective role [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179].

==== Symbol. ====
The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black and Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]

According to H.Walker, quoted by F.Wiggermann, "the constellation kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) — a bull-man, which constitutes Šullat and Ḫaniš, the Centaurus constellation". [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM "The right leg of the Buffalo" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left leg of Buffalo" (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-text (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM "Buffalo's head" (η Serpentis), see dbn-text (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM "Stars in the middle of the Buffalo" (β, γ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM "Right hand of the Buffalo" (ζ Serpentis), see dbn-text (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM "Left hand of the Buffalo" (Serpentis d), see dbn-text (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Surprisingly, this ancient constellation is not mentioned in the EAE series texts.
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g32)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: GUD.ALIM; = dKusarikku, букв. «Зубр»; мифологический персонаж, бык с чертами антропоморфности; созвездие между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD A/1, 349, D 164–165, K 584; G. 76; Jong-Ellis 1989; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) Erm. 15642: ku-sa-ri-ik-ku-um [Horowitz 2000, 196–197:20], а также [Шилейко 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306], b) AO 6769: dku-sa-ri-ku [Dossin 1935, 181–182:19]. (2) Хеттская молитва: dku-ša-ri-iḫ-ḫu [KUB IV, 47 r. 10]. Dalbanna-текст. §Y. a) mulgir3 g[ub3 gu4.alim] «ле[вая] нога [Зубра]» (σ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag gu4.alim] «[правая нога Зубра]» (κ Oph), см. u21UR.IDIM. §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108–110]. §Z. mulgir3 zag gu4.alim mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] «Правая нога Зубра (κ Oph), левая нога […] (ζ2 Sco), […] (χ Lup) […] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: mul˹gir3 gub3˺ […] = mul˹gir3 gub3˺ [ur.idim] «Левая лапа [Бешеного Пса»] (ζ2 Sco), […] = [mulšu zag ur.idim] «[Правая рука Бешеного Пса» (χ Lup). §AA. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim mulgir3 gub3 ˹ur.idim˺ […] gan2 gim u2 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na …] «Левая нога Зубра (σ Oph), левая лапа Бешеного Пса (ζ2 Sco), […] [… звезды]. Поле … 2 интервала, [интервал …]» [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 47–48, 60]: […] = [mulšu gub3 ur.idim] «Левая рука Бешеного Пса]» (θ Lup). §f. a) mul˹mu˺[rub4 gu4.alim]? «Сер[едина Зубра]» (γ Oph), b) [mulgir3 zag]? ˹gu4˺.alim «[Правая нога] Зубра» (κ Oph), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §g. mulgir3 zag g[u4.alim] «правая нога З[убра]» (κ Oph), см. h03Ḫaniš. §h. mulšu gub3 gu4.alim «левая рука Зубра» (Ser d), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §j. mulsag gu4.alim «голова Зубра» (η Ser?), см. g19GIR2.TAB. §k. ˹mulgu4.alim˺ (η Ser), см. z01ZA.BA4.BA4. §n. a) mulgir3 z[ag gu4.alim] «Пр[авая] нога [Зубра]» (κ Oph), b) mulgir3 zag ˹gu4.alim˺ maḫ-[ru] «Правая нога Зубра перв[ая]», см. u21UR.IDIM. §s. mulsag gu4.a[lim] mul.meš murub4 gu4.alim mulgir3 gu[b3 gu4].˹alim˺ mulmuru[b4 x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Голова З[убра] (η Ser?), звезды в середине Зубра (βγ Oph), лев[ая] нога [Зуб]ра (σ Oph!), середи[на x x] x: 4 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; здесь, по-видимому, mulmuru[b4 x x] x = mulmuru[b4 sa.r]˹i˺ «Середи[на Дикого Кот]а» (η Tel), см. [Koch 1995, 50, 62]. §t. mulšu zag gu4.alim mulŠar2-ur4 mul˹Šar2-gaz˺ u ˹mul˺zi-qit mulpa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulšu zag gu4.alim maḫ-ru «Правая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Шарур (λ Sco), Шаргаз (υ Sco) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервала, интервал. Правая рука Зубра первая» [Walker 1995, 39–40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110]. §u. [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim dli9.si4 mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 3 mul.meš sag.du3 «Левая рука Зубра (ζ Ser), Лиси (α Sco), передняя (звезда) Весов (α Lib): 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; согласно [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], вместо [mu]lšu gub3 gu4.alim (ζ Ser) должно быть [mu]lgir2 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph). §v. mulgir3 gub3 gu4.alim «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Oph!), см. L07LI9.SI4. §w. mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser d), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A.

См. также mul[gu4].alim в K.11739:5 [CT 26, 47], mulgu4.alim в списке звезд [III R, 57, 9:1], dKu-sa-ri-ku = MUL […] в [II R, 47 iii 38].

II. Божество.

Созвездие Kusarikku (= GU4.ALIM) известно со старовавилонского времени, однако связанный с ним мифологический персонаж намного древнее. Изображения быка с человеческим лицом, в том числе стоящего вертикально, известны с раннединастического периода. С ним рядом изображался нередко обнаженный герой, львы, львиный дракон, быки и другие животные. Со времени III династии Ура на его голове появляется тиара с рогами, как признак божественности. Бык с человеческим лицом был связан с богом солнца Уту. Об этом свидетельствуют, в частности, тождества: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.dUTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = kusarikku = «бык-человек» [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.]. Нинурта/Нингирсу (а позднее Мардук) побеждают его вместе с другими демонами (сюжет известен с новошумерского времени). Kusarikku упоминается в Ee I 143 как демон бури, сотворенный Тиамат, в заклинаниях Šurpu VII 7 и среди богов Эсагилы. С касситского времени, а возможно и ранее, его изображения исполняли магическую защитную функцию [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179].

III. Символ.

Бык-человек; бык с бородатым лицом, торсом и руками человека, стоящий вертикально [Black–Green 1992, 44, 49–51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

IV. Отождествление.

= часть Змееносца и передняя часть Змеи [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.].

Согласно Х.Уокеру, сообщение которого цитирует Ф.Виггерман, “созвездие kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) – это бык-человек, составлявший с Шуллат и Ханиш созвездие Центавра” [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

В общем списке звезд Д.Пингри не приводит отождествлений для этого созвездия [ASM, 271].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL GIR3 ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая нога Зубра» (κ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§§ f?, g, n).

(2) MUL GIR3 GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая нога Зубра» (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-текст (§§ s, v).

(3) MUL SAG GU4.ALIM «Голова Зубра» (η Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§§ j, s).

(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB4 GU4.ALIM «Звезды середины Зубра» (β, γ Ophiuchi), см. dbn-текст (§ s).

(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU4.ALIM «Правая рука Зубра» (ζ Serpentis), см. dbn-текст (§ t).

(6) MUL ŠU GUB3 GU4.ALIM «Левая рука Зубра» (Serpentis d), см. dbn-текст (§§ h, t, u, w?).

Удивительно, но это древнее созвездие не упоминается в текстах серии ЕАЕ.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k30)
|
|-
|= mulGU4.ALIM; разновидность быка, возможно, зубр; мифологический персонаж и созвездие в области между Змееносцем и передней частью Змеи (?) [AHw, 514; CAD K, 584; G. 76; PSD A/3, 174–175; Wiggermann 1992, 174–179], см. g32GU4.ALIM.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Nor]][[Category:Ara]]

GU.LA

2026-06-07T15:03:54Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|Gula}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
mulGU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71; Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257]. In addition to the attested translation <s>of GU.LA</s> mulGU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as an Akkadian name for this asterism. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism mul [[DGU.LA|d]][[DGU.LA|GU.LA]], and the Lion-constellation mulUR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). <s>'''''For mul dGU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''</s>
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg|thumb|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]

* see also (Kurtik g25) GU.
* see also (Kurtik r01) (mul)''Rabû''

Akkadian parallel in Urra XXII:

* [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [MSL XI<ref name=":3">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64]. See also: mul ''ra-be''2-''e'' [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":4">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 54:18].
* = ''rabû'' (?) (𒊏𒁍𒌑) “great (man)” (?).
Although this constellation is identified with Hydrochoos/Aquarius, the Greek/Latin names have no obvious relationship with their cuneiform counterpart. Tentatively, a relationship could be established if we assume that the Sumerian term was segmented (by folk etymology?) phonetically as /gul/ (cf. Akk. ''gullu'' “bowl”) and /a/ “water”. Note, however, that a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar explains [mul(.d?)GU.]LA as ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''], i.e. Ninkarrak, another name of the healing goddess Gula (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 7’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, V I.1, 287, and Gantzert<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref> 210,1 210; II 127). mulGU.LA (EA 2l).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* (1) Sumerian list from Nippur: mulgu.la [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 107:389].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulgu.la = (pass) [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 30:25a'],
** [mulgu.la] = ''ra-bu-u''2 [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 49, RS Rec. A:64],
** mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III<ref name=":5">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 60], a possible parallel [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI<ref name=":3" />, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 111:320ʹ].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
'''Astrolabe P.'''

* Month of Tebet, the stars of Ea, 140 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].

'''Astrolabe B.'''

* (1) List (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "The month of Tebet: the Giant (on the way towards) Ea (rises)" (C i 10).
* (2) List (rising-setting=6m):
** a) itiab mulgu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen ˹e3˺ "Tebet: Giant, Crab, Eagle rises" (C 31),
** b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' multi8mušen [šu2] "(Duuzu): the Giant, Crab, Eagle [comes in]." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40].
|[[File:Aqr+Cap Perdok stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Mesopotamian god Enki/ Ea and the benevolent daemon of the Goat-Fish next to him; paintings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) mapped to Stellarium. ]]
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
Month of Tebet, stars of Ea: mulGU.LA // 2.20 // dEN BE d''E''2-''a'' "The Giant // 140 // Lord of sources, Ea". [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:28].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
* itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3]
* "Tebet: 140 Giant, 60 Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 30 [Goat]" [LBAT<ref name=":6">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10].
* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. 12 stars of Ea (no. 1): mulgu.la [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Verderame 2002<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247; SpTU IV<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11">''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Ea (no. 2): mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'' "Giant, Ea" (I ii 20).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: "5th of Sabbath" (I iii 10), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 18), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2.mušen]],
** b) (I iii 31), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
* (4) Stars "on the way of towards the moon": mulGU.LA, after mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, before KUNmeš (I iv 36), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68].
|[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg|thumb|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* 12 stars of Elam: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:205].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x [...] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x [...] "Giant (α Lyr?), tongue of the Dog (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x [...] (γ Ser): 3 stars. Straight tight rope. 2 interval[a, interval. Star] x x [...]" [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(healer goddess) Gula" (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [''ša'' dŠamaš...] / u mulGU.LA ''šit-qu-lu ina'' it[iA]PIN [''ina''] ''l''[''i-l'']''a-a-tu''2 KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Š''[''amaš'' ŠU.BI. AŠ.AM3]
* "On the 15th of ayar, during the rising [of the Sun...] and the Giant in equilibrium (= culminate). In the (month of) arahsamnu, in the evening, during sunset, the same thing takes place". [SpTU I<ref name=":14">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:3'-4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* a) ''qu''2-''up''-[''pu'' ...] "[Front] reservo[ir of the Giant ...]."
* b) ˹''qu''2?˺-[...] "[Rear] reservo[ir of the Giant]." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 564:12′-13′].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) "Lunaries."
** a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la "Giant's region (= Aquarius)." [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 258-259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see below (Kurtik g25 GU).
* (2) Microzodiac.
** (a) Subdivision of the zodiac sign of the Hired Worker (Aries) into 12 parts, see (Kurtik g25, GU, merged here).
** (b) Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 7th part is mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16-17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847].
* (3) Dodecatemoria. BM 34452+:
** a) [11 10 // 3 10 // ''Sin'' ...] múlGU.LA / [....] ''Eri-du''10 "[Tebet 10 // siman 10 // Moon ...] Giant. / [...] Eridu."
** b) 5 24 // 3 12 // ''Sin ina'' GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN "Ab 24 // siman 12 // The Moon on the spine? of the Giant. / Region of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn, according to Hunger), seat of the house dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Lady Erua?)." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref>, 41:19-20, rev. 3-4].
* (4) Predictions of cereal prices by the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlGU.LA [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 94, passim].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI múlGU.LA ''a-lid'' ... "In the region of Aquarius was born..." [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15">''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
!Kurtik (g25) GU (abbreviation)
!
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
* 1) GU is the designation of the zodiac sign Aquarius [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim], first seen in the diary of the year -384 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ].
* 2) As a designation of constellation included in the names of the 3 "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
See. [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>; LBAT<ref name=":6" />, passim].
|
|-
|'''Text LBAT 1502 obv.'''
* múlGU, the star of Antashurra, see (Kurtik sh20) [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE]].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427:

