All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

EN3.DUR

2026-05-28T12:28:45Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN3.DUR}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
EN3.DUR (formerly read LI.DUR (𒇷𒄙)) = ''abunnatu'', 'navel', refers to a body part of the constellations (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] 'The Faithful Shepherd of Heaven' and (Kurtik u22) [[UR.IDIM|mulUR.IDIM]] 'The Wild Dog.'
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Lit. "Navel" (=Center?); figure element of a number of constellations:

* 1) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-''su'' "Navel of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu," probably Betelgeuse (α Orionis) [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13],
* 2) LI.DUR mulUR.IDIM "Navel of the Wild Dog" (δ Lupi) [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 62; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 109].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XV 32, XVI 3, XVII 13-14, XVIII 4-5].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §n, see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Navel of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], VI 4.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Пуп» (=Центр?); элемент фигуры ряда созвездий: 1) mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA LI.DUR-su «Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану», вероятно, Бетельгейзе (α Orionis) [BPO 2, 13], 2) LI.DUR mulUR.IDIM «Пуп Дикого Пса» (δ Lupi) [Koch 1995, 62; ASM, 109].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, XV 32, XVI 3, XVII 13–14, XVIII 4–5]. Dalbanna-текст. §n, см. u21UR.IDIM.

II. Астрология.

(1) Пуп Праведного Пастуха Ану, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, VI 4.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Lup]][[Category:Ori]]
[[Category:4workWayne]]

EN.MUL

2026-05-28T12:25:43Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
dEN.MUL (𒀭𒂗𒀯), 'Lord Star' along with his female pair d[[NIN.MUL]], 'Lady Star,' are Mesopotamian primordial ancestor deities who might be thought of as the original ancestors of later asterisms in the universe as conceived by the ancient Mesopotamians.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Lord Star"; together with d[[NIN.MUL]] "Lady Star" (Kurtik n36) forms a pair with the ancestors of Enlil in the divine genealogies [Gössmann 1950, 325; Lambert 1975, 51; Tallqvist 1938, 304].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of the gods.'''
* (1) AN:
** d''Anum'' series (I 100-101): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Litke 1998, 31 + note 100].
* (2) AO 5376 (Col. I 3-4):
** dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Genouillac 1923, 97].
|perhaps not an asterism but a deity only
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Господин звезд/звезды»(?); вместе с dNIN.MUL образует пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях [G. 325; Lambert 1975, 51; Tallqvist 1938, 304].
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) Серия AN: dAnum (I 100–101): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Litke 1998, 31 + note 100]. (2) AO 5376 (Col. I 3–4): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Genouillac 1923, 97].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Ekur

2026-05-28T12:23:53Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The Ekur (''E2-kur''; 𒂍𒆳) is an ancient Mesopotamian super-constellation consisting of the group of the ten Standing Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš]]) and the ensemble of the Sitting Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.KU.A|DIĜIR.TUŠ.A]]meš), both mentioned in MUL.APIN (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023). A possible analogy could be to the Chinese super constellation ''[[Zigong]]'' 'Purple Palace.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See glossary of Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In VR 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN (I i 23).'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil:
**mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
**"Standing Gods of Ekur", [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 34]
**for a parallel see [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
| rowspan="2" | [[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
| '''MUL.APIN (I i 23).'''
*The list of the stars of Enlil:
**mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur''
**"Sitting Gods of Ekur",
**see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|}

==== Hoffmann and Krebernik Text Edition ====

===== The path of Enlil in MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" /> =====
{| class="wikitable"
!our numbering
!DIŠ
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
|1
|1
|STAREPINNU (Plough)
|GODEnlil
|-
|2
|1
|STARBARBARU (Wolf)
|seeder of STAREPINNU
|-
|3
|1
|STARŠĪBU (Old Man)
|GODEnmešarra
|-
|4
|<1>
|STARGAMLU (Throwing-stick)
|GODGamlum(Throwing-stick)
|-
|5–6
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·RABÛTU (Great Twins)
|GODLugalirra and GODMeslamtaʾea
|-
|7–8
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU (Little Twins)
|GODAlammuš and GODNingublaga
|-
|9
|1
|STARALLUTTU (Crab)
|seat of GODAnu
|-
|10
|1
|STARURGULÛ (Lion)
|GODLatarak
|-
|11
|1
|STAR opposite STARURGULÛ
|STAR (of the) King
|-
|12
|1
|twinkling STARs in the tail of STARURGULÛ
|‘date-palm spadix’ (jewellery?) (of) GOD<nowiki>Erua | </nowiki>GODZarpanītum
|-
|13
|1
|STARŠU.PA (The Bright?)
|GODEnlil who determines the destinies of the land
|-
|14
|1
|STAR in front of it: STARḪENGALLĀYU (Abundant)
|vizier of GODNinlil
|-
|15
|1
|STAR behind it: STARBĀŠTUM(Dignity)
|vizier of GODTišpak(<*INANNA!?)
|-
|16
|1
|STAREREQQU (Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|1
|STAR by the pole of STAREREQQU: STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|-
|18
|1
|STAR on the forehead of STAREREQQU: STARLAḪRU(Ewe)
|GODAya
|-
|19
|1
|STARMU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)
|GODAnu-rabû of heaven
|-
|20
|1
|STARMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)
|GODDamkianna
|-
|21
|1
|STAR in its bond: STARAPIL-EMAḪ (Heir of the Emaḫ-temple)
|foremost son of GODAnu
|-
!
!{1}
!STAR·STANDING·GODs of the Ekur
!The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur
|-
!
!({1})
!STAR·SITTING·GODs of the Ekur
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur (temple)
|-
|22
|1
|STARENZU (She-Goat)
|GODGula
|-
|23
|1
|STAR in front of STARENZU
|STARKALBU(Dog) (of GODGula)
|-
|24
|1
|bright STAR of STARENZU
|GOD<nowiki>Lamassatu | vizier of </nowiki>GODBaba (= GODGu-la)
|-
|25–26
|1
|2 STARs behind it
|GODNin-SAR and GODErrakal
|-
|27
|1
|STARU4.KA.DU8.A
|GODU.GUR(Nergal)
|-
|28
|1
|STAR to the right of it
|STAR<nowiki>ŠAḪÛ(Pig) | </nowiki>GODDamu
|-
|29
|1
|STAR to the left of it
|STARSSISÛ(Horse)
|-
|30
|1
|STAR behind it
|STAR<nowiki>LULIMMU | vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)</nowiki>
|-
|31
|1
|twinkling STARs opposite STARLULIMMU(Stag)
|GOD<nowiki>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse) | </nowiki>GODManzât(Rainbow)
|-
|32
|1
|red bright STAR in the kidney of STARLULIMMU
|STARPĀŠITTU (Deleter)
|-
!
!
! colspan="2" |When the STARs of GODEnlil are completed:
|}

===== Constellations of the Gods of the Ekur =====
The Standing Gods and the Sitting Gods are rubric markers (like headlines in modern texts). Then, the rest of the list can be rendered as itemized lists in modern text layout.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!explanandum
(constellations)
!explanans
(deities)
|-
!Standing Gods of the Ekur
|
* Plough
** Wolf
* Old Man
* Throwing Stick
* Great Twins
* Little Twins
* Crab
* Lion
** King
** Date-Palm Spadix
* Dignity
*Abundant One
*Šupa
|
* Enlil
** .
* Enmešarra
* Gamlu
* Lugalirra and Meslamta'ea
* Alamuš and Ningublaga
* Anu
* Latarak
** .
** Erua | Zarpanītum
* Tišpak
*the minister of Ninlil
*Enlil
|-
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur
|
*Wagon
** Fox
** Ewe
* Hitched Yoke
* Wagon of Heaven
* The Heir of the Emaḫ-temple (could be Enlil's or Anu's son)
|
*Ninlil
** Erra
** Aya
* Anu
* Damkianna
* Anu
|-
!Outside the Ekur
|
* She-Goat
** Dog
** Lamassatu
** two stars
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Pig
** Horse
** Stag
*** Field Mouse
*** Deleter
|
* Gula
** .
** Lamassatu
** Ninsar and Erragal
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Damu
** .
** .
*** Manzat (Rainbow God)
*** Pašittu
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
The historical dictionaries by Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) both don't include this term, as the discovery of the astronomical unit of The Ekur only happened in a series of papers later (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023,<ref name=":0" /> Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023,<ref>Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143</ref> and Hoffmann 2024<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272</ref>)

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Super-Constellation]]

DINGIR.TUŠ.A

2026-05-28T12:20:13Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:MULAPIN-circPol smh stellarium.jpg|thumb|A suggestion for identification of the constellations in the circumpolar area of the Mesopotamian star heaven; draft in Stellarium as drawn in Stellarium (2025). The identifications of the Heir and the Yoke are rather uncertain (180° uncertainty; they can also be at the opposite position).]]
mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš (𒀯𒀭𒆪𒀀𒈨𒌍), The Sitting Gods, are an ancient Mesopotamian group of asterisms listed in The Path of Enlil in MUL.APIN List One, there contrasted with mul[[DINGIR.GUB.BA]]meš, 'The Standing Gods.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. readings:

* mulAN.KU.Ameš,
* mulDINGIR.KU.Ameš
* mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš,
* mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = ''antušû'', ''ankurû''(?) "the Sitting Gods" [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 56; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 124; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 28, 113; Labat 1976<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref>, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 35]; a group of stars (?).
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate:<blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively.</blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46, 1:15-16, the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI, see (Kurtik d10) [[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš]]
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
Text Nv. 10.

* (1) Intercalation scheme: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êa as star Anu — star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Šabaṭu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]].
* (2) mulur.gi7 is the star of AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month Abu, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.'''
* a) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur'' "Sitting Gods of Ekur" (I i 23) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />: 34], see also [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The MUL.APIN-"The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:16.'''
* muldingir.ku.ameš ''šu-ut'' E2''-''kur = d''A-nu u'' d''En-lil''2 "Sitting Gods of Ekur = Anu and Enlil" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:16; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:16].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]l''E''4-''ru''6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš ''kal-lum'' mulgiš.erin2 igi-''u''2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da ''u'' udu.idim.sag.uš ''ša''2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu "(The point at a distance of) half ''bēru''(=150) behind Erua, or the Sitting Gods (μ Vir), the frontal pan of Libra (α Lib), Numušda (κ Cen), and Saturn, which stands in front of Libra, a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 314-315, BM 78161:19-20; ASM<ref name=":3">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 92]; according to [Koch 1992<ref name=":4">''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58], ''an''-KU''-a-meš'' = υ Vir, ''kal-lum'' mulgiš-erin2 igi-''u''2 = α Lib, mul''Nu-muš-da'' = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g.
|[[File:SittingGods 1hafterErua stellarium-004 smh cut.jpg|thumb|GU XII (greenish line in the middle).]]
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Deities-protectors, guardians; mentioned as a pair with DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš 'Standing deities', see previous article. Among the epithets: dingir.meš ''na-bu-u-ti'' "Brilliant gods" [Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 569:17, note 5].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš "9 stars, Sitting Gods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, Section IX].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= "perhaps, the stars in the front part of the Serpent, in the southern part of Hercules, and in the northwestern part of Ophiuchus." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":5" />, 84; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 28];

= "(9) seated gods," stars in Serpent, Hercules, and Ophiuchus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992<ref name=":4" />, 58; Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>];

= Virgo stars in the vicinity of Libra [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref name=":6" />, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM<ref name=":3" />, 275].

The transition from Hercules to Virgo may serve to illustrate how unreliable some identifications of Mesopotamian constellations are.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d11)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.KU.Ameš, mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Amul, mulAN.TUŠ.Ameš = antušû, ankurû(?) «Сидящие Боги» [AHw, 56; BPO 2, 11; CAD A/2, 124; G. 28, 113; Labat 1976, 49; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 35]; группа звезд в созвездии Девы (Virgo) (?).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI, см. d10DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 11): mulan.KU.ameš [CT 33, 9 r. 13; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 22): mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš šu-ut E2-kur «Сидящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. Список звезд V R 46, 1:16. muldingir.ku.ameš šu-ut E2-kur = dA-nu u dEn-lil2 «Сидящие Боги = Ану и Энлиль» [HBA 51:16; Wee 2016, 162–3:16]. GU-текст. (L) ˹½ danna˺ egir [mu]lE4-ru6(A.EDIN) kimin dingir.ku.ameš kal-lum mulgiš.erin2 igi-u2 / ˹mulnu.muš.˺da u udu.idim.sag.uš ša2 igi mulgiš.erin2 gub gu «(Точка, находящаяся на расстоянии) половины bēru(=150) позади Эруа, или Сидящие Боги (μ Vir), передняя чаша Весов (α Lib), Нумушда (κ Cen), и Сатурн, который стоит впереди Весов, ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 314–315, BM 78161:19–20; ASM, 92]; согласно [Koch 1992, 58], an-KU-a-meš = υ Vir, kal-lum mulgiš-erin2 igi-u2 = α Lib, mulNu-muš-da = ω Lup, Lup d, Lup g. Текст Nv. 10. (1) Схема интеркаляции: muldingir.tuš.a.˹m˺eš êак звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце шабату, см. u19UR.GI7. (2) mulur.giˆ — звезда AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA в месяце абу, см. g06GAM3.

II. Божество.

Божества-защитники, охранители; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš «Стоящими божествами», см. предыдущую статью. Среди эпитетов: dingir.meš na-bu-u-ti «Блестящие боги» [Sidersky 1920, 569:17, note 5].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 9 MUL.MEŠ DINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš «9 звезд, Сидящие Боги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

IV. Отождествление.

= «возможно, звезды в передней части Змеи, в южной части Геркулеса и в северо-западной части Змееносца» [Weidner 1927, 84; G. 28];

= «(9) сидящих богов», звезды в Змее, Геркулесе и Змееносце [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ε, π, ρ, θ Herculis (?) [MA, 138];

= ι Vir (?) [Pingree–Walker 1988, 320];

= υ Vir [Koch 1992, 58; Donbaz–Koch 1995];

= звезды Девы в окрестности Весов [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 71];

= μ Virginis [ASM, 275].

Переход от Геркулеса к Деве может служить иллюстрацией того, насколько еще ненадежны некоторые отождествления месопотамских созвездий.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]ˆ

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Rubric]]

DINGIR.GUB.BA

2026-05-28T12:16:24Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍), 'The Standing Gods' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in a number of sources, but a group of asterisms in the Path of Enlil in MUL.APIN List One.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;
* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46,1:15–16, the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
Series Ḫg. B VI:

* a) m[ulan.gub].bameš<''u'' mul>an.tuš.ameš = d''sin u'' dutu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
* b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = d''sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].

|
|-
|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
* ''ina'' itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba<meš> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''2-''e''...] / mul''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in [...] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 21):
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23), [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":4" />: 34]
** for a parallel see [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272</ref>).]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings (I iii 19 and 27-28) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref name=":4" />: 55-56]:
** a) mulPAN ''u'' mulLUGAL KURme mulUZ3 ŠU2-''bi''
** "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
** b) mul''Pa-bil-sag'' mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BAmeš KURmeš-''ma'' / mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulPAN ''u'' mulGAM3 ŠU2meš
** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Standing Gods rise, and the Arrow, the Bow and the Crook set" (I iii 27-28).
see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].
|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (3) List of ''ziqpu'' stars:
** mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš in the third place after mulBAL.TEŠ2.A, before mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4).
** "ŠU.PA, the Star of Dignity, the Standing Gods, the Dog" (I iv 4).
|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between mulBAL.TEŠ2.A and mulUR.GI7 where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
** "The 15th of Ṭebetu, the Standing Gods stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* muldingir.gub.bameš = d30 ''u'' dutu
* "Standing Gods = Sin and Šamaš" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
* mul<dingir>.gub.bameš ''šu-ut'' E2-kur = d30 ''u'' du.gur
* "Standing <Gods> of Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.Ameš]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 - 2005</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was dingir.gub.bameš ''ša''2 e2-kur "Standing gods of Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: d''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 "Ulmaš, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities of Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

==== Symbol. ====
Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' MUL.MEŠ A]N.GUB.BAmeš "3 are the b[right] stars of the Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation in [[Hercules]], see also [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118].

= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].

= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d10)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = angubbû «Стоящие Боги» [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]; созвездие в Геркулесе (Hercules), см. также [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI: a) m[ulan.gub].bamešmul>an.tuš.ameš = dsin u dutu = mul-te-šir SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52], b) <mul>an.gub.ba.meš ḫi-pí eš-šú = dsîn(30) u dŠamaš(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20]. Текст BM 77054. ina itiab ud.15.kam mul<dingir>.gub.ba.<meš> ina r[a-be2-e…] / mulši-nu-nu-tum […] «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в[осходят…] / Ласточка […]» [George 1991, 304–305, r. 9′–10′]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 21): mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš šu-ut E2-kur «Стоящие Боги из Экура» (I i 23), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:10']. (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 27), см. b06BAN. (3) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš на третьем месте после mulBAL.TEŠ2.A перед mulUR.GI7 (I iv 4). (4) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiAB UD 15 KAM mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš MIN(=ina MURUB4 AN-e) / IGI-it GABA-ka GUBmeš mulSIM.MAḪ KUR-ḫa «15-го тебету Стоящие Боги в середине неба напротив твоей груди стоят, и Ласточка восходит» (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66]. «Большой список звезд». muldingir.gub.ba.meš = d30 u dutu «Стоящие Боги = Син и Шамаш» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:15. mul<dingir>.gub.bameš šu-ut E2-kur = d30 u du.gur «Стоящие (Боги) из Экура = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162–3:15].

II. Божество.

«Стоящие божества» (среди эпитетов: ilū ṣīrūtu «Высокие боги») известны как из списков богов, так и из других текстов. Почитались как защитники, охранители храмов; упоминаются в паре с DINGIR.KU.Ameš «Сидящими божествами» [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117–118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. Особую группу составляли an.gub.bameš ša2 e2-kur «Стоящие боги из Экура», имевшие, по-видимому астральное значение. В серии AN:dAnum (I 364–366) они определяются как: dUL.maš / dAŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e2.kur.ra.ke4 «Ульмаш, AŠ.daḫ = 2 стоящих божества из Экура» [CT 24, 24:67–68; Litke 1998, 65]. Другие варианты отождествления «Стоящих богов» см. [CAD A/2, 117–118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ n[a-bu-ti mulA]N.GUB.BAmeš «3 бл[естящие] звезды, Стоящие [Б]оги» [Weidner 1927, 75–76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

IV. Отождествление.

= α, β Ophiuchi до приблизительно α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333–334; G. 22];

= вероятно, α Herculis и α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957–59, 78];

= ζ и η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].

= часть Геркулеса (Hercules) [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Rubric]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Elamātum

2026-05-28T12:07:24Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Elamātum''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

(mul)''Elamāt(t)u(m)'' (𒀯𒉏𒈠𒌈) occurs as an appellation of the goddess Ištar as the planet Venus, ''<nowiki/>'Ištar'' ''Elamātum','' generally understood as 'Ištar, the Elamite one.' The earlier interpretation as a designation of an asterism is rejected. The reading is confirmed by syllabic spellings (e.g., ''E-la-ma-tum'', Astrolabe B 15). The name is usually rendered as “Elamite (Ištar)”.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> This may be the result of a merging of the Elamite Venus goddess (P???) and an independent asterism ''Elamātum'' best known from the Old Babylonian astral-myth ''Girra and Elamatum'' (Horowitz 2014: 75, 118-119). {{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The asterism Elamatum appears in the Old Babylonian prayer to the Gods of the Night AO 6769. ''e-la-ma-tum'' is listed as one of 10 names of astral gods and asterisms addressed by the speaker [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181:17; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 827]. An Old Babylonian myth tells of the creation of the constellation Elamatum by the supreme deity Enlil:

* ''u3 elam-ma-tum ša ˹te˺-ne-ru-ši-i-ma / ˹li-ṣi˺-a-˹am-ma˺ i-na ˹qa-ab-li˺-tu ša-ma-i /'' [xxx] ''x li-iz-zi-iz-ma''
* "And let Elamatum whom you killed, / come out in the middle of heaven / [. ...] let her stand." [Walker 1983<ref>''Walker Ch.'' The Myth of Girra and Elamatum // Anatolian Studies, 1983, V. 33, p. 145-152.</ref>, BM 78962:36-38].

Earlier, this word was interpreted as a definition in the expression ''qaštum elamātum'' "Elamite Bow". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 196; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Q, 152; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73] and was identified with the constellation [[PAN|mulPAN]], considered an astral incarnation of Ištar of Elam, see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN|PAN]] as well as [Cooley 2013<ref>Cooley, J. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesopotamian, Ugaritic, and Israelite Narrative.</ref>, 124-129]. Here taking ''qaštum elamātum'' as a single asterism would reduce the number of asterisms in the prayer to 9, which is unacceptable given the fact that the parallel ERM 15642 lists 10 asterisms, including ''qaštum'' on its own (Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 118-119). Further, ''Elamātum'' is not the form of the fem. adjective, which would be ''elamītum'' for 'Elamite Bow.' Therefore, the earlier interpretation of ''qaštum'' in the Prayer to the Gods of the Night can be rejected.

This does not preclude later confusion with the manifestation of Ištar (Venus) as the Elamite Bow (Kurtik q01, ''[[Qaštu]]'').

There is only one hint of a deity (perhaps the Elamite Ištar) next to the constellation PAN, the Bow, which is mentioned in the GU-text as the "left leg" at the Arrow. If this is the leg of a deity next to the double-constellation of Bow and Arrow, a deity that holds bow and arrow, it may - perhaps - be the Elamite Ištar who can be interpreted as the Egyptian Satis (also with bow and arrow), as depicted on the circular Dendera zodiac.<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 193-204</ref><blockquote>Note,<ref name=":0" /> however, that the Akk. word for “Elamite” is ''Elam(m)ītu'' whereas ''Elam(a)tum'' is “Elam”. Furthermore, the filiation “daughter of Enlil” contradicts Babylonian mythology where Inanna/Ištar is either the daughter of An/Anum or the daughter of the moon god Nanna/Sîn (who is a son of Enlil and Ninlil). It seems possible that the name is of a different origin, and its association with Elam based on folk etymology.</blockquote><blockquote>The Old Babylonian mythological text “Girra and Elamattum” tells us that a creature named ''Elam''(NIM)-''ma-tum'' was slain by the fire god Girra and placed in the midst of heaven. In the Old Babylonian “Prayer to the Gods of the Night”, ''E-la-ma-tum'' is mentioned after the “Bow(-star)” (AO 6769: 17). d''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''4 (AN 12r).</blockquote>

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Женщина Элама»(?); отождествление не установлено.
I. Источники.

«Молитвы ночным богам». Старовавилонская молитва AO 6769 содержит e-la-ma-tum в списке имен астральных богов [Dossin 1935, 181:17; Куртик 2017, 827]. Ранее это слово интерпретировалось как определение в выражении qaštum elamātum «Эламский Лук» [AHw, 196; CAD Q, 152; Weidner 1957–59, 73] и отождествлялось с созвездием mulBAN, считавшимся астральным воплощением Иштар Эламской, см. b06BAN, а также [Cooley 2013, 124–129]. «Гирра и Эламатум». Старовавилонский миф повествует о сотворении созвездия Эламатум верховным божеством Энлилем: u3 elam-ma-tum ša ˹te˺-ne-ru-ši-i-ma / ˹li-ṣi˺-a-˹am-ma˺ i-na ˹qa-ab-li˺-tu ša-ma-i / [xxx] x li-iz-zi-iz-ma «И пусть Эламатум, которую ты убил, / восходит и в середине небес / [...] пусть она стоит» [Walker 1983, BM 78962:36–38].

Хотя миф «Гирра и Эламатум» свидетельствует как будто о том, что название «Эламатум» связано со светилом, не совпадающим с созвездием Лук, однако более ранняя интерпретация elamātum как определения при qaštum в молитве ночным богам, не может быть, по нашему мнению, безусловно отвергнута.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Asterism]]

Bīt sakkî

2026-05-28T11:54:27Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2 ''sakkî''/ ''bīt sakkî''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
E2 ''sakkî'' / ''bīt sakkî'' (𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿) is a group of 6 stars within or in the vicinity of [[Hercules]] in the Neo-Assyrian Uranology Group text VAT 9428. The meaning of the name is unclear, and even reading cannot be determined with certainty as it only has one occurance.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= "(Stars) ''Bīt Sakkî''" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, commentary p. 32]; group of stars in [[Serpens]] (The Snake) and [[Ophiuchus]] (The Snake-Carrier) near [[Hercules]](?).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications

|-
|Uranology Group: Only in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428

*r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ ''bit sak-ki-i i-ti'' K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ ''š'']''u-ut'' d''A-nim li-me-tam''
**“6 stars of Bit Sakki, located near to the p[ath(?) of the stars o]f Anu, (but) outside of it”
**[Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section IX].
|Example
|}

===Additional ===

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= possibly, stars located on the back portion of Serpens (ζ, η, θ Ser) and the northern end of Ophiuchus [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 84; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59].

= among the stars near the constellation Hercules [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a].

= the stars of Bit Sakki belong to the path of Anu, but are on the border between it and the path of Enlil [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

= six stars in the Dog constellation [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 72].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)

|-
|= «(Звезды) Бит Сакки» [Gössmann 1950: 59, CAD S, 79a; AHw, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, 32]; группа звезд в Змее (Serpens) и Змееносце (Ophiuchus) около Геркулеса (Herkules) (?).
I. Источники.

Только в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ bit sak-ki-i i-ti K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ š]u-ut dA-nim li-me-tam «6 звезд Бит Сакки, расположенные рядом [со звездами на пу]ти Ану, (но) вне его» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

II. Отождествление.

= возможно, звезды в задней части Змеи (ζ, η, θ Ser) и в северной части Змееносца [Weidner 1927, 84; Gössmann 1950: 59].

= среди звезд около созвездия Геркулес [CAD S, 79a].

= звезды Бит Сакки принадлежат пути Ану, но находятся на границе между ним и путем Энлиля [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]

= шесть звезд в созвездии Пса [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
|Example
|}

==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]

E-ra-ʼa-al-BU

2026-05-28T11:47:13Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''E-ra-ʼa-al-''BU}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

ul''E-ra-ʼa-al'''-'''''BU (𒌌𒂊𒊏𒀪𒀠𒁍) occurs in a broken context at the beginning of a protasis of an astronomical omen following omens for MAR.GID2.DA and 'Green-Star and Black-star.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 124; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11]; only in the prediction:

* ul''E-ra-ʼa-al''-BU [...] ŠUB-''tim'' ERIN2-[''šu'']
* "Eralbu [...] defeat of [his] army [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 86:5].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e02)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />: 124; BPO 2, 11]; только в предсказании: ulE-ra-ʼa-al-BU […] ŠUB-tim ERIN2-[šu] «Эральбу […] поражение [его] войска […]» [ACh Suppl. 2, 86:5].||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

DUMU.ZI

2026-05-28T11:43:56Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dDUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love Inanna = [[Ištar]] who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, mulDUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (dDumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu2]][[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) the deity of the constellation mul [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]] "Hired worker" (see h12);
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> dDUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43]. <nowiki>[[add new edition??]]</nowiki>
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of Anu stars: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= d''ištaran'') "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* Sector 0: along the arrow representing mulkak.si.sa2, the inscription is ddumu.zi [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 10; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-61; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* NA // d''En-lil''2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].

==== III. Symbol. ====
During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

==== IV. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

= Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106]; for objections to the identification of mul / dDUMU.ZI with mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>]

= Orion [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].

As a planet:

= Saturn(?) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 61; Lambert 1987a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 95-96].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d13)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) божество созвездия mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. В списке планет(?) на третьем месте: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43) [MA, 30]; параллель см. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) «Думузи = Иштаран», (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая звезда = Думузи» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171]. «Планисфера» K 8538. Сектор 0: вдоль стрелы, представляющей mulkak.si.sa2, надпись — ddumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56–61; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi … «‘Стоянка’ — Энлиль; Нисану; [Наемник], Думузи» [SpTU IV, 159:1–2]; здесь Думузи, по-видимому, соответствует mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995, 78].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа, объясняющая связь Думузи с созвездием Наемный работник, неясна. Вероятно, при этом имела значение роль Думузи как пастуха Ана. Об отождествлении Думузи с Иштараном см. [Livingstone 1986, 137]. О Думузи как возрождающемся лунном месяце см. [Foxvog 1993].

III. Символ.

Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. фигурой созвездия Наемный работник считался баран, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Наемный работник (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; возражения против отождествления mul / dDUMU.ZI с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA см. [ibid.].

= Орион (Orion) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

Как планета:

= Сатурн(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95–96].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD

2026-05-28T11:37:54Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD (𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓) is perhaps a name for Mercury to be understood as a writing for KAŠx.E.GU4.UD for KAŠx.E.gu4.utu, equivalent to ''lāsim šamaš'', 'the Messenger of the Sun-god,' a very good equivalent of the Roman god Mercury. {{DISPLAYTITLE:DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD}}

{{Template:Mercury}}

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
This writing occurs once in what is apparently a commentary to a line of Enuma Anu Enlil (ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:44, now K.75+ rev. 16'). The signs DU and ŠE when interposed (DU×ŠE) have the reading KAŠ4 = ''lasāmu'', 'to run fast'. Here we have the two signs written consecutively (DU.ŠE) for which we can suppose a reading KAŠx allowing for a rendering KAŠx..E = ''lāsimu'' ,'fast runner, fleet-footed,' as a name for the planet Mercury 'GU4.UTU.' [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 107*, CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L 106; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. If so, we have here a precursor to the identification of the planet with the fleet footed Roman messenger deity Mercury, and of the Greek Hermes.

The DU sign can be read KAŠ5, and may be used instead of KAŠ4 in KAŠ4.E = ''lāsimu'' "runner, messenger". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. In the Mesopotamian pantheon there was the deity dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 346]. If this assumption is correct, the name takes on an astronomical meaning and could mean: "Fast-moving - Mercury"(?).
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[G. 107*]; только в [ACh Suppl., 7:44] в неясном контексте.
Знак DU допускает прочтение KAŠ5 и может употребляться вместо KAŠ4 в выражении KAŠ4.E = lāsimu «бегун, курьер» [AHw, 539; Borger 1978, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. В месопотамском пантеоне существовало божество dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938, 346]. Если данное предположение верно, название приобретает астрономический смысл и может означать: «Быстро движущийся — Меркурий»(?).
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD

2026-05-28T11:36:18Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD (𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓) is perhaps a name for Mercury to be understood as a writing for KAŠx.E.GU4.UD for KAŠx.E.gu4.utu, equivalent to ''lāsim šamaš'', 'the Messenger of the Sun-god,' a very good equivalent of the Roman god Mercury.

(the standard Sumerian name for Mercury).
{{DISPLAYTITLE:DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD}}

{{Template:Mercury}}

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
This writing occurs once in what is apparently a commentary to a line of Enuma Anu Enlil (ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:44, now K.75+ rev. 16'). The signs DU and ŠE when interposed (DU×ŠE) have the reading KAŠ4 = ''lasāmu'', 'to run fast'. Here we have the two signs written consecutively (DU.ŠE) for which we can suppose a reading KAŠx allowing for a rendering KAŠx..E = ''lāsimu'' ,'fast runner, fleet-footed,' as a name for the planet Mercury 'GU4.UTU.' [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 107*, CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L 106; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. If so, we have here a precursor to the identification of the planet with the fleet footed Roman messenger deity Mercury, and of the Greek Hermes.

The DU sign can be read KAŠ5, and may be used instead of KAŠ4 in KAŠ4.E = ''lāsimu'' "runner, messenger". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. In the Mesopotamian pantheon there was the deity dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 346]. If this assumption is correct, the name takes on an astronomical meaning and could mean: "Fast-moving - Mercury"(?).
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[G. 107*]; только в [ACh Suppl., 7:44] в неясном контексте.
Знак DU допускает прочтение KAŠ5 и может употребляться вместо KAŠ4 в выражении KAŠ4.E = lāsimu «бегун, курьер» [AHw, 539; Borger 1978, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. В месопотамском пантеоне существовало божество dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938, 346]. Если данное предположение верно, название приобретает астрономический смысл и может означать: «Быстро движущийся — Меркурий»(?).
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

EN.MUL

2026-05-27T11:50:23Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
dEN.MUL (𒀭𒂗𒀯), 'Lord Star' along with his female pair d[[NIN.MUL]], 'Lady Star,' are Mesopotamian primordial ancestor deities who might be thought of as the original ancestors of later asterisms in the completed universe.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Lord Star"; together with d[[NIN.MUL]] "Lady Star" (Kurtik n36) forms a pair with the ancestors of Enlil in the divine genealogies [Gössmann 1950, 325; Lambert 1975, 51; Tallqvist 1938, 304].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of the gods.'''
* (1) AN:
** d''Anum'' series (I 100-101): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Litke 1998, 31 + note 100].
* (2) AO 5376 (Col. I 3-4):
** dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Genouillac 1923, 97].
|perhaps not an asterism but a deity only
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Господин звезд/звезды»(?); вместе с dNIN.MUL образует пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях [G. 325; Lambert 1975, 51; Tallqvist 1938, 304].
I. Источники.

Списки богов. (1) Серия AN: dAnum (I 100–101): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Litke 1998, 31 + note 100]. (2) AO 5376 (Col. I 3–4): dEn.mul / dNin.mul [Genouillac 1923, 97].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA

2026-05-27T11:43:42Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
Enmešarra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man."
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Lit. "Lord of all me"; Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). d''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298. </blockquote>
* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI|mulŠU.GI]] "Old Man",
* 2) the deity of the constellation [[GIGIR|mul]] [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]] "Chariot",
* 3) the deity of the constellation [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "Stag". [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 122; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 304; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 663],

See also (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR]], (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]]. Note Enmešarra's name with the MUL determinative in examples below sub Sections III/IV.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical Texts.'''
* Series Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ''ša''2 mulLAGAB×BAD d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Chariot = Chariot constellation, Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
| '''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, XVI 8-9, 11-12; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352f.]
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Star Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, Anu 5: MUL ''ša'' EGIR.BI GUB mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šár-ra'' dMAR.DÚ (var. dKUR.GA[L]), 'The star which stands after it is 'The Old Man,' Enmešarra, Amurru (KAV 218 II ii 13-14, var. BM 55502: 20).

<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
* <s>List (12´3): mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu</s>
* <s>"Old man, Enmešarra, deity-West" (B ii 13-14) [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, col. ii 14], see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].</s>
|
|-
|'''"<s>Catalogue of 30 Stars."</s>'''
* <s>Anu 5, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Enlil: mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Old man, Enmešarra" (I i 3) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30].
|[[File:Enmesharra stellarium.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|God EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8<ref name=":3">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:6, 549:1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* [...] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].
|
|-
|List of stars V R 46, 1:14, 21.

* (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' = d''Nusku''(PA + TUG2) "Girra, bright (star) which is in front of Enmešarra, Nusku", parallel [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95:10', see Steele 2017, 29f. ].
* (2) mullu.lim = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' 'Stag = Enmešarra', see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51, Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|Text W22281a.
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: dimin.bi dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (gišgigir ''ša''2 kur elam.maki ''ša''2 giš''kussê-ša''2 ''ja''!-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''2 d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation gišGIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR|gišGIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation mulŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both mul gišGIGIR and mulŠU.GI.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].

= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI "The frontal star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra," see below IV,1.

(3) ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "Heel of Enmešarra," see below IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Visibility of the constellation; mul d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''2 ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL2?] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] mul''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB4-''šu''2 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA5 ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L2 "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA5] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ d''En-me-šar''2-''ra ma-diš'' SA5 A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR4-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Venus and Enmešarra; [mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3] d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' DU-''iz'' ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-''an'' / [TA ... mul]ŠU.GI EN ''a-si-di'' [''ša'' d]''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' "[If Venus stands inside] Enmešarra: there will be defeat for Akkad; (it means that it stands) [from ...] the Old Man to Enmešarra’s heels " [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 104-105, K.3632:24]; for parallels see. [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Enmešarra; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 6.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, e11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| букв. «Господин всех ме»; 1) божество созвездия mul gišGIGIR «Колесница», 2) божество созвездия mulŠU.GI «Старик», 3) божество созвездия mulLU.LIM «Олень» [G. 122; Tallqvist 1938, 304; МНМ II, 663], см также g15GIGIR, sh16ŠU.GI, L09LU.LIM.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ea I 48a: gi-girLAGAB´BAD = ša2 mulLAGAB´BAD dEn-me-šar2-ra «Колесница = созвездие Колесницы, Энмешарра» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, XVI 8–9, 11–12; BPO 3, 281; Weidner 1925, 352f.]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Cписок (12´3): mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Старик, Энмешарра, божество–Запад» (B ii 13–14) [Horowitz 2014, 38, col. ii 14], см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5, см. sh16ŠU.GI. MUL.APIN. Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3) [MA, 18]. «Рапорты». См. [ARAK, 503:6, 549:1]. «Большой список звезд». […] = [den.me].šar2.ra [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:114]. Список звезд V R 46, 1:14, 21. (1) mulgiš.bar zalag2 igi dEn-me-šar2-ra = dNusku(PA + TUG2) «Гирра, (звезда) с большим блеском, что впереди Энмешарры, Нуску», параллель [SpTU I, 95:10']. (2) mullu.lim = dEn-me-šar2-ra «Олень = Энмешарра», см. также [HBA 51, Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Энмешарра — древнее божество, связанное с подземным миром; среди его эпитетов: ṣābit kippat kigalli «Тот, кто держит круг преисподней» [MCG, 275, 361]. Имя известно со времени III династии Ура [Sallaberger I, 103]. Вместе с Нинмешаррой составлял божественную пару предков Энлиля в божественных генеалогиях старовавилонского времени [Genouillac 1923, AO 5376 col. i 28–29; Litke 1998, 34, Tablet I 136–137; Livingstone 1986, 153]. Позднее отождествлялось с Ану, Думузи и Кингу [TU, 47 obv. 2–3, rev.; Livingstone 1986, 145, 190–191, 194,198–199]. Энмешарра считался отцом божественной Семерки: dimin.bi dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семерка, сыновья Энмешарры», 7 dumu.meš dEn-me-šar2-ra «Семеро сыновей Энмешарры» [Livingstone 1986, 126–127:5, 176–177:29]. В новоассирийский период в храме, посвященном Энмешарре (bīt dEn-me-šar2-ra), совершались связанные с ним ритуалы. В описании одного из них (VAT 8917 obv. 24–29) упоминается священная колесница (gišgigir ša2 kur elam.maki ša2 giškussê-ša2 ja!-a᾽-nu «Эламская колесница без сидения»), в которой перевозилось тело божества (adda ša2 dEn-me-šar2-ra) [ibid., 124–125, 147]. Изображение этой колесницы c Энмешаррой в ней рассматривалось, вероятно, как символ созвездия gišGIGIR, название которого присутствует уже в раннем одноязычном ниппурском списке звезд, см. g15gišGIGIR. Созвездие Энмешарра, расположенное в зодиакальном поясе на севере Тельца, составляло часть созвездия mulŠU.GI «Cтарик» [Weidner 1925, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Поэтому Энмешарра как божество отождествлялось как с mul gišGIGIR, так и с mulŠU.GI.

II. Отождествление.

= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11].

= северная часть Тельца [ASM, 271–272].

III. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 «Передняя звезда Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(2) MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI «Передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры», см. ниже IV,1.

(3) a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «Пятка Энмешарры», см. ниже IV, 2.

(4) [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Видимость созвездия; mul dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI-šu2 ma-diš e-kil EN.TE.NA dan-nu G[AL2?] «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры очень темная: наступит суровый холод» [BPO 2, XVI 8], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI IGI-ma «Меркурий в Старике появился» [TU, 18 r. 18; BPO 2, XVI 8 + Parralels]; [DIŠ] mulEn-me-šar2-ra MUL IGI.BI GIM ka-ra-ri-e ina MURUB4-šu2 1 MUL ma-diš SA5 um-šum dan-nu [GA]L2 «Если передняя звезда Энмешарры подобна полуденному Солнцу (и) в середине его одна звезда очень красная: [насту]пит жестокая жара» [BPO 2, XVI 9], вариант аподосиса: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru KI Dil-bat ina MUL […] «Марс в возбужденном блеске (достигает) места Венеры в (пределах) созвездия […]» [TU, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK dEn-me-šar2-ra MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI4.SI4 A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA? […] «Если передняя звезда оси (колесницы) Энмешарры очень красная: сильное половодье (наступит в) стране» [BPO 2, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ mulEN.ME.ŠAR2.[RA] / MUL-šu2 ma-a᾽-diš [SA5] / A.KAL uṣ-ṣa-[pa] «Если Энмешар[ра], звезда его (при его восходе) очень [красная]: половодье усилится» [ARAK, 549:1–3]; параллель: DIŠ dEn-me-šar2-ra ma-diš SA5 A.KAL […] [BPO 2, XVI 12], вариант аподосиса: GU4.UD ina ŠU.GI GUR4-m[a] «Меркурий в Старике имеет большой блеск» [TU, 18 r. 14; BPO 2, XVI 12 + Parallels].

(2) Венера и Энмешарра; [mulDil-bat ina ŠA3] dEn-me-šar2-ra DU-iz ŠI.ŠI KUR.URIki GAR-an / [TA … mul]ŠU.GI EN a-si-di [ša d]En-me-šar2-ra «[Если Венера стоит внутри] Энмешарры: будет поражение Аккада; (это означает, что она) [от …] Старика до пятки Энмешарры (стоит)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 r. 15; BPO 3, 104–105, K.3632:24]; параллели см. [ibid., 218, K.3601+ r. 29; 237, ND 4362:21; 246, K.2346+:31].

(3) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Энмешарра; см. m05MAN-ma, II 6.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Per]]

EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA

2026-05-27T10:57:18Z

WayneHorowitz: need to add OECT 87 from GSL material

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mul (d)EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA (𒀯𒂗𒍇𒀭𒈾) is identified in a scribal comment in the astronomical report SAA 8 254 as a name for Jupiter. <nowiki>[[Add OECt 87 FROM GSL material]]</nowiki>]

Visibility & Appearance

Jupiter is the second brightest planet after Venus, but its light is more yellowish than Venus and its motion is slower which is why Jupiter was considered more majestic and identified with the heads of pantheons, and hence Marduk in Mesopotamia.
{{Template:Jupiter}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= Sumerian "Lord of the heavenly stations" (Akk. ''bēl manzaz šamê''). As the name of Jupiter in the astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 120], most likely with reference to Marduk's star ''Nēberu'' as Jupiter and its role in keeping all the stars of heaven aligned in their positions. See discussion sub (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]].''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, (p.), D.T.51 rev. 8].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
* [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA ''i-ba-᾽i-il'' / A.KAL.ME ''u'' A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA: MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR]
** "(If) Engišgalanna becomes bright: [there will be] floods and rains. Engišgalanna = Jupiter." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 254:7-9].
|Jupiter
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-''ma'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If Jupiter is bright: rain and flood (II iii 33) [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>: 104].
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Владыка небесных стоянок»; название Юпитера в астрологических текстах [G. 120].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, (стр.), D.T.51 rev. 8]. «Рапорты». [DIŠ mu]lEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA i-ba-᾽i-il / A.KAL.ME u A.AN.ME [GAL2.ME] / MUL.EN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA : MUL.SAG.ME.[GAR] «(Если) Энгишгальанна сверкает: [будут] наводнения и дожди. Энгишгальанна = Юпитер» [ARAK, 254:7–9]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ mul4 dEN.GIŠGAL.AN.NA KUR4-ma A.AN u A.KAL «Если Юпитер имеет большой блеск: дождь и наводнение» (II iii 33) [MA, 112].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

Ekur

2026-05-25T06:15:37Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
The Ekur (''E2-kur''; 𒂍𒆳) is an ancient Mesopotamian super-constellation consisting of the group of the ten Standing Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.GUB.BA|DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš]]) and the ensemble of the Sitting Gods of the Ekur (mul[[DINGIR.KU.A|DIĜIR.TUŠ.A]]meš), both mentioned in MUL.APIN (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
See glossary of Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref><blockquote>mulDIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš & mulDIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIRmeš DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In VR 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BAmeš DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN (I i 23).'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil:
**mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš ''šu-ut E''2-''kur''
**"Standing Gods of Ekur", [Hunger & Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H., & Steele, J. (2019). ''The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL. APIN''. Routledge.</ref>: 34]
**for a parallel see [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
| rowspan="2" | [[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
|-
| '''MUL.APIN (I i 23).'''
*The list of the stars of Enlil:
**mulDINGIR.TUŠ.Ameš ''šu-ut E''2''-kur''
**"Sitting Gods of Ekur",
**see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].
|}

==== Hoffmann and Krebernik Text Edition ====

===== The path of Enlil in MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" /> =====
{| class="wikitable"
!our numbering
!DIŠ
!explanandum
!explanans
|-
|1
|1
|STAREPINNU (Plough)
|GODEnlil
|-
|2
|1
|STARBARBARU (Wolf)
|seeder of STAREPINNU
|-
|3
|1
|STARŠĪBU (Old Man)
|GODEnmešarra
|-
|4
|<1>
|STARGAMLU (Throwing-stick)
|GODGamlum(Throwing-stick)
|-
|5–6
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·RABÛTU (Great Twins)
|GODLugalirra and GODMeslamtaʾea
|-
|7–8
|1
|STARTŪ’AMŪ·ṢEḪRŪTU (Little Twins)
|GODAlammuš and GODNingublaga
|-
|9
|1
|STARALLUTTU (Crab)
|seat of GODAnu
|-
|10
|1
|STARURGULÛ (Lion)
|GODLatarak
|-
|11
|1
|STAR opposite STARURGULÛ
|STAR (of the) King
|-
|12
|1
|twinkling STARs in the tail of STARURGULÛ
|‘date-palm spadix’ (jewellery?) (of) GOD<nowiki>Erua | </nowiki>GODZarpanītum
|-
|13
|1
|STARŠU.PA (The Bright?)
|GODEnlil who determines the destinies of the land
|-
|14
|1
|STAR in front of it: STARḪENGALLĀYU (Abundant)
|vizier of GODNinlil
|-
|15
|1
|STAR behind it: STARBĀŠTUM(Dignity)
|vizier of GODTišpak(<*INANNA!?)
|-
|16
|1
|STAREREQQU (Wagon)
|GODNinlil
|-
|17
|1
|STAR by the pole of STAREREQQU: STARŠĒLEBU(Fox)
|GODErra, the strong of the gods
|-
|18
|1
|STAR on the forehead of STAREREQQU: STARLAḪRU(Ewe)
|GODAya
|-
|19
|1
|STARMU.BU.KÉŠ.DA (Hitched yoke?)
|GODAnu-rabû of heaven
|-
|20
|1
|STARMAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)
|GODDamkianna
|-
|21
|1
|STAR in its bond: STARAPIL-EMAḪ (Heir of the Emaḫ-temple)
|foremost son of GODAnu
|-
!
!{1}
!STAR·STANDING·GODs of the Ekur
!The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur
|-
!
!({1})
!STAR·SITTING·GODs of the Ekur
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur (temple)
|-
|22
|1
|STARENZU (She-Goat)
|GODGula
|-
|23
|1
|STAR in front of STARENZU
|STARKALBU(Dog) (of GODGula)
|-
|24
|1
|bright STAR of STARENZU
|GOD<nowiki>Lamassatu | vizier of </nowiki>GODBaba (= GODGu-la)
|-
|25–26
|1
|2 STARs behind it
|GODNin-SAR and GODErrakal
|-
|27
|1
|STARU4.KA.DU8.A
|GODU.GUR(Nergal)
|-
|28
|1
|STAR to the right of it
|STAR<nowiki>ŠAḪÛ(Pig) | </nowiki>GODDamu
|-
|29
|1
|STAR to the left of it
|STARSSISÛ(Horse)
|-
|30
|1
|STAR behind it
|STAR<nowiki>LULIMMU | vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)</nowiki>
|-
|31
|1
|twinkling STARs opposite STARLULIMMU(Stag)
|GOD<nowiki>Ḫarriru (Field Mouse) | </nowiki>GODManzât(Rainbow)
|-
|32
|1
|red bright STAR in the kidney of STARLULIMMU
|STARPĀŠITTU (Deleter)
|-
!
!
! colspan="2" |When the STARs of GODEnlil are completed:
|}

===== Constellations of the Gods of the Ekur =====
The Standing Gods and the Sitting Gods are rubric markers (like headlines in modern texts). Then, the rest of the list can be rendered as itemized lists in modern text layout.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!explanandum
(constellations)
!explanans
(deities)
|-
!Standing Gods of the Ekur
|
* Plough
** Wolf
* Old Man
* Throwing Stick
* Great Twins
* Little Twins
* Crab
* Lion
** King
** Date-Palm Spadix
* Dignity
*Abundant One
*Šupa
|
* Enlil
** .
* Enmešarra
* Gamlu
* Lugalirra and Meslamta'ea
* Alamuš and Ningublaga
* Anu
* Latarak
** .
** Erua | Zarpanītum
* Tišpak
*the minister of Ninlil
*Enlil
|-
!Sitting Gods of the Ekur
|
*Wagon
** Fox
** Ewe
* Hitched Yoke
* Wagon of Heaven
* The Heir of the Emaḫ-temple (could be Enlil's or Anu's son)
|
*Ninlil
** Erra
** Aya
* Anu
* Damkianna
* Anu
|-
!Outside the Ekur
|
* She-Goat
** Dog
** Lamassatu
** two stars
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Pig
** Horse
** Stag
*** Field Mouse
*** Deleter
|
* Gula
** .
** Lamassatu
** Ninsar and Erragal
* UD.KA.DU8.A
** Damu
** .
** .
*** Manzat (Rainbow God)
*** Pašittu
|}

== Historical Dictionaries ==
The historical dictionaries by Kurtik (2007) and Gössmann (1950) both don't include this term, as the discovery of the astronomical unit of The Ekur only happened in a series of papers later (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023,<ref name=":0" /> Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023,<ref>Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143</ref> and Hoffmann 2024<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S.M. (2024): Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272</ref>)

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Super-Constellation]]

Ēdu

2026-05-24T18:14:42Z

WayneHorowitz: made some changes in teaser - numeral adjective is the term that the internet gave me

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ēdu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg|alt=star char|thumb|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
mul''Ēdu'' (𒀯𒂊𒁺) is the Akkadian for Sumerian mulDILI (𒀯𒀸), Sumerian dili being a writing for the number one, here as a numeral adjective, 'single, solitary, unique.'. It is used in reference to single stars in multi-star asterisms. For example, (Kurtik d07) [[DILI]], (Kurtik d08) [[DILI|DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]]., 'the single star in its ([[UR.GU.LA]]'s) tail' (GU-text, J).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
The Akkadian equivalent to mul/múlDILI, "separate, single, (unique) star"; in the names of ''ziqpu'' stars VI, XXIV.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e07)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul/múlDILI «Отдельная (единственная) звезда»; в названиях ziqpu-звезд VI, XXIV, см. d07DILI, d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 .||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

E2.TUR3

2026-05-24T17:51:16Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2.TUR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG|thumb|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
mulE2.TUR3 (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is aSumerian name meaning with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e2.tur.ra includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

Variant designations:

* mulE2.TUR3.RA,
* mulE.TU.RA.ME,
* mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
* = mul''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genitive MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
Series Urra XXII:

* [mul''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum''
** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?-''am-me'' = mulur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* (1) mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3
** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
* (2) mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM2.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim2 (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim2 = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
* (3) DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I3 GAL2
** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
|Here we are not sure how to read the text

* (1) not translated in BPO 2<ref name=":0" />

* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la)
* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the series AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= dBinibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

==== Previous Identification. ====
According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats mulE2.TUR.RA and mulE2.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. muleturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3|TUR3]] also in this connection. According to Koch, mul''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|''= tarbāṣu'' «Загон (для скота)»; вар. обозначения: mulE2.TUR3.RA, mulE.TU.RA.ME, mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI; = mul''eturammi'' «Звезда Этурамми» [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [mule-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum'' «Загон = Посланник Ануниту», [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la «Этурамми? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19–20; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. '''''EAE'''''. '''(1)''' mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3 «Звезда Загон вдоль (движется), (что соответствует) лежащему поперек загону» [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120–121]. '''(2)''' mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na'' ''nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2 : ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e'' ''i-qab-bi'' «Загон (относится к) DIM2.MA.AN.NA / то есть ко всему небу, (потому что) dim2 (означает) “сово[купность”, (кроме того) dim2 = ''banû'' “создавать”], (поэтому) это названо “для созданий? неба”« [BPO 2, III 22–22a; Koch 1989, 121]. '''(3)''' DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 GAL2 «Если Этурамме, посланник Ануниту, к Шупе приближается, в этом году (в конце года) царь умрет; страна будет есть урожай вдоволь; урожай хлеба и сезама» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la) «Этурамми = Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].

II. Божество.

В астрологических и лексических текстах Этурамми связано с богиней Ануниту. В серии AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 «Этурамми — посланник Бирду» [Litke 1998, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= d''Binibu'') ''—'' одно из имен Нергала [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].