* ''ina'' itiab ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month of Tebet, in the morning of the 28th day, the Giant emits mišḫu and rises." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:5], parallel in Sp II 202+: ina ab ina ''še-rim'' 28 múlgu.la ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":16" /> 246:23].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Horoscopes. GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant (= Aquarius) [BH, passim].
* (2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: GU — the designation of the zodiac sign Giant in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1" />, 274-275: b, d, n, 10-13, 15, 28; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53].
* (3) "Microzodiac. The subdivision of the zodiac sign Hired Worker(=Aries) into 12 parts:
** a) AO 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu ''šum''3-''šu''2 "11th section, its name is the Giant" [TU<ref name=":17">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:19; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66],
** b) Sp II 202+: 11-''tu''2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu "11th part Hired Man - Hired Man Giant" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":16" />, 246:24].
* (4) Calendar-magic texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointment + "dodecatemoria"):
** MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''erî''(TI8mušen) ''kappi''(PA) MIN(= ''erî'') ''u dām''(UŠ2) MIN(= ''erî'') MIN(= ''tapaššaš'')
** "Duuzu 6 // Aquarius 120 // Head of eagle, wing of eagle and blood of eagle - you smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 104:6, and also 104:19];
** for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III<ref name=":5" />, 105:3, 16, 29].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology.
** a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ "Region of Aquarius: sons shall have a good name, death by water" [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], for parallels see. [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43: 27]; see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 192].
** b) KI múlGU [LBAT<ref name=":6" />, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000<ref name=":15" />].
|[[File:Aqr seal Wallenfels1993.png|thumb|Aquarius in Wallenfels (1993)]]
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":14" />, 96:1; SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 270:3′].
[[File:GULAaqr CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 180923.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside GU.LA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Enif]]
|HIP 107315
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.39
|-
|2
| [[Sadalsuud]]
|HIP 106278
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.89
|-
|3
|[[Sadalmelik]]
|HIP 109074
|Constellation lines
|2.94
|-
|4
|[[Skat]]
|HIP 113136
|Constellation lines
|3.28
|-
|5
| [[Biham]]
|HIP 109427
| Inside the Hull
|3.55
|-
|6
|[[Safina]]
|HIP 114341
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.64
|-
|7
|ζ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 110960
|Constellation lines
|3.65
|-
| 8
|γ Piscium
|HIP 114971
|Constellation lines
|3.7
|-
|9
|[[Shatabhisha]]
|HIP 112961
|Constellation lines
|3.79
|-
|10
|[[Sadachbia]]
| HIP 110395
|Constellation lines
|3.834
|-
|11
|98 Aqr
|HIP 115438
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|12
| τ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 112716
|Constellation lines
|3.98
|-
|13
|η Aquarii
|HIP 111497
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|14
|ι Piscium
|HIP 116771
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.12
|-
| 15
| [[Ancha]]
|HIP 110003
|Constellation lines
|4.16
|-
| 16
|ϕ Aquarii
|HIP 114724
| Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
|17
|ψ 1 Aquarii
|HIP 114855
|Constellation lines
|4.25
|-
|18
|ι Aquarii
|HIP 109139
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.27
|-
|19
|* zet02 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Constellation lines
|4.34
|-
|20
|ψ 2 Aquarii
|HIP 115033
|Constellation lines
|4.4
|-
|21
|30 Psc
|HIP 154
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.41
|-
| 22
|7 Cet
|HIP 1170
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.46
|-
|23
|ω 2 Aquarii
|HIP 116971
|Constellation lines
|4.484
|-
|24
| * zet01 Aqr
|HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|25
|λ Piscium
|HIP 116928
|Inside the Hull
|4.51
|-
|26
|[[Fumalsamakah]]
|HIP 113889
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|27
|[[Hydor]]
|HIP 301
|Inside the Hull
| 4.536
|-
| 28
|π Aquarii
|HIP 110672
|Constellation lines
| 4.64
|-
|29
|ο Aquarii
|HIP 108874
|Inside the Hull
|4.69
|-
| 30
|35 Peg
| HIP 110882
|Inside the Hull
|4.8
|-
| 31
|σ Aquarii
|HIP 111123
|Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
|32
|104 Aqr A
| HIP 116901
|Constellation lines
|4.83
|-
|33
|ν Pegasi
|HIP 109068
|Inside the Hull
|4.84
|-
| 34
|27 Psc
|HIP 118209
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.886
|-
|35
|6 Cet
|HIP 910
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.89
|-
|36
| 3 Cet
|HIP 355
|Constellation lines
| 4.924
|-
|37
|κ Piscium
|HIP 115738
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|38
|ω 1 Aquarii
| HIP 116758
|Inside the Hull
|4.977
|-
|39
|ψ 3 Aquarii
| HIP 115115
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 40
|[[Situla]]
|HIP 111710
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|41
| χ Aquarii
|HIP 114939
|Inside the Hull
|5.06
|-
|42
|7 Psc
|HIP 115227
|Inside the Hull
|5.069
|-
|43
|25 Aqr
|HIP 106944
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
| 44
| 94 Aqr A
|HIP 115126
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|45
| 108 Aqr
|HIP 117629
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|46
|97 Aqr
|HIP 115404
|Inside the Hull
|5.22
|-
|47
| 106 Aqr
|HIP 117089
|Inside the Hull
|5.239
|-
|48
|258 G. Aqr
|HIP 116957
|Inside the Hull
|5.257
|-
|49
|18 G. Cet
|HIP 983
|Inside the Hull
|5.265
|-
|50
|32 Aqr
|HIP 108991
|Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
|51
|7 Peg
|HIP 107151
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|52
|42 Aqr
|HIP 110000
|Inside the Hull
|5.333
|-
|53
| ρ Aquarii
|HIP 110273
|Inside the Hull
|5.339
|-
| 54
| 103 Aqr
|HIP 116889
|Inside the Hull
|5.344
|-
|55
|30 Peg
|HIP 110298
|Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
|56
|38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
|Inside the Hull
|5.422
|-
|57
|2 Psc
|HIP 113521
|Inside the Hull
|5.426
|-
|58
| 5 Psc
|HIP 114273
|Inside the Hull
|5.43
|-
|59
|83 Aqr
|HIP 113996
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
| 60
|20 Psc
| HIP 117375
|Inside the Hull
|5.49
|-
|61
|30 Aqr
|HIP 108868
|Inside the Hull
|5.543
|-
|62
| 217 G. Aqr
| HIP 114822
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 115142
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|64
|77 Aqr
|HIP 113148
|Inside the Hull
|5.56
|-
|65
|28 Aqr
|HIP 108691
|Inside the Hull
|5.597
|-
|66
| * i02 Aqr A
|HIP 117218
|Inside the Hull
|5.616
|-
| 67
|11 Peg
|HIP 107575
|Inside the Hull
|5.624
|-
|68
|19 Peg
|HIP 108699
|Inside the Hull
|5.633
|-
|69
|26 Aqr
| HIP 107144
| Inside the Hull
|5.641
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 116591
|Inside the Hull
|5.654
|-
|71
|16 Psc
| HIP 116495
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|72
|τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
|Inside the Hull
|5.681
|-
|73
|269 G. Aqr
|HIP 117567
|Inside the Hull
|5.691
|-
|74
|* 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|75
|94 G. Aqr
|HIP 108102
|Inside the Hull
|5.704
|-
| 76
|264 G. Aqr
|HIP 117314
| Inside the Hull
|5.731
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 117756
| Inside the Hull
|5.747
|-
|78
|44 Aqr
|HIP 110023
|Inside the Hull
|5.751
|-
|79
|50 Aqr
|HIP 110602
|Inside the Hull
|5.752
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 113184
|Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
|81
|7 G. Cet
|HIP 343
|Inside the Hull
|5.769
|-
|82
|80 G. Aqr
|HIP 106592
|Inside the Hull
|5.778
|-
|83
|51 Aqr
|HIP 110578
|Inside the Hull
|5.779
|-
|84
|74 Aqr
|HIP 113031
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 110009
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|86
|34 Peg
|HIP 110785
|Inside the Hull
|5.81
|-
|87
|11 G. Psc
|HIP 113622
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|88
|271 G. Aqr
| HIP 117722
|Inside the Hull
|5.848
|-
|89
|14 Psc
|HIP 116323
|Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|90
|60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
|Inside the Hull
|5.875
|-
|91
| 138 G. Aqr
|HIP 110532
|Inside the Hull
|5.907
|-
|92
| -
| HR 8716
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|93
|255 G. Aqr
|HIP 116853
|Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
|94
| 202 G. Aqr
|HIP 113686
|Inside the Hull
|5.933
|-
|95
|268 G. Aqr
|HIP 117541
|Inside the Hull
|5.936
|-
|96
|225 G. Aqr
|HIP 115144
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 97
|24 Psc
|HIP 117761
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|98
|246 G. Aqr
|HIP 116368
|Inside the Hull
|5.944
|-
|99
|45 Aqr
|HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
|5.959
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 109466
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|101
|18 Peg
| HIP 108612
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|102
|39 Aqr
|HIP 109624
|Inside the Hull
|6.043
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 117420
|Inside the Hull
| 6.069
|-
|104
|198 G. Aqr
|HIP 113531
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 105
|1 Psc
|HIP 113167
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|106
| -
|HIP 114750
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
| 107
|CF Cet
|HIP 696
| Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|108
| 155 G. Aqr
|HIP 111171
|Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
|109
|13 G. Peg
|HIP 108090
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|110
|128 G. Aqr
|HIP 109984
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
|111
| -
|HIP 113998
|Inside the Hull
|6.143
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 111170
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|113
|31 G. Peg
|HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|114
| -
|HIP 113421
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|115
|89 G. Aqr
|HIP 107596
|Inside the Hull
|6.168
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 115257
|Inside the Hull
|6.172
|-
|117
|70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|118
|78 Aqr
|HIP 113127
|Inside the Hull
| 6.181
|-
|119
|234 G. Aqr
|HIP 115528
|Inside the Hull
| 6.186
|-
| 120
|238 G. Aqr
| HIP 115906
|Inside the Hull
| 6.191
|-
|121
|29 G. Peg
|HIP 109939
|Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
|122
|82 Aqr
|HIP 113781
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|123
| 10 G. Cet
|HIP 602
|Inside the Hull
|6.203
|-
|124
|266 G. Aqr
|HIP 117494
|Inside the Hull
|6.213
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 106758
|Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
|126
|81 Aqr
|HIP 113674
| Inside the Hull
|6.215
|-
| 127
|98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
| 128
|3 Psc
| HIP 113610
|Inside the Hull
|6.224
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 108144
|Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 111761
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|131
|9 Psc
|HIP 115768
| Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 115953
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|133
|1 Cet
| HIP 118178
|Inside the Hull
|6.276
|-
|134
|115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|135
|5 G. Psc
|HIP 113360
|Inside the Hull
|6.282
|-
|136
| -
|HIP 111965
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 137
|197 G. Aqr
|HIP 113345
|Inside the Hull
|6.313
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 115015
| Inside the Hull
| 6.327
|-
|139
|96 G. Aqr
|HIP 108453
|Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|140
|24 G. Psc
| HIP 115476
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|141
|30 G. Psc
| HIP 115945
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|142
| 56 Aqr
|HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
|6.347
|-
|143
|7 G. Psc
|HIP 113433
|Inside the Hull
| 6.374
|-
|144
|237 G. Aqr
|HIP 115839
| Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
| 145
| -
|HIP 110091
|Inside the Hull
|6.379
|-
|146
|189 G. Aqr
|HIP 113080
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|147
|251 G. Aqr
|HIP 116624
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|148
|58 Aqr
|HIP 111200
|Inside the Hull
|6.381
|-
|149
|13 Psc
| HIP 116146
|Inside the Hull
|6.384
|-
|150
|16 G. Psc
|HIP 114005
|Inside the Hull
|6.388
|-
|151
|240 G. Aqr
|HIP 116060
|Inside the Hull
|6.391
|-
|152
|121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|153
|152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
|Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
|154
| 67 Aqr
|HIP 112179
|Inside the Hull
|6.405
|-
|155
|248 G. Aqr
|HIP 116428
|Inside the Hull
|6.407
|-
|156
|15 G. Psc
|HIP 113904
|Inside the Hull
|6.417
|-
| 157
| * i02 Aqr B
| HIP 117218
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
|158
| 213 G. Aqr
|HIP 114371
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 112168
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|160
|13 G. Psc
|HIP 113705
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|161
| -
|HR 8629
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|162
|15 Psc
|HIP 116422
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|163
|10 G. Peg
|HIP 107271
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 116106
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= d''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "dLaḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987<ref name=":18">''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.</ref>; Kononenko 1997<ref>''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.</ref>, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].

==== Symbol. ====
A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 124-133; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation mulGU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987<ref name=":18" />, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21">''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21" />, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19" />, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20" />, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Aquarius [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, 12; MA<ref name=":12" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 246].

==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''2 GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) ''qup-pu ar''2 ''ša''2 GU "Hind reservoir of the Giant" (identification unknown),

Asterisms (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars" and used in the “Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts,” see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA "Spine of the Giant", see BM 34452+ "Dodecatemoria".

(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Venus; ulgu.la is the name of Venus in the month of kislimu [ACh Ištar, 8:2], see (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', "Tablet of Dilbat".