III. Отождествление.

Согласно [BPO 2, 11], приведенные варианты названия относятся к одному светилу, отождествление которого неясно. Гёсман трактует mulE2.TUR.RA и mulE2.TU.RA.ME как два разных светила, не аргументируя [G. 130, 131]. mul''eturammi'' в «Большом спиcке звезд» может обозначать часть созвездия UR.GU.LA «Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., 193, notes]. В предсказании [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME движется относительно неподвижных звезд, что делает вероятным его отождествление с планетой (Венерой, Марсом?). См. в этой связи также t10TUR3. Согласно Коху, mul''tarbāṣu'' — это Солнце, точка восхода которого перемещается на протяжении года относительно участка горизонта, имевшего мифологическое название E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989, 123], см. также [BPO 2, III 24b].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Leo]]

E2.TUR3

2026-05-24T17:50:45Z

WayneHorowitz: I changed the teaser and added a reference to the discussion in my Astrolabe book of the commentary passage.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2.TUR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG|thumb|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
mulE2.TUR3 (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is aSumerian name meaning with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e2.tur.ra range includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

Variant designations:

* mulE2.TUR3.RA,
* mulE.TU.RA.ME,
* mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
* = mul''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genitive MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''2-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''
Series Urra XXII:

* [mul''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum''
** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?-''am-me'' = mulur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* (1) mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3
** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
* (2) mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM2.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim2 (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim2 = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
* (3) DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I3 GAL2
** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
|Here we are not sure how to read the text

* (1) not translated in BPO 2<ref name=":0" />

* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
* mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la)
* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the series AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= dBinibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

==== Previous Identification. ====
According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats mulE2.TUR.RA and mulE2.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. muleturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3|TUR3]] also in this connection. According to Koch, mul''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|''= tarbāṣu'' «Загон (для скота)»; вар. обозначения: mulE2.TUR3.RA, mulE.TU.RA.ME, mulE.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI; = mul''eturammi'' «Звезда Этурамми» [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [mule-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal d''a-nu-ni-tum'' «Загон = Посланник Ануниту», [mul''e-tu-r'']''a''?''-am-me'' = mulur.gu.la «Этурамми? = Лев» [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19–20; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], см. также [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. '''''EAE'''''. '''(1)''' mulE2.TUR3 NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E2.TUR3 «Звезда Загон вдоль (движется), (что соответствует) лежащему поперек загону» [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120–121]. '''(2)''' mulE2.TUR3.RA DIM2.MA.AN.NA [DUG4.GA?] / ''a-na'' ''nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM2 : ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM2 = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e'' ''i-qab-bi'' «Загон (относится к) DIM2.MA.AN.NA / то есть ко всему небу, (потому что) dim2 (означает) “сово[купность”, (кроме того) dim2 = ''banû'' “создавать”], (поэтому) это названо “для созданий? неба”« [BPO 2, III 22–22a; Koch 1989, 121]. '''(3)''' DIŠ mulE2.TUR3.RA.ME SUKKAL mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ana'' mulŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ2 BURU14 ''nap-ša''2 KUR GU7 BURU14 ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 GAL2 «Если Этурамме, посланник Ануниту, к Шупе приближается, в этом году (в конце года) царь умрет; страна будет есть урожай вдоволь; урожай хлеба и сезама» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mul''e-tu''!-''ram-mi'' = mulmin(=ur.gu.la) «Этурамми = Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].

II. Божество.

В астрологических и лексических текстах Этурамми связано с богиней Ануниту. В серии AN : d''Anum'' (V 202): [d''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal d''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke4 «Этурамми — посланник Бирду» [Litke 1998, 187]; dBi.ir.du (= d''Binibu'') ''—'' одно из имен Нергала [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].

III. Отождествление.

Согласно [BPO 2, 11], приведенные варианты названия относятся к одному светилу, отождествление которого неясно. Гёсман трактует mulE2.TUR.RA и mulE2.TU.RA.ME как два разных светила, не аргументируя [G. 130, 131]. mul''eturammi'' в «Большом спиcке звезд» может обозначать часть созвездия UR.GU.LA «Лев» [Mesop.Astrol., 193, notes]. В предсказании [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7] mulE.TU.RA.ME движется относительно неподвижных звезд, что делает вероятным его отождествление с планетой (Венерой, Марсом?). См. в этой связи также t10TUR3. Согласно Коху, mul''tarbāṣu'' — это Солнце, точка восхода которого перемещается на протяжении года относительно участка горизонта, имевшего мифологическое название E2.TUR3 [Koch 1989, 123], см. также [BPO 2, III 24b].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Leo]]

Bīt sakkî

2026-05-24T17:38:26Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2 ''sakkî''/ ''bīt sakkî''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
E2 ''sakkî'' / ''bīt sakkî'' (𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿) is a group of 6 stars within or in the vicinity of [[Hercules]] in the Neo-Assyrian Uranology Group texxt VAT 9428. The meaning of the name is unclear.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= "(Stars) ''Bīt Sakkî''" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, commentary p. 32]; group of stars in [[Serpens]] (The Snake) and [[Ophiuchus]] (The Snake-Carrier) near [[Hercules]](?).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications

|-
|Uranology Group: Only in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428

*r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ ''bit sak-ki-i i-ti'' K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ ''š'']''u-ut'' d''A-nim li-me-tam''
**“6 stars of Bit Sakki, located near to the p[ath(?) of the stars o]f Anu, (but) outside of it”
**[Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section IX].
|Example
|}

===Additional ===

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= possibly, stars located on the back portion of Serpens (ζ, η, θ Ser) and the northern end of Ophiuchus [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 84; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59].

= among the stars near the constellation Hercules [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a].

= the stars of Bit Sakki belong to the path of Anu, but are on the border between it and the path of Enlil [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

= six stars in the Dog constellation [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 72].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)

|-
|= «(Звезды) Бит Сакки» [Gössmann 1950: 59, CAD S, 79a; AHw, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, 32]; группа звезд в Змее (Serpens) и Змееносце (Ophiuchus) около Геркулеса (Herkules) (?).
I. Источники.

Только в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ bit sak-ki-i i-ti K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ š]u-ut dA-nim li-me-tam «6 звезд Бит Сакки, расположенные рядом [со звездами на пу]ти Ану, (но) вне его» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

II. Отождествление.

= возможно, звезды в задней части Змеи (ζ, η, θ Ser) и в северной части Змееносца [Weidner 1927, 84; Gössmann 1950: 59].

= среди звезд около созвездия Геркулес [CAD S, 79a].

= звезды Бит Сакки принадлежат пути Ану, но находятся на границе между ним и путем Энлиля [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]

= шесть звезд в созвездии Пса [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
|Example
|}

==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]

Bīt sakkî

2026-05-24T17:36:24Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:E2 ''sakkî''/ ''bīt sakkî''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
E2 ''sakkî'' / ''bīt sakkî'' (𒂍𒊕𒆠𒄿) is a group of 6 stars within or in the vicinity of [[Hercules]] in Mesopotamian astral science. The meaning of the name is unclear.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= "(Stars) ''Bīt Sakkî''" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, commentary p. 32]; group of stars in [[Serpens]] (The Snake) and [[Ophiuchus]] (The Snake-Carrier) near [[Hercules]](?).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications

|-
|Uranology Group: Only in the Neo-Assyrian text VAT 9428

*r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ ''bit sak-ki-i i-ti'' K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ ''š'']''u-ut'' d''A-nim li-me-tam''
**“6 stars of Bit Sakki, located near to the p[ath(?) of the stars o]f Anu, (but) outside of it”
**[Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section IX].
|Example
|}

===Additional ===

==== Previous Identification(s). ====
= possibly, stars located on the back portion of Serpens (ζ, η, θ Ser) and the northern end of Ophiuchus [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 84; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 59].

= among the stars near the constellation Hercules [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S, 79a].

= the stars of Bit Sakki belong to the path of Anu, but are on the border between it and the path of Enlil [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

= six stars in the Dog constellation [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 72].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, e05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)

|-
|= «(Звезды) Бит Сакки» [Gössmann 1950: 59, CAD S, 79a; AHw, 1012b; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, 32]; группа звезд в Змее (Serpens) и Змееносце (Ophiuchus) около Геркулеса (Herkules) (?).
I. Источники.

Только в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428 r. 13: 6 MUL.MEŠ bit sak-ki-i i-ti K[ASKAL? MUL.MEŠ š]u-ut dA-nim li-me-tam «6 звезд Бит Сакки, расположенные рядом [со звездами на пу]ти Ану, (но) вне его» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, Section IX].

II. Отождествление.

= возможно, звезды в задней части Змеи (ζ, η, θ Ser) и в северной части Змееносца [Weidner 1927, 84; Gössmann 1950: 59].

= среди звезд около созвездия Геркулес [CAD S, 79a].

= звезды Бит Сакки принадлежат пути Ану, но находятся на границе между ним и путем Энлиля [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32]

= шесть звезд в созвездии Пса [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
|Example
|}

==References ==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Her]]

E2-a

2026-05-24T17:04:10Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|alt=image of a celestial globe devided by colour into three sections|thumb|schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
dEnki = d''Ea'' (𒀭𒂍𒀀), is the god of wisdom and the ‘water god’ of Ancient Mesopotamia, in particular the subterranean fresh-water ocean Apsu. In traditional Mesopotamian astronomy, Ea’s stellar path is the southernmost in the sky. Thus, it is natural for him to be closely related to the southern constellation mulku6, ‘The Fish’ ([[Piscis Austrinus]]). Enki = Ea is also identified with a number of other asterisms in various sources including mulGU.LA, 'The Great One' ([[Aquarius]]) and mulBIR, 'The Kidney.'

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''E''2-''a'' (Sumerian Enki)}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= dDIŠ; Ea, god of the subterranean ocean Apsu, god of wisdom, lord of fortune and patron of divination; played an important role in the Mesopotamian sky. Among his epithets ''ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti'' "He stands out in the middle of the wide heavens" [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 107]. The following astral aspects of Ea can be distinguished.

#In the subdivision of the sky into three regions, there are the "Stars (or 'paths') of Enlil, Anu and Ea", with the stars south of the equatorial zone associated with Ea. Such subdivisions are found for the first time in the Hittite prayers to the Gods of the Night [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. The expressions used were ''kakkabāni'' (MUL.MEŠ) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "Stars of Ea" and ''ḫarrān'' (KASKAL) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "The path (or 'road') of Ea"; in Enūma eliš (V 8): ''man-za-az'' d''En-lil''2 ''u'' d''E''2''-a'' "the (heavenly) stations of Enlil and Ea", identified with mulAPIN and mulKU6, 'The Plough' and 'The Fish' (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 6-7). Lists of Ea stars:
##(a) 15 Ea stars in MUL.APIN I ii 19-35,
##(b) 12 Ea stars in 82-5-22,512 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15-21],
##(c) 12 Ea stars in Astrolabe B [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B i 1-28, C 1-12, left column; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37],
##(d) 10 Ea stars in the "Catalog of 30 Stars" (A 1-13, B 1-14) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177].
#[[File:Aqr+vorlage 600dpi.jpg|thumb|Ea, (a) depicted on the Adda Seal (dating 2300 BCE) and (b) repainted for planetarium use by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster, 2016).]]A number of cases emphasize the affiliation between the luminaries and the stars of Ea, including
##(a) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'', mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'', mulNUNki d''E''2-''a'' in MUL.APIN I ii 19-20, and the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 98),
##(b) múlBIR d''E''2-''a'' in the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 111),
##(c) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'' the name of Jupiter in the month Addaru in K.5990 :13 [IIIR, 53:2].
#"Ea star" as a designation for planets in astrological texts;
## DIŠ MUL d''E''2-''a a-dir'' GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 ...: dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''u''2-''tan-nat-ma''
##*"If the star of Ea is dark, crops will not prosper ... (it means): Mercury in Capricorn is dim" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:43-44], here "star of Ea" = Mercury in Capricorn;
##DIŠ mulMIN(=d''E''2-''a'') mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-''ma'' [...]: d''Dil-bat ina'' mul lúḪUN.G[A2 ...]
##*"If the star of Ea reaches the Field [...] (it means): Venus is in the Hired Man [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 22:3-4] ("star of Ea" = Venus);
##[DIŠ mul d''E''2]-''a ina'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-''iz''
##* "[If the star of E]a stands inside the Field [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 23:24] (and also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 23:25]), (star Ea = Venus?);

For other examples see. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":1" /> 2, 51:12-13, 68 r. 11-13].

===Additional===
On the astral meaning of Ea see also [Galter 1983<ref>''Galter H.D.'' Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überliferung. Dissertationen der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz 1983.</ref>, 116-120].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dDIŠ; Эа, бог подземного океана Апсу, бог мудрости, господин судьбы и покровитель предсказательства; играл важную роль на месопотамском небе. Среди его эпитетов ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti «Выступающий посреди небес высоких» [Tallqvist 1938, 107]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Эа.
(1) В подразделении неба на три региона, «Звезды (или ‘пути’) Энлиля, Ану и Эа», с Эа связаны звезды, расположенные к югу от экваториальной зоны. Впервые такое подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. Употреблялись выражения: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dE2-a «Звезды Эа» и ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dE2-a «Путь (или ‘дорога’) Эа»; в Enūma eliš (V 8): man-za-az dEn-lil2 u dE2-a «стоянки Энлиля и Эа» [Landsb.–Kinier Wilson 1961, 156]. Списки звезд Эа: a) 15 звезд Эа в MUL.APIN I ii 19–35, b) 12 звезд Эа в списке 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 15–21], c) 12 звезд Эа в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 1–28, C 1–12, левый столбец; Horowitz 2014, 37], d) 10 звезд Эа в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (A 1–13, B 1–14) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177].

(2) В ряде случаев подчеркивается принадлежность светила к звездам Эа, в том числе: а) mulKU6 dE2-a, mulGU.LA dE2-a, mulNUNki dE2-a в MUL.APIN I ii 19–20, mulKU6 dE2-a ― имя Юпитера в месяце аддару в К.5990:13 [IIIR, 53:2], b) múlBIR dE2-a в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (Ea 8, В. 11) и, возможно, в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 17–18; Horowitz 2014, 37], при этом название самой звезды может опускаться и записываться сокращенно как dE2-a [KAV 218, B i 19, 21, 23; Horowitz 2014, 37; Oelsner– Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 8–10].

(3) «Звезда Эа» как обозначение планет в астрологических текстах; DIŠ MUL dE2-a a-dir GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 …: dGU4.UD ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 u2-tan-nat-ma «Если звезда Эа тусклая, урожай не вырастет… (это означает): Меркурий в Козероге имеет малый блеск» [ACh Ištar, 21:43–44], здесь «звезда Эа» = Меркурий в Козероге; DIŠ mulMIN(=dE2-a) mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-ma […] : dDil-bat ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 …] «Если звезда Эа достигает Поля […] (это означает): Венера в Наемнике […]» [ACh Ištar, 22:3–4] («звезда Эа» = Венера); [DIŠ mul dE2]-a ina ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-iz «[Если звезда Э]а в середине Поля стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 23:24] (а также [ibid., 23:25]), (звезда Эа = Венера?); другие примеры см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 51:12–13, 68 r. 11–13].

Об астральном значении Эа см. также [Galter 1983, 116–120].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

E2-a

2026-05-24T16:54:17Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png|alt=image of a celestial globe devided by colour into three sections|thumb|schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by Susanne M Hoffmann, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
dEnki = d''Ea'' (𒀭𒂍𒀀), is the god of wisdom and the ‘water god’ of Ancient Mesopotamia, in particular the subterranean fresh-water ocean Apsu. In traditional Mesopotamian astronomy, Ea’s stellar path is the southernmost in the sky. Thus, it is natural for him to be closely related to the southern constellation mulku6, ‘The Fish’ ([[Piscis Austrinus]]). Yet, he is also represented in a constellation next to it, the constellation of [[GU.LA|mulGU.LA]], The Great One ([[Aquarius]]), as this is a by name of the god.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''E''2-''a'' (Sumerian Enki)}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= dDIŠ; Ea, god of the subterranean ocean Apsu, god of wisdom, lord of fortune and patron of divination; played an important role in the Mesopotamian sky. Among his epithets ''ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti'' "He stands out in the middle of the wide heavens" [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 107]. The following astral aspects of Ea can be distinguished.

#In the subdivision of the sky into three regions, there are the "Stars (or 'paths') of Enlil, Anu and Ea", with the stars south of the equatorial zone associated with Ea. Such subdivisions are found for the first time in the Hittite prayers to the Gods of the Night [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 46-47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. The expressions used were ''kakkabāni'' (MUL.MEŠ) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "Stars of Ea" and ''ḫarrān'' (KASKAL) ''šu-ut'' d''E''2''-a'' "The path (or 'road') of Ea"; in Enūma eliš (V 8): ''man-za-az'' d''En-lil''2 ''u'' d''E''2''-a'' "the (heavenly) stations of Enlil and Ea", identified with mulAPIN and mulKU6, 'The Plough' and 'The Fish' (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 6-7). Lists of Ea stars:
##(a) 15 Ea stars in MUL.APIN I ii 19-35,
##(b) 12 Ea stars in 82-5-22,512 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 15-21],
##(c) 12 Ea stars in Astrolabe B [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, B i 1-28, C 1-12, left column; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37],
##(d) 10 Ea stars in the "Catalog of 30 Stars" (A 1-13, B 1-14) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177].
#[[File:Aqr+vorlage 600dpi.jpg|thumb|Ea, (a) depicted on the Adda Seal (dating 2300 BCE) and (b) repainted for planetarium use by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster, 2016).]]A number of cases emphasize the affiliation between the luminaries and the stars of Ea, including
##(a) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'', mulGU.LA d''E''2-''a'', mulNUNki d''E''2-''a'' in MUL.APIN I ii 19-20, and the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 98),
##(b) múlBIR d''E''2-''a'' in the Astrolabe tradition (Horowitz 2017: 111),
##(c) mulKU6 d''E''2-''a'' the name of Jupiter in the month Addaru in K.5990 :13 [IIIR, 53:2].
#"Ea star" as a designation for planets in astrological texts;
## DIŠ MUL d''E''2-''a a-dir'' GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 ...: dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 ''u''2-''tan-nat-ma''
##*"If the star of Ea is dark, crops will not prosper ... (it means): Mercury in Capricorn is dim" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:43-44], here "star of Ea" = Mercury in Capricorn;
##DIŠ mulMIN(=d''E''2-''a'') mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-''ma'' [...]: d''Dil-bat ina'' mul lúḪUN.G[A2 ...]
##*"If the star of Ea reaches the Field [...] (it means): Venus is in the Hired Man [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 22:3-4] ("star of Ea" = Venus);
##[DIŠ mul d''E''2]-''a ina'' ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-''iz''
##* "[If the star of E]a stands inside the Field [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 23:24] (and also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 23:25]), (star Ea = Venus?);

For other examples see. [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":1" /> 2, 51:12-13, 68 r. 11-13].

===Additional===
On the astral meaning of Ea see also [Galter 1983<ref>''Galter H.D.'' Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überliferung. Dissertationen der Karl-Franzens-Universität, Graz 1983.</ref>, 116-120].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= dDIŠ; Эа, бог подземного океана Апсу, бог мудрости, господин судьбы и покровитель предсказательства; играл важную роль на месопотамском небе. Среди его эпитетов ka-bi-su qe2-reb šamê rūqūti «Выступающий посреди небес высоких» [Tallqvist 1938, 107]. Можно выделить следующие астральные аспекты Эа.
(1) В подразделении неба на три региона, «Звезды (или ‘пути’) Энлиля, Ану и Эа», с Эа связаны звезды, расположенные к югу от экваториальной зоны. Впервые такое подразделение встречается в хеттской молитве ночным богам [KUB IV, 47 r. 46–47; Van der Toorn 1985, 130]. Употреблялись выражения: kakkabāni(MUL.MEŠ) šu-ut dE2-a «Звезды Эа» и ḫarrān(KASKAL) šu-ut dE2-a «Путь (или ‘дорога’) Эа»; в Enūma eliš (V 8): man-za-az dEn-lil2 u dE2-a «стоянки Энлиля и Эа» [Landsb.–Kinier Wilson 1961, 156]. Списки звезд Эа: a) 15 звезд Эа в MUL.APIN I ii 19–35, b) 12 звезд Эа в списке 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 15–21], c) 12 звезд Эа в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 1–28, C 1–12, левый столбец; Horowitz 2014, 37], d) 10 звезд Эа в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (A 1–13, B 1–14) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177].

(2) В ряде случаев подчеркивается принадлежность светила к звездам Эа, в том числе: а) mulKU6 dE2-a, mulGU.LA dE2-a, mulNUNki dE2-a в MUL.APIN I ii 19–20, mulKU6 dE2-a ― имя Юпитера в месяце аддару в К.5990:13 [IIIR, 53:2], b) múlBIR dE2-a в «Каталоге 30 звезд» (Ea 8, В. 11) и, возможно, в Astr. B [KAV 218, B i 17–18; Horowitz 2014, 37], при этом название самой звезды может опускаться и записываться сокращенно как dE2-a [KAV 218, B i 19, 21, 23; Horowitz 2014, 37; Oelsner– Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 8–10].

(3) «Звезда Эа» как обозначение планет в астрологических текстах; DIŠ MUL dE2-a a-dir GAN2.ZI NU SI.SA2 …: dGU4.UD ina mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2ku6 u2-tan-nat-ma «Если звезда Эа тусклая, урожай не вырастет… (это означает): Меркурий в Козероге имеет малый блеск» [ACh Ištar, 21:43–44], здесь «звезда Эа» = Меркурий в Козероге; DIŠ mulMIN(=dE2-a) mulAŠ.GAN2 KUR-ma […] : dDil-bat ina mul lúḪUN.G[A2 …] «Если звезда Эа достигает Поля […] (это означает): Венера в Наемнике […]» [ACh Ištar, 22:3–4] («звезда Эа» = Венера); [DIŠ mul dE2]-a ina ŠA3 mulAŠ.GAN2 GUB-iz «[Если звезда Э]а в середине Поля стоит […]» [ACh Ištar, 23:24] (а также [ibid., 23:25]), (звезда Эа = Венера?); другие примеры см. [ACh Suppl. 2, 51:12–13, 68 r. 11–13].

Об астральном значении Эа см. также [Galter 1983, 116–120].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

DUMU.ZI

2026-05-24T05:12:38Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|thumb|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid (public domain).'''''??? they may be a human couple as they have no horned crown ???''''']]
mul / dDUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love [[Inanna]] = [[Ištar]] who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, mulDUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (dDumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu2]][[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) the deity of the constellation mul [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]] "Hired worker" (see h12);
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> dDUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43]. <nowiki>[[add new edition??]]</nowiki>
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of Anu stars: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= d''ištaran'') "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* Sector 0: along the arrow representing mulkak.si.sa2, the inscription is ddumu.zi [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 10; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-61; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* NA // d''En-lil''2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].

==== III. Symbol. ====
During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

==== IV. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

= Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106]; for objections to the identification of mul / dDUMU.ZI with mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>]

= Orion [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].

As a planet:

= Saturn(?) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 61; Lambert 1987a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 95-96].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d13)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) божество созвездия mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. В списке планет(?) на третьем месте: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43) [MA, 30]; параллель см. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) «Думузи = Иштаран», (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая звезда = Думузи» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171]. «Планисфера» K 8538. Сектор 0: вдоль стрелы, представляющей mulkak.si.sa2, надпись — ddumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56–61; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi … «‘Стоянка’ — Энлиль; Нисану; [Наемник], Думузи» [SpTU IV, 159:1–2]; здесь Думузи, по-видимому, соответствует mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995, 78].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа, объясняющая связь Думузи с созвездием Наемный работник, неясна. Вероятно, при этом имела значение роль Думузи как пастуха Ана. Об отождествлении Думузи с Иштараном см. [Livingstone 1986, 137]. О Думузи как возрождающемся лунном месяце см. [Foxvog 1993].

III. Символ.

Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. фигурой созвездия Наемный работник считался баран, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Наемный работник (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; возражения против отождествления mul / dDUMU.ZI с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA см. [ibid.].

= Орион (Orion) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

Как планета:

= Сатурн(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95–96].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Dāpinu

2026-05-24T04:14:04Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Dāpinu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
d''Dāpinu'' (𒀭𒁕𒉿𒉡) is an Akkadian name for [[:Category:Jupiter|Jupiter]]. Sumerian equivalents include [[ŠUL.PA.E3|mul/dŠUL.PA.E3]] and mul/d[[UD.AL.TAR]] .

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul/dUD.AL.TAR

"Heroic, Military" is an epithet of Marduk;

used as a name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 99; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A/3, 154], see also (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]], (Kurtik u05) [[UD.AL.TAR]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:26].
* (2) Series Antagal (G 305): d''da.pi.nu'' = dšul-pa-e3-a [MSL XVII, 229].

|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K.3124:6'; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Ca 9]. ||Example
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk:'''
* ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.ud "In the month Du'uzu - Dapinu, Marduk". [III R 53, 2:5]; for a parallel see S.777 [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49:4, HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 24].
|
|-
|'''The names of Jupiter according to its position relative to the horizon.'''
* [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 Šu]l-pa-e3 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qam-ma'' mulSAG.ME.GAR! / [''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' DU-''ma''] ''Ni-bi-ru ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-''iz'' d''Da-pi-nu'' "[The asterism of Marduk at its appearance (is called) Šu]lpae; when it rises one double hour - Sagmegar; [(when) it stands in the middle of the sky,] - Nēbiru, (when) it stands in the west, - Dapinu." [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 230, K. 3124:6′], for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 147:7-r.1] (see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UD]], IV 8). See also <d>''da''-[''pi-nu''] (?) (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]) in the extispicy text [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:8] (Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]).
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Identification. ====
= Jupiter, see above.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Sun and Jupiter; DIŠ MAN ŠU2-''ma ina'' GIŠGAL-''šu''2 d''da-pi-nu'' G[UB...] ''ina'' AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[''da-pi-nu''...] "If the Sun sets and Jupiter stands in [...], during an eclipse of the Sun [Jupiter ...] [ACh Šamaš<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 16:12; van Soldt 1995<ref>''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 89-90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; see also [3. Erg.<ref>Kugler F.X. Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 305].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d03)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mul/dUD.AL.TAR «Героический, Воинственный» ― эпитет Мардука; употреблялся в качестве названия Юпитера [Gössmann 1950, 99; PSD I A/3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, u05UD.AL.TAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu [MSL XI, 40:26]. (2) Серия Antagal (G 305): dda.pi.nu = dšul-pa-e3-a [MSL XVII, 229]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 3, 230, K.3124:6; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Ca 9]. Список 12 имен Мардука: ina itišu dDa-pi-nu = damar.ud «В месяце дуузу — Дапину, Мардук» [III R 53, 2:5]; параллель см. S.777 [CT 26, 49:4, HBA, 24]. Названия Юпитера в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта. [DIŠ mul dAMAR.UD ina IGI.LA2-šu2 Šu]l-pa-e3 1 KASKAL.GID2 i-šaq-qam-ma mulSAG.ME.GAR! / [ina MURUB4 AN-e DU-ma] Ni-bi-ru ina dUTU.ŠU2.A DU-iz dDa-pi-nu «[Если звезда Мардука (стоит) при своем появлении (на востоке, ее имя) Шу]льпаэ; если проходит 1 двойной час после восхода, — Сагмегар; (если) она стоит в середине неба, — Нибиру, (если) стоит при заходе Солнца, — Дапину» [BPO 3, 230, K. 3124:6′], параллель см. [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1] (см. a28dAMAR.UD, IV 8). См. также <d>da-[pi-nu] (?) в тексте экстиспиции [SpTU IV, 159:8] (a21ALLA).