(2) = Jupiter; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 ''u''3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-''ma'' mulGAL: mulGU.LA ''ina'' [A2-''šu''2 GUB] "If on the 28th and 29th day (of the month of adar, the Sun) darkens (and) the Great Star (i.e. Jupiter?) = the Giant on [stands on its side]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":4" />, 11:72].

(3) = Yoke; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' mulxGU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV<ref name=":10" />, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulGU.LA ''u''2''-lu'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUNki ''u''2-''lu'' uru dID2 "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city dID2" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU<ref name=":17" />, 11:2].

(6) Heliacal rising(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ''ina'' UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-''ma'' "The Giant, Crab, [Eagle], Heroic, (i.e.) Jupiter in a cloudy day .... heliacally rises" [BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, III 28a].

(7) Venus or Jupiter becomeds weak; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-''ut'' [d''Dil'']-''bat'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''u''2''-tan-na-at''2-''ma'' KI.MIN ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫar-ma'' NU IGI "If the Giant (Great Star?) falls, (this means): [Ve]nus (or) Jupiter becomes faint, variant: are behind the sky and not visible" [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) The Moon and the Giant; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] IGI.LA2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB ''ina'' ITI BI [...] "[If the Moon], during its appearance, (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s right horn: during this month [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.L]A2-''šu''2 ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2. KUR2 [...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands on the moon’s left horn: war [...]", [DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''š'']''u''2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A...] "[If the Moon during its appearance] (and) the Giant stands in the moon’s middle: the king of all thrones [...]". [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′-18′].

(9) Heliacal rising of the Giant and Jupiter; DIŠ ulGU.LA ''ina'' IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR ''bi-it'' KA''-šu''2 ''it-ta-na-an-bi-tu'' UR.MAḪme IDIMme "If Jupiter shines within the Giant’s mouth during the Giant’s appearance: lions will rage" [Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11" />, 232:8, Pl. XVII:9-10].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g27)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== GU.LA ===
|
|-
|= rabû «Великий, Великан»; созвездие в Водолее (Aquarius) [Gössman 1950, 81], см. также g25GU.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерский список из Ниппура: mulgu.la [MSL XI, 107:389]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: mulgu.la = (пропуск) [MSL XI, 30:25a'], [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [ibid., 49, RS Rec. A:64], mulgu.la = ŠU [SpTU III, 114A v 60], возможная параллель [mulgu.la] = ŠU [MSL XI, 31, Section 11 col. v 2; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 111:320ʹ]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа, 140 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (3´12): [itiab m]ulgu.la šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц тебету: Великан (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 10). (2) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) itiab mulgu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen ˹e3˺ «Тебету: Великан, Краб, Орел восходят» (С 31), b) [mu]l<<ur>>.gu.la mulal-lu-ut-tum multi8mušen [šu2] «(Дуузу): Великан, Краб, Орел [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 20; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Эа: mulGU.LA // 2,20 // dEN BE dE2-a «Великан // 140 // Господин источников, Эа» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:28]. BM 34713. itiab // 2,20 múlgu.la // 1,0 múlud.ka.du8.a // 30 múl[uz3] «Тебету: 140 Великан, 60 Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 30 [Коза]» [LBAT, 1499:10]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. 12 звезд Эа (№ 1): mulgu.la [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998 176]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19–20; BPO 2, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3, 281; Verderame 2002, 247; SpTU IV, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII 8]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 2): mulGU.LA dE2-a «Великан, Эа» (I ii 20). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го шабату» (I iii 10), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: а) (I iii 18), см. a04A2mušen, b) (I iii 31), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulGU.LA, после mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2, перед KUNmeš (I iv 36), см. s20Sîn [MA, 35, 46, 48, 52, 68]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: mulgu.la [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:205]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺gu.la muleme ur.gi7 mulSAR U5 x […] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba 2 dal.ba.an.n[a dal.ba.an.na mul] x x […] «Великан (α Lyr?), язык Пса (τ Her), mulSAR U5 x […] (γ Ser): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. 2 интервал[а, интервал. Звезда] x x […]» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], ˹mul˺gu.la = ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr), mulSAR U5 = mulsar.u5 (βγικρ Caput Serpentis). Текст W. 22281a. ina itiGU4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR [ša dŠamaš…] / u mulGU.LA šit-qu-lu ina it[iA]PIN [ina] l[i-l]a-a-tu2 KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠ[amaš ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3] «15-го айяру при восходе [Солнца…] и Великан в равновесии (= кульминируют). В (месяце) арахсамну вечером при заходе Сол[нца имеет место то же самое]» [SpTU I, 95:3'–4'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. qu2–up–[pu …] «[Передняя] емко[сть Великана …]». b) ˹qu2?˺–[…] «[Задняя] ем[кость Великана]» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 564:12′–13′]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». а) BRM IV, 20: ki mulgu.la «Область Великана (=Водолея)» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259: 2, 4, 13, 23, 24, 25, 35]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. g25GU. (2) «Микрозодиак». a) Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник (Овен) на 12 частей, см. g25GU. b) Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 7–я часть — mulgu.la [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6: VAT 7847]. (3) «Додекатемория». BM 34452+: a) [11 10 // 3 10 // Sin …] múlGU.LA / [….] Eri–du10 «[Тебету 10 // симану 10 // Луна …] Великан. / […] Эриду». b) 5 24 // 3 12 // Sin ina GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA / KI múlSIPA GUB E2 dGAŠAN.EDIN «Абу 24 // симану 12 // Луна на позвоночнике? Великана. / Область Праведного Пастуха Ану (= Сатурн, согласно Хунгеру), место дома dGAŠAN.EDIN (= Госпожа Эруа?)» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:19–20, rev. 3–4]. (4) Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlGU.LA [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlGU.LA a–lid … «В области Водолея родился…» [LBAT, 1593 rev. 10′; Reiner 2000]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulGU.LA [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [SpTU I, 96:1; SpTU V, 270:3'].

II. Божество.

Мифологический персонаж из окружения Энки/Эа (позднее — Мардука), возможно, один из сыновей Энки (= dLaḫmu, букв. «Покрытый волосами, волосатый»). Мужская обнаженная фигура с бородой и шестью локонами, изображавшаяся в фас. Аргументы в пользу отождествления «dLaḫmu = Покрытый волосами обнаженный герой (Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held)» см. [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 XI, 164–166]; подробный анализ трудностей, связанных с этим отождествлением, см. [Ellis 1995]. На печатях появляется с эпохи I династии Ура. Первоначально имел значение речного духа, приручающего диких зверей и оберегающего домашний скот. Его имя упоминается в списке 50 слуг Энки. Изображался также с кувшином, из которого изливается вода, или просто с двумя потоками воды. Имел значение привратника и охранителя ворот. После включения в свиту Мардука, его атрибутом становится лопата [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987; Кононенко 1997, 95; Wiggermann 1981–82; 1992 165–166]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи–божества, см. k24KU6.

III. Символ.

Мужская стоящая или сидящая на троне фигура, из плеч которой (или из кувшина, прижатого к груди) изливаются два потока воды (в которых иногда изображаются рыбы). Символ известен со староаккадского времени и в большинстве случаев представляет бога Энки/Эа, либо обнаженного волосатого героя Лахму, который изображался также с двумя потоками воды [Van Buren 1945, 124–133; Seidl 1968, 130–131; Braun–Holzinger 1996, 328–332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. Э.Порада рассматривает фигуру обнаженного героя как прообраз зодиакального созвездия mulGU.LA. Его относительно огромные размеры на печатях III тыс. до н.э. оправдывают название GU.LA «Великан». Первоначально это была обнаженная стоящая или расположенная горизонтально фигура, в I тыс. до н.э. — одетая фигура. Некоторые изображения старовавилонского времени имеют несомненно астральное значение, так как по обе стороны головы на них изображены месяц и звезды [Porada 1987, Fig. 1, 12–16; Куртик 2007, рис. 39, 40], см. также [Куртик 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1994, 31, 155]. Два потока воды заканчиваются иногда в двух кувшинах; отсюда происходит, по–видимому, название «передняя и задняя емкости Великана». Изображения на кудурру и эллинистических печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, No. 126–141; Seidl 1968, 41, Abb. 10; Куртик 2007, рис. 41–43]. Труднообъяснимо упоминание позвоночника Великана в BM 34452+ (см. выше).

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquarius [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53, 219; 1974, 70; Weidner 1957–59, 73a; BPO 2, 12; MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) qup–pu IGI ša2 GU «Передняя емкость Великана» (вероятно, ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

(2) qup–pu ar2 ša2 GU «Задняя емкость Великана» (отождествление неизвестно),

Астеризмы (1) и (2) входили в число «нормальных звезд» и использовались в «Дневниках наблюдений», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) GU2.MURGU múlGU.LA «Позвоночник Великана», см. BM 34452+ «Додекатемория».

(4) «Рот Великана», см. ниже (9).

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Венера; ulgu.la — название Венеры в месяце кислиму [ACh Ištar, 8:2], см. d06Dilbat, «Таблица Дилбат».

(2) = Юпитер; DIŠ UD.28.KAM2 u3 29.KAM2 KA´MI-ma mulGAL: mulGU.LA ina [A2-šu2 GUB] «Если в 28–й и 29–й день (месяца аддару Солнце) затмилось (и) Большая звезда (т.е. Юпитер?) = Великан с [его стороны стоит]» [ACh Šamaš, 11:72].

(3) = Ярмо; mulŠUDUN = mulGU.LA, см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

Предсказания:

(4) Затмение Луны в Великане; AN.MI ina mulxGU.LA GAR-ma «Затмение в Великане произошло» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ina iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-ma KA´MI-su TU […] ina mulxGU.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «Если 14-го [x] произошло затмение Луны, (и) она затмившейся зашла […], (это означает): затмение произошло в Великане» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18–19], см. также [SpTU IV, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ina KI mulGU.LA u2-lu mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 a-dir EŠ.BAR NUNki u2-lu uru dID2 «Если (Луна) в пределах Великана или Козы–Рыбы затмилась: решение для Эриду или города dID2» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], см. также [Verderame 2002, 54, IIa:1′].

(5) Великан и затмение Луны; (DIŠ) múlGU.LA a-dir 30 ina EN.NUN U4.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-ma «(Если) Великан темный: лунное затмение произойдет в утреннюю стражу» [TU, 11:2].

(6) Гелиакический восход(?); mulGU.LA mulAL.LUL mul[TI8]mušen dUD.AL.TAR dSAG.ME.GAR ina UD ŠU2 EN MUL LU KUR-ma «Великан, Краб, [Орел], Героический, (т.е.) Юпитер в облачный день …. восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28a].

(7) Венера или Юпитер становятся слабыми; DIŠ mulGU.LA ŠUB-ut [dDil]-bat mulSAG.ME.GAR u2-tan-na-at2-ma KI.MIN ina AN-e uḫ-ḫar-ma NU IGI «Если Великан (Великая звезда?) падает, (это означает): [Ве]нера (или) Юпитер становятся слабыми, вариант: находятся на небе позади и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+: r. 52].

(8) Луна и Великан; [DIŠ 30 ina] IGI.LA2-šu2 ina SI ZAG-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB ina ITI BI […] «[Если Луна] при своем появлении (и) Великан на ее правом роге стоит: в этом месяце […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.L]A2-šu2 ina SI GUB3-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB SAL.KUR2.KUR2 […] «[Если Луна при своем появле]нии (и) Великан на ее левом роге стоит: война […]», [DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-š]u2 ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 mulGU.LA GUB LUGAL ŠU2 GIŠ.GU.Z[A…] «[Если Луна при своем появлении] (и) Великан в ее середине стоит: царь всего трон […]» [Verderame 2002, 162, Text Vu: r. 16′–18′].

(9) Гелиакический восход Великана и Юпитер; DIŠ ulGU.LA ina IGI.DU8.A-šu2 ulME.GAR bi-it KA-šu2 it-ta-na-an-bi-tu UR.MAḪme IDIMme «Если при появлении Великана Юпитер сияет в области его рта: львы будут неистовствовать» [Stev. O.T., 232:8, Pl. XVII:9–10].
|Example
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!Kurtik 2022, g25 (GU)
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=== GU ===
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|сокращение от mulGU.LA «Великан» (см. g27); созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующий Водолею (Aquarius), в поздних астрономических, астрологических и магических текстах [Gössman 1950, 71; Ungnad 1941–44, 257].
I. Источники.