II. Отождествление.

= Юпитер, см. выше.

II. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Солнца и Юпитер; DIŠ MAN ŠU-ma ina GIŠGAL-šu2 dda-pi-nu G[UB…] ina AN.MI dUTU ˹d˺[da-pi-nu…] «Если Солнце заходит и Юпитер на его месте сто[ит …], во время затмения Солнца [Юпитер …] [ACh Šamaš, 16:12; van Soldt 1995, 89–90, Tablet 27, Ca 9]; см. также [3. Erg. 305].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

UD.AL.TAR

2026-05-24T04:11:59Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul/dUD.AL.TAR (𒀯𒀠𒋻) = ''[[dāpinu]]'', is a Sumerian name for [[:Category:Jupiter|Jupiter]], and for Marduk as Jupiter in the month of Iyar. A late abbreviated writing AL.TAR is also attested.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulu4.al.tar;
* = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic"; the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 137; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> D, 105; PSD<ref name=":1">''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A pt. 3, 154],

See also (Kurtik a19) AL.TAR, (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

Occasionally mulAL.TAR used as abbreviation of mulUD.AL.TAR (Kurtik u05) = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic";

An epithet of Marduk, used in lexical texts and "astrolabe" texts as the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 16; PSD<ref name=":1" /> I, A/3 154],

See also (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik u08) UD.AL.TAR.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|
==== UD.AL.TAR ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series:
** a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], cf. [PSD<ref name=":1" /> I A pt. 3, 154],
** (b) mulud.al.tar = d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 53; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:310ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = ''da-pi-nu'' = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 40:26].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 14a-b, III 28-28a, XIII 8; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 242:29-30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:9; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264 r. 9].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List."'''
* 12 stars of Akkad: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:209, Akkad 4].
* List of the 12 names of Marduk. ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud "In the month of ayar, Heroic = Marduk" [III R, 53.2:3].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* Predictions of grain prices par the position of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:10]. See also: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = d''Šul-pa-e''3-[''a''] [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 132: I 2].
|
|-
|
==== AL.TAR ====
|
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) The Old Babylonian Sumerian list: [mulal].tar [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulal.tar = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:23].
* (3) ''Erimḫuš'' series (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 89]. "
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astroabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
* Month Star Lists: Horowitz 2014: 191: TCL 6: 13 mulAL.TAR (Enlil IV); BM 34713 ii 5: [mulU]D.AL.TAR (Enlil V, Horowitz 2014: 126). see also the omen BM 34713 rev. 1 (Horowitz 2014: 128). Name used for Jupiter instead of mulŠUL.PA.È.
*
* <s>Rising and Setting Stars: BM 82923:</s>
* <s>Astrolabe P. Duzu month, the stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Abu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:5], see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].</s>
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57-58]. See also: dAL.TAR d''Šul-pa-e''3 "Heroic = Schulpae." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:4].
|
|}

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Jupiter}}

===Additional===

==== Astrology (UD.AL.TAR). ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = [[SAG.ME.GAR|mulSAG.ME.GAR]] "Jupiter"; see above, and also Kurtik s09, III V.

(2) = [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']] "Heroic"; see above, also Kurtik d03.

(3) = Šulpae; see above.

(4) = Jupiter in the west; see Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']].

(5) = Moon; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU "Hero = ''Sin''" [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134:VII 8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 230, K.3124:3′].

===== Predictions: =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M...] "Hero for the (prediction of) the wi[nds ...](?)" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, II 14b].

(7) Rising in the month of duuzu; "In the month of duuzu, the Arrow, the Gemini, and the Hero rises heliacally" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, III 28], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Rising on a cloudy day; see (Kurtik g26) [[GU.LA]], VI 6.

(9) Appearance of the Moon on the 30th day and Jupiter; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' UD.30.KAM2 IGI-''ma'' dUD.AL.TAR ''ana'' IGI-''šu''2 KI.TA-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ITI BI AN.MI GAR-''ma'' LUGAL UŠ2 [...] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki ''Gu-ti''ki ''u'' U URIki "If the Moon appears on the 30th day and Jupiter stands low in front of it: there will be an eclipse this month, the king will die, [...], an eclipse pertaining to Subartu, Elam, the country of the Gutians and Akkad" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) The position of Jupiter and the Moon in neomenia; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2 GUB [...] "If Jupiter, during the appearance of the Moon, stands in the middle of the Moon’s horn [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 (''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2, ''ina'' DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2) GUB ''ina'' MU BI […] "If Jupiter stands in the Moon (var.: on its right horn, on its left horn, in the space between its horns, in the middle of its horns), (during its appearance,): this year [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] "[If Jupi]ter (during the neomenia) stands on its (= Moon's) side: for three years, Elam [will] feud…" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" />, 19:11].

(11) Eclipse of the Sun, Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ ''u''4-''ma'' KA´MI d''Dil-bat u'' dUD.AL.TAR KI-''šu''2 IGI.MEŠ ''ana'' LUGAL SILIM ''ana'' KUR ŠU2.MEŠ "If on the day of an eclipse, (the Sun) is seen with Venus and Jupiter: for the king (it is) a favorable (sign), in the country — death" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:48], see also [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 10: 80]; variant apodosis: URU LUGAL ''u'' UN.MEŠ-''šu''2 SILIM.MEŠ [...] "the king's city and his people will be prosperous [...]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Venus, Jupiter, and the Great Twins in neomenia; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 4.

(13) Connections between Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ˹''ana'' ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2: BALA KUR2-''ir'' BE-''ma'' AGA.UŠ E3 BE-''ma'' KUR2 ''ana'' KUR ''i-šap-pa-ra'' "If Venus connects with Jupiter: the king of Akkad will die, the dynasty will change, either a soldier will ascend (to the throne?), or an enemy will send a message to the country (asking for peace)." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:56], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 257; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 111:12].

(14) Venus rises and Jupiter passes it; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma'': ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If Venus rises in the east, var.: in the west and Jupiter passes (it): there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:58], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Venus rises and Jupiter stands in opposition to it; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat i'']''na'' SAR-''ša''2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-''ša''2 ''uš-ta''5-''tam-ma'' GUB-''iz'' LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME ''i-ze-en-nu-u''2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIŠKUR APIN-''eš'' "[If Venus] rises heliacally (lit. during its appearance), Jupiter is in opposition to Venus and it stands there: kings who were at peace will hate (each other), hostile kings will be reconciled — the Yoke of the Sea desires a sacrifice (from) the king" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 92, K.2226 +:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41 r. 9].

(16) Venus passes Jupiter in the month of ''ulul''; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-''iq-ma'' DU ''bi-ib-lu'' KUR TUM3 / .../ KUR-''ša''2 ''ne-eḫ ša''2 ''a-lak-ša''2 ''la ḫa-an-ṭu'' "If Venus (rises heliacally) in the month of ulul, passes Jupiter and stands there: the flood will carry away (the land) of the country ... (this means): its rising is slow, its flow is not rapid" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Jupiter carries 1 Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat'' BALA KUR2-''ir'' ... "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus: the dynasty will change ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat ana'' dSAG.ME.GAR ''i-qar-rub-ma'' "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus, (it means): Venus is approaching Jupiter." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58, K.148+:20], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) The bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 9.

(19) The motion of the planet (=Mars?) relative to Jupiter; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 d''Er''3-''ra'' KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-''niš'' TUR.<<MEŠ> "If a planet reaches Jupiter and covers (it): Erra will devour the country, there will be death in the country, the country as a whole will diminish" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:29; TU<ref name=":8">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma i-ti-iq'' KI.LAM!!! ''ina'' KUR LA2: GAL2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and passes (it): business activity in the country will decrease, var.: will be (normal?)" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30a; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma'' TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and remains near it: Nergal will devour" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6" />, 20:37-39].

(20) Jupiter emits ''mišḫu''; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'') LUGAL MAR UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' ŠUB-''di'' "[If Jupiter emits ''mišḫu'': the king of Amurru will die, his country will be overthrown" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" /> 2, 63 col. I:15].

==== Astrology (AL.TAR). ====
(1) The planet(= Mars?) and Jupiter;

* DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? ...]
** "If the planet flashes and [approaches] Jupiter [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:57];
* [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR! GAL.MEŠ [...]
** "[If a planet] flashes and reaches Jupiter: the great [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:58; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a19 + u05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== u05. mulUD.AL.TAR (305) ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulu4.al.tar; = dāpinu «Героический»; название Юпитера [G. 137; CAD D, 105; PSD I A pt. 3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, d03dDāpinu, s09SAG.ME.GAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], см. [PSD I A pt. 3, 154], b) mulud.al.tar = dŠul-pa-e3-a [SpTU III, 114A v 53; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:310ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu = […] [MSL XI, 40:26]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, II 14a–b, III 28–28a, XIII 8; BPO 3, 289; Largement 1957, 242:29–30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II, 41:9; SpTU V, 264 r. 9]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Аккада: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:209]. Список 12 имен Мардука. ina itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud «В месяце айяру Героический = Мардук» [III R, 53,2:3]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I, 94:10]. См. также: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = dŠul-pa-e3-[a] [ibid., 132: I 2].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulSAG.ME.GAR «Юпитер»; см. выше, а также s09, III V.

(2) = dDāpinu «Героический»; см. выше, а также d03.

(3) = Шульпаэ; см. выше.

(4) = Юпитер на западе; см. d03 dDāpinu.

(5) = Луна; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU «Героический = Син» [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3, 134:VII 8], см. также [ibid., 230, K.3124:3′].

Предсказания:

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M…] «Героический для (предсказания) ве[тра …](?)» [BPO 2, II 14b].

(7) Восход в месяце дуузу; «В месяце дуузу Стрела, Близнецы, Героический восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Восход в облачный день; см. g26GU.LA, VI 6.

(9) Появление Луны в 30-й день и Юпитер; DIŠ 30 ina UD.30.KAM2 IGI-ma dUD.AL.TAR ana IGI-šu2 KI.TA-ma GUB-iz ITI BI AN.MI GAR-ma LUGAL UŠ2 […] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki Gu-tiki u URIki «Если Луна в 30-й день появляется и Юпитер впереди нее низко стоит: в этом месяце произойдет затмение, царь умрет, […], затмение, относящееся к Субарту, Эламу, стране гутеев и Аккаду» [verderame 2002 2, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) Положение Юпитера и Луны в неомению; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-šu2 GUB […] «Если Луна при своем появлении, Юпитер в середине ее рогов стоит […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3-šu2 (ina SI ZAG-šu2, ina SI GUB3-šu2, ina DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-šu2, ina MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-šu2) GUB ina MU BI […] «Если (Луна при своем появлении) (и) Юпитер в ней (вар.: на ее правом роге, на ее левом роге, в промежутке между ее рогами, в середине ее рогов) стоит: в этом году […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] «[Если Юпи]тер (в неомению) на ее (= Луны) стороне стоит: в течение трех лет Элам враждовать [будет …]» [ACh Suppl., 19:11].

(11) Затмение Солнца, Венера и Юпитер; DIŠ u4-ma KA´MI dDil-bat u dUD.AL.TAR KI-šu2 IGI.MEŠ ana LUGAL SILIM ana KUR ŠU2.MEŠ «Если в день затмения (Солнца) Венера и Юпитер с ним видны: для царя (это) благоприятный (знак), в стране — смерти» [ACh Šamaš, 10:48], см. также [ibid., 10: 80]; вариант аподосиса: URU LUGAL u UN.MEŠ-šu2 SILIM.MEŠ […] «город царя и его люди будут благополучны […]» [ACh Šamaš, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в неомению; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 4.

(13) Соединение Венеры с Юпитером; DIŠ mulDil-bat ˹ana ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2 : BALA KUR2-ir BE-ma AGA.UŠ E3 BE-ma KUR2 ana KUR i-šap-pa-ra «Если Венера соединяется с Юпитером: царь Аккада умрет, династия сменится, либо солдат взойдет (на престол?), либо враг пришлет послание в страну (с просьбой о мире)» [BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:56], см. также [ibid., 257; LKU, 111:12].

(14) Венера восходит и Юпитер проходит ее; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma : ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2 «Если Венера восходит на востоке, вар.: на западе и Юпитер проходит (ее): в стране будет голод» BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:58], см. также [ibid., 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Венера восходит и Юпитер стоит в оппозиции к ней; [DIŠ mulDil-bat i]na SAR-ša2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-ša2 uš-ta5-tam-ma GUB-iz LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME i-ze-en-nu-u2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIZKUR APIN-eš «[Если Венера] восходит гелиакически (букв. при своем появлении), Юпитер находится в оппозиции к ней и стоит там: цари, которые были в мире, возненавидят (друг друга), враждебные цари примирятся — Ярмо Моря желает жертвоприношения (от) царя» [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:7], см. также [ibid., 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II, 41 r. 9].

(16) Венера проходит Юпитер в месяце улулу; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-iq-ma DU bi-ib-lu KUR TUM3 / …/ KUR-ša2 ne-eḫ ša2 a-lak-ša2 la ḫa-an-ṭu «Если Венера (восходит гелиакически) в месяце улулу, проходит Юпитер и стоит там: наводнение унесет (землю) страны … (это означает): ее восход медленный, ее ход не быстрый» [BPO 3, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Венера 1 Юпитер несет; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat BALA KUR2-ir… «Если Венера 1 Юпитер несет: династия сменится …» [BPO 3, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat ana dSAG.ME.GAR i-qar-rub-ma «Если Венера несет 1 Юпитер, (это означает): она к Юпитеру приближается» [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:20], см. также [ibid., 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) Лук (=Венера) приближается к Юпитеру; см. b06BAN, V 9.

(19) Движение планеты (= Марс?) относительно Юпитера; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma it-ten2-tu-u2 dEr3-ra KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-niš TUR.<<MEŠ>> «Если планета достигает Юпитера и покрывает (его): Эрра пожрет страну, в стране будут смерти, страна в целом уменьшится» [Largement 1957, 242:29; TU, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma i-ti-iq KI.LAM!! ina KUR LA2 : GAL2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и проходит (его): деловая активность в стране уменьшится, вар.: будет (нормальной?)» [Largement 1957, 242:30a; TU, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и остается вблизи него: Нергал пожрет» [Largement 1957, 242:30b; TU, 16:30], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:37–39].

(20) Юпитер испускает mišḫu; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ) LUGAL MAR UŠ2-ma KUR-su ŠUB-di «[Если Ю]питер испускает mišḫu: царь Амурру умрет, страна его будет ниспровергнута» [ACh Suppl. 2, 63 col. I:15].
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=== (a19) AL.TAR ===
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|сокращение от mulUD.AL.TAR(u05) = dāpinu «Героический»; эпитет Мардука, употреблявшийся в лексических текстах и текстах «астролябий» как название Юпитера [G. 16; PSD I, A/3 154], см. также d03dDāpinu, u08UD.AL.TAR.||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
Лексич. тексты. (1) Старовавилонский шумерский список: [mulal].tar [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulal.tar = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:23]. (3) Серия Erimḫuš (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII, 89]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 574]. BM 34713. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:5], см. b06BAN. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [Largement 1957, 246:57–58]. См. также: dAL.TAR dŠul-pa-e3 «Героический = Шульпаэ» [ACh Ištar, 7:4].

II. Астрология.

(1) Планета(= Марс?) и Юпитер; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? …] «Если планета вспыхивает и [приближается] к Юпитеру […]» [Largement 1957, 246:57b; TU, 16:57]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR!! GAL.MEŠ […] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и достигает Юпитера: великие […]» [Largement 1957, 246:58; TU, 16:58].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Solar System]]

[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

UD.AL.TAR

2026-05-24T04:09:20Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul/dUD.AL.TAR (𒀯𒀠𒋻) = ''[[dāpinu]]'', is a Sumerian name for [[:Category:Jupiter|Jupiter]], and for Marduk as Jupiter in the month of Iyar. A late abbreviated writing AL.TAR is also attested.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulu4.al.tar;
* = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic"; the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 137; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> D, 105; PSD<ref name=":1">''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A pt. 3, 154],

See also (Kurtik a19) AL.TAR, (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

Occasionally mulAL.TAR used as abbreviation of mulUD.AL.TAR (Kurtik u05) = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic";

An epithet of Marduk, used in lexical texts and "astrolabe" texts as the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 16; PSD<ref name=":1" /> I, A/3 154],

See also (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik u08) UD.AL.TAR.
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
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==== UD.AL.TAR ====
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series:
** a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], cf. [PSD<ref name=":1" /> I A pt. 3, 154],
** (b) mulud.al.tar = d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 53; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:310ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = ''da-pi-nu'' = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 40:26].
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|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 14a-b, III 28-28a, XIII 8; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 242:29-30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:9; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264 r. 9].
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|'''"Great Star List."'''
* 12 stars of Akkad: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:209].
* List of the 12 names of Marduk. ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud "In the month of ayar, Heroic = Marduk" [III R, 53.2:3].
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|'''Late astrology.'''
* Predictions of grain prices par the position of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:10]. See also: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = d''Šul-pa-e''3-[''a''] [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 132: I 2].
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==== AL.TAR ====
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) The Old Babylonian Sumerian list: [mulal].tar [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulal.tar = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:23].
* (3) ''Erimḫuš'' series (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 89]. "
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|'''Three Stars Each (Astroabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
* Month Star Lists: Horowitz 2014: 191: TCL 6: 13 mulAL.TAR (Enlil IV); BM 34713 ii 5: [mulU]D.AL.TAR (Enlil V, Horowitz 2014: 126). see also the omen BM 34713 rev. 1 (Horowitz 2014: 128). Name used for Jupiter instead of mulŠUL.PA.È.
*
* <s>Rising and Setting Stars: BM 82923:</s>
* <s>Astrolabe P. Duzu month, the stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Abu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:5], see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].</s>
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|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
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|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57-58]. See also: dAL.TAR d''Šul-pa-e''3 "Heroic = Schulpae." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:4].
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== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Jupiter}}

===Additional===

==== Astrology (UD.AL.TAR). ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = [[SAG.ME.GAR|mulSAG.ME.GAR]] "Jupiter"; see above, and also Kurtik s09, III V.

(2) = [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']] "Heroic"; see above, also Kurtik d03.

(3) = Šulpae; see above.

(4) = Jupiter in the west; see Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']].

(5) = Moon; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU "Hero = ''Sin''" [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134:VII 8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 230, K.3124:3′].

===== Predictions: =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M...] "Hero for the (prediction of) the wi[nds ...](?)" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, II 14b].

(7) Rising in the month of duuzu; "In the month of duuzu, the Arrow, the Gemini, and the Hero rises heliacally" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, III 28], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Rising on a cloudy day; see (Kurtik g26) [[GU.LA]], VI 6.

(9) Appearance of the Moon on the 30th day and Jupiter; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' UD.30.KAM2 IGI-''ma'' dUD.AL.TAR ''ana'' IGI-''šu''2 KI.TA-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ITI BI AN.MI GAR-''ma'' LUGAL UŠ2 [...] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki ''Gu-ti''ki ''u'' U URIki "If the Moon appears on the 30th day and Jupiter stands low in front of it: there will be an eclipse this month, the king will die, [...], an eclipse pertaining to Subartu, Elam, the country of the Gutians and Akkad" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) The position of Jupiter and the Moon in neomenia; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2 GUB [...] "If Jupiter, during the appearance of the Moon, stands in the middle of the Moon’s horn [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 (''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2, ''ina'' DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2) GUB ''ina'' MU BI […] "If Jupiter stands in the Moon (var.: on its right horn, on its left horn, in the space between its horns, in the middle of its horns), (during its appearance,): this year [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] "[If Jupi]ter (during the neomenia) stands on its (= Moon's) side: for three years, Elam [will] feud…" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" />, 19:11].

(11) Eclipse of the Sun, Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ ''u''4-''ma'' KA´MI d''Dil-bat u'' dUD.AL.TAR KI-''šu''2 IGI.MEŠ ''ana'' LUGAL SILIM ''ana'' KUR ŠU2.MEŠ "If on the day of an eclipse, (the Sun) is seen with Venus and Jupiter: for the king (it is) a favorable (sign), in the country — death" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:48], see also [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 10: 80]; variant apodosis: URU LUGAL ''u'' UN.MEŠ-''šu''2 SILIM.MEŠ [...] "the king's city and his people will be prosperous [...]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Venus, Jupiter, and the Great Twins in neomenia; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 4.

(13) Connections between Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ˹''ana'' ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2: BALA KUR2-''ir'' BE-''ma'' AGA.UŠ E3 BE-''ma'' KUR2 ''ana'' KUR ''i-šap-pa-ra'' "If Venus connects with Jupiter: the king of Akkad will die, the dynasty will change, either a soldier will ascend (to the throne?), or an enemy will send a message to the country (asking for peace)." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:56], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 257; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 111:12].

(14) Venus rises and Jupiter passes it; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma'': ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If Venus rises in the east, var.: in the west and Jupiter passes (it): there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:58], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Venus rises and Jupiter stands in opposition to it; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat i'']''na'' SAR-''ša''2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-''ša''2 ''uš-ta''5-''tam-ma'' GUB-''iz'' LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME ''i-ze-en-nu-u''2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIŠKUR APIN-''eš'' "[If Venus] rises heliacally (lit. during its appearance), Jupiter is in opposition to Venus and it stands there: kings who were at peace will hate (each other), hostile kings will be reconciled — the Yoke of the Sea desires a sacrifice (from) the king" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 92, K.2226 +:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41 r. 9].

(16) Venus passes Jupiter in the month of ''ulul''; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-''iq-ma'' DU ''bi-ib-lu'' KUR TUM3 / .../ KUR-''ša''2 ''ne-eḫ ša''2 ''a-lak-ša''2 ''la ḫa-an-ṭu'' "If Venus (rises heliacally) in the month of ulul, passes Jupiter and stands there: the flood will carry away (the land) of the country ... (this means): its rising is slow, its flow is not rapid" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Jupiter carries 1 Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat'' BALA KUR2-''ir'' ... "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus: the dynasty will change ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat ana'' dSAG.ME.GAR ''i-qar-rub-ma'' "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus, (it means): Venus is approaching Jupiter." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58, K.148+:20], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) The bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 9.

(19) The motion of the planet (=Mars?) relative to Jupiter; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 d''Er''3-''ra'' KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-''niš'' TUR.<<MEŠ> "If a planet reaches Jupiter and covers (it): Erra will devour the country, there will be death in the country, the country as a whole will diminish" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:29; TU<ref name=":8">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma i-ti-iq'' KI.LAM!!! ''ina'' KUR LA2: GAL2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and passes (it): business activity in the country will decrease, var.: will be (normal?)" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30a; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma'' TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and remains near it: Nergal will devour" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6" />, 20:37-39].

(20) Jupiter emits ''mišḫu''; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'') LUGAL MAR UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' ŠUB-''di'' "[If Jupiter emits ''mišḫu'': the king of Amurru will die, his country will be overthrown" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" /> 2, 63 col. I:15].

==== Astrology (AL.TAR). ====
(1) The planet(= Mars?) and Jupiter;

* DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? ...]
** "If the planet flashes and [approaches] Jupiter [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:57];
* [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR! GAL.MEŠ [...]
** "[If a planet] flashes and reaches Jupiter: the great [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:58; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a19 + u05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
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=== u05. mulUD.AL.TAR (305) ===
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|-
|вар. чтения: mulu4.al.tar; = dāpinu «Героический»; название Юпитера [G. 137; CAD D, 105; PSD I A pt. 3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, d03dDāpinu, s09SAG.ME.GAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], см. [PSD I A pt. 3, 154], b) mulud.al.tar = dŠul-pa-e3-a [SpTU III, 114A v 53; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:310ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu = […] [MSL XI, 40:26]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, II 14a–b, III 28–28a, XIII 8; BPO 3, 289; Largement 1957, 242:29–30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II, 41:9; SpTU V, 264 r. 9]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Аккада: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:209]. Список 12 имен Мардука. ina itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud «В месяце айяру Героический = Мардук» [III R, 53,2:3]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I, 94:10]. См. также: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = dŠul-pa-e3-[a] [ibid., 132: I 2].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulSAG.ME.GAR «Юпитер»; см. выше, а также s09, III V.

(2) = dDāpinu «Героический»; см. выше, а также d03.

(3) = Шульпаэ; см. выше.

(4) = Юпитер на западе; см. d03 dDāpinu.

(5) = Луна; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU «Героический = Син» [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3, 134:VII 8], см. также [ibid., 230, K.3124:3′].

Предсказания:

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M…] «Героический для (предсказания) ве[тра …](?)» [BPO 2, II 14b].

(7) Восход в месяце дуузу; «В месяце дуузу Стрела, Близнецы, Героический восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Восход в облачный день; см. g26GU.LA, VI 6.

(9) Появление Луны в 30-й день и Юпитер; DIŠ 30 ina UD.30.KAM2 IGI-ma dUD.AL.TAR ana IGI-šu2 KI.TA-ma GUB-iz ITI BI AN.MI GAR-ma LUGAL UŠ2 […] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki Gu-tiki u URIki «Если Луна в 30-й день появляется и Юпитер впереди нее низко стоит: в этом месяце произойдет затмение, царь умрет, […], затмение, относящееся к Субарту, Эламу, стране гутеев и Аккаду» [verderame 2002 2, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) Положение Юпитера и Луны в неомению; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-šu2 GUB […] «Если Луна при своем появлении, Юпитер в середине ее рогов стоит […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3-šu2 (ina SI ZAG-šu2, ina SI GUB3-šu2, ina DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-šu2, ina MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-šu2) GUB ina MU BI […] «Если (Луна при своем появлении) (и) Юпитер в ней (вар.: на ее правом роге, на ее левом роге, в промежутке между ее рогами, в середине ее рогов) стоит: в этом году […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] «[Если Юпи]тер (в неомению) на ее (= Луны) стороне стоит: в течение трех лет Элам враждовать [будет …]» [ACh Suppl., 19:11].

(11) Затмение Солнца, Венера и Юпитер; DIŠ u4-ma KA´MI dDil-bat u dUD.AL.TAR KI-šu2 IGI.MEŠ ana LUGAL SILIM ana KUR ŠU2.MEŠ «Если в день затмения (Солнца) Венера и Юпитер с ним видны: для царя (это) благоприятный (знак), в стране — смерти» [ACh Šamaš, 10:48], см. также [ibid., 10: 80]; вариант аподосиса: URU LUGAL u UN.MEŠ-šu2 SILIM.MEŠ […] «город царя и его люди будут благополучны […]» [ACh Šamaš, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в неомению; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 4.