Дневники наблюдений. 1) GU — обозначение знака зодиака Водолей [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –384 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 70, No. -384 Rev. 3ʹ]. 2) Как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 3 «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. См. [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. múlGU — звезда Анташурра, см. sh20ŠUDUN.ANŠE. Анафора. А 3427: ina itiab ina še-rim ud 28 múlGU ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце тебету утром 28-го дня Великан испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:5], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina ab ina še-rim 28 múlgu.la meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 246:23]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан (= Водолей) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: GU — обозначение знака зодиака Великан в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: b, d, n, 10–13, 15, 28; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемный Работник(=Овен) на 12 частей: а) АО 6483: 11-i-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) múlgu šum3-šu2 «11-я часть, ее имя Великан» [TU, 14:19; Sachs 1952, 66], b) Sp II 202+: 11-tu2 ḫa.la ša2 múllu múlgu.la ša2 múllu «11-я часть Наемника — Великан Наемника» [Schaumberger 1955, 246:24]. (4) Календарно-магические тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 6 // GU 12 // qaqqad(SAG.DU) erî(TI8mušen) kappi(PA) MIN(= erî) u dām(UŠ2) MIN(= erî) MIN(= tapaššaš) «Дуузу 6 // Водолей 120 // Голова орла, крыло орла и кровь орла — ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:6, а также 104:19]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:3, 16, 29]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. a) KI múlGU MU DUG3 DUMUmeš TUK UŠ2 A.MEŠ «Область Водолея: имя доброе, сыновей будет иметь, смерть от воды» [TU, 14:25; Hunger 1996; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], параллели см. [LBAT, 1600 obv. 13'; SpTU II, 43: 27]; см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. b) KI múlGU [LBAT, 1593:5'; Reiner 2000].
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|-
!Kurtik (2022, r01)
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|-
|
=== (mul)''Rabû'' ===
|
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulGU.LA «Великан» в Urra XXII: [mulgu.la] = ra-bu-u2 [MSL XI, 49, RS Rec. A, col. iv 64], см. g27GU.LA.
См. также: mul ra-be2-e [ACh Suppl., 54:18].
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|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Aqr]]

Gula

2026-06-07T15:02:01Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:d''Gula''}}
{{distinguish|GU.LA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). The goddess is associated with this region, even when she is not directly depicted there but a goat instead.]]
mul d''Gula'' (𒀯𒀭𒄖𒆷), astral goddess Gula, is a human-divine figure in the form of Gula, the main Mesopotamian goddess of healing, who is associated with dogs in her healing capacity. A small number of souces speak of mul d''Gula'' as an independent constellation, in particular The Uranology Text VAT 9428 (+ dupl.) where the description of mul dGU.LA in Section X follows that of mulUR.GI7, 'The Dog,' in Section IX (Beaulieu 2018 et al. 23, 25-26). As Section IX positions mulUR.GI7 in relation to mul d''Gula,'' (partially restored), and Section X seats the astral goddess Gula on her throne, what we seem to have here is a Super-Constellation consisting of at least three elements: the goddess, her seat, and her dog (so the drawing in Stellarium). Elsewhere, stars in this Super-Constellation belong to the asterism [[UZ3|mulUZ3]], 'The Goat.,' whose brightest star is star [[Vega]]: Vega presumably also being the single star of the head of mul d''Gula''. The MUL.APIN star-catalogue (I i 24) offers further evidence for the interdependence of the imagery of the 'The Goat' and the goddess: mulÙZ dGu-la, 'The Goat, The goddess Gula.

<s>MUL.APIN suggests an identification of the goddess with 'the goat. If she is depicted among the stars in the [[Lyra]]-[[Hercules]] region, she sits neighbouring her attribute dog (constellation mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]), as depicted in Stellarium.</s>

What do we do with the second dGU.LA noted in Beaulieu et al. 2018:33?

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The healing goddess, known under several names (among them Nin-Isina “Lady of Isin”, Ninkarrak); identified with Baba, the wife of Ningirsu. d''Gu-la'' (Enlil, line 22, right)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>; she is also the goddess of the constellation mulUZ3 the "Goat" in [[Lyra]]; her name was sometimes used as the name of a constellation [G. 82], then forming a super-constellation of goddess Gula and her dog mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] (Kurtik u).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mul <d>''gu-la'' = ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''] [Emar VI/4, 151:154].
|
|-
|The Uranology Group
/mul/ d''Gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 in[a SAG]-''šá'' 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' ''in''[''a'' Š]U ZAG''-šá'' MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GÙB-''šá'' x [ x x] x GAR''-át'' [2 MUL.MEŠ] Á ''ana'' Á ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'', Stellar Gula is a clothed human figure. A[t] her [head] a star is drawn. I[n] her right [ha]nd she carries a star. Her left hand . [ . . ] . is set. [2 stars] side by side below the l[egs of the c]hair are drawn; VAT 9428 r.14-16 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 26, Section X).

mulUR.GI7 ''kal-bu šá ina'' UGU ur-ki-ti-šu ''eṣ-r''[''u'' IGI-''šu ana'' mul d''G'']''u''-''/la šak-nu''/ . . . , 'The Dog' is a dog which is draw[n] (sitting) on his haunches. [Its face toward Stellar G]ula is set; VAT 9428 r. 10 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 25, Section IX ).

For both passages see discussion Beaulieu et al. 2018: 32-33.

|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la''
* "Damu = Gula." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158].
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. Wellcome M0006293.jpg|thumb|The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. From a votive stela erected by Nazi-maruttas. Discovered at susa and now in the Louvre, Paris. [[commons:File:The_goddess_Gula,_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg|Library reference: External Reference Anc. Med. 6a]] (CC BY Wellcome Images)]]
|-
|Star list VR 46, 1:17.

* mul''Lam-mu'' sukkal dBa.u2 = d''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal d''Gu-la''
* "Lammu, messenger of Baba = Urmashum, messenger of Gula" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* §aa. ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(the goddess healer) Gula" (α Lyr) (?), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy, correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars: DUN4 d[... itiZ]IZ3 mul''Gu-la'' "'Finger — [...] Shabatu; Gula". [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].
|}
See also the identity: mulŠUL = d''Da''-[''m'']''u'' = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I, 49:6].

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In Mesopotamia Gula was worshipped as a goddess-healer, the patroness of doctors and healing. Her name is already present in the lists of deities from Farah [Krebernik 1986, 194]. During the Ur III dynastic period, Ura was worshiped in Nippur, Umma, Ur, Uruk, and Isin under different names [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 etc.]. Her main sanctuary E2.gal.maḫ was located in Isin, where she was known as Ninisina ("Lady of Isin"). The AN: dAnum series (V 128) identifies dNin.in.si.na with dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179-180 + note]. Ninkarrak ("Lady Kara") is another name of Gula [Kraus 1951, 64-74] explicitly attested in the Urra XXII series (see above). Gula was considered the consort of Ninurta or Pabilsag, and the mother of the two gods Dama and Ninazu — who were also considered to be gods with healing capabilities. On Urmashu, as the messenger of Gula, see [Kraus 1951, 82]. [Kraus 1951, 82]. The exact date to when Gula acquired astral significance is unknown; but apparently, this happened at a rather late period in time, albeit the name mulUZ3 "Goat" already being found in texts dating back to the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century B.C.). Gula was also identified with the constellation Furnace, see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]], IV 1. Gula's sacred animal — a sitting dog, constellation mulUR.GI7 (see u19).

Prayers and rituals. (1) The Ritual of the "Exaltation of Hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 d''gu-la'' ''gašan'' ''šur-bu-tum'' ''ama'' ''ri-mi-''[''ni-tum a'']''-ši-bat an-e'' ku3.meš "Spell. Gula, great Lady, mother of mer[cy], [li]ving in the sacred heavens", (b) d''gu-la gašan šur''-[''bu-tum''] ''ama ri-mi-ni-tum'' / [ina ''ma-᾽-du'']-''ti'' mul.meš ''ša-''[''ma-mi''] "Gula, gr[eat] Lady, mother of mercy [amidst the ma]ny stars of hea[ven]". [BMS, no. 4 rev. 24, no. 6:71, 77-78; Ebeling 1953, 30-31, 46-47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) In the act of practicing medicine and in the process of preparing medications, some activities were performed during the night before the stars ana IGI mulUZ3 / d''gu-la'' "before the face of the Goat / Gula" [Reiner 1995, 52-53, 55, 58, 86, 128-129]. On the astral aspects of Gula as a constellation and its connection with the Goat and Dog constellations during different time periods, see [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019]. [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a]. See also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

d''gu-la'' is erroneously identified with mulgu.la the "Giant" in [Koch-Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

==== Symbol. ====
A goddess sitting on a throne with a tall headgear on her head and with hands raised high. Descriptions in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428 r. 14-16: ˹mul˺ d''gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''i''[''na'' SAG]-''ša''2 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' / [''ina'' Š]U ZAG-''ša''2 MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GUB3-''ša''2 x [x] x GAR-''at''2 / [2 MUL. MEŠ] A2 ''ana'' A2 ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'' "The constellation of the goddess Gula, a figure in robes. O[n] her [head] is depicted 1 star. / [In] her right [hand], she carries a star. On her left hand [...] holds. [2 stars], one after the other, are found located at the bottom of the [legs of the thro]ne" [Weidner 1927, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. See also [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

One problem remains: associating the figures of the two constellations — d''Gula'' and muluz3. The two names, dGula and muluz3, are often found within texts as two different forms recording the name of a single constellation. The “Goat” constellation is sometimes defined as "The Pen/Paddock(?) of Gula" (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. According to [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a], Gula acquired astral significance as a constellation not earlier than the last third portion of the II millennium BC. It is possible that the Goat and Gula were two variant forms of recordings both associated with the Lyra constellation; this is also recorded proof of an established, centuries-long tradition associated with Nippur (muluz3) and Isin (d''Gula'').

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Lyra + southern portions of Hercules [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= "the constellation includes portions and or all of the Goat constellation (= Lyra), and is among the constellations in the list of Enlil's stars". [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

==== Astrology. ====
In astrological texts, there are no predictions associated with the mul dGula constellation; corresponding constellations are always mentioned as mulUZ3.

The second goddess, Gula in the sky

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g35)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|Гула — богиня-целительница, одновременно богиня созвездия mulUZ3 «Коза» в Лире (Lyra); ее имя иногда использовалось в качестве названия созвездия [G. 82].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul <d>gu-la = ni-ik-ka-ra-a[k] [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. «Большой список звезд». mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr) (?), см. g27GU.LA. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: DUN4 d[… itiZ]IZ3 mulGu-la «“Палец” — […] шабату; Гула» [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также тождество: mulŠUL = dDa-[m]u = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Гула почиталась в Месопотамии как богиня-целительница, покровительница врачей и врачевания. Ее имя присутствует уже в списках богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 194]. В эпоху III династии Ура почиталась в Ниппуре, Умме, Уре, Уруке, Исине под разными именами [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 и др.]. Ее основное святилище E2.gal.maḫ располагалось в Исине, где она была известна как Нинисина («Госпожа Исина»). В серии AN: dAnum (V 128) dNin.in.si.na отождествляется с dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179–180 + note]. Нинкаррак («Госпожа Кара») — еще одно имя Гулы [Kraus 1951, 64–74], явным образом засвидетельствованное в серии Urra XXII (см. выше). Гула считалась супругой Нинурты или Пабилсага и матерью бога Дамы и бога Ниназу, которые считались также богами врачевания. Об Урмашу как посланнике Гулы см. [Kraus 1951, 82]. Когда именно Гула приобрела астральные значение, неизвестно. По-видимому, это произошло достаточно поздно, хотя название mulUZ3 «Коза» встречается уже в текстах, датируемых III династией Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Гула отождествлялась также с созвездием Печь, см. i09IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, IV 1. Священное животное Гулы — сидящая собака, созвездие mulUR.GI7 (см. u19). Молитвы и ритуал. (1) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 dgu-la gašan šur-bu-tum ama ri-mi-[ni-tum a]-ši-bat an-e ku3.meš «Заклинание. Гула, госпожа великая, мать милосе[рдная], [жи]вущая в небесах священных», b) dgu-la gašan šur-[bu-tum] ama ri-mi-ni-tum / [ina ma-᾽-du]-ti mul.meš ša-[ma-mi] «Гула, госпожа вел[икая], мать милосердная [среди многочислен]ных звезд неб[есных]» [BMS, № 4 rev. 24, № 6:71, 77–78; Ebeling 1953, 30–31, 46–47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) В медицинской практике при изготовлении лекарств часть действий совершалась ночью перед звездами ana IGI mulUZ3 / dgu-la «перед лицом Козы / Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 52–53, 55, 58, 86, 128–129]. Об астральных аспектах Гулы как созвездия и ее связи с созвездиями Коза и Пес в различные периоды см. [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022a]. См. также u31UZ3.

dgu-la ошибочно отождествляется с mulgu.la «Великан» в [Koch–Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

III. Символ.

Сидящая на троне богиня в высоком головном уборе и с приподнятыми руками. Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 14–16: ˹mul˺ dgu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 i[na SAG]-ša2 1 MUL e-ṣir / [ina Š]U ZAG-ša2 MUL na-šat ŠU GUB3-ša2 x [x x] x GAR-at2 / [2 MUL.MEŠ] A2 ana A2 šap-la-an k[ab-li gišG]U.ZA eṣ-ru «Coзвездие богиня Гула, фигура в одеянии. Н[а] ее [голове] 1 звезда изображена. / [В] своей правой [руке] она несет звезду. Ее левая рука […] держит. [2 звезды] одна за другой внизу на но[жках тро]на изображены» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. См. также [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

Остается проблемой соотнесение фигур созвездия dGula и muluz3. Два названия в текстах нередко отождествляются как две формы записи названия одного созвездия. Созвездие Коза определяется иногда как «Загон Гулы» (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. Согласно [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022а], Гула приобрела астральное значение как созвездие не ранее последней трети II тыс. до н.э. Не исключено, что Коза и Гула были двумя формами записи названия одного и того же созвездия в Лире и фиксировали на протяжении столетий две традиции, связанные соответственно с Ниппуром (muluz3) и Исином (dGula).