(13) Соединение Венеры с Юпитером; DIŠ mulDil-bat ˹ana ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2 : BALA KUR2-ir BE-ma AGA.UŠ E3 BE-ma KUR2 ana KUR i-šap-pa-ra «Если Венера соединяется с Юпитером: царь Аккада умрет, династия сменится, либо солдат взойдет (на престол?), либо враг пришлет послание в страну (с просьбой о мире)» [BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:56], см. также [ibid., 257; LKU, 111:12].

(14) Венера восходит и Юпитер проходит ее; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma : ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2 «Если Венера восходит на востоке, вар.: на западе и Юпитер проходит (ее): в стране будет голод» BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:58], см. также [ibid., 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Венера восходит и Юпитер стоит в оппозиции к ней; [DIŠ mulDil-bat i]na SAR-ša2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-ša2 uš-ta5-tam-ma GUB-iz LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME i-ze-en-nu-u2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIZKUR APIN-eš «[Если Венера] восходит гелиакически (букв. при своем появлении), Юпитер находится в оппозиции к ней и стоит там: цари, которые были в мире, возненавидят (друг друга), враждебные цари примирятся — Ярмо Моря желает жертвоприношения (от) царя» [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:7], см. также [ibid., 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II, 41 r. 9].

(16) Венера проходит Юпитер в месяце улулу; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-iq-ma DU bi-ib-lu KUR TUM3 / …/ KUR-ša2 ne-eḫ ša2 a-lak-ša2 la ḫa-an-ṭu «Если Венера (восходит гелиакически) в месяце улулу, проходит Юпитер и стоит там: наводнение унесет (землю) страны … (это означает): ее восход медленный, ее ход не быстрый» [BPO 3, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Венера 1 Юпитер несет; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat BALA KUR2-ir… «Если Венера 1 Юпитер несет: династия сменится …» [BPO 3, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat ana dSAG.ME.GAR i-qar-rub-ma «Если Венера несет 1 Юпитер, (это означает): она к Юпитеру приближается» [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:20], см. также [ibid., 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) Лук (=Венера) приближается к Юпитеру; см. b06BAN, V 9.

(19) Движение планеты (= Марс?) относительно Юпитера; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma it-ten2-tu-u2 dEr3-ra KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-niš TUR.<<MEŠ>> «Если планета достигает Юпитера и покрывает (его): Эрра пожрет страну, в стране будут смерти, страна в целом уменьшится» [Largement 1957, 242:29; TU, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma i-ti-iq KI.LAM!! ina KUR LA2 : GAL2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и проходит (его): деловая активность в стране уменьшится, вар.: будет (нормальной?)» [Largement 1957, 242:30a; TU, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и остается вблизи него: Нергал пожрет» [Largement 1957, 242:30b; TU, 16:30], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:37–39].

(20) Юпитер испускает mišḫu; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ) LUGAL MAR UŠ2-ma KUR-su ŠUB-di «[Если Ю]питер испускает mišḫu: царь Амурру умрет, страна его будет ниспровергнута» [ACh Suppl. 2, 63 col. I:15].
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=== (a19) AL.TAR ===
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|сокращение от mulUD.AL.TAR(u05) = dāpinu «Героический»; эпитет Мардука, употреблявшийся в лексических текстах и текстах «астролябий» как название Юпитера [G. 16; PSD I, A/3 154], см. также d03dDāpinu, u08UD.AL.TAR.||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
Лексич. тексты. (1) Старовавилонский шумерский список: [mulal].tar [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulal.tar = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:23]. (3) Серия Erimḫuš (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII, 89]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 574]. BM 34713. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:5], см. b06BAN. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [Largement 1957, 246:57–58]. См. также: dAL.TAR dŠul-pa-e3 «Героический = Шульпаэ» [ACh Ištar, 7:4].

II. Астрология.

(1) Планета(= Марс?) и Юпитер; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? …] «Если планета вспыхивает и [приближается] к Юпитеру […]» [Largement 1957, 246:57b; TU, 16:57]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR!! GAL.MEŠ […] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и достигает Юпитера: великие […]» [Largement 1957, 246:58; TU, 16:58].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Solar System]]

[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

UD.AL.TAR

2026-05-24T04:03:32Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul/dUD.AL.TAR (𒀯𒀠𒋻) = ''[[dāpinu]]'', is a Sumerian name for [[:Category:Jupiter|Jupiter]], and for Marduk as Jupiter in the month of Iyar. A late abbreviated writing AL.TAR is also attested.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulu4.al.tar;
* = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic"; the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 137; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> D, 105; PSD<ref name=":1">''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> I A pt. 3, 154],

See also (Kurtik a19) AL.TAR, (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].

Occasionally mulAL.TAR used as abbreviation of mulUD.AL.TAR (Kurtik u05) = ''dāpinu'' "Heroic";

An epithet of Marduk, used in lexical texts and "astrolabe" texts as the name of Jupiter [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 16; PSD<ref name=":1" /> I, A/3 154],

See also (Kurtik d03) [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']], (Kurtik u08) UD.AL.TAR.
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
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==== UD.AL.TAR ====
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|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series:
** a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], cf. [PSD<ref name=":1" /> I A pt. 3, 154],
** (b) mulud.al.tar = d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 53; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:310ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = ''da-pi-nu'' = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 40:26].
|
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|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, II 14a-b, III 28-28a, XIII 8; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 242:29-30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41:9; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264 r. 9].
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|'''"Great Star List."'''
* 12 stars of Akkad: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:209].
* List of the 12 names of Marduk. ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud "In the month of ayar, Heroic = Marduk" [III R, 53.2:3].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* Predictions of grain prices par the position of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:10]. See also: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = d''Šul-pa-e''3-[''a''] [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 132: I 2].
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==== AL.TAR ====
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|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) The Old Babylonian Sumerian list: [mulal].tar [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1].
* (2) Urra XXII series: mulal.tar = d''šul-pa-e''3 [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:23].
* (3) ''Erimḫuš'' series (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 89]. "
|
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|'''Three Stars Each (Astroabe Group).'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
* Month Star Lists: BM 34713 ii 5: [mulU]D.AL.TAR (Enlil V, name used instead of mulŠUL.PA.È, Horowitz 2014: 126).
* see also the omen BM 34713 rev. 1 (Horowitz 2014: 128)
*
* Rising and Setting Stars: BM 82923:
* Astrolabe P. Duzu month, the stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].
* BM 34713. The month of Abu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:5], see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57-58]. See also: dAL.TAR d''Šul-pa-e''3 "Heroic = Schulpae." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:4].
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== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Jupiter}}

===Additional===

==== Astrology (UD.AL.TAR). ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = [[SAG.ME.GAR|mulSAG.ME.GAR]] "Jupiter"; see above, and also Kurtik s09, III V.

(2) = [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']] "Heroic"; see above, also Kurtik d03.

(3) = Šulpae; see above.

(4) = Jupiter in the west; see Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']].

(5) = Moon; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU "Hero = ''Sin''" [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134:VII 8], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 230, K.3124:3′].

===== Predictions: =====
(6) General astrological meaning; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M...] "Hero for the (prediction of) the wi[nds ...](?)" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, II 14b].

(7) Rising in the month of duuzu; "In the month of duuzu, the Arrow, the Gemini, and the Hero rises heliacally" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, III 28], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Rising on a cloudy day; see (Kurtik g26) [[GU.LA]], VI 6.

(9) Appearance of the Moon on the 30th day and Jupiter; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' UD.30.KAM2 IGI-''ma'' dUD.AL.TAR ''ana'' IGI-''šu''2 KI.TA-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ITI BI AN.MI GAR-''ma'' LUGAL UŠ2 [...] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki ''Gu-ti''ki ''u'' U URIki "If the Moon appears on the 30th day and Jupiter stands low in front of it: there will be an eclipse this month, the king will die, [...], an eclipse pertaining to Subartu, Elam, the country of the Gutians and Akkad" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) The position of Jupiter and the Moon in neomenia; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2 GUB [...] "If Jupiter, during the appearance of the Moon, stands in the middle of the Moon’s horn [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2) dUD.AL.TAR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 (''ina'' SI ZAG-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI GUB3-''šu''2, ''ina'' DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2) GUB ''ina'' MU BI […] "If Jupiter stands in the Moon (var.: on its right horn, on its left horn, in the space between its horns, in the middle of its horns), (during its appearance,): this year [...]" [verderame 2002 2<ref name=":7" />, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ''ina'' A2-''šu''2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] "[If Jupi]ter (during the neomenia) stands on its (= Moon's) side: for three years, Elam [will] feud…" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" />, 19:11].

(11) Eclipse of the Sun, Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ ''u''4-''ma'' KA´MI d''Dil-bat u'' dUD.AL.TAR KI-''šu''2 IGI.MEŠ ''ana'' LUGAL SILIM ''ana'' KUR ŠU2.MEŠ "If on the day of an eclipse, (the Sun) is seen with Venus and Jupiter: for the king (it is) a favorable (sign), in the country — death" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:48], see also [ibid.<ref name=":6" />, 10: 80]; variant apodosis: URU LUGAL ''u'' UN.MEŠ-''šu''2 SILIM.MEŠ [...] "the king's city and his people will be prosperous [...]" [ACh Šamaš<ref name=":6" />, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Venus, Jupiter, and the Great Twins in neomenia; see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 4.

(13) Connections between Venus and Jupiter; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' ˹''ana'' ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2: BALA KUR2-''ir'' BE-''ma'' AGA.UŠ E3 BE-''ma'' KUR2 ''ana'' KUR ''i-šap-pa-ra'' "If Venus connects with Jupiter: the king of Akkad will die, the dynasty will change, either a soldier will ascend (to the throne?), or an enemy will send a message to the country (asking for peace)." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:56], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 257; LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 111:12].

(14) Venus rises and Jupiter passes it; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR-''ma'': ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2 "If Venus rises in the east, var.: in the west and Jupiter passes (it): there will be famine in the country" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 44, VAT 10218:58], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Venus rises and Jupiter stands in opposition to it; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat i'']''na'' SAR-''ša''2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-''ša''2 ''uš-ta''5-''tam-ma'' GUB-''iz'' LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME ''i-ze-en-nu-u''2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ''ša''2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIŠKUR APIN-''eš'' "[If Venus] rises heliacally (lit. during its appearance), Jupiter is in opposition to Venus and it stands there: kings who were at peace will hate (each other), hostile kings will be reconciled — the Yoke of the Sea desires a sacrifice (from) the king" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 92, K.2226 +:7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 41 r. 9].

(16) Venus passes Jupiter in the month of ''ulul''; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-''iq-ma'' DU ''bi-ib-lu'' KUR TUM3 / .../ KUR-''ša''2 ''ne-eḫ ša''2 ''a-lak-ša''2 ''la ḫa-an-ṭu'' "If Venus (rises heliacally) in the month of ulul, passes Jupiter and stands there: the flood will carry away (the land) of the country ... (this means): its rising is slow, its flow is not rapid" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Jupiter carries 1 Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat'' BALA KUR2-''ir'' ... "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus: the dynasty will change ..." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 1 dUD.AL.TAR ''ap-rat ana'' dSAG.ME.GAR ''i-qar-rub-ma'' "If Jupiter carries 1 Venus, (it means): Venus is approaching Jupiter." [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 58, K.148+:20], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) The bow (=Venus) approaches Jupiter; see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 9.

(19) The motion of the planet (=Mars?) relative to Jupiter; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 d''Er''3-''ra'' KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-''niš'' TUR.<<MEŠ> "If a planet reaches Jupiter and covers (it): Erra will devour the country, there will be death in the country, the country as a whole will diminish" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:29; TU<ref name=":8">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma i-ti-iq'' KI.LAM!!! ''ina'' KUR LA2: GAL2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and passes (it): business activity in the country will decrease, var.: will be (normal?)" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30a; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-''dam-ma'' TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 "If a planet reaches Jupiter and remains near it: Nergal will devour" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 242:30b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:30], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":6" />, 20:37-39].

(20) Jupiter emits ''mišḫu''; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= ''meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ'') LUGAL MAR UŠ2-''ma'' KUR-''su'' ŠUB-''di'' "[If Jupiter emits ''mišḫu'': the king of Amurru will die, his country will be overthrown" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":6" /> 2, 63 col. I:15].

==== Astrology (AL.TAR). ====
(1) The planet(= Mars?) and Jupiter;

* DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? ...]
** "If the planet flashes and [approaches] Jupiter [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:57b; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:57];
* [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR! GAL.MEŠ [...]
** "[If a planet] flashes and reaches Jupiter: the great [...]" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:58; TU<ref name=":8" />, 16:58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a19 + u05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== u05. mulUD.AL.TAR (305) ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulu4.al.tar; = dāpinu «Героический»; название Юпитера [G. 137; CAD D, 105; PSD I A pt. 3, 154], см. также a19AL.TAR, d03dDāpinu, s09SAG.ME.GAR.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: a) mul<u4>.al.TAR = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11A col.v 6a′], см. [PSD I A pt. 3, 154], b) mulud.al.tar = dŠul-pa-e3-a [SpTU III, 114A v 53; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 110:310ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulud.al.tar = da-pi-nu = […] [MSL XI, 40:26]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, II 14a–b, III 28–28a, XIII 8; BPO 3, 289; Largement 1957, 242:29–30; verderame 2002 2, 247; SpTU II, 41:9; SpTU V, 264 r. 9]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Аккада: mulud.al.tar [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:209]. Список 12 имен Мардука. ina itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.ud «В месяце айяру Героический = Мардук» [III R, 53,2:3]. Поздняя астрология. Предсказания цен на злаки по положениям планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и другим явлениям: múlUD.AL.TAR [SpTU I, 94:10]. См. также: dUD.AL.TAR = dSAG.ME.GAR [BPO 3, 58: r. 2; 134, VIII 3], dUD.AL.TAR = dŠul-pa-e3-[a] [ibid., 132: I 2].

II. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = mulSAG.ME.GAR «Юпитер»; см. выше, а также s09, III V.

(2) = dDāpinu «Героический»; см. выше, а также d03.

(3) = Шульпаэ; см. выше.

(4) = Юпитер на западе; см. d03 dDāpinu.

(5) = Луна; mulUD.AL.TAR = dEN:ZU «Героический = Син» [BPO 2, II 14a], dUD.AL.TAR = dSîn(30) [BPO 3, 134:VII 8], см. также [ibid., 230, K.3124:3′].

Предсказания:

(6) Общее астрологическое значение; mulUD.AL.TAR ana I[M…] «Героический для (предсказания) ве[тра …](?)» [BPO 2, II 14b].

(7) Восход в месяце дуузу; «В месяце дуузу Стрела, Близнецы, Героический восходят гелиакически» [BPO 2, III 28], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, Astrl. B 3b.

(8) Восход в облачный день; см. g26GU.LA, VI 6.

(9) Появление Луны в 30-й день и Юпитер; DIŠ 30 ina UD.30.KAM2 IGI-ma dUD.AL.TAR ana IGI-šu2 KI.TA-ma GUB-iz ITI BI AN.MI GAR-ma LUGAL UŠ2 […] AN.MI SU.BIR4ki ˹NIM˺ki Gu-tiki u URIki «Если Луна в 30-й день появляется и Юпитер впереди нее низко стоит: в этом месяце произойдет затмение, царь умрет, […], затмение, относящееся к Субарту, Эламу, стране гутеев и Аккаду» [verderame 2002 2, 10, Tav. I, §8].

(10) Положение Юпитера и Луны в неомению; DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2 dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-šu2 GUB […] «Если Луна при своем появлении, Юпитер в середине ее рогов стоит […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §0.0]; DIŠ (30 ina IGI.LA2-šu2) dUD.AL.TAR ina ŠA3-šu2 (ina SI ZAG-šu2, ina SI GUB3-šu2, ina DAL.BAN.NA SI.MEŠ-šu2, ina MURUB4 SI.MEŠ-šu2) GUB ina MU BI […] «Если (Луна при своем появлении) (и) Юпитер в ней (вар.: на ее правом роге, на ее левом роге, в промежутке между ее рогами, в середине ее рогов) стоит: в этом году […]» [verderame 2002 2, 170, Tav. VI: §§ 0.1–0.5]; [DIŠ dUD.A]L.TAR ina A2-šu2 GUB MU.3.KAM2 KUR NIM.MAki KUR2 […] «[Если Юпи]тер (в неомению) на ее (= Луны) стороне стоит: в течение трех лет Элам враждовать [будет …]» [ACh Suppl., 19:11].

(11) Затмение Солнца, Венера и Юпитер; DIŠ u4-ma KA´MI dDil-bat u dUD.AL.TAR KI-šu2 IGI.MEŠ ana LUGAL SILIM ana KUR ŠU2.MEŠ «Если в день затмения (Солнца) Венера и Юпитер с ним видны: для царя (это) благоприятный (знак), в стране — смерти» [ACh Šamaš, 10:48], см. также [ibid., 10: 80]; вариант аподосиса: URU LUGAL u UN.MEŠ-šu2 SILIM.MEŠ […] «город царя и его люди будут благополучны […]» [ACh Šamaš, 10:99, 11:15].

(12) Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в неомению; см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, VI 4.

(13) Соединение Венеры с Юпитером; DIŠ mulDil-bat ˹ana ŠA3 mulUD.AL.TAR˺ TU LUGAL URIki UŠ2 : BALA KUR2-ir BE-ma AGA.UŠ E3 BE-ma KUR2 ana KUR i-šap-pa-ra «Если Венера соединяется с Юпитером: царь Аккада умрет, династия сменится, либо солдат взойдет (на престол?), либо враг пришлет послание в страну (с просьбой о мире)» [BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:56], см. также [ibid., 257; LKU, 111:12].

(14) Венера восходит и Юпитер проходит ее; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ma : ina dUTU.ŠU2.A dUD.AL.TAR DIB SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2 «Если Венера восходит на востоке, вар.: на западе и Юпитер проходит (ее): в стране будет голод» BPO 3, 44, VAT 10218:58], см. также [ibid., 68, BM 75228:3; 92, K.2226+:8].

(15) Венера восходит и Юпитер стоит в оппозиции к ней; [DIŠ mulDil-bat i]na SAR-ša2 dUD.AL.TAR KI-ša2 uš-ta5-tam-ma GUB-iz LUGAL.ME SILIM.ME i-ze-en-nu-u2 / LUGAL.ME KUR2.ME SILIM.ME mulMU.BU.KEŠ2.DA ša2 A.AB.BA LUGAL SIZKUR APIN-eš «[Если Венера] восходит гелиакически (букв. при своем появлении), Юпитер находится в оппозиции к ней и стоит там: цари, которые были в мире, возненавидят (друг друга), враждебные цари примирятся — Ярмо Моря желает жертвоприношения (от) царя» [BPO 3, 92, K.2226+:7], см. также [ibid., 63, K.13849:8; 71, K.3144:8; 140, K.3589+: rev. ii 38; SpTU II, 41 r. 9].

(16) Венера проходит Юпитер в месяце улулу; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiKIN dUD.AL.TAR DIB-iq-ma DU bi-ib-lu KUR TUM3 / …/ KUR-ša2 ne-eḫ ša2 a-lak-ša2 la ḫa-an-ṭu «Если Венера (восходит гелиакически) в месяце улулу, проходит Юпитер и стоит там: наводнение унесет (землю) страны … (это означает): ее восход медленный, ее ход не быстрый» [BPO 3, 134, K.2907: VI 7].

(17) Венера 1 Юпитер несет; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat BALA KUR2-ir… «Если Венера 1 Юпитер несет: династия сменится …» [BPO 3, 42, VAT 10218:24]; DIŠ mulDil-bat 1 dUD.AL.TAR ap-rat ana dSAG.ME.GAR i-qar-rub-ma «Если Венера несет 1 Юпитер, (это означает): она к Юпитеру приближается» [BPO 3, 58, K.148+:20], см. также [ibid., 65, Sm. 1354:14; 66, K.11322:4′].

(18) Лук (=Венера) приближается к Юпитеру; см. b06BAN, V 9.

(19) Движение планеты (= Марс?) относительно Юпитера; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma it-ten2-tu-u2 dEr3-ra KUR KU2 UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ KUR DIŠ-niš TUR.<<MEŠ>> «Если планета достигает Юпитера и покрывает (его): Эрра пожрет страну, в стране будут смерти, страна в целом уменьшится» [Largement 1957, 242:29; TU, 16:29]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma i-ti-iq KI.LAM!! ina KUR LA2 : GAL2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и проходит (его): деловая активность в стране уменьшится, вар.: будет (нормальной?)» [Largement 1957, 242:30a; TU, 16:30]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM mulUD.AL.TAR KUR-dam-ma TE.<<MEŠ>> dU.GUR KU2 «Если планета достигает Юпитера и остается вблизи него: Нергал пожрет» [Largement 1957, 242:30b; TU, 16:30], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:37–39].

(20) Юпитер испускает mišḫu; [DIŠ mulUD].AL.TAR MIN (= meš-ḫa im-šu-uḫ) LUGAL MAR UŠ2-ma KUR-su ŠUB-di «[Если Ю]питер испускает mišḫu: царь Амурру умрет, страна его будет ниспровергнута» [ACh Suppl. 2, 63 col. I:15].
|
|-
|
=== (a19) AL.TAR ===
|
|-
|сокращение от mulUD.AL.TAR(u05) = dāpinu «Героический»; эпитет Мардука, употреблявшийся в лексических текстах и текстах «астролябий» как название Юпитера [G. 16; PSD I, A/3 154], см. также d03dDāpinu, u08UD.AL.TAR.||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
Лексич. тексты. (1) Старовавилонский шумерский список: [mulal].tar [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9, col. iii 1]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulal.tar = dšul-pa-e3 [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6a; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:23]. (3) Серия Erimḫuš (b ii 8′): ˹al˺?-TAR = ''da-pi-nu'' [MSL XVII, 89]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 574]. BM 34713. Месяц абу, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:5], см. b06BAN. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 4) mulal.tar [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [Largement 1957, 246:57–58]. См. также: dAL.TAR dŠul-pa-e3 «Героический = Шульпаэ» [ACh Ištar, 7:4].

II. Астрология.

(1) Планета(= Марс?) и Юпитер; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ [TE? …] «Если планета вспыхивает и [приближается] к Юпитеру […]» [Largement 1957, 246:57b; TU, 16:57]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulAL.˹TAR˺ KUR!! GAL.MEŠ […] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и достигает Юпитера: великие […]» [Largement 1957, 246:58; TU, 16:58].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Solar System]]

[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]

DUMU.ZI

2026-05-18T15:44:56Z

WayneHorowitz: Entry is not finished need to check Great Star List and otherexamples for MUL dumu-zi

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|thumb|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid (public domain).'''''??? they may be a human couple as they have no horned crown ???''''']]
mul / dDUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love [[Inanna]] = [[Ištar]] who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, mulDUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (dDumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation [[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu2]][[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA2]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) the deity of the constellation mul [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]] "Hired worker" (see h12);
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> dDUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of Anu stars: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea".'''
* (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= d''ištaran'') "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* Sector 0: along the arrow representing mulkak.si.sa2, the inscription is ddumu.zi [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 10; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-61; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

* NA // d''En-lil''2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Deity. ====
The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].

==== III. Symbol. ====
During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].

==== IV. Identification. ====
As a constellation:

= Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106]; for objections to the identification of mul / dDUMU.ZI with mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>]

= Orion [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].

As a planet:

= Saturn(?) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 61; Lambert 1987a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 95-96].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d13)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) божество созвездия mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. В списке планет(?) на третьем месте: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43) [MA, 30]; параллель см. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) «Думузи = Иштаран», (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая звезда = Думузи» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171]. «Планисфера» K 8538. Сектор 0: вдоль стрелы, представляющей mulkak.si.sa2, надпись — ddumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56–61; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi … «‘Стоянка’ — Энлиль; Нисану; [Наемник], Думузи» [SpTU IV, 159:1–2]; здесь Думузи, по-видимому, соответствует mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995, 78].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа, объясняющая связь Думузи с созвездием Наемный работник, неясна. Вероятно, при этом имела значение роль Думузи как пастуха Ана. Об отождествлении Думузи с Иштараном см. [Livingstone 1986, 137]. О Думузи как возрождающемся лунном месяце см. [Foxvog 1993].

III. Символ.

Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. фигурой созвездия Наемный работник считался баран, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Наемный работник (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; возражения против отождествления mul / dDUMU.ZI с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA см. [ibid.].

= Орион (Orion) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

Как планета:

= Сатурн(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95–96].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD

2026-05-18T15:27:43Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD (𒁺𒊺𒂊𒄞𒌓) is perhaps a name for Mercury to be understood as a writing for KAŠx.E = [[GU4.UTU|GU4.UTU]] (the standard Sumerian name for Mercury).
{{DISPLAYTITLE:DU.ŠE.E GU4.UD}}

{{Template:Mercury}}

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
This writing occurs once in what is apparently a commentary to a line of Enuma Anu Enlil (ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:44, now K.75+ rev. 16'). The signs DU and ŠE when interposed (DU×ŠE) have the reading KAŠ4 = ''lasāmu'', 'to run fast'. Here we have the two signs written consecutively (DU.ŠE) for which we can suppose a reading KAŠx allowing for a rendering KAŠx..E = ''lāsimu'' ,'fast runner, fleet-footed,' as a name for the planet Mercury 'GU4.UTU.' [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 107*, CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L 106; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. If so, we have here a precursor to the identification of the planet with the fleet footed Roman messenger deity Mercury, and of the Greek Hermes.

The DU sign can be read KAŠ5, and may be used instead of KAŠ4 in KAŠ4.E = ''lāsimu'' "runner, messenger". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 539; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref>, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. In the Mesopotamian pantheon there was the deity dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 346]. If this assumption is correct, the name takes on an astronomical meaning and could mean: "Fast-moving - Mercury"(?).
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|[G. 107*]; только в [ACh Suppl., 7:44] в неясном контексте.
Знак DU допускает прочтение KAŠ5 и может употребляться вместо KAŠ4 в выражении KAŠ4.E = lāsimu «бегун, курьер» [AHw, 539; Borger 1978, 107, Nr. 202; 2004, 317, Nr. 350]. В месопотамском пантеоне существовало божество dLāsimu [Tallqvist 1938, 346]. Если данное предположение верно, название приобретает астрономический смысл и может означать: «Быстро движущийся — Меркурий»(?).
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

DINGIR

2026-05-18T15:23:21Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
DINGIR (𒀭) is the ancient Sumerian term for "god"; the Akkadian equivalent is ''ilu(m)'' (𒄿𒇻𒌝). This generic term for deities is sometimes used for the Sun and Moon-gods in astronomical contexts.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''ilu''(''m'') "God";
the generic term for deities in Sumerian and Akkadian. The term is used a few times with reference to the Moon or the Sun within astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 194].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''"The Shileiko Tablet."'''
Old Babylonian predictions on the observations of the Moon:

* DIŠ ''i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u''4-''mi bi-bu-li-im'' / ''ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al'' / ''a-ru-ur''2-''tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an''
** "If the god(= Moon) does not disappear quickly from the sky on the day of disappearance: there will be drought in the country". [Horowitz 2000<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref>, 204-205: 8-10], see also [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Astral Tablets in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg // ZA. 2000. Bd. 90. S. 194-206.</ref> 204-205: 11-12, 15].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 179-227 passim; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 221-222].
|
|-
|'''"Reports" and "Letters."'''
See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 320a; SAA 10, 337a].
|
|-
|'''Neo-Assyrian Texts'''
In Neo-Assyrian texts we find standard expressions concerning the opposition of the Sun and the Moon:
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "On the 14th day (of the month) the god will be seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 294 r. 2];
* UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR ''la in''- / [''nam-mar-ma'']
** "On the 14th day the god is not seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 295:3];
* DIŠ 30 ''u'' dUTU ''šu-ta-ta-u''2 / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-''us-su'' DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-''ma''
** "If the Moon and the Sun are in opposition, the king of the country will expand his understanding: on the 14th day of each month one god will be seen with the (other) god" [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 371: 1-3];
* ''ina'' UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / ''it-ta-mar''
** "On the 15th day the god appeared with the (other) god" (report of observations made) [SAA 10, 135 r. 3-5], see also [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 157].

These reports and letters refer to the observation of the Sun and the Moon when they stand in opposition to each other during mid-lunar month, and are observed simultaneously on opposite sides of the horizon at sunrise and sunset.
|Example
|}
===Additional===
See also: DINGIR KUR-''ma'' KU NU ZAḪ3 "a god (=Mars) will rise and will not cause destruction [...]". [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d09)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= ilu(m) «Бог»; не часто используемое название Луны и Солнца в астрологических текстах [G. 194].
I. Источники.

«Табличка Шилейко». Старовавилонские предсказания по наблюдениям Луны: DIŠ i-na ša-me-e i-lu-um i-na u4-mi bi-bu-li-im / ar-ḫi-iš la it-ba-al / a-ru-ur2-tum i-na ma-a-tim iš-ša-ka-an «Если Бог(=Луна) на небе в день (своего) появления не исчезает быстро: в стране будет засуха» [Horowitz 2000, 204–205: 8–10], см. также [ibid. 204–205: 11–12, 15]. EAE. См.[ABCD, 179–227 passim; NSAM 2, 221–222]. «Рапорты» и «Письма». См. [ARAK, 320a; LBAT, 333a].

В новоассирийских текстах встречаем стандартные выражения, касающиеся оппозиции Солнца и Луны: UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «В 14-й день (месяца) бог увидит (другого) бога « [ARAK, 294 r. 2]; UD-14-KAM2 DINGIR KI DINGIR la in- / [nam-mar-ma] «В 14-й день бог не увидел (другого) бога» [ARAK, 295:3]; DIŠ 30 u dUTU šu-ta-ta-u2 / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 / UD-14-KAM2 ITI-us-su DINGIR KI DINGIR IGI-ma «Если Луна и Солнце находятся в оппозиции, царь страны пусть расширит свое понимание: в 14-й день каждого месяца один бог увидится с (другим) богом» [ARAK, 371: 1–3]; ina UD-15-KAM2 / DINGIR KI DINGIR / it-ta-mar «В 15-й день бог с (другим богом) появились (вместе)» (сообщение о проведенном наблюдении) [LABS, 135 r. 3–5], см. также [Koch–Westenholz 1999, 157]. В этих рапортах и письмах речь идет о наблюдении Солнца и Луны в момент, когда они находятся в оппозиции в середине лунного месяца и могут наблюдаться одновременно в противоположных сторонах горизонта.

См. также: DINGIR KUR-ma KU NU ZAḪ3 «Бог (=Марс) взойдет и не станет причиной разрушения […]» [ABCD, 125, D ii 5 + note 7].
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, i05)
|
|-
|«Бог», обозначение Луны в старовавилонском предсказательном тексте, так называемой «Табличке Шилейко»; см. d09DINGIR.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

BURANUN

2026-05-14T13:39:48Z

WayneHorowitz: Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023 is our NABU article on the Ekur.

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
mul ídBURANUN (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣) = ''purattu'' is a is a set of stars in the western portion of the [[Pisces]] and [[Pegasus]] (Psc + Peg) that is identified with the Euphrates River. The association of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with the two Babylonian asterisms that comprise modern Pisces, [[Anunitu|Anunitum]] for the Euphrates and ‘The Swallow,’ for the Tigris, derives from a sense that the shape of the Tigris and Euphrates river system on Earth in Babylonia, two diverging lines that meet at their middle, mirrors that of a swallow-tail in the sky (see figure, [[SIM.MAḪ]]). Thus, the canal systems of southern Babylonia, which connect the two rivers can be thought of as parallel on earth to the knot that ties the asterism of the two tails in the heavens. For ‘[[Anunitu|Anunitum]],’ the Euphrates’ constellation connected with fish and aquatic themes see [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, pp. 42-43]. A similar connection concerning shapes in the sky and shapes on earth is known for the Esagil temple in Babylon and mul[[IKU|iku,]] 'The Field' in [[Pegasus]] '''(see Hoffmann and Horowitz 2023: 142-143).'''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

* mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI;
* = Purattu "Euphrates" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 53]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''Series Ḫg. B VI:
* mul ídburanun = ''si-nun-tum'' = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow." [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:23].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and +rivers.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Psc-And-area with two rivers overlay to Anunitu + Swallow (SMH 2025)]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow";
* (2) egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "Rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates";
* (3) astrological predictions (see Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107].
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp+Tigris+Euphr GIF 2.gif|thumb|Animation: The two Mesopotamian constellations of Tigris and Euphrates at the position(s) of the (alternative) Mesopotamian constellations of Anunitu and The Swallow. Visualisation by SMH with drawings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) on a Stellarium map.]]
|-
|'''List of stars''' VR 46, 1:34.

* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídidigna ''u'' ídburanun
* "Anunitu and the Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:34; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:34].
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866ː [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB<me>, "The stars of the Tigris and the Euphrates at the tip of the Tails" (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].
|}
The identification of the Tigris and Euphrates appears quite late, not earlier than the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, as it is absent in Urra XXII. See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, b12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI; = Purattu «Евфрат» [Gössmann 1950, 53]; созвездие в западной части Рыб и Пегаса (Pisces + Pegasus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul ídburanun = si-nun-tum = […] «Евфрат = Ласточка» [MSL XI, 40:23]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ «Евфрат = Ласточка»; (2) egir.meš-tum = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = Евфрат»; (3) астрологическое предсказание (см. a18AL.LIL) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959–60, 107]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tuˆ = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA 52:34; Wee 2016, 162–3:34]. MLC 1866. [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA u ídBURANUNki ina ṣip-ri mulZIB<me> «Звезды Тигр и Евфрат на острие Хвостов» (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].

Название появилось достаточно поздно, не ранее начала I тыс. до н.э., поскольку оно отсутствует в Urra XXII.

Cм. также a18AL.LUL, s19SIM.MAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Psc]]

APIN

2026-05-14T13:28:16Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
*
*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [mulapin // 50 // d''En-lil''2, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>
*
*<s>Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: mulapin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).</s>
*
*
**<s>Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].</s>
*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>'''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plow' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country"Enlil 1].</s>
**<s>'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).</s>
**<s>'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].</s>
*<s>BM 34713.</s>
**<s>The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
**<s>A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014, 145-146).
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector 1 of the inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Marsː [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šur-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If the Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

Anunitu

2026-05-14T13:27:19Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|right|366x366px]]
''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and mul[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.
== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''
See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 Section II iii 4-5).

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].

Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161-162): Rising in Month II, Setting in Month VIII.

CT 39, Nv. 10, and parallels:

Nv. 10 rev. 29': mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 for Month II (Simanu), Fincke 2025, 68 [see previously Horowitz 2014: 216, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 65-66]

Parallels: Fincke 2025 70: 11', 72: 4'.

**
** <s>(3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Month Ayyaru, set– Month Araḫsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil: [</s>
** <s>a) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];</s>
** <s>b) Month Araḫsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].</s>
* <s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].</s>
** <s>b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''<s>LBAT 1502</s>'''
* <s>[múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2
** "the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man."(I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019) 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars, a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 (= [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku'']) "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** muldil-bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ''a-ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "the first star of Anunitu (and) the side star of the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great brilliance of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58]ː
*** [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), m[ul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim] "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [muldil.bat ''ša''2] ''A-''[''nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUN "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|<s>'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].</s>
'''Uranologiesː'''

MLC 1866 i 6-9: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR.MEŠ mulIKU GUB-''zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''na-a-ru'' / [mu]l''Si''2''-nu-nu-tu''4 ''u''3 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu it-gu-ru-u''2-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''4˺ mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat''

* The star that stands behind the Field is Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, by the crest of "The Tail" they are held together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — the station of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
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|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tail' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ištar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Ešnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ištar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ištar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest text in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu: [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] is dark in the area of Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ... EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' A-ga-de3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu: DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely massive: / in the country there will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

AMAR.UTU

2026-05-14T13:23:52Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BCE.]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, [[Marduk]]. Marduk's in the sky is primarily identified with Mercury and Jupiter, often by way of his identification with mul[[Nēberu]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub [[Nēberu]].

'''Var. readings:'''

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the gods of the night"'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See [Rochberg-Halton 1988,<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group).'''
See Horowitz (2014) 247, mul/dMarduk, mul/d''Nēberu''
* Star Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Anu 12). List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU: mul ''sa''5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu / egir dingir.meš ''gi''6''-ti'' ''ug-da-me''2-''ru-nim-ma'' / an-''e'' bar-''ma'' gub-''iz'' mul.bi / d''Ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' damar.utu "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind after the Gods of the Night have completed (their movements) and divides the sky (in two), this star is Neberu, Marduk" (KAV 218 Section II ii rev. 10-13).
*Month-Star Lists, Anu-star for Addaru (Anu XII), LBAT 1499 (Enlil I), [Horowitz 2014: 196]; BM 82923: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Horowitz 2014 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
*Rising and Setting Stars: BM 34713 (LBAT 1499): Setting in Month VI, Ululu, Rising in Month XII, Addaru (Horowitz 2014 161-162).
** (3) '''''<s>, I repeat my problems with Astrolabe B: What are lists 12'3 and 3'12? These abbreviations are nowhere explained and cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. What means "sunrise-sunset=6m"? It probably means the list of risings and settings of stars six months apart. The use of sunrise and sunset is wrong. Moreover, the line numbers given for KAV 218 cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. To use line numbers that start from 1 three times on the same tablet produces an unneccesary confusion.</s>'''''
** '''''<s>This whole problem needs to be fixed everywhere in Astrolabe B. !!! ???</s>'''''
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
**
* <s>BM 34713.</s>
** <s>The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:</s>
** <s>múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].</s>
** <s>A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have finished (their movements), one big star – (although) its light is dim – divides the sky in half and stands there: (that is) the star of Marduk, the Ford." (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Arrow = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar [HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu,
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu IIIR 53,2:2-13 (K.5990:2-13 in ACh Ištar 8); parallel CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49 Sm. 777:1-13]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (21st century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(ANe) "The star of all that is in the sky" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century BCE (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Star of Marduk = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is said so referring to Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring) to the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) Jupiter and the Pleiades: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />, 117]; for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) Pleiades and Jupiter: DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) Jupiter and Raven (= Mercury?): DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARA2 IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: this year’s harvest will prosper. (It means) Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see MUL.APIN II Gap B 1 [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings: DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) Magical prohibition. DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky - Crossing." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 67 r. 1; SAA 8, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [Gössmann 1950, 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117]; параллель см. [SAA 8, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [SAA 10, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

<references />

AMAR.UTU

2026-05-14T13:23:05Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Marduk and pet.svg|thumb|The Statue of Marduk depicted on a cylinder seal of the 9th century BCE.]]
AMAR.UTU (𒀫𒌓) is the Sumerian writing for the name of the Babylonian King of the Gods, [[Marduk]]. Marduk's in the sky is primarily identified with Mercury and Jupiter, often by way of his identification with mul[[Nēberu]], <nowiki>[[translation needed]]</nowiki>.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
The name AMAR.UD, to be read AMAR.UTU is the standard Sumerian writing for Marduk, the city god of Babylon. The name is traditionally interpreted as 'The Calf of the Sun' and reflects the identification of Marduk with Mercury that goes back to the Second Millennium BCE. Marduk's name can be written as a star name with the MUL-determinative, a divine name with determinative DINGIR, or both indicating the deification of Marduk's asterism(s). The issue of Marduk and his asterisms, which include identifications with Mercury, Jupiter (as in MUL.APIN) and others, is considered sub [[Nēberu]].

'''Var. readings:'''

* MUL dAMAR.UD,
* mul dAMAR.UTU;
* = mul d''Marduk'' "(Asterism) of Marduk" (AMAR.UTU), lit. "The calf of the Sun" — a standard epithet of Marduk, the supreme deity of Babylon [MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 362f.]); a name of Jupiter or Mercury [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 260].

{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts'''.

* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list from Emar: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:109].
* (2) Series Urra XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 112:324′]; parallels [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 228:128; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:25].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru''6 = [...] [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 40:25].
|
|-
|'''"Prayers to the gods of the night"'''
* Neo-Assyrian prayer: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3">''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:19].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See [Rochberg-Halton 1988,<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 29-29a; BPO 3<ref name=":5">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973<ref name=":6">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:14]. See (Kurtik n15) ''[[Nēberu]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group).'''
See Horowitz (2014) 247, mul/dMarduk, mul/d''Nēberu''
* Star Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Anu 12). List (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = dAMAR.UTU: mul ''sa''5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu / egir dingir.meš ''gi''6''-ti'' ''ug-da-me''2-''ru-nim-ma'' / an-''e'' bar-''ma'' gub-''iz'' mul.bi / d''Ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' damar.utu "The red star that stands at the rising of the south wind after the Gods of the Night have completed (their movements) and divides the sky (in two), this star is Neberu, Marduk" (KAV 218 Section II ii rev. 10-13).
*Month-Star Lists, Anu-star for Addaru (Anu XII), LBAT 1499 (Enlil I), [Horowitz 2014: 196]; BM 82923: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Marduk // 45 // King of the Igigi deities". [Horowitz 2014 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:36].
*Rising and Setting Stars: BM 34713 (LBAT 1499): Setting in Month VI, Ululu, Rising in Month XII, Addaru (Horowitz 2014 161-162).
** (3) '''''<s>, I repeat my problems with Astrolabe B: What are lists 12'3 and 3'12? These abbreviations are nowhere explained and cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. What means "sunrise-sunset=6m"? It probably means the list of risings and settings of stars six months apart. The use of sunrise and sunset is wrong. Moreover, the line numbers given for KAV 218 cannot be found in Horowitz 2014. To use line numbers that start from 1 three times on the same tablet produces an unneccesary confusion.</s>'''''
** '''''<s>This whole problem needs to be fixed everywhere in Astrolabe B. !!! ???</s>'''''
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
**
* <s>BM 34713.</s>
** <s>The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil:</s>
** <s>múl dAMAR.UTU [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:1], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN]].</s>
** <s>A list of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 12): mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 33):
** ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''ʼ''-mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2-''bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN''-e ib-bir''
** "When the stars of Enlil have finished (their movements), one big star – (although) its light is dim – divides the sky in half and stands there: (that is) the star of Marduk, the Ford." (I i 36-38).
* '''(2)''' Astrological part: 6 predictions concerning mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1-6) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 28-29, 117-118].
|
|-
|"'''''Letters'''''" and "'''''Reports'''''."
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":8">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 67 r. 1; SAA 8<ref name=":9">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1].
|
|-
|"'''The Great Star List'''".

* mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu "Numušda = Marduk"; this here is probably Numušda = Mercury [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:132].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26.'''
* '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "The staff—a weapon in the hand of Marduk.” [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> G 35];
* '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu "King = Marduk";
* '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu "Šupa, Enlil, who sets the fate of the country: the great one among the Enlil deities, Marduk";
* '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu "Arrow = a weapon in the hand of Marduk," see also [HBA<ref name=":10">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''List of 12 names of Marduk'''
A list of the names of Marduk in different months of the Babylonian calendar [HBA<ref name=":10" /> 24-25]:

* '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu,
* '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu,
* '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu,
* '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu,
* '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu,
* '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2-''be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu,
* '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu,
* '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigam3 = damar.utu,
* '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu,
* '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu,
* '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2-''a'' = damar.utu IIIR 53,2:2-13 (K.5990:2-13 in ACh Ištar 8); parallel CT<ref name=":11">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49 Sm. 777:1-13]. See also [Oppenheim 1959<ref name=":3" />, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].
| Example
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity ====
 The name of Marduk, as the patron of Babylon, has been mentioned since the third dynasty of Ur (21st century BCE). Among his epithets: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina šamê''(ANe) "The star of all that is in the sky" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) "[Star of] abundance" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. It is not known when this deity acquired astral significance. The earliest evidence is from the 13th century BCE (list from Emar). The name of Jupiter in Old Babylonian texts—dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963<ref>''Falkenstein A.'' Sumerische religiöse Texte // ZA. 1963. Bd. XXI. S. 11-67.</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik a27) AMAR.GIR2.

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Jupiter; the identity follows from MUL.APIN, and from a number of other texts, see also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12">''Brown D.'' Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. Groningen, STYX Publication, 2000.</ref>, 57].

= Mercury; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Star of Marduk = Mercury" [CT<ref name=":11" /> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGU4.UD ''i-qab-bi'' "The star of Marduk is said so referring to Mercury" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; perhaps this is the name of Mercury when its heliacal rising occurs at the beginning of the year in the month of Nisanu. For a prayer to Marduk as Mercury see [Lambert 1957-58<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Two Texts from the Early Part of the Reign of Ashurbanipal // AfO. 1957-59. Bd. 18. S. 382-387.</ref>, 386]. See also [Brown 2000<ref name=":12" />, 57]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 19.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
* (1) = ''Staff''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' "The Star of Marduk—so it is said (when referring) to the Staff" [BPO 2<ref name=":4" />, III 29a + Parallels].

===== Predictions: =====
* (2) Jupiter and the Pleiades: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI dIM RA "If Marduk's star reaches the Star Cluster, this year Adad will bring devastation" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019<ref name=":7" />, 117]; for a parallel see [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 326:7].
* (3) Pleiades and Jupiter: DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the star of Marduk: there will be fever this year and summer he[at...] [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, Nr. 101:14].
* (4) Jupiter and Raven (= Mercury?): DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM GIŠ "If Marduk's star reaches the Raven: the early sesame will prosper" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 117], see also [Borger 1973<ref name=":6" />, 41:24′; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 88:22-23].
* (5) The heliacal rising of Mercury at the beginning of the year: DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBARA2 IGI-''ma'' "If the Marduk star becomes visible at the beginning of the year: this year’s harvest will prosper. (It means) Mercury becomes visible in Nisan." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 503:1-3]; for a parallel see MUL.APIN II Gap B 1 [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" />, 117].
* (6) Connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings: DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (gloss: ''ṣa-li-im-''˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (gloss: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) "If Marduk’s star is dark and is seen again and again: in this year [there will be ''as''[''akku''] (disease) [SAA 10<ref name=":8" />, 67 r. 1-3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' "If Marduk's star is dark when it becomes visible: this year, there will be ''asakku'' (disease)" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118].
* (7) Magical prohibition. DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' "If the star of Marduk sees a man's body: epilepsy(?) will seize him" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' "If a man bathes before the star of Marduk: there will be guilt" (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019)<ref name=":7" /> 118-9].
* (8) The name of Jupiter depending on its position relative to the horizon; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' "The star of Marduk, when it appears, (is called) Šulpae; when it rises 1 "double hour" - Sagmegar; when it stands in the middle of the sky - Crossing." [SAA 8<ref name=":9" />, 147:7-r.1], for a parallel to the reference to d''Da-pi-nu'' see [BPO 3<ref name=":5" />, K.3124:5′-6′] (Kurtik d03 [[Dāpinu|d''Dāpinu'']]).

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a28)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 260)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL dAMAR.UD, mul dAMAR.UTU; = mul d''Marduk'' «(Звезда) Мардука» (AMAR.UTU, букв. «Теленок Солнца» ― стандартный эпитет Мардука, верховного божества Вавилона [МНМ II, 110; Tallqvist 1938, 362f.]); название Юпитера или Меркурия [Gössmann 1950, 260].

I. Источники.

'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычный шумерский список из Эмара: mulAMAR.UD [Emar VI/4, 154:109]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mulAMAR.UD = ''Ma-ru-du-uk'' [Emar VI/4, 151:157], mul d''Marduk''(AMAR.UTU) = ''ni-bi-ru/ri'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 11, col. v 6; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 112:324′]; параллели [SpTU III, 228:128; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:25]. '''(3)''' Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mul dAMAR.UTU = ''ne-bi-ru6'' = […] [MSL XI, 40:25]. «'''''Молитвы ночным богам'''''». Новоассирийская молитва: [m]ul dAMAR.UTU [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 62, 204 (§ VII Rec. B: 7); BPO 2, III 29–29a; BPO 3, K.2226+:4, K.3124:5; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 24′, 30′; SpTU III, 101:14]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля, 45 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Cписок (12´3): d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu в конце списка 12 звезд Ану (B ii 32), см. n15''Nēberu''. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiše] … mulamar.utu ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[(Месяц) аддару]: …Мардук (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 12). '''(3)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход – аддару, заход – улулу [KAV 218, C 24, 35; Horowitz 2014], см. k24KU6; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 29]. BM 82923. Месяц аддару, звезды Энлиля: mul dAMAR.UTU // 45 // LUGAL DINGIR.DINGIR ''I''2''-gi''3''-gi''3 «Мардук // 45 // Царь божеств Игигов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:36]. BM 34713. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: múl damar.utu [LBAT, 1499:1], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 12): mul d''Marduk''(amar.utu) [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 33): ''ki-ma'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ug-dam-mi-ru-ni'' / 1 MUL GAL UD.DA-''su da-a''-ʼ-''mat'' AN-''e'' BAR-''ma'' GUB-''zu'' mul dAMAR.UTU ''ne''2''-bi-ri'' / mulSAG.ME.GAR KI.GUB-''su'' KUR2.KUR2-''ir'' AN-''e'' ''ib-bir'' «Когда звезды Энлиля завершили (свои движения), одна большая звезда ― (хотя) ее свет тусклый ― делит небо пополам и стоит там: (это) звезда Мардука, Паром, Юпитер; он постоянно изменяет свое положение и пересекает небо» (I i 36–38). '''(2)''' Астрологическая часть: 6 предсказаний, касающихся mul dAMAR.UTU (II Gap B 1–6) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 28–29, 117–118]. «'''''Письма'''''» и «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 67 r. 1; SAA 8, 235:7, 326:7, 333:5(?), 503:1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mulmin(= nu.muš.da) = damar.utu «Нумушда = Мардук»; здесь, вероятно, Нумушда = Меркурий [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:132]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:3, 8, 11, 26'''''. '''(1)''' mulgam3 = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Посох ― оружие в руке Мардука» [CAD G 35]; '''(2)''' mullugal = damar.utu «Царь = Мардук»; '''(3)''' mulšu.pa d''en-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'': gal d''en-lil''2meš damar.utu «Шупа, Энлиль, который устанавливает судьбу страны: великий среди Энлилей, Мардук»; '''(4)''' mul.mul.la = gištukul ''ša''2 šuII damar.utu «Блистание = оружие в руках Мардука», см. также [HBA 51:3, 8, 11; 52:26; Wee 2016, 162–3]. '''''Список 12 имен Мардука'' (IIIR''' '''53''','''2)'''. Список имен Мардука в различные месяцы вавилонского календаря: '''(1)''' ''ina'' itibar2 dšul.pa.e3 = damar.utu, '''(2)''' ''ina'' itigu4 dud.al.tar = damar.utu, '''(3)''' ''ina'' itisig4 dAŠ.GAN2 ka2.dingir.meš = damar.utu, '''(4)''' ''ina'' itišu d''Da-pi-nu'' = damar.utu, '''(5)''' ''ina'' itine d''Ma-ak-ru-u''2 = damar.utu, '''(6)''' ''ina'' itikin dsag.me.gar = damar.utu, '''(7)''' ''ina'' itidu6 d''ne''2''-be''2''-ru'' = damar.utu, '''(8)''' ''ina'' itiapin d''Rap-pu'' = damar.utu, '''(9)''' ''ina'' itigan ulNA2 (так в автографии, но должно быть, по-видимому, ulgam3, см. [Gössmann 1950, 260] и n01NA2) = damar.utu, '''(10)''' ''ina'' itiab ullugal = damar.utu, '''(11)''' ''ina'' itiziz2 ulgal = damar.utu, '''(12)''' ''ina'' itiše ulku6 d''E''2''-a'' = damar.utu (K.5990:2–13) [IIIR 53,2:2–13]; параллель в S. 777 [CT 26, 49:1–13; HBA 24–25]. См. также [Oppenheim 1959, 283:19; 1969, 121, note 46].

II. Божество.

Имя Мардука, как покровителя Вавилона, упоминается со времени III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.). Среди его эпитетов: MUL ''kiššati''(ŠU2) ''ša''2 ''ina'' ''šamê''(AN)e «Звезда всего, что на небе» [CT 25, 47:10], [MUL] ''nuḫši''(ḪE2.NUN) «[Звезда] изобилия» [CT 25, 46, Sm. 78 + Sm. 1078:15]. Неизвестно, когда это божество приобрело астральное значение. Самое раннее свидетельство относится к XIII в. до н.э. (список из Эмара). Название Юпитера в старовавилонских текстах ― dšul.pa.e3 [Falkenstein 1963, 33]; см. также a27AMAR.GIR2.

III. Отождествление.

= ''Юпитер''; тождество следует из MUL.APIN, и из ряда других текстов, см. также [Brown 2000, 57].

= ''Меркурий''; mulamar.utu = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Юпитер = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 2]; MUL dAMAR.UD ''a-na'' dGUD.UD ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Меркурий» [BPO 2, III 29а], см. также [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; возможно, это название Меркурия, когда его гелиакический восход происходит в начале года в месяце нисану. Молитва к Мардуку как Меркурию см. [Lambert 1957–58, 386]. См. также [Brown 2000, 57]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 19.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Посох''; MUL dAMAR.UTU ''a-na'' mulGAM3 ''i-qab-bi'' «Звезда Мардука ― так говорят, (когда имеют в виду) Посох» [BPO 2, III 29а + Parallels].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Юпитер и Плеяды''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI dIM RA «Если звезда Мардука достигает Звезд, в этом году Адад принесет опустошение» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 2) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117]; параллель см. [SAA 8, 326:7].

(3) ''Плеяды и Юпитер''; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulAMAR.UTU KUR-''ud'' ''ina'' MU BI ''um-mu u um''-[''šu''2…] «Если Звезды достигают звезды Мардука: в этом году лихорадка и летняя жа[ра…] [SpTU III, Nr. 101:14].