IV. Отождествление.

= Лира + южная часть Геркулеса [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= «созвездие включает часть или целиком созвездие Коза (= Лира), и входит в число созвездий из списка звезд Энлиля» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

V. Астрология.

В астрологических текстах отсутствуют предсказания, связанные с созвездием mul dGula, соответствующее созвездие упоминается в них всегда как mulUZ3.

вторая богиня Гула на небе

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Gula

2026-06-07T14:59:47Z

WayneHorowitz: By the way - there is also a mulBABA = dGULA in an unpublished Prayer to the Gods of the Night that Jeanette and I have in our database.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:d''Gula''}}
{{distinguish|GU.LA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). The goddess is associated with this region, even when she is not directly depicted there but a goat instead.]]
mul d''Gula'' (𒀯𒀭𒄖𒆷), astral goddess Gula, is a human-divine figure in the form of Gula, the main Mesopotamian goddess of healing, who is associated with dogs in her healing capacity. A small number of souces speak of mul d''Gula'' as an independent constellation, in particular The Uranology Text VAT 9428 (+ dupl.) where the description of mul dGU.LA in Section X follows that of mulUR.GI7, 'The Dog,' in Section IX (Beaulieu 2018 et al. 23, 25-26). As Section IX positions mulUR.GI7 in relation to mul d''Gula,'' (partially restored), and Section X seats the astral goddess Gula on her throne, what we seem to have here is a Super-Constellation consisting of at least three elements: the goddess, her seat, and her dog (so the drawing in Stellarium). Elsewhere, stars in this Super-Constellation belong to the asterism [[UZ3|mulUZ3]], 'The Goat.,' whose brightest star is star [[Vega]]: Vega presumably also being the single star of the head of mul d''Gula''. The MUL.APIN star-catalogue offers further proof for the interdependence of the imagery of the two asterisms in the simple direct equation: mulÙZ dGu-la, 'The Goat, The goddess Gula.

<s>MUL.APIN suggests an identification of the goddess with 'the goat. If she is depicted among the stars in the [[Lyra]]-[[Hercules]] region, she sits neighbouring her attribute dog (constellation mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]), as depicted in Stellarium.</s>

What do we do with the second dGU.LA noted in Beaulieu et al. 2018:33?

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The healing goddess, known under several names (among them Nin-Isina “Lady of Isin”, Ninkarrak); identified with Baba, the wife of Ningirsu. d''Gu-la'' (Enlil, line 22, right)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>; she is also the goddess of the constellation mulUZ3 the "Goat" in [[Lyra]]; her name was sometimes used as the name of a constellation [G. 82], then forming a super-constellation of goddess Gula and her dog mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] (Kurtik u).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mul <d>''gu-la'' = ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''] [Emar VI/4, 151:154].
|
|-
|The Uranology Group
/mul/ d''Gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 in[a SAG]-''šá'' 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' ''in''[''a'' Š]U ZAG''-šá'' MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GÙB-''šá'' x [ x x] x GAR''-át'' [2 MUL.MEŠ] Á ''ana'' Á ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'', Stellar Gula is a clothed human figure. A[t] her [head] a star is drawn. I[n] her right [ha]nd she carries a star. Her left hand . [ . . ] . is set. [2 stars] side by side below the l[egs of the c]hair are drawn; VAT 9428 r.14-16 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 26, Section X).

mulUR.GI7 ''kal-bu šá ina'' UGU ur-ki-ti-šu ''eṣ-r''[''u'' IGI-''šu ana'' mul d''G'']''u''-''/la šak-nu''/ . . . , 'The Dog' is a dog which is draw[n] (sitting) on his haunches. [Its face toward Stellar G]ula is set; VAT 9428 r. 10 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 25, Section IX ).

For both passages see discussion Beaulieu et al. 2018: 32-33.

|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la''
* "Damu = Gula." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158].
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. Wellcome M0006293.jpg|thumb|The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. From a votive stela erected by Nazi-maruttas. Discovered at susa and now in the Louvre, Paris. [[commons:File:The_goddess_Gula,_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg|Library reference: External Reference Anc. Med. 6a]] (CC BY Wellcome Images)]]
|-
|Star list VR 46, 1:17.

* mul''Lam-mu'' sukkal dBa.u2 = d''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal d''Gu-la''
* "Lammu, messenger of Baba = Urmashum, messenger of Gula" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* §aa. ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(the goddess healer) Gula" (α Lyr) (?), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy, correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars: DUN4 d[... itiZ]IZ3 mul''Gu-la'' "'Finger — [...] Shabatu; Gula". [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].
|}
See also the identity: mulŠUL = d''Da''-[''m'']''u'' = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I, 49:6].

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In Mesopotamia Gula was worshipped as a goddess-healer, the patroness of doctors and healing. Her name is already present in the lists of deities from Farah [Krebernik 1986, 194]. During the Ur III dynastic period, Ura was worshiped in Nippur, Umma, Ur, Uruk, and Isin under different names [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 etc.]. Her main sanctuary E2.gal.maḫ was located in Isin, where she was known as Ninisina ("Lady of Isin"). The AN: dAnum series (V 128) identifies dNin.in.si.na with dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179-180 + note]. Ninkarrak ("Lady Kara") is another name of Gula [Kraus 1951, 64-74] explicitly attested in the Urra XXII series (see above). Gula was considered the consort of Ninurta or Pabilsag, and the mother of the two gods Dama and Ninazu — who were also considered to be gods with healing capabilities. On Urmashu, as the messenger of Gula, see [Kraus 1951, 82]. [Kraus 1951, 82]. The exact date to when Gula acquired astral significance is unknown; but apparently, this happened at a rather late period in time, albeit the name mulUZ3 "Goat" already being found in texts dating back to the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century B.C.). Gula was also identified with the constellation Furnace, see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]], IV 1. Gula's sacred animal — a sitting dog, constellation mulUR.GI7 (see u19).

Prayers and rituals. (1) The Ritual of the "Exaltation of Hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 d''gu-la'' ''gašan'' ''šur-bu-tum'' ''ama'' ''ri-mi-''[''ni-tum a'']''-ši-bat an-e'' ku3.meš "Spell. Gula, great Lady, mother of mer[cy], [li]ving in the sacred heavens", (b) d''gu-la gašan šur''-[''bu-tum''] ''ama ri-mi-ni-tum'' / [ina ''ma-᾽-du'']-''ti'' mul.meš ''ša-''[''ma-mi''] "Gula, gr[eat] Lady, mother of mercy [amidst the ma]ny stars of hea[ven]". [BMS, no. 4 rev. 24, no. 6:71, 77-78; Ebeling 1953, 30-31, 46-47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) In the act of practicing medicine and in the process of preparing medications, some activities were performed during the night before the stars ana IGI mulUZ3 / d''gu-la'' "before the face of the Goat / Gula" [Reiner 1995, 52-53, 55, 58, 86, 128-129]. On the astral aspects of Gula as a constellation and its connection with the Goat and Dog constellations during different time periods, see [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019]. [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a]. See also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

d''gu-la'' is erroneously identified with mulgu.la the "Giant" in [Koch-Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

==== Symbol. ====
A goddess sitting on a throne with a tall headgear on her head and with hands raised high. Descriptions in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428 r. 14-16: ˹mul˺ d''gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''i''[''na'' SAG]-''ša''2 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' / [''ina'' Š]U ZAG-''ša''2 MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GUB3-''ša''2 x [x] x GAR-''at''2 / [2 MUL. MEŠ] A2 ''ana'' A2 ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'' "The constellation of the goddess Gula, a figure in robes. O[n] her [head] is depicted 1 star. / [In] her right [hand], she carries a star. On her left hand [...] holds. [2 stars], one after the other, are found located at the bottom of the [legs of the thro]ne" [Weidner 1927, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. See also [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

One problem remains: associating the figures of the two constellations — d''Gula'' and muluz3. The two names, dGula and muluz3, are often found within texts as two different forms recording the name of a single constellation. The “Goat” constellation is sometimes defined as "The Pen/Paddock(?) of Gula" (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. According to [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a], Gula acquired astral significance as a constellation not earlier than the last third portion of the II millennium BC. It is possible that the Goat and Gula were two variant forms of recordings both associated with the Lyra constellation; this is also recorded proof of an established, centuries-long tradition associated with Nippur (muluz3) and Isin (d''Gula'').

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Lyra + southern portions of Hercules [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= "the constellation includes portions and or all of the Goat constellation (= Lyra), and is among the constellations in the list of Enlil's stars". [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

==== Astrology. ====
In astrological texts, there are no predictions associated with the mul dGula constellation; corresponding constellations are always mentioned as mulUZ3.

The second goddess, Gula in the sky

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g35)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|Гула — богиня-целительница, одновременно богиня созвездия mulUZ3 «Коза» в Лире (Lyra); ее имя иногда использовалось в качестве названия созвездия [G. 82].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul <d>gu-la = ni-ik-ka-ra-a[k] [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. «Большой список звезд». mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr) (?), см. g27GU.LA. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: DUN4 d[… itiZ]IZ3 mulGu-la «“Палец” — […] шабату; Гула» [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также тождество: mulŠUL = dDa-[m]u = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Гула почиталась в Месопотамии как богиня-целительница, покровительница врачей и врачевания. Ее имя присутствует уже в списках богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 194]. В эпоху III династии Ура почиталась в Ниппуре, Умме, Уре, Уруке, Исине под разными именами [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 и др.]. Ее основное святилище E2.gal.maḫ располагалось в Исине, где она была известна как Нинисина («Госпожа Исина»). В серии AN: dAnum (V 128) dNin.in.si.na отождествляется с dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179–180 + note]. Нинкаррак («Госпожа Кара») — еще одно имя Гулы [Kraus 1951, 64–74], явным образом засвидетельствованное в серии Urra XXII (см. выше). Гула считалась супругой Нинурты или Пабилсага и матерью бога Дамы и бога Ниназу, которые считались также богами врачевания. Об Урмашу как посланнике Гулы см. [Kraus 1951, 82]. Когда именно Гула приобрела астральные значение, неизвестно. По-видимому, это произошло достаточно поздно, хотя название mulUZ3 «Коза» встречается уже в текстах, датируемых III династией Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Гула отождествлялась также с созвездием Печь, см. i09IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, IV 1. Священное животное Гулы — сидящая собака, созвездие mulUR.GI7 (см. u19). Молитвы и ритуал. (1) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 dgu-la gašan šur-bu-tum ama ri-mi-[ni-tum a]-ši-bat an-e ku3.meš «Заклинание. Гула, госпожа великая, мать милосе[рдная], [жи]вущая в небесах священных», b) dgu-la gašan šur-[bu-tum] ama ri-mi-ni-tum / [ina ma-᾽-du]-ti mul.meš ša-[ma-mi] «Гула, госпожа вел[икая], мать милосердная [среди многочислен]ных звезд неб[есных]» [BMS, № 4 rev. 24, № 6:71, 77–78; Ebeling 1953, 30–31, 46–47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) В медицинской практике при изготовлении лекарств часть действий совершалась ночью перед звездами ana IGI mulUZ3 / dgu-la «перед лицом Козы / Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 52–53, 55, 58, 86, 128–129]. Об астральных аспектах Гулы как созвездия и ее связи с созвездиями Коза и Пес в различные периоды см. [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022a]. См. также u31UZ3.

dgu-la ошибочно отождествляется с mulgu.la «Великан» в [Koch–Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

III. Символ.

Сидящая на троне богиня в высоком головном уборе и с приподнятыми руками. Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 14–16: ˹mul˺ dgu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 i[na SAG]-ša2 1 MUL e-ṣir / [ina Š]U ZAG-ša2 MUL na-šat ŠU GUB3-ša2 x [x x] x GAR-at2 / [2 MUL.MEŠ] A2 ana A2 šap-la-an k[ab-li gišG]U.ZA eṣ-ru «Coзвездие богиня Гула, фигура в одеянии. Н[а] ее [голове] 1 звезда изображена. / [В] своей правой [руке] она несет звезду. Ее левая рука […] держит. [2 звезды] одна за другой внизу на но[жках тро]на изображены» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. См. также [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

Остается проблемой соотнесение фигур созвездия dGula и muluz3. Два названия в текстах нередко отождествляются как две формы записи названия одного созвездия. Созвездие Коза определяется иногда как «Загон Гулы» (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. Согласно [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022а], Гула приобрела астральное значение как созвездие не ранее последней трети II тыс. до н.э. Не исключено, что Коза и Гула были двумя формами записи названия одного и того же созвездия в Лире и фиксировали на протяжении столетий две традиции, связанные соответственно с Ниппуром (muluz3) и Исином (dGula).