(4) ''Юпитер и Ворон'' (= ''Меркурий''?); DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUGA KUR-''ud'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 NIM.GIŠ «Если звезда Мардука достигает Ворона: ранний сезам будет обильным» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 3) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 117], см. также [Borger 1973, 41:24′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:22–23].

(5) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в начале года''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' SAG MU IGI-''ir'' / MU BI AB.SIN2-''šu''2 SI.SA2 / mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' itiBARAG IGI-''ma'' «Если звезда Мардука становится видна в начале года: в этом году урожай будет обильным. ― Меркурий становится виден в нисане» [SAA 8, 503:1–3]; параллель см. (MUL.APIN II Gap B 1) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 117].

(6) ''Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия'' ''при гелиакическом восходе''; DIŠ MUL d[AM]AR!.UTU! / MI-''ma'' (глосса: ''ṣa-li-im''-˹''ma''˺) ˹''it-ta''˺-''n''[''a-mar''] / ''ina'' MU BI A2.[SIG3 GAL2-''ši''] (глосса: ''a-s''[''ak-ku'']) «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''as''[''akku''] [SAA 10, 67 r. 1–3]; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU GI6-''ma'' IGI.LA2 MU BI A.SIG3 GAL2-''ši'' «Если звезда Мардука темная: в этом году будет (болезнь) ''asakku''» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 6) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118].

(7) ''Магическое запрещение''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''pa-gar'' LU2 IGI ''be-en-nu'' DIB-''su'' «Если звезда Мардука увидит тело человека: эпилепсия(?) поразит его» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 4); DIŠ ''ina ma-ḫar'' MUL dAMAR.UTU LU2 A ''ir-muk'' NAM.TAG.GA GAL2-''ši'' «Если человек купается перед звездой Мардука: будет вина» (MUL.APIN II Gap B 5) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 118–9].

(8) ''Названия Юпитера'' ''в зависимости от его положения относительно горизонта''; [MU]L dAMAR.UTU ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 dŠUL.PA.E3 / 1 KASKAL.GID2 ''i-šaq-qa-ma'' dSAG.ME.GAR / ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' d''Ne''2-''be''2-''ru'' «Звезда Мардука, когда она появляется, (называется) Шульпаэ; когда проходит 1 «двойной час» после восхода, ― Сагмегар; когда она стоит в середине неба, ― Паром» [SAA 8, 147:7–r.1], параллель с упоминанием d''Da-pi-nu'' см. [BPO 3, K.3124:5′–6′] (d03d''Dāpinu'').
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

<references />

AL.LUL

2026-05-14T13:22:00Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21), mulALLA and (Kurtik k31), [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="4" |cuneiform
!transliteration(s)
|-
!
!Borger #
(1981)
!Unicode
(codepoint)
!NA sign
!
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |560
| rowspan="2" |U+...
| rowspan="2" |
|ALLA , ALLAx
|-
|
|NAGAR
|-
|
|562
|
|
|KUŠU2
|-
|
|298, 355
|U+..., U+...
|
|AL.LU5
|}
* mulALLA , mulALLAx ,
* mulAL.LU5 ,mulAL.LUL, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]
</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit niṣirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950, 14. 294; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar VI/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII:
** mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′];
** [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014, 245

* Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014, 104, 106ː Anu 10):
** mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal
** "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (KAV 218 Section II, 24-27),
*** for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]].

* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 245, Anu X, LBAT 1499 Anu XI). BM 82923:
** mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An, "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29].
* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014, 161: 8 (setting in Month IV, Du'uzu), 19 (rising in Month X, Ṭebetu).
* '''"Round astrolabesː"'''
** K.14943+:
*** mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. (list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9).
**'''CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels'''
*** Fincke 2025: 70 (mulAL.LUL restored as first AN.TA.GUB.BA-star for ituDU6 (Month VII), corresponding to Enlil 7).
** : <s>mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
*
*
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil:
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 col. ii 18].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and the Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "The Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of the Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídBURANUNki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídBURANUNki DU-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219]. See also BM 34387: 7' (Horowitz 2014, 206).
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see [Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>]:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-[m]a-ak-''[''ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru / i-na li[b''3''-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e-''[''ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir''
** "The Crab (has the shape of) a quadrangle. [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The Crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds."
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, ⅔ ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins until the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the constellation of the Arrow (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5° behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation of the Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021; Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)</ref> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2" /> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5th [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° behind the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[ius...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*(1) ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) Anaphora.
**a) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlALLA ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
***"[...In] the month Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
****
**b) BM 36609+: [TA ...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
***"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL- ''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / to (the point located) 5° behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts" (ALLA).'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) "Lunaria":
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the area of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) Hypsomata: The Crab — Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born where the Crab (culminates)" [SpTU V, 265:3'].
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver parts, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004, 95-125].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-''ni''!-''tum'' ḪA.LA múlALLA ''šum''3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(4) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) In the "calendar" ritual texts, the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment (W 22619/9+): ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // (with) the blood of a crab, and a crab’s fat you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
*(5) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(6) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(7) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow [...] until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]" [SpTU III, 102:6-8 (W 22554/2)].
*(8) between liver parts, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulALLA mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"The 'Strength' is Uraš; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be restored here for an extispicy and its correspondences [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; it is absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) dNin-[g]ir2-su "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below).

==== Symbol ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters" [SpTU II, 43:4].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in the GU text [Pingree and Walker 313-322]: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars: mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "The False Star = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish: mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarguz: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarguz. Entenabarguz = The Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab: DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations)ː KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their (the Scales') position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations)ː ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] ''/ a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later once it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crabː DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out" [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars comes close to the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crabː [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat comes close to the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab: DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, omen for an important person: he will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

(11) Lunar eclipse in the Crab: [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Tigris River" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame 2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963, 118 MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crabː DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury stands in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
!
|-
|
==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
|
|-
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==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AGA A-nim

2026-05-14T13:20:35Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AGA ''A-nim''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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__FORCETOC__
[[File:Iades and Pleiades (32446251210).jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|The Pleiades (top left) and the Hyades at the bottom right. Overlapping them in the projection is Aldebaran, an orange giant clearly identifiable in the photograph near the lower right corner. Near the upper right-hand corner is the star λ Tauri. Also recognisable near the lower edge of the image is the open cluster NGC 1647 (CC0, by Giuseppe Donatiello)]]
AGA d''A-nim'' (𒂇𒀭𒀀𒉏) is a Babylonian asterism, usually identified with the Hyades star cluster in [[Taurus]].
[[File:Victory stele of Naram Sin 9062.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, CC-BY Rama 2007]]
The Crown of Anu consists of the front part of classical Taurus = Mesopotamian mulGU4.AN.NA, and includes Akkadian ''is lê'', ‘the Jaw of the Bull,’ which itself consists of α Tauri (Aldebaran) and the Hyades, and horns extending outwards from the crown. Ancient Mesopotamian royal crowns typically include a horned head-piece. See e.g. The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (See figure Victory Stele of Naram-Sin).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant designations:

* mulAGA.AN.NA/NE,
* mul''Anu'' AGA,
* AGA AN-''nim'',
* mulAN.NA AGA,
* mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2),
* mulAG2.AN.NE; = "Crown of Anu"; one of Hyades’ names [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], see also a10.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE'''
See [BPO 2, VI 3].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 61-64)
* (1) In the menologies:
** itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(in the text: IL2).an.na.keˆ // itisig''4 is le-e a-ge'' d''a-nim''
** "The month of Simanu, Bull of Anu (Akk.: Jaw of the Bull), Crown of Anu"
** (Section I i 26, 32)
* (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 103, Ea 3)
** mul ''ša'' egir''-šu(''bi'')'' gub''-zu'' / mul''Is le-e a-ge dA-nim''
** "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind MUL.MUL), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Astrolabe B Section II i 7-8). Parallels: MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'' (B = HS 1897: 5), "The stars (that stands behind it) is the 'Bull of Heaven' Crown of Anu; [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] (C = BM 55502: 7] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Jaw of the Bul]l, Crown of Anu.
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Asterisms"</s>'''
* <s>(A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'',</s>
* <s>(B) [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Bull of Heaven” (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu." [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014].</s>
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of stars of Anu (no. 7): mulGU4.AN.NA ''dis le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Bull of Heaven, Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
|
|-
|'''"The Great Stars List and Miscellanea"'''
* mulag2.an.bur2 ''ana'' bala til.lum ''nap-šur-tum gam-lum'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; meaning is unclear, cf. [Weidner 1959-60, 107-108, Z. 23].
|
|}

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, p. 8; Hunger and Steele 2019, 134; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 271];

= α, θ12, γ, δ, ε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ''ana'' BALA TIL.LA "Crown of Anu for (predicting) the end of a dynasty." [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' / mul''A-nu'' AGA (gloss: ''a-gu-u) īna'' ŠA3-''bi-šu2'' GUB''-iz'' / [LUGAL] ''ša''2''-lim! kit-[tu''2 ''u mi-ša''2''-ru] ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If a halo surrounds the moon, and the 'Crown of Anu' stands in it: [the king] is well; there will be right[eousness] and justice in the land." [SAA 8 68:1-3]; parallel [ibid. 298 r. 1-3; 364 r. 2-3].

See also (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 13.

List (12´3) = KAV 218 (Astrolab B): '''<big>not astrology! (already quoted above)</big>'''

* mul ''ša'' egir''-šu(''bi'')'' gub''-zu /'' mul''Is le-e a-ge'' d''A-nim''
* "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind [[MUL.MUL]]), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Section B i 7-8)

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. обозначения: mulAGA.AN.NA/NE, mulAnu AGA, AGA AN-nim, mulAN.NA AGA, mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2), mulAG2.AN.NE; = «Корона Ану»; одно из наименований Гиад (Hyades) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], см. также a10.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, VI 3]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) В менологиях: itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(в тексте: IL2).an.na.ke4 // itisig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim «Месяц симану, Бык Ану (акк.: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» (Section A i 26, 32); параллель [Çağirgan 403:12]; транскрипция см. [BPO 2, 151–152; CAD I, 188]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulIs le-e a-ge dA-nim «Звезда, что позади него стоит (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014]. «Каталог 30 звезд». (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-nim, (B) [MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulis le]-e! AGA d[A-nim] «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), это “Бык Небес” (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану (№ 7): mulGU4.AN.NA dis le-e AGA dA-nim «Бык Небес, Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (I ii 1). «Большой список звезд». mulag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; смысл неясен, см. [Weidner 1959–60, 107–108, Z. 23].

II. Отождествление.

= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, р. 8; МА, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271];

= αθ12γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ana BALA TIL.LA «Корона Ану для (предсказания) конца династии» [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma / mulA-nu AGA (глосса: a-gu-u) inа ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / [LUGAL] ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Луна окружена гало, и “Корона Ану” стоит в нем: [царь] будет благоденствовать; в стране будут прав[да и справедливость]» [SAA 8, 68:1–3]; параллель [ibid. 298 r. 1–3; 364 r. 2–3].

См. также g11 GI.GI, g33 GU4.AN.NA, i15 Is lê, z10 Zibānītum, VI 13.
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Tau]][[Category:Hyades]]

BURANUN

2026-05-14T13:05:42Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
mul ídBURANUN (𒀯𒀀𒇉𒌓𒄒𒉣) = ''purattu'' is a is a set of stars in the western portion of the [[Pisces]] and [[Pegasus]] (Psc + Peg) that is identified with the Euphrates River. The association of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with the two Babylonian asterisms that comprise modern Pisces, [[Anunitu|Anunitum]] for the Euphrates and ‘The Swallow,’ for the Tigris, derives from a sense that the shape of the Tigris and Euphrates river system on Earth in Babylonia, two diverging lines that meet at their middle, mirrors that of a swallow-tail in the sky (see figure, [[SIM.MAḪ]]). Thus, the canal systems of southern Babylonia, which connect the two rivers can be thought of as parallel on earth to the knot that ties the asterism of the two tails in the heavens. For ‘[[Anunitu|Anunitum]],’ the Euphrates’ constellation connected with fish and aquatic themes see [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, pp. 42-43]. A similar connection concerning shapes in the sky and shapes on earth is known for the Esagil temple in Babylon and mul[[IKU|iku,]] 'The Field' in [[Pegasus]] '''(WAYNE PUT in Reference''').

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Var. reading:'''

* mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI;
* = Purattu "Euphrates" [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 53]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''Series Ḫg. B VI:
* mul ídburanun = ''si-nun-tum'' = [...] "Euphrates = Swallow." [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:23].
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and +rivers.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Psc-And-area with two rivers overlay to Anunitu + Swallow (SMH 2025)]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ "Euphrates = Swallow";
* (2) egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "Rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates";
* (3) astrological predictions (see Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]]) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 107].
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp+Tigris+Euphr GIF 2.gif|thumb|Animation: The two Mesopotamian constellations of Tigris and Euphrates at the position(s) of the (alternative) Mesopotamian constellations of Anunitu and The Swallow. Visualisation by SMH with drawings by R. Perdok (LWL Planetarium Münster) on a Stellarium map.]]
|-
|'''List of stars''' VR 46, 1:34.

* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídidigna ''u'' ídburanun
* "Anunitu and the Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:34; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:34].
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866ː [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB<me>, "The stars of the Tigris and the Euphrates at the tip of the Tails" (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].
|}
The identification of the Tigris and Euphrates appears quite late, not earlier than the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, as it is absent in Urra XXII. See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].

===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, b12)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mul ídUD.KIB.NUN.KI; = Purattu «Евфрат» [Gössmann 1950, 53]; созвездие в западной части Рыб и Пегаса (Pisces + Pegasus).
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Ḫg. B VI: mul ídburanun = si-nun-tum = […] «Евфрат = Ласточка» [MSL XI, 40:23]. «Большой список звезд». (1) mul ídburanun = mulšim.maḫ «Евфрат = Ласточка»; (2) egir.meš-tum = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = Евфрат»; (3) астрологическое предсказание (см. a18AL.LIL) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:147, 149, 152; Weidner 1959–60, 107]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tuˆ = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат» [HBA 52:34; Wee 2016, 162–3:34]. MLC 1866. [MU]L.MEŠ ídIDIGNA u ídBURANUNki ina ṣip-ri mulZIB<me> «Звезды Тигр и Евфрат на острие Хвостов» (D i 8) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 35, 39, Section A].

Название появилось достаточно поздно, не ранее начала I тыс. до н.э., поскольку оно отсутствует в Urra XXII.

Cм. также a18AL.LUL, s19SIM.MAḪ.
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]][[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Psc]]

BIR

2026-05-14T12:54:41Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromeda) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 245

Star Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Ea 7) mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mulšudun gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea" (KAV 218 Section II, i 17-18, restored from HS 1897, BM 55502).

Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 192, Ea VI); BM 82923: 16: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu, "''The [Kidney], // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)" [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977<ref name=":15">''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].

Rising and Setting Stars: Horowitz 2014: 161-162 (Rising Month VI, Setting Month XII): Ea: mulBIR/l''Kalītu,'' Anu: mulUGAmušen, Enlil: mulŠU.PA/ mulŠUDUN.
**
| no. (1)
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. </ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the kidney of the Stag: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like) the Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in BM 34713: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam múlbir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15]. see now [Steele 2017, 50 rev. i 15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea,] provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm.]; see [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Puppis [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellanea" above.

(2) = Mercuryː mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquariusː see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eriduː mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yokeː MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fishː see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Clusterː MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury)ː DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars are dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn)ː mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is coming close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn)ː DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn)ː ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands(?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet - the Kidney comes close to it: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month Ululuː DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set timeː BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidneyː [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in month Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidneyː DIŠ MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

BIR

2026-05-14T12:49:54Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

mulBIR (𒀯𒄵), mul''Kalītu(m)'' (𒀯𒅗𒇷𒌅)'','' 'The Kidney,' is the name of an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Puppis]]. A kidney-shaped asterism also occurs in the constellation [[LU.LIM]] = ''lulīmu'', 'The Stag.' Numerous Ancient Mesopotamian clay models of kidneys of sacrifical animals used for divination by diviner-priests (''bārû'') find their place in cuneiform collections around the world.<ref>British Museum: The Liver Tablet (BM 92668) https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1889-0426-238</ref> These provide what must be a view of how the ‘Kidney’-constellation appeared to Ancient Mesopotamain astronomers. Further insight into the shape of the constellation can be gleaned from the identification of the Moon’s phase from the 6th to the 10th of the lunar month as a kidney (''kalītu'').
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Sign-lists demonstrate the reading 'ellag' for BIR (CAD K 74).

* mulellag2 = mulBIR (ELLAG2), "Kidney" in lexical texts and Astrolabes; constellation or star within Poop-Deck ([[Puppis]])
* mulellagx;
* = (mul)''kalītu'' "Kidney" (CAD<ref name=":0">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 74-75, [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux?q=kidney ePSD ellag]);

The term is also equated with MUL.MUL in lexical texts, see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], although MUL.MUL is the standard Sumerian name for the Pleiades. Apparently, some ancient Mesopotamian star-gazers saw a similar cluster in ''lulimmu'', ('The Stag'). A related omen is to be found [[MUL.MUL#Astrology.|sub MUL.MUL (3)]].
* 1) a constellation or star within Puppis (stern, poop deck),
* 2) a star in the constellation LU.LIM "Stag" (Cassiopeia /Andromeda) [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950,<ref name=":2">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 56].

=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mulbir = ''ka-li-tu'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:269′]; for parallels see [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 54:11′; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18 (early Neo-Assyrian parallel to Urra from Assur).
|
|-
| '''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 245

Star Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Ea 7) mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-''it'' mulšudun gub-''zu'' mulbir d''E''2-''a'' "The red star, which at the rising of the south wind, stands before the Yoke (is) The Kidney, Ea" (KAV 218 Section II, i 17-18, restored from HS 1897, BM 55502).

Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 192, Ea VI); BM 82923: 16: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu, "''The [Kidney], // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)" [Horowitz 2014: 141-142, Walker and Hunger 1977<ref name=":15" />, 28, 30:16].

Rising and Setting Stars: Horowitz 2014: 161-162 (Rising Month VI, Setting Month XII): Ea: mulBIR/l''Kalītu,'' Anu: mulUGAmušen, Enlil: mulŠU.PA/ mulŠUDUN.
** <s>(2) List (3´12)</s>: iti<s>kin mul''ka-li-tum šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Month Ululu: The Kidney (in the path of) Ea … " (C i 6); for a parallel see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27].</s>
** <s>(3) List (rising-setting=6months):</s>
*** <s>a) [itiki]n mul''ka-li-tum'' muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ "[Month Ulul]u: Kidney, Raven, Šupa rise" (C 23),</s>
*** <s>b) mul''ka-li-tum'' mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 "(Month Addaru): Kidney, Raven, Šupa set." [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft 33.</ref>, Ch. 5-8].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Month Ululu, stars of Ea: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-''nu''</s>
** <s>"[Kidney] // 180 // Anu, Enlil, Ea, all three(?)". [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref name=":15">''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 28, 30:16].</s>
* <s>BM 34713.</s>
** <s>[it]ikin // 3,[...] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // [...múlmar].gid2.da</s>
** <s>"Month Ululu: // 180? [...] Kidney // 100 Great Twins // [...Wa]gon." [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:6].</s>
| no. (1)
|-
|"<s>'''Catalog of 30 stars.'''"</s>
* <s>Ea 7:</s>
** <s>MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ - error) ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.ULU3 ''.''LU ''a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it'' mul''ni-ri''(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-''zu'' MUL ''šu-u''2 mul[lBIR d''E''2-''a'']</s>
** <s>"The red star which stands where the south wind rises, before the Yoke, this star is ['The Kidney', Ea"] (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27-27a, 31-31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973<ref name=":4">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. </ref>, 246:51a; SpTU III<ref name=":6">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101: 15, 33].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* MUL SA5 ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' BIR mul''lu-lim'' GUB-''zu'' mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E
* "The bright red star which stands in the kidney of the Stag: The Deleter" (I i 34-35) [MA<ref name=":7">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 28].
|no. (2)
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8<ref name=":8">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 325 r. 3, 5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mulbir = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Kidney = Mars"; parallel [Civil 1974<ref>''Civil M.'' Medical Commentaries from Nippur // JNES. 1974. Vol. 33, No 3. P. 329-338.</ref>, 337:21; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9">''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 60];
* (2) 12 stars of Amurru: mulbir;
* (3) description of the phases of the moon:
** 30 ''ina'' igi.lal-''šu''2 ... ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-''mi ka-li-tu''2 d''e''2-''a'' "The Moon at its appearance ... from the 6th day to the 10th day, 5 days, (is like) the Kidney, Ea" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283-4].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* А 3427: ''ina'' itikin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlbir ki.min(= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
* "In the month Ululu, in the morning of the 28th day, the Kidney emits ''mišḫu'' and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":11">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:13],
* parallel in BM 34713: ''ina'' kin ''ina še-rim'' ud 28.kam múlbir ''meš-ḫu im-šuḫ'' ZI [ibid.<ref name=":11" /> 245:15]. see now [Steele 2017, 50 rev. i 15].
|
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
The mythological basis for the name “Kidney” is unclear. On the probable connection of the constellation with the god Ea, see [Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) Ritual against an epidemic: mulBIR [CAD<ref name=":0" /> K, 76b; OECT<ref>''Oxford Edition of Cuneiform Texts''.</ref> 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 158, note 16; TuL<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Tod und Leben nach den Vorstellungen der Babilonier. Berlin-Leipzig, 1931.</ref>, 163, 34:14].
* (2) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes before committing to temple services: MUL.MUL ''ina'' ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ''ina'' GUB3.MU ''i-zi-za'' "O Star Cluster (=Pleiades), stand to my right, O Kidney, stand to my left" [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12">''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum IV // Or. 1970. Vol. 39, Fasc. 1. P. 111-151.</ref>, 124:14; Ebeling 1955<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beschwörungsserie Namburbi // RA. 1955. Vol. 49, № 1, 3. P. 30-41, 138-148.</ref>, 184; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 16].
* (3) Ritual against evil, foreshadowed by "urban cults and sanctuaries": GI.DU8 ''ana'' IGI mulBIR DU "You erect a reed altar before (the constellation) Kidney", LUGAL ŠU-''su ana'' IGI mulBIR "The king (raises) his hand before (the constellation) Kidney " [Caplice 1970<ref name=":12" />, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995<ref name=":9" />, 88].
* (4) Wishes for the well-being of the Assyrian king: [mulBIR d''E''2-''a uz-na p'']''al-ka-a'' <''ina''>! ''nap-ḫar ru-be''2-''e lu-ša''2-''ter''-[''k'']''a'' [...] "[may the 'Kidney', Ea,] provide you with surpassing wide understanding among the rulers [...]." [Watanabe 1991<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. // ASJ. 1991. Vol. 13. P. 347-387.</ref>, 362; 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

==== Symbol. ====
The identification of the Kidney with the convex moon, which did not reach the full moon, suggests that the figure of the constellation resembled the moon in the corresponding phase.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) Star in the Stag constellation: BIR mulLU.LIM "Kidney of the Stag" (MUL.APIN I i 34), see also (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA<ref name=":7" />, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":10" />, 207];

= not defined [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

(2) Constellation:

= Vela [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36-37, Anm. 164]; for a discussion on the difficult problem of the relation between mulELLAG2, mulNUNki and mulŠUDUN see [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 36-37, Anm.]; see [ibid.<ref name=":13" />]; see also (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]];

= part of the constellation Puppis [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

(3) Moon between the 6th and 10th day of the month, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea.”

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see "The Great Star List and Miscellanea" above.

(2) = Mercuryː mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r. 5], see also (8)-(12).

(3) = Mercury in Aquariusː see (8)-(11) below.

(4) = the asterism of Eriduː mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 27a].

(5) = Yokeː MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' ZI IM.ULU3.LU DU-''zu'' mulBIR d''Ni-ru'' d''E''2-''a'' [...] "The star which stands at the rising of the south wind, (is) The Kidney, the Yoke of Ea". [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6].

(6) = Goat-Fishː see (Kurtik s24) [[SUḪUR.MAŠ2|SUḪUR.MAŠ2]], VI 3.

(7) = Star Clusterː MUL.MUL = ''ka-li-tum'' [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 7-9].

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Visibility of the Kidney (=Mercury)ː DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-''ma''>> ''a-dir'' d''E''2-''a'' / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ''ma-diš'' GI6 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''u''2-''tan-na-at-ma'' "If the Kidney, its stars are dark, Ea [...] / If the Kidney is very greenish-yellow, / If the Kidney is very dark, (it means): Mercury is dim in the Giant." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 21:31-34].

(9) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn)ː mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "The Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means:) Mercury in the Giant, is coming close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(10) Kidney (= Mercury) and planet (= Saturn)ː DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ''ina'' mulGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney comes close to a planet: sesame will be normal. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:36-37].

(11) Kidney (= Mercury) and Raven (= Saturn)ː ''šumma'' mulELLAG2 ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-z''[''iz''...] "If the Kidney stands(?) ... towards the Raven." [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:33]; DIŠ ul''ellag''(BIR) ''ana'' ulug5.ga ''i-mid'' še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI [...] "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good, eclipse [...]" [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ''ina'' dGU.LA ''ana'' dSAG.UŠ TE "If the Kidney stops close to the Raven: sesame will be good. (This means): Mercury in the Giant comes close to Saturn." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:39-40].

(12) Planet and Kidney (=Mercury?): DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-''šu'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 "If a planet - the Kidney comes close to it: sesame will prosper" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 246:51a].

(13) Heliacal rising in the month Ululuː DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR (in [Gössmann<ref name=":2" /> 395] erroneously mulTAḪ) IGI-''ir'' GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 "If in the month Ululu the Kidney becomes visible: the plough of the country will prosper." [SAA 8<ref name=":8" />, 325 r.3-4]; for parallels see [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Heliacal risings earlier and later than the set timeː BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' KUR SI.SA2] / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' IGI KI.A [''me-riš'' NU SI.SA2] "If this star rises early: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will prosper]; if this star rises late: [the irrigated cultivated] land [of the country will not prosper]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, X 17].