IV. Отождествление.

= Лира + южная часть Геркулеса [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= «созвездие включает часть или целиком созвездие Коза (= Лира), и входит в число созвездий из списка звезд Энлиля» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

V. Астрология.

В астрологических текстах отсутствуют предсказания, связанные с созвездием mul dGula, соответствующее созвездие упоминается в них всегда как mulUZ3.

вторая богиня Гула на небе

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Gula

2026-06-07T14:51:28Z

WayneHorowitz: I totally rewrote this section to accommodate the passages in the Uranology texts and discussion in Beaulieu et al. 2018: 32-33. But I still do not know what to do with the 2nd dGU.LA constellation?? noted on p. 33 - also - we need half-brackets in the Uranology places.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:d''Gula''}}
{{distinguish|GU.LA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). The goddess is associated with this region, even when she is not directly depicted there but a goat instead.]]
mul d''Gula'' (𒀯𒀭𒄖𒆷), astral goddess Gula, is a human-divine figure in the form of Gula, the main Mesopotamian goddess of healing, who is associated with dogs in her healing capacity. A small number of souces speak of mul d''Gula'' as an independent constellation, in particular The Uranology Text VAT 9428 (+ dupl.) where the description of mul dGU.LA in Section X follows that of mulUR.GI7, 'The Dog,' in Section IX (Beaulieu 2018 et al. 23, 25-26). As Section IX positions mulUR.GI7 in relation to mul d''Gula,'' (partially restored), and Section X seats the astral goddess Gula on her throne, what we seem to have here is a Super-Constellation consisting of at least three elements: the goddess, her seat, and her dog (so the drawing in Stellarium). Elsewhere, stars in this Super-Constellation belong to the asterism [[UZ3|mulUZ3]], 'The Goat.,' whose brightest star is star [[Vega]]: Vega presumably also being the single star of the head of mul d''Gula''. The MUL.APIN star-catalogue offers further proof for the interdependence of the imagery of the two asterisms in the simple direct equation: mulÙZ dGu-la, 'The Goat, The goddess Gula.

<s>MUL.APIN suggests an identification of the goddess with 'the goat. If she is depicted among the stars in the [[Lyra]]-[[Hercules]] region, she sits neighbouring her attribute dog (constellation mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]), as depicted in Stellarium.</s>

What do we do with the second dGU.LA noted in Beaulieu et al. 2018:33??

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The healing goddess, known under several names (among them Nin-Isina “Lady of Isin”, Ninkarrak); identified with Baba, the wife of Ningirsu. d''Gu-la'' (Enlil, line 22, right)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>; she is also the goddess of the constellation mulUZ3 the "Goat" in [[Lyra]]; her name was sometimes used as the name of a constellation [G. 82], then forming a super-constellation of goddess Gula and her dog mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] (Kurtik u).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mul <d>''gu-la'' = ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''] [Emar VI/4, 151:154].
|
|-
|The Uranology Group
/mul/ d''Gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 in[a SAG]-''šá'' 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' ''in''[''a'' Š]U ZAG''-šá'' MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GÙB-''šá'' x [ x x] x GAR''-át'' [2 MUL.MEŠ] Á ''ana'' Á ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'', Stellar Gula is a clothed human figure. A[t] her [head] a star is drawn. I[n] her right [ha]nd she carries a star. Her left hand . [ . . ] . is set. [2 stars] side by side below the l[egs of the c]hair are drawn; VAT 9428 r.14-16 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 26, Section X).

mulUR.GI7 ''kal-bu šá ina'' UGU ur-ki-ti-šu ''eṣ-r''[''u'' IGI-''šu ana'' mul d''G'']''u''-''/la šak-nu''/ . . . , 'The Dog' is a dog which is draw[n] (sitting) on his haunches. [Its face toward Stellar G]ula is set; VAT 9428 r. 10 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 25, Section IX ).

For both passages see discussion Beaulieu et al. 2018: 32-33.

|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la''
* "Damu = Gula." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158].
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. Wellcome M0006293.jpg|thumb|The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. From a votive stela erected by Nazi-maruttas. Discovered at susa and now in the Louvre, Paris. [[commons:File:The_goddess_Gula,_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg|Library reference: External Reference Anc. Med. 6a]] (CC BY Wellcome Images)]]
|-
|Star list VR 46, 1:17.

* mul''Lam-mu'' sukkal dBa.u2 = d''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal d''Gu-la''
* "Lammu, messenger of Baba = Urmashum, messenger of Gula" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* §aa. ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(the goddess healer) Gula" (α Lyr) (?), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy, correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars: DUN4 d[... itiZ]IZ3 mul''Gu-la'' "'Finger — [...] Shabatu; Gula". [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].
|}
See also the identity: mulŠUL = d''Da''-[''m'']''u'' = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I, 49:6].

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In Mesopotamia Gula was worshipped as a goddess-healer, the patroness of doctors and healing. Her name is already present in the lists of deities from Farah [Krebernik 1986, 194]. During the Ur III dynastic period, Ura was worshiped in Nippur, Umma, Ur, Uruk, and Isin under different names [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 etc.]. Her main sanctuary E2.gal.maḫ was located in Isin, where she was known as Ninisina ("Lady of Isin"). The AN: dAnum series (V 128) identifies dNin.in.si.na with dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179-180 + note]. Ninkarrak ("Lady Kara") is another name of Gula [Kraus 1951, 64-74] explicitly attested in the Urra XXII series (see above). Gula was considered the consort of Ninurta or Pabilsag, and the mother of the two gods Dama and Ninazu — who were also considered to be gods with healing capabilities. On Urmashu, as the messenger of Gula, see [Kraus 1951, 82]. [Kraus 1951, 82]. The exact date to when Gula acquired astral significance is unknown; but apparently, this happened at a rather late period in time, albeit the name mulUZ3 "Goat" already being found in texts dating back to the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century B.C.). Gula was also identified with the constellation Furnace, see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]], IV 1. Gula's sacred animal — a sitting dog, constellation mulUR.GI7 (see u19).

Prayers and rituals. (1) The Ritual of the "Exaltation of Hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 d''gu-la'' ''gašan'' ''šur-bu-tum'' ''ama'' ''ri-mi-''[''ni-tum a'']''-ši-bat an-e'' ku3.meš "Spell. Gula, great Lady, mother of mer[cy], [li]ving in the sacred heavens", (b) d''gu-la gašan šur''-[''bu-tum''] ''ama ri-mi-ni-tum'' / [ina ''ma-᾽-du'']-''ti'' mul.meš ''ša-''[''ma-mi''] "Gula, gr[eat] Lady, mother of mercy [amidst the ma]ny stars of hea[ven]". [BMS, no. 4 rev. 24, no. 6:71, 77-78; Ebeling 1953, 30-31, 46-47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) In the act of practicing medicine and in the process of preparing medications, some activities were performed during the night before the stars ana IGI mulUZ3 / d''gu-la'' "before the face of the Goat / Gula" [Reiner 1995, 52-53, 55, 58, 86, 128-129]. On the astral aspects of Gula as a constellation and its connection with the Goat and Dog constellations during different time periods, see [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019]. [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a]. See also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

d''gu-la'' is erroneously identified with mulgu.la the "Giant" in [Koch-Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

==== Symbol. ====
A goddess sitting on a throne with a tall headgear on her head and with hands raised high. Descriptions in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428 r. 14-16: ˹mul˺ d''gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''i''[''na'' SAG]-''ša''2 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' / [''ina'' Š]U ZAG-''ša''2 MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GUB3-''ša''2 x [x] x GAR-''at''2 / [2 MUL. MEŠ] A2 ''ana'' A2 ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'' "The constellation of the goddess Gula, a figure in robes. O[n] her [head] is depicted 1 star. / [In] her right [hand], she carries a star. On her left hand [...] holds. [2 stars], one after the other, are found located at the bottom of the [legs of the thro]ne" [Weidner 1927, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. See also [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

One problem remains: associating the figures of the two constellations — d''Gula'' and muluz3. The two names, dGula and muluz3, are often found within texts as two different forms recording the name of a single constellation. The “Goat” constellation is sometimes defined as "The Pen/Paddock(?) of Gula" (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. According to [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a], Gula acquired astral significance as a constellation not earlier than the last third portion of the II millennium BC. It is possible that the Goat and Gula were two variant forms of recordings both associated with the Lyra constellation; this is also recorded proof of an established, centuries-long tradition associated with Nippur (muluz3) and Isin (d''Gula'').

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Lyra + southern portions of Hercules [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= "the constellation includes portions and or all of the Goat constellation (= Lyra), and is among the constellations in the list of Enlil's stars". [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

==== Astrology. ====
In astrological texts, there are no predictions associated with the mul dGula constellation; corresponding constellations are always mentioned as mulUZ3.

The second goddess, Gula in the sky

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g35)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|Гула — богиня-целительница, одновременно богиня созвездия mulUZ3 «Коза» в Лире (Lyra); ее имя иногда использовалось в качестве названия созвездия [G. 82].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul <d>gu-la = ni-ik-ka-ra-a[k] [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. «Большой список звезд». mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr) (?), см. g27GU.LA. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: DUN4 d[… itiZ]IZ3 mulGu-la «“Палец” — […] шабату; Гула» [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также тождество: mulŠUL = dDa-[m]u = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Гула почиталась в Месопотамии как богиня-целительница, покровительница врачей и врачевания. Ее имя присутствует уже в списках богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 194]. В эпоху III династии Ура почиталась в Ниппуре, Умме, Уре, Уруке, Исине под разными именами [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 и др.]. Ее основное святилище E2.gal.maḫ располагалось в Исине, где она была известна как Нинисина («Госпожа Исина»). В серии AN: dAnum (V 128) dNin.in.si.na отождествляется с dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179–180 + note]. Нинкаррак («Госпожа Кара») — еще одно имя Гулы [Kraus 1951, 64–74], явным образом засвидетельствованное в серии Urra XXII (см. выше). Гула считалась супругой Нинурты или Пабилсага и матерью бога Дамы и бога Ниназу, которые считались также богами врачевания. Об Урмашу как посланнике Гулы см. [Kraus 1951, 82]. Когда именно Гула приобрела астральные значение, неизвестно. По-видимому, это произошло достаточно поздно, хотя название mulUZ3 «Коза» встречается уже в текстах, датируемых III династией Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Гула отождествлялась также с созвездием Печь, см. i09IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, IV 1. Священное животное Гулы — сидящая собака, созвездие mulUR.GI7 (см. u19). Молитвы и ритуал. (1) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 dgu-la gašan šur-bu-tum ama ri-mi-[ni-tum a]-ši-bat an-e ku3.meš «Заклинание. Гула, госпожа великая, мать милосе[рдная], [жи]вущая в небесах священных», b) dgu-la gašan šur-[bu-tum] ama ri-mi-ni-tum / [ina ma-᾽-du]-ti mul.meš ša-[ma-mi] «Гула, госпожа вел[икая], мать милосердная [среди многочислен]ных звезд неб[есных]» [BMS, № 4 rev. 24, № 6:71, 77–78; Ebeling 1953, 30–31, 46–47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) В медицинской практике при изготовлении лекарств часть действий совершалась ночью перед звездами ana IGI mulUZ3 / dgu-la «перед лицом Козы / Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 52–53, 55, 58, 86, 128–129]. Об астральных аспектах Гулы как созвездия и ее связи с созвездиями Коза и Пес в различные периоды см. [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022a]. См. также u31UZ3.

dgu-la ошибочно отождествляется с mulgu.la «Великан» в [Koch–Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

III. Символ.

Сидящая на троне богиня в высоком головном уборе и с приподнятыми руками. Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 14–16: ˹mul˺ dgu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 i[na SAG]-ša2 1 MUL e-ṣir / [ina Š]U ZAG-ša2 MUL na-šat ŠU GUB3-ša2 x [x x] x GAR-at2 / [2 MUL.MEŠ] A2 ana A2 šap-la-an k[ab-li gišG]U.ZA eṣ-ru «Coзвездие богиня Гула, фигура в одеянии. Н[а] ее [голове] 1 звезда изображена. / [В] своей правой [руке] она несет звезду. Ее левая рука […] держит. [2 звезды] одна за другой внизу на но[жках тро]на изображены» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. См. также [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

Остается проблемой соотнесение фигур созвездия dGula и muluz3. Два названия в текстах нередко отождествляются как две формы записи названия одного созвездия. Созвездие Коза определяется иногда как «Загон Гулы» (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. Согласно [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022а], Гула приобрела астральное значение как созвездие не ранее последней трети II тыс. до н.э. Не исключено, что Коза и Гула были двумя формами записи названия одного и того же созвездия в Лире и фиксировали на протяжении столетий две традиции, связанные соответственно с Ниппуром (muluz3) и Исином (dGula).

IV. Отождествление.

= Лира + южная часть Геркулеса [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= «созвездие включает часть или целиком созвездие Коза (= Лира), и входит в число созвездий из списка звезд Энлиля» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

V. Астрология.

В астрологических текстах отсутствуют предсказания, связанные с созвездием mul dGula, соответствующее созвездие упоминается в них всегда как mulUZ3.

вторая богиня Гула на небе

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Gula

2026-06-07T14:49:17Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:d''Gula''}}
{{distinguish|GU.LA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). The goddess is associated with this region, even when she is not directly depicted there but a goat instead.]]
mul d''Gula'' (𒀯𒀭𒄖𒆷), astral goddess Gula, is a human-divine figure in the form of Gula, the main Mesopotamian goddess of healing, who is associated with dogs in her healing capacity. A small number of souces speak of mul d''Gula'' as an independent constellation, in particular The Uranology Text VAT 9428 (+ dupl.) where the description of mul dGU.LA in Section X follows that of mulUR.GI7, 'The Dog,' in Section IX (Beaulieu 2018 et al. 23, 25-26). As Section IX positions mulUR.GI7 in relation to mul d''Gula,'' (partially restored), and Section X seats the astral goddess Gula on her throne, what we seem to have here is a Super-Constellation consisting of at least three elements: the goddess, her seat, and her dog (so the drawing in Stellarium). Elsewhere, stars in this Super-Constellation belong to the asterism [[UZ3|mulUZ3]], 'The Goat.,' whose brightest star is star [[Vega]]: Vega presumably also being the single star of the head of mul d''Gula''. The MUL.APIN star-catalogue offers further proof for the interdependence of the imagery of the two asterisms in the simple direct equation: mulÙZ dGu-la, 'The Goat, The goddess Gula.

<s>MUL.APIN suggests an identification of the goddess with 'the goat. If she is depicted among the stars in the [[Lyra]]-[[Hercules]] region, she sits neighbouring her attribute dog (constellation mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]), as depicted in Stellarium.</s>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The healing goddess, known under several names (among them Nin-Isina “Lady of Isin”, Ninkarrak); identified with Baba, the wife of Ningirsu. d''Gu-la'' (Enlil, line 22, right)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>; she is also the goddess of the constellation mulUZ3 the "Goat" in [[Lyra]]; her name was sometimes used as the name of a constellation [G. 82], then forming a super-constellation of goddess Gula and her dog mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] (Kurtik u).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mul <d>''gu-la'' = ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''] [Emar VI/4, 151:154].
|
|-
|The Uranology Group
/mul/ d''Gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 in[a SAG]-''šá'' 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' ''in''[''a'' Š]U ZAG''-šá'' MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GÙB-''šá'' x [ x x] x GAR''-át'' [2 MUL.MEŠ] Á ''ana'' Á ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'', Stellar Gula is a clothed human figure. A[t] her [head] a star is drawn. I[n] her right [ha]nd she carries a star. Her left hand . [ . . ] . is set. [2 stars] side by side below the l[egs of the c]hair are drawn; VAT 9428 r.14-16 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 26, Section X).

mulUR.GI7 ''kal-bu šá ina'' UGU ur-ki-ti-šu ''eṣ-r''[''u'' IGI-''šu ana'' mul d''G'']''u''-''/la šak-nu''/ . . . , 'The Dog' is a dog which is draw[n] (sitting) on his haunches. [Its face toward Stellar G]ula is set; VAT 9428 r. 10 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 25, Section IX ).

For both passages see discussion Beaulieu et al. 2018: 32-33.

|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la''
* "Damu = Gula." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158].
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. Wellcome M0006293.jpg|thumb|The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. From a votive stela erected by Nazi-maruttas. Discovered at susa and now in the Louvre, Paris. [[commons:File:The_goddess_Gula,_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg|Library reference: External Reference Anc. Med. 6a]] (CC BY Wellcome Images)]]
|-
|Star list VR 46, 1:17.

* mul''Lam-mu'' sukkal dBa.u2 = d''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal d''Gu-la''
* "Lammu, messenger of Baba = Urmashum, messenger of Gula" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* §aa. ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(the goddess healer) Gula" (α Lyr) (?), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy, correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars: DUN4 d[... itiZ]IZ3 mul''Gu-la'' "'Finger — [...] Shabatu; Gula". [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].
|}
See also the identity: mulŠUL = d''Da''-[''m'']''u'' = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I, 49:6].

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In Mesopotamia Gula was worshipped as a goddess-healer, the patroness of doctors and healing. Her name is already present in the lists of deities from Farah [Krebernik 1986, 194]. During the Ur III dynastic period, Ura was worshiped in Nippur, Umma, Ur, Uruk, and Isin under different names [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 etc.]. Her main sanctuary E2.gal.maḫ was located in Isin, where she was known as Ninisina ("Lady of Isin"). The AN: dAnum series (V 128) identifies dNin.in.si.na with dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179-180 + note]. Ninkarrak ("Lady Kara") is another name of Gula [Kraus 1951, 64-74] explicitly attested in the Urra XXII series (see above). Gula was considered the consort of Ninurta or Pabilsag, and the mother of the two gods Dama and Ninazu — who were also considered to be gods with healing capabilities. On Urmashu, as the messenger of Gula, see [Kraus 1951, 82]. [Kraus 1951, 82]. The exact date to when Gula acquired astral significance is unknown; but apparently, this happened at a rather late period in time, albeit the name mulUZ3 "Goat" already being found in texts dating back to the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century B.C.). Gula was also identified with the constellation Furnace, see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]], IV 1. Gula's sacred animal — a sitting dog, constellation mulUR.GI7 (see u19).

Prayers and rituals. (1) The Ritual of the "Exaltation of Hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 d''gu-la'' ''gašan'' ''šur-bu-tum'' ''ama'' ''ri-mi-''[''ni-tum a'']''-ši-bat an-e'' ku3.meš "Spell. Gula, great Lady, mother of mer[cy], [li]ving in the sacred heavens", (b) d''gu-la gašan šur''-[''bu-tum''] ''ama ri-mi-ni-tum'' / [ina ''ma-᾽-du'']-''ti'' mul.meš ''ša-''[''ma-mi''] "Gula, gr[eat] Lady, mother of mercy [amidst the ma]ny stars of hea[ven]". [BMS, no. 4 rev. 24, no. 6:71, 77-78; Ebeling 1953, 30-31, 46-47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) In the act of practicing medicine and in the process of preparing medications, some activities were performed during the night before the stars ana IGI mulUZ3 / d''gu-la'' "before the face of the Goat / Gula" [Reiner 1995, 52-53, 55, 58, 86, 128-129]. On the astral aspects of Gula as a constellation and its connection with the Goat and Dog constellations during different time periods, see [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019]. [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a]. See also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

d''gu-la'' is erroneously identified with mulgu.la the "Giant" in [Koch-Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

==== Symbol. ====
A goddess sitting on a throne with a tall headgear on her head and with hands raised high. Descriptions in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428 r. 14-16: ˹mul˺ d''gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''i''[''na'' SAG]-''ša''2 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' / [''ina'' Š]U ZAG-''ša''2 MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GUB3-''ša''2 x [x] x GAR-''at''2 / [2 MUL. MEŠ] A2 ''ana'' A2 ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'' "The constellation of the goddess Gula, a figure in robes. O[n] her [head] is depicted 1 star. / [In] her right [hand], she carries a star. On her left hand [...] holds. [2 stars], one after the other, are found located at the bottom of the [legs of the thro]ne" [Weidner 1927, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. See also [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

One problem remains: associating the figures of the two constellations — d''Gula'' and muluz3. The two names, dGula and muluz3, are often found within texts as two different forms recording the name of a single constellation. The “Goat” constellation is sometimes defined as "The Pen/Paddock(?) of Gula" (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. According to [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a], Gula acquired astral significance as a constellation not earlier than the last third portion of the II millennium BC. It is possible that the Goat and Gula were two variant forms of recordings both associated with the Lyra constellation; this is also recorded proof of an established, centuries-long tradition associated with Nippur (muluz3) and Isin (d''Gula'').

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Lyra + southern portions of Hercules [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= "the constellation includes portions and or all of the Goat constellation (= Lyra), and is among the constellations in the list of Enlil's stars". [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

==== Astrology. ====
In astrological texts, there are no predictions associated with the mul dGula constellation; corresponding constellations are always mentioned as mulUZ3.

The second goddess, Gula in the sky

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g35)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|Гула — богиня-целительница, одновременно богиня созвездия mulUZ3 «Коза» в Лире (Lyra); ее имя иногда использовалось в качестве названия созвездия [G. 82].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul <d>gu-la = ni-ik-ka-ra-a[k] [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. «Большой список звезд». mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr) (?), см. g27GU.LA. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: DUN4 d[… itiZ]IZ3 mulGu-la «“Палец” — […] шабату; Гула» [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также тождество: mulŠUL = dDa-[m]u = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Гула почиталась в Месопотамии как богиня-целительница, покровительница врачей и врачевания. Ее имя присутствует уже в списках богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 194]. В эпоху III династии Ура почиталась в Ниппуре, Умме, Уре, Уруке, Исине под разными именами [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 и др.]. Ее основное святилище E2.gal.maḫ располагалось в Исине, где она была известна как Нинисина («Госпожа Исина»). В серии AN: dAnum (V 128) dNin.in.si.na отождествляется с dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179–180 + note]. Нинкаррак («Госпожа Кара») — еще одно имя Гулы [Kraus 1951, 64–74], явным образом засвидетельствованное в серии Urra XXII (см. выше). Гула считалась супругой Нинурты или Пабилсага и матерью бога Дамы и бога Ниназу, которые считались также богами врачевания. Об Урмашу как посланнике Гулы см. [Kraus 1951, 82]. Когда именно Гула приобрела астральные значение, неизвестно. По-видимому, это произошло достаточно поздно, хотя название mulUZ3 «Коза» встречается уже в текстах, датируемых III династией Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Гула отождествлялась также с созвездием Печь, см. i09IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, IV 1. Священное животное Гулы — сидящая собака, созвездие mulUR.GI7 (см. u19). Молитвы и ритуал. (1) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 dgu-la gašan šur-bu-tum ama ri-mi-[ni-tum a]-ši-bat an-e ku3.meš «Заклинание. Гула, госпожа великая, мать милосе[рдная], [жи]вущая в небесах священных», b) dgu-la gašan šur-[bu-tum] ama ri-mi-ni-tum / [ina ma-᾽-du]-ti mul.meš ša-[ma-mi] «Гула, госпожа вел[икая], мать милосердная [среди многочислен]ных звезд неб[есных]» [BMS, № 4 rev. 24, № 6:71, 77–78; Ebeling 1953, 30–31, 46–47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) В медицинской практике при изготовлении лекарств часть действий совершалась ночью перед звездами ana IGI mulUZ3 / dgu-la «перед лицом Козы / Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 52–53, 55, 58, 86, 128–129]. Об астральных аспектах Гулы как созвездия и ее связи с созвездиями Коза и Пес в различные периоды см. [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022a]. См. также u31UZ3.

dgu-la ошибочно отождествляется с mulgu.la «Великан» в [Koch–Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

III. Символ.

Сидящая на троне богиня в высоком головном уборе и с приподнятыми руками. Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 14–16: ˹mul˺ dgu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 i[na SAG]-ša2 1 MUL e-ṣir / [ina Š]U ZAG-ša2 MUL na-šat ŠU GUB3-ša2 x [x x] x GAR-at2 / [2 MUL.MEŠ] A2 ana A2 šap-la-an k[ab-li gišG]U.ZA eṣ-ru «Coзвездие богиня Гула, фигура в одеянии. Н[а] ее [голове] 1 звезда изображена. / [В] своей правой [руке] она несет звезду. Ее левая рука […] держит. [2 звезды] одна за другой внизу на но[жках тро]на изображены» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. См. также [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

Остается проблемой соотнесение фигур созвездия dGula и muluz3. Два названия в текстах нередко отождествляются как две формы записи названия одного созвездия. Созвездие Коза определяется иногда как «Загон Гулы» (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. Согласно [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022а], Гула приобрела астральное значение как созвездие не ранее последней трети II тыс. до н.э. Не исключено, что Коза и Гула были двумя формами записи названия одного и того же созвездия в Лире и фиксировали на протяжении столетий две традиции, связанные соответственно с Ниппуром (muluz3) и Исином (dGula).

IV. Отождествление.

= Лира + южная часть Геркулеса [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= «созвездие включает часть или целиком созвездие Коза (= Лира), и входит в число созвездий из списка звезд Энлиля» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

V. Астрология.

В астрологических текстах отсутствуют предсказания, связанные с созвездием mul dGula, соответствующее созвездие упоминается в них всегда как mulUZ3.

вторая богиня Гула на небе

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Gula

2026-06-07T14:43:21Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:d''Gula''}}
{{distinguish|GU.LA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg|thumb|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). The goddess is associated with this region, even when she is not directly depicted there but a goat instead.]]
mul d''Gula'' (𒀯𒀭𒄖𒆷), astral goddess Gula, is a human-divine figure in the form of Gula, the main Mesopotamian goddess of healing, who is associated with dogs in her healing capacity. A small number of souces speak of mul d''Gula'' as an independent constellation, in particular The Uranology Text VAT 9428 (+ dupl.) where the description of mul dGU.LA in Section X follows that of mulUR.GI7, 'The Dog,' in Section IX (Beaulieu 2018 et al. 23, 25-26). As Section IX positions mulUR.GI7 in relation to mul d''Gula,'' (partially restored), and Section X seats the astral goddess Gula on her throne, what we seem to have here is a Super-Constellation consisting of at least three elements: the goddess, her seat, and her dog (so the drawing in Stellarium). Elsewhere, stars in this Super-Constellation belong to the asterism [[UZ3|mulUZ3]], 'The Goat.,' whose brightest star is star [[Vega]]: Vega presumably also being the single star of the head of mul d''Gula''. The MUL.APIN star-catalogue offers further proof for the interdependence of the imagery of the two asterisms in the simple direct equation: mulÙZ dGu-la, 'The Goat, The goddess Gula.

<s>MUL.APIN suggests an identification of the goddess with 'the goat. If she is depicted among the stars in the [[Lyra]]-[[Hercules]] region, she sits neighbouring her attribute dog (constellation mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]]), as depicted in Stellarium.</s>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The healing goddess, known under several names (among them Nin-Isina “Lady of Isin”, Ninkarrak); identified with Baba, the wife of Ningirsu. d''Gu-la'' (Enlil, line 22, right)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>; she is also the goddess of the constellation mulUZ3 the "Goat" in [[Lyra]]; her name was sometimes used as the name of a constellation [G. 82], then forming a super-constellation of goddess Gula and her dog mul[[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] (Kurtik u).

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Urra XXII series:

* mul <d>''gu-la'' = ''ni-ik-ka-ra-a''[''k''] [Emar VI/4, 151:154].
|
|-
|The Uranology Group
/mul/ d''Gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 in[a SAG]-''šá'' 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' ''in''[''a'' Š]U ZAG''-šá'' MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GÙB-''šá'' x [ x x] x GAR''-át'' [2 MUL.MEŠ] Á ''ana'' Á ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'', Stellar Gula is a clothed human figure. A[t] her [head] a star is drawn. I[n] her right [ha]nd she carries a star. Her left hand . [ . . ] . is set. [2 stars] side by side below the l[egs of the c]hair are drawn VAT 9428 r.14-16 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 26, Section X )

mulUR.GI7 ''kal-bu šá ina'' UGU ur-ki-ti-šu eṣ-r[u IGI-''šu ana'' mul dG]U.la

VAT 9428 r. 10 (+ dupl., Beaulieu et al. 2018: 23, 25, Section IX )
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* mul''da-mu'' = d''gu-la''
* "Damu = Gula." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158].
| rowspan="4" |[[File:The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. Wellcome M0006293.jpg|thumb|The goddess Gula, known as The Great Physician. From a votive stela erected by Nazi-maruttas. Discovered at susa and now in the Louvre, Paris. [[commons:File:The_goddess_Gula,_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg|Library reference: External Reference Anc. Med. 6a]] (CC BY Wellcome Images)]]
|-
|Star list VR 46, 1:17.

* mul''Lam-mu'' sukkal dBa.u2 = d''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal d''Gu-la''
* "Lammu, messenger of Baba = Urmashum, messenger of Gula" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
|-
|Dalbanna-text.

* §aa. ˹mul˺(d)''Gu-la'' "(the goddess healer) Gula" (α Lyr) (?), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
Extispicy, correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars: DUN4 d[... itiZ]IZ3 mul''Gu-la'' "'Finger — [...] Shabatu; Gula". [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].
|}
See also the identity: mulŠUL = d''Da''-[''m'']''u'' = d''Gu-la'' [SpTU I, 49:6].

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In Mesopotamia Gula was worshipped as a goddess-healer, the patroness of doctors and healing. Her name is already present in the lists of deities from Farah [Krebernik 1986, 194]. During the Ur III dynastic period, Ura was worshiped in Nippur, Umma, Ur, Uruk, and Isin under different names [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 etc.]. Her main sanctuary E2.gal.maḫ was located in Isin, where she was known as Ninisina ("Lady of Isin"). The AN: dAnum series (V 128) identifies dNin.in.si.na with dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179-180 + note]. Ninkarrak ("Lady Kara") is another name of Gula [Kraus 1951, 64-74] explicitly attested in the Urra XXII series (see above). Gula was considered the consort of Ninurta or Pabilsag, and the mother of the two gods Dama and Ninazu — who were also considered to be gods with healing capabilities. On Urmashu, as the messenger of Gula, see [Kraus 1951, 82]. [Kraus 1951, 82]. The exact date to when Gula acquired astral significance is unknown; but apparently, this happened at a rather late period in time, albeit the name mulUZ3 "Goat" already being found in texts dating back to the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century B.C.). Gula was also identified with the constellation Furnace, see (Kurtik i09) [[IM.ŠU.RIN.NA]], IV 1. Gula's sacred animal — a sitting dog, constellation mulUR.GI7 (see u19).

Prayers and rituals. (1) The Ritual of the "Exaltation of Hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 d''gu-la'' ''gašan'' ''šur-bu-tum'' ''ama'' ''ri-mi-''[''ni-tum a'']''-ši-bat an-e'' ku3.meš "Spell. Gula, great Lady, mother of mer[cy], [li]ving in the sacred heavens", (b) d''gu-la gašan šur''-[''bu-tum''] ''ama ri-mi-ni-tum'' / [ina ''ma-᾽-du'']-''ti'' mul.meš ''ša-''[''ma-mi''] "Gula, gr[eat] Lady, mother of mercy [amidst the ma]ny stars of hea[ven]". [BMS, no. 4 rev. 24, no. 6:71, 77-78; Ebeling 1953, 30-31, 46-47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) In the act of practicing medicine and in the process of preparing medications, some activities were performed during the night before the stars ana IGI mulUZ3 / d''gu-la'' "before the face of the Goat / Gula" [Reiner 1995, 52-53, 55, 58, 86, 128-129]. On the astral aspects of Gula as a constellation and its connection with the Goat and Dog constellations during different time periods, see [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2019]. [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a]. See also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].

d''gu-la'' is erroneously identified with mulgu.la the "Giant" in [Koch-Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

==== Symbol. ====
A goddess sitting on a throne with a tall headgear on her head and with hands raised high. Descriptions in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428 r. 14-16: ˹mul˺ d''gu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''i''[''na'' SAG]-''ša''2 1 MUL ''e-ṣir'' / [''ina'' Š]U ZAG-''ša''2 MUL ''na-šat'' ŠU GUB3-''ša''2 x [x] x GAR-''at''2 / [2 MUL. MEŠ] A2 ''ana'' A2 ''šap-la-an k''[''ab-li'' gišG]U.ZA ''eṣ-ru'' "The constellation of the goddess Gula, a figure in robes. O[n] her [head] is depicted 1 star. / [In] her right [hand], she carries a star. On her left hand [...] holds. [2 stars], one after the other, are found located at the bottom of the [legs of the thro]ne" [Weidner 1927, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. See also [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

One problem remains: associating the figures of the two constellations — d''Gula'' and muluz3. The two names, dGula and muluz3, are often found within texts as two different forms recording the name of a single constellation. The “Goat” constellation is sometimes defined as "The Pen/Paddock(?) of Gula" (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. According to [Kurtik 2019; Kurtik 2022a], Gula acquired astral significance as a constellation not earlier than the last third portion of the II millennium BC. It is possible that the Goat and Gula were two variant forms of recordings both associated with the Lyra constellation; this is also recorded proof of an established, centuries-long tradition associated with Nippur (muluz3) and Isin (d''Gula'').

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Lyra + southern portions of Hercules [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= "the constellation includes portions and or all of the Goat constellation (= Lyra), and is among the constellations in the list of Enlil's stars". [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

==== Astrology. ====
In astrological texts, there are no predictions associated with the mul dGula constellation; corresponding constellations are always mentioned as mulUZ3.

The second goddess, Gula in the sky

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g35)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|Гула — богиня-целительница, одновременно богиня созвездия mulUZ3 «Коза» в Лире (Lyra); ее имя иногда использовалось в качестве названия созвездия [G. 82].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul <d>gu-la = ni-ik-ka-ra-a[k] [Emar VI/4, 151:154]. «Большой список звезд». mulda-mu = dgu-la «Даму = Гула» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:158]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. mulLam-mu sukkal dBa.u2 = dUr-ma-šum sukkal dGu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Dalbanna-текст. §aa. ˹mul˺(d)Gu-la «(богиня целительница) Гула» (α Lyr) (?), см. g27GU.LA. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: DUN4 d[… itiZ]IZ3 mulGu-la «“Палец” — […] шабату; Гула» [SpTU IV, 159:19; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также тождество: mulŠUL = dDa-[m]u = dGu-la [SpTU I, 49:6].

II. Божество.

Гула почиталась в Месопотамии как богиня-целительница, покровительница врачей и врачевания. Ее имя присутствует уже в списках богов из Фары [Krebernik 1986, 194]. В эпоху III династии Ура почиталась в Ниппуре, Умме, Уре, Уруке, Исине под разными именами [Sallaberger I, 13, 29, 125 и др.]. Ее основное святилище E2.gal.maḫ располагалось в Исине, где она была известна как Нинисина («Госпожа Исина»). В серии AN: dAnum (V 128) dNin.in.si.na отождествляется с dNin.kar.ra.[ak] [Litke 1998, 179–180 + note]. Нинкаррак («Госпожа Кара») — еще одно имя Гулы [Kraus 1951, 64–74], явным образом засвидетельствованное в серии Urra XXII (см. выше). Гула считалась супругой Нинурты или Пабилсага и матерью бога Дамы и бога Ниназу, которые считались также богами врачевания. Об Урмашу как посланнике Гулы см. [Kraus 1951, 82]. Когда именно Гула приобрела астральные значение, неизвестно. По-видимому, это произошло достаточно поздно, хотя название mulUZ3 «Коза» встречается уже в текстах, датируемых III династией Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Гула отождествлялась также с созвездием Печь, см. i09IM.ŠU.RIN.NA, IV 1. Священное животное Гулы — сидящая собака, созвездие mulUR.GI7 (см. u19). Молитвы и ритуал. (1) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): a) en2 dgu-la gašan šur-bu-tum ama ri-mi-[ni-tum a]-ši-bat an-e ku3.meš «Заклинание. Гула, госпожа великая, мать милосе[рдная], [жи]вущая в небесах священных», b) dgu-la gašan šur-[bu-tum] ama ri-mi-ni-tum / [ina ma-᾽-du]-ti mul.meš ša-[ma-mi] «Гула, госпожа вел[икая], мать милосердная [среди многочислен]ных звезд неб[есных]» [BMS, № 4 rev. 24, № 6:71, 77–78; Ebeling 1953, 30–31, 46–47; Mayer 1976, 387]. (2) В медицинской практике при изготовлении лекарств часть действий совершалась ночью перед звездами ana IGI mulUZ3 / dgu-la «перед лицом Козы / Гулы» [Reiner 1995, 52–53, 55, 58, 86, 128–129]. Об астральных аспектах Гулы как созвездия и ее связи с созвездиями Коза и Пес в различные периоды см. [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022a]. См. также u31UZ3.

dgu-la ошибочно отождествляется с mulgu.la «Великан» в [Koch–Schaper et al. 1990, 98].

III. Символ.

Сидящая на троне богиня в высоком головном уборе и с приподнятыми руками. Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 14–16: ˹mul˺ dgu-la ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 i[na SAG]-ša2 1 MUL e-ṣir / [ina Š]U ZAG-ša2 MUL na-šat ŠU GUB3-ša2 x [x x] x GAR-at2 / [2 MUL.MEŠ] A2 ana A2 šap-la-an k[ab-li gišG]U.ZA eṣ-ru «Coзвездие богиня Гула, фигура в одеянии. Н[а] ее [голове] 1 звезда изображена. / [В] своей правой [руке] она несет звезду. Ее левая рука […] держит. [2 звезды] одна за другой внизу на но[жках тро]на изображены» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 26, Section X]. См. также [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

Остается проблемой соотнесение фигур созвездия dGula и muluz3. Два названия в текстах нередко отождествляются как две формы записи названия одного созвездия. Созвездие Коза определяется иногда как «Загон Гулы» (mulUZ3 TUR3 dGu-la) [Reiner 1995, 53]. Согласно [Kurtik 2019; Куртик 2022а], Гула приобрела астральное значение как созвездие не ранее последней трети II тыс. до н.э. Не исключено, что Коза и Гула были двумя формами записи названия одного и того же созвездия в Лире и фиксировали на протяжении столетий две традиции, связанные соответственно с Ниппуром (muluz3) и Исином (dGula).

IV. Отождествление.

= Лира + южная часть Геркулеса [Weidner 1927, 84].

= Lyra [3. Erg., 336].

= Lyra (?) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

= «созвездие включает часть или целиком созвездие Коза (= Лира), и входит в число созвездий из списка звезд Энлиля» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33].

V. Астрология.

В астрологических текстах отсутствуют предсказания, связанные с созвездием mul dGula, соответствующее созвездие упоминается в них всегда как mulUZ3.

вторая богиня Гула на небе

[Beaulieu et al. 2018, 33]
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Deity]]