(15) The Moon and the Kidneyː [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulBIR ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "If in month Nisan the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Kidney (= Mercury or Mars) stands in it..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":14" /> 2, 16:33; CAD<ref name=":0" /> K 76]; see also (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

(16) Pleiades and the Kidneyː DIŠ MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ''ikšud''(KUR-''ud'') ''ina šatti''(MU) ''šiāti''(BI) ''um-mu'' [...] "If the Star Cluster reaches the Kidney: in this year will be heat [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":6" />, 101:15], for a parallel see [Borger 1973<ref name=":4" />, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] "If the Kidney comes close to the Star Cluster: Adad [will devastate]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":14" />, 21:38].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2022, k14)
!
|-
|1) = mulBIR (ELLAG2) «Почка» в лексических текстах и «Астролябиях»; созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), см. b11BIR; 2) = MUL.MUL в лексических текстах, см. m35MUL.MUL.
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulELLAG2, mulELLAGx; = (mul)kalītu «Почка»; 1) созвездие или звезда в пределах Кормы (Puppis), 2) звезда в созвездии LU.LIM «Олень» (β Andromedae) [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 56].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Urra XXII: mulbir = ka-li-tu [MSL XI, 30:26a, 49:63; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:269′]; параллели см. [SpTU I, 54:11′; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430 Rs. 18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа, 180 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): табличка повреждена (B i 17–18); вероятный текст: mul sa5 ša ina zi im.ulu3.lu ana igi-it mulšudun gub-zu mulbir dE2-a «Красная звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра перед Ярмом стоит, Почка, Эа», см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 7, B], а также [BPO 2, III 31, IX 6]. (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin mulka-li-tum šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц улулу: Почка (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 6); параллель см. [BPO 2, III 27]. (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itiki]n mulka-li-tum muluga mulšu.pa ˹e3˺ «[Улул]у: Почка, Ворон, Шупа восходят» (С 23), b) mulka-li-tum mulug5.ga mulšu.pa šu2 «(Аддару): Почка, Ворон, Шупа заходят» [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, Ch. 5–8]. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Эа: mul[BIR] // 3 // d1 d50 d40 x šu2-nu «[Почка] // 180 // Ану, Энлиль, Эа, все трое(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:16]. BM 34713. [it]ikin // 3,[…] múlbir // 1,40 múlmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal // […múlmar].gid2.da «Улулу: // 180? Почка // 100 Большие Близнецы // […Ко]лесница» [LBAT, 1499:6]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 7. MUL SA5 (B: MUL.MEŠ — oшибка) ša i-na ZI IM.ULU3lu a-na mi-iḫ-ri-it mulni-ri(B: ŠUDUN) GUB-zu MUL šu-u2 mu[lBIR dE2-a] «Красная звезда, которая там, где восходит южный ветер, перед Ярмом стоит, эта звезда ‘Почка’, Эа» (A. 8, B. 11) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 27–27a, 31–31a, IX 6, X 17, XI 2, XIII 9, XIV 6; BPO 3 246, K.2346+:38; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′, 25′; Largement 1957, 246:51a; SpTU III, 101: 15, 33]. MUL.APIN. MUL SA5 ne2-bu-u2 ša2 ina BIR mullu-lim GUB-zu mulKA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E «Красная звезда с большим блеском, которая стоит в почке Оленя: Вредитель» (I i 34–35) [MA 28]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 325 r. 3, 5]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulbir = dmin (=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Почка = Марс»; параллель [Civil 1974, 337:21; Reiner 1995, 60]; (2) 12 звезд Амурру: mulbir; (3) описание фаз Луны: 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 … ta ud.6.kam en ud.10.kam 5 ud-mi ka-li-tu2 de2-a «Луна при своем появлении … от 6-го дня до 10-го дня, 5 дней, Почка, Эа» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 106, 217, 281, 283–4]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itikin ina še-rim ud 28 múlbir ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце улулу утром 28-го дня Почка испускают mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:13], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina kin ina še-rim ud 28.kam bir meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid. 245:15].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа названия «Почка» неясна. О вероятной связи созвездия с богом Эа см. [Reiner 1995, 88]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал против эпидемии: mulBIR [CAD K, 76b; OECT 6, 12:14; Horowitz 1993, 158, note 16; TuL, 163, 34:14]. (2) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб: MUL.MUL ina ZAG!.MU MUL.BIR ina GUB3.MU i-zi-za «Звезды (=Плеяды) стоят справа от меня, Почка стоит слева от меня» [Caplice 1970, 124:14; Ebeling 1955, 184; Reiner 1995, 16]. (3) Ритуал против зла, предвещаемого «городским культом и святилищем»: GI.DU8 ana IGI mulBIR DU «Ты воздвигаешь тростниковый алтарь перед (созвездием) Почка», LUGAL ŠU-su ana IGI mulBIR «Царь руку свою перед (созвездием) Почка (воздевает)» [Caplice 1970, 133:12, 14; Reiner 1995, 88]. (4) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulBIR dE2-a uz-na p]al-ka-a <ina>! nap-ḫar ru-be2-e lu-ša2-ter-[k]a […] «[‘Почка’, Эа, да превзойдет разум об]ширный (твой) всех правителей […]» [Watanabe 1991, 362; 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 9].

III. Символ.

Отождествление Почки с выпуклой Луной, не достигшей полнолуния, позволяет предположить, что фигура созвездия напоминала Луну в соответствующей фазе.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Звезда в созвездии Олень: BIR mulLU.LIM «Почка Оленя» (MUL.APIN I i 34), см. также L09LU.LIM.

= Canopus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 75];

= β Andromedae [MA, 28, 138];

= Canopus [Mesop.Astrol., 207];

= не определено [ASM, 273].

(2) Созвездие:

= Vela [Gössmann 1950, 46];

= ζ+ Puppis [BPO 2, 11];

= γδκλ Velorum + ει Carinae [Koch 1989, 36–37, Anm. 164]; обсуждение сложной проблемы о соотношении mulELLAG2, mulNUNki и mulŠUDUN см. [ibid.], см. также n50NUNki;

= часть созвездия Корма [Horowitz 2014, 245].

(3) Луна в промежутке от 6-го до 10-го дня месяца, см. «Большой список звезд».

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. выше «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Меркурий; mulBIR = dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD [SAA 8, 325 r. 5], см. также (8)–(12).

(3) = Меркурий в Водолее; см. ниже (8)–(11).

(4) = звезда Эриду; mulBIR = mulNUNki [BPO 2, III 27a].

(5) = Ярмо; MUL ša2 ina ZI IM.Ux.LU DU-zu mulBIR dNi-ru dE2-a […] «Звезда, которая при восходе южного ветра стоит, Почка, Ярмо Эа» [BPO 2, IX 6].

(6) = Коза-Рыба; см. s24SUḪUR.MAŠ2, VI 3.

(7) = Звезды; MUL.MUL = ka-li-tum [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 7–9].

Предсказания:

(8) Видимость Почки (=Меркурий); DIŠ mulBIR MUL BI<<-ma>> a-dir dE2-a / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš SIG7 / DIŠ mulBIR ma-diš GI6 / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA u2-tan-na-at-ma «Если Почка, звезда эта стала темной, Эа […] / Если Почка очень зеленовато-желтая, / Если Почка очень темная, (это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, тусклый» [ACh Ištar, 21:31–34].

(9) Почка(=Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане, к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(10) Почка (= Меркурий) и планета(= Сатурн); DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.[SA2] / dGU4.UD ina mulGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка к планете приближается: сезам будет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в Великане к Сатурну приближается» [ACh Ištar, 21:36–37].

(11) Почка (= Меркурий) и Ворон (= Сатурн); šumma mulELLAG2 ana mulUGAmušen i-z[iz…] «Если Почка у Ворона стоит(?)…» [SpTU III, 101:33]; DIŠ ulellagx(BIR) ana ulug5.ga i-mid še.giš.i3 sig5 AN.MI […] «Если Почка останавливается близко от Ворона: сезам будет хорошим, затмение […]» [Borger 1973, 41:25′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SIG5 / dGU4.UD ina dGU.LA ana dSAG.UŠ TE «Если Почка стоит вблизи Ворона: сезам будет хорошим. (Это означает): Меркурий, находящийся в Великане к Сатурну подходит» [ACh Ištar, 21:39–40].

(12) Планета и Почка(=Меркурий?); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulBIR TE-šu ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если планета приближается к Почке: сезам будет нормальным» [Largement 1957, 246:51a].

(13) Гелиакический восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR (в [Gössmann 1950, 395] ошибочно mulTAḪ) IGI-ir GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 «Если в месяце улулу Почка становится видна: плуг страны будет благоденствовать» [SAA 8, 325 r.3–4]; параллели см. [BPO 2, IX 6, XIII 9, XIV 6].

(14) Гелиакический восход раньше и позже установленного времени; BE-ma MUL BI NIM-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš KUR SI.SA2] / BE-ma MUL BI UD.ZAL-ma IGI KI.A [me-riš NU SI.SA2] «Если эта звезда восходит рано: [обработанная] земля [страны будет процветать]; если эта звезда восходит поздно: [обработанная] земля [страны не будет процветать]» [BPO 2, IX 6], см. также [ibid,. X 17].

(15) Луна и Почка; [DIŠ] 30 ina itiBAR2 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulBIR ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «Если в месяце нисану Луна окружена гало и Почка (= Меркурий или Марс) в нем стоит…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 16:33; CAD K 76]; cм. также m35MUL.MUL.

(16) Плеяды и Почка; šumma(DIŠ) MUL.MUL mulELLAG2 ikšud(KUR)ud ina šatti(MU) šiāti(BI) um-mu […] «Если Звезды достигают Почки: в этом году будет зной […]» [SpTU III, 101:15], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 40: r. 3′]; DIŠ mulBIR ana MUL.MUL TE dIM [RA] «Если Почка к Звездам приближается: Адад [пожрет]» [ACh Ištar, 21:38].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

BI.GIR3

2026-05-14T12:38:57Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:ulBI.GIR3}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
ulBI.GIR3 (𒌌𒁉𒄊) is the published reading of what may be a name for an asterism on a late-period astronomical/astrological drawing from Uruk.

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
[[File:Texte astronomique seleucide.jpg|alt=photograph of clay tablet|thumb|Astronomical text - Seleucid period (330 BC - 138 BC) - Uruk (Warka). Contains astrological omens of a horoscopic type: some based on the birth of an individual and determining his future life; others relating to state affairs. (image from wikiCommons)]]
ulBI.GIR3 is the currently accepted reading for an asterism in the circular diagram on the reverse of O. [TCL<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref> 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 224-226].

Photographs of the obverse and reverse of TCL 6 13 (O 176) in the ''Musées royaux d’art et d’histoire'' (Brussels) are available in Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: pl. XXVIII-XXIX.

The photographs (right) cannot confirm the reading given by Rochberg-Halton on the basis of the handcopy TCL 6 13. It is not completely certain that this is a star-name.

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, b09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| название созвездия (звезды?) в круглой диаграмме [TCL 6, 13 i; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 224–226]. || Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

BALUM

2026-05-14T12:31:26Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Balû(m)''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Mars im Bienenschwarm 2x 1551pxl.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Mars in the Praesepe Star Cluster in Cancer, photographs by Susanne M Hoffmann 2023]]
The Mesopotamian term ''mulBalu(m)'' (𒀯𒁀𒈝) in Akkadian is a name of [[:Category:Mars|Mars]] in the Great Star List and the lexical tradition. The name also occurs as an asterism in the vicinity of the [[Pleiades]], replacing the name of [[Orion]] (i.e. east of the Pleiades) in two parallels to the Hilprecht Text (HS 245) from Assurbanipal's library. See [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 234]. This could have been understood as Mars in Orion.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Mars}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant readings:

* ''bālu'',
* ''balû,''
* ''ballu?''
* ''ballû?''

The variant writings of the name indicate uncertainties about its origin and identification.

An Akkadian parallel to mulNU.ME.A, "(Asterism) of Oblivion", lit. "having no me".

Variant designations:

* 1) an epithet of Mars reflecting its nihilistic character as it was perceived in Mesopotamian astrology,
* 2) a constellation (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 304; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 100; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 70; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Ḫg. B VI (in the list of Mars names):
** mulnu.me.a = ''ba-lum'' = min (= d''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu'']) "Oblivion = lack (absence, lit. ʻ withoutʼ) = ditto (=Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:31].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* Commentary:
** d''ši''2-''mut'' mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu ša''2-''niš'' d''ba-lu šal-š''[''iš''] mulud.ka.duḫ.a
** "Šimut, (first,) Mars, secondly, Balu, thirdly, Demon with the Gaping Mouth." [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 7:9; Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>, 353];
** ''ba-lum'' and d''ba-lu'' are probably one name.

In another context (in an incantation) d''ba-a-lum'' / ''bal-li'' apparently denotes a constellation close to the Pleiades (possibly Orion):

* ''ina bi-rit'' d''Za-ap-pi u'' d''Ba-a-lum'' (var. ''bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 51, 202 col. iv 5])
* "Between the Pleiades and Balu" (referring to the position of Venus), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 74], see also [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245; Stol 1989, 262], cf. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
|-
|'''Hilprecht Text HS 245'''
* Neo-Assyrian parallels Sm. 162 and Sm 1113 [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref> 233-234]
* A name of an asterism after the Pleiades, occurs at the place of SIPA.ZI.AN.NA,

This replaces the earlier idea in Horowitz (1993) quoted in Kurtik's work that the term relates to Taurus.
|
|}
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a24 & b05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
==== Kurtik (a24) ''Alû'' ====
= «Бык», редко используемая аккадская параллель к mulGU4.AN.NA «Небесный Бык». Встречается только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 162 rev. 4: …mu]l''a-li'' [Horowitz 1993, 154–156].
|no entry
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b05) Bālu(m) ====
аккадская параллель к mulNU.ME.A, «(Звезда) небытия», букв. «не имеющая ме»; 1) эпитет Марса, отражающий его нигилистический характер, как он воспринимался в месопотамской астрологии, 2) созвездие (?) [Gössmann 1950, 304; AHw, 100; CAD B, 70; Reynolds 1998, 353].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Cерия Ḫg. B VI (в списке имен Марса): mulnu.me.a = ba-lum = min(=dṣal-[bat-a-nu]) «Небытие = недостаток (отсутствие, букв. ʻбезʼ) = ditto (=Марс)» [MSL XI, 40:31]. EAE. Комментарий: dši2-mut mulṣal-bat-a-nu ša2-niš dba-lu šal-m[u] mulud.ka.duḫ.a «Шимут, (во-первых,) Марс, во-вторых, Балу, в третьих, Демон с Разинутой Пастью» [ACh Suppl., 7:9; Reynolds 1998, 353]; ba-lum и dba-lu, вероятно, одно название.

В другом контексте (в заклинании) dba-а-lum / bal-li обозначает, по-видимому, созвездие, находящееся вблизи Плеяд (возможно, Орион): ina bi-rit dZa-ap-pi u dBa-a-lum (вар. bi-rit zap-pi u bal-li [CT 51, 202 col. iv 5]) «Между Плеядами и Балу» (речь идет о положении Венеры), цит. по [CAD B, 74], см. также [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Horowitz 2014, 245; Stol 1989, 262], ср. [Krebernik 1995, 366b].
|
==== Gössmann (304) mulNU.ME.A ====
Akk. etwa ''kakkabu la hasû''. der nicht seiende Stern = Mars, II R 49 Nr 3, 71: mulNU·ME·A | ba-lum | (=ilṣal-bat-a-nu).
|-
|
==== Kurtik (b01) BA.LIM is a misreading ====
dBA-LIM(?); название содержится только в новоассирийском тексте Sm. 1113:6′ (см. a33AN.TA.GUB) как аккадская параллель к mulSIPA.AN.NA [Weidner 1957–1958, 393–4]. Смысл названия остается неясным; обсуждение проблемы см. [Horowitz 1993, 152, note 6; Reynolds 1998, 353]
|no entry
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mars]]

BAL.TEŠ2.A

2026-05-14T12:05:37Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism described as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
(MUL.)BAL.TEŠ2.A (𒀯𒁄𒌨𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the area of [[Corona Borealis]]. This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and as a palace goddess in lists of other female astral deities in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref name=":0" /> 224), and parallels. A name for the circle consisting of 9 stars in this asterism is [[GAM-ti]] = ''kippatum'' 'circle.'
{{DISPLAYTITLE:(mul)BAL.TEŠ2.A}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note on BAL.TÉŠ.A = ''bāltu'' < ''bāštu'' “dignity”: <blockquote>The spelling can be analysed as TÉŠ.A = ''bāš/ltu'' with the preceding BAL functioning as a phonetic indicator (balTÉŠ.A). mulBAL.TÉŠ.A.</blockquote>'''Var. readings:'''
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = ''kakkab bālti'' "Asterism of Dignity". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 112; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44; Labat<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref> 1976, 45];
* ''kakkab balti(m)''
* ''baštu''

A group of stars in [[Corona Borealis]] (Northern Crown).

This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and in a list of six astral palace goddesses in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref name=":0">''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.</ref> 224).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 14):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2
** "The star which stands behind it: the Star of Dignity, the minister of Tišpak" (I i 14).
** counting:<ref name=":1" /> Enlil 15 right (EN 15r)
* (2) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A
** "the Star of Dignity, the Standing Gods, the Dog" (I iv 4) [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 22, 58].
|[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* List of names of Mars:
** mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'')
** "Balteša = Mars". [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:104].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:10, 45.'''
* (1) mul bal.teš2.a = d''Na-na-a'';
* (2) mul bal.teš2.a = ''kak-kab bal-tum.''

See also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51-2:10, 45; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:10, 45]; parallel in the prayer lists during the New Year festivals in Babylonian: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul ''bal-tu''2 [RAcc<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. For a list of the "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''The lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* mulBAL.TEŠ2.A in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars in MUL.APIN; this seems to correspond to mulGAM-''ti'' (=''kippatu'' "circle, ring") (AO 6478:3), [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 142].
* The number of stars in the constellation, according to VAT 16436:20, is 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88]). Apparently, mul''kip-pat'' and mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — two different designations of the same stellar configuration, cf. [ibid.<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 269-270].
|[[Corona Borealis]][[File:AlRawi planisphere CrB.jpg|thumb|CrB on the Sippar planisphere (al-Rawi 2001)<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, referred to as "kippatu". ]]
|}
[[File:BALTESA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 151500.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside BAL.TEŠ2.A (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alphecca]]
|HIP 76267
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.24
|-
|2
|[[Nusakan]]
|HIP 75695
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.68
|-
|3
|* gam CrB A
| HIP 76952
|Constellation lines
|4.05
|-
|4
|θ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|5
|ϵ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78159
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|6
|* tet CrB A
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.3
|-
| 7
|δ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 77512
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.63
|-
|8
|ι Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78493
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.971
|-
|9
|* gam CrB B
|HIP 76952
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.56
|-
|10
|R CrB
|HIP 77442
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|11
|* tet CrB B
| HIP 76127
| Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 76456
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name is always written without the determinative d, but on the New Year's eve in Babylon it is addressed as a goddess, see above; probably, it is one of the names of Venus [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 139]. The connection with Venus is also indicated by the identification with Nanaya, see above, also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 385-386; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>]. The definition of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A as "messenger of Tišpak" in MUL.APIN is difficult to explain.

==== Symbol. ====
The comparison of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A with ''kippatu'' "circle, ring", allows and suggests that the symbol of the constellation mulBAL.TEŠ2.A was a ring-shaped object correspondingly located upon the modern Corona Borealis (?).

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Corona Borealis, especially in [[Alphecca]] (Gemma) [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394.</ref>, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea."

(2) = Venus, see above.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Balteša and Scorpiusː DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL d''Tišpak ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE... "If Balteša (=Mars?), messenger of Tišpak, comes close to Scorpius: within the span of 3 years, there will be severe cold, cough and phlegm will afflict the country" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = kakkab bālti «Звезда Достоинство» [AHw, 112; Gössmann 1950, 44; Labat 1976, 45]; группа звезд в Cеверной Короне (Corona Borealis) (?).
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 11d]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 14): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2 «Звезда, которая позади него (= Шупа) стоит: Балтеша, посланник Тишпака» (I i 14), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:3′]. (2) Cписок ziqpu-звезд: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger-Steele 2019, 22, 58]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Балтеша = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:104]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:10, 45. (1) mul bal.teš2.a = dNa-na-a; (2) mul bal.teš2.a = kak-kab bal-tum, см. также [HBA 51–2:10, 45; Wee 2016, 162–3:10, 45]; параллель в списке молитв в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul bal-tu2 [RАcc. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02[[A.EDIN]]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. mulBAL.TEŠ2.A в списке ziqpu-звезд в MUL.APIN соответствует, по-видимому, mulGAM-ti (=kippati «круг, кольцо») (AO 6478:3), обычно отождествляемому с α Coronae Borealis (=Гемма) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Steele 2019, 142]. Число звезд в созвездии, согласно VAT 16436:20, равно 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88]). По-видимому, mulkip-pat и mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — два разных обозначения одной и той же звездной конфигурации, см. [ibid., 269–270].

II. Божество.

Название всегда пишется без детерминатива d, однако в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне к нему обращаются как к богине, см. выше; возможно это одно из имен Венеры [Reiner 1995, 139]. На связь с Венерой указывает также отождествление с Нанайей, см. выше, а также [Tallqvist 1938, 385–386; Heimpel 1982]. Определение mulBAL.TEŠ2.A как «посланника Тишпака», принятое в MUL.APIN, объяснить трудно.

III. Символ.

Сопоставление mulBAL.TEŠ2.A и kippatu «круг, кольцо» позволяет предположить, что символом созвездия mulBAL.TEŠ2.A был кольцеобразный объект, расположенный на месте современной Corona Borealis (?).

IV. Отождествление.

= Corona Borealis, в особенности Гемма [Gössmann 1950, 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957–1959, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [МА, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271–272].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс, см. «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Венера, см. выше.

Предсказания:

(3) Балтеша и Скорпион; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dTišpak ana mulGIR2.TAB TE… «Если Балтеша (=Марс?), посланник Тишпака, к Скорпиону приближается: в течение 3 лет будут сильные холода, кашель и мокрота поразят страну» [BPO 2, III 11d + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CrB]]

GAM-ti

2026-05-14T12:02:05Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAM, ''kippatu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele.jpg|thumb|Ancient Near Eastern Art The Ur-Nammu Stele, God of Ur with Enlil & Tree of Life, c. 2060 BCE.]]
[[File:Enlil withDignitySymbol.jpg|thumb|Enlil with Ring+Rod-symbol of dignity, painted by Jessica Gullberg. It is well possible that Enlil was imagined in the constellation that later became the Greek "Ploughman", Bootes, and that CrB was imagined the ring+rod emblem (SMH).]]
GAM (𒃵) = ''kippatu'' (𒄒𒉺𒀜), 'The Circle'. An astermism whose literal name in Sumerian and Akkadian is 'The circle.' It is also used as an alternative name for [[Corona Borealis]] (also called "asterism of dignity"), (Kurtik b03) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]], perhaps in reference to the circular element at the constellations bottom edge. Lexical evidence suggests that the Sumerian reading for this meaning of the sign GAM is gur2. Writings of the asterism's name GAM-''ti'' add the phonetic complement 'ti' to assure the Akkadian ''kippatu''. This asterism is said to have 9 stars in the ''ziqpu''-star texts.

The image intended by the name 'The Circle' matches pictorial evidence for 'the rod and ring' in Mesopotamian art. See e.g. most recently Abrahm 2011<ref>M Abram (2011). A New Look at the Mesopotamian Rod and Ring. Studia Antiqua, Volume 10 Number 1 Article 5, BYU ScholarsArchive <nowiki>https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu</nowiki></ref> and Slansky<ref>Slanski, “The Mesopotamian 'Rod and Ring': Icon of Righteous Kingship and Balance of Power between Palace and Temple,” in Regime Change in the Ancient Near.</ref> what ever year it is.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism The Circle, Dignity, GAM/ GAM-''ti.'' In Stellarium painted as a horncrown of Babylonian deities by Jessica Gullberg.]]The translation ''<nowiki/>'ring''' is occasionally given but we find it inappropriate. ''kippatu'' in CAD K with jewelry but a loop is good - lets look at scepter and loops in art

Var. names:

* GAM;
* = mul''kippatu'' "Ring, Circle";

Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Gemma),
* 2) a group of stars in Corona Borealis [Gossmann 1950, 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1">Schaumberger J. Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Three Stars Each.'''
Text Nv. 10. Intercalation scheme:

* ˹''kip-pat''˺ as asterism of Anu — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Tebet, see (Kurtik d05) ''[[Dilbat]]'' 1502.
* dPA ''u'' dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | ''kip''!-''pat''! ''ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "Šullat and Haniš - (asterism) Antagubba. The ring culminates 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>Donbaz V., Koch J. Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46].

Observations during the time of Sargon II:

* ''ina'' U[GU] / mul''kip-pi-te u''2-''s''[''ar-ri''] / ''ina'' UGU MUL ''taš-ka-''[''a-ti''] / [''i'']''t-tu-u''2-''aḫ'' [xx]
* "(The storm) beg[an] (during the culmination) of the Ring and [su]bsided (when the stars of the) Tripl[ets] (culminated)". [Lanfranchi and Parpola 1990<ref>Lanfranchi G.B., Parpola S. The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part II. Helsinki University Press, 1990 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. V).</ref>, 249:12ʹ-15ʹ].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ ''i-na qaq-qa-ri'' | 21 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' DAN[NA ''i-na šamê''(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN. ANŠE EGIR-''ti'' | EN m[ulGAM-''ti''] "2 mina weight, 12 UŠ on the ground, 21600 miles in the sky / From the Hind section of the Rope to the Ri[ng]",
** (b) 2½ MA. NA MIN | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN (=''ina qaqqari'') | 27 ''lim'' DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA mulGAM-''ti'' | EN MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'' "2½ mina weight, ½ ''bēru'' on earth, 27000 miles in the sky, from the Ring to the star from the Twins" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7-10; TU, 21:7-10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436: múl''kip-pat'' // 9 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "ring // 9 (stars) / 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":1" />, 226-227:20].
* (3) Sippar Planisphere:
** a) 12 UŠ ''ana'' [mulGAM-''ti''] "12 UŠ to the [Ring]" (rev. 3),
** b) mul[GAM-''t'']''i'' "[Rin]g," a circle of 9 points in the diagram (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:3, 176-178].
|[[File:AlRawi planisphere CrB.jpg|thumb|CrB on the Sippar planisphere (al-Rawi 2001), referred to as "kippatu".]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (P) ˹mul˺''kip-pat'' kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu
* "Ring (ziqpu III: α CrB), or eye of Zababa (η Oph), Šarur (and) Šargaz (λ, υ Sco)=: string" [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2" />, BM 78161:26]; according to [Koch 1992, 59], igi mul''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 is υ Oph.
|[[File:TheCircle Dignity BabAsterism.jpg|thumb|The Mesopotamian asterism of Dignity/ The Circle, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021). ]]
|-
|'''Calendar of daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-star.'''
See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":1" />, 247-251].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) A[N...]/ 3 KUŠ3 SIG ''kip-pat'' IGI "Mars appeared 3 cubits below the Ring" [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3">Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991</ref> II, No.-234: 7-9].
* (2) When describing the motion of comets: KUŠ3? ''e'' ''kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu''2 ''ana'' ULU3 "...cubits? above the Ring, its tail to the south". [Sachs & Hunger Diaries<ref name=":3" /> III, No.-162 r. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
W 22554/2

* ''ki-i'' múl''kip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''u''2-''ša''[''r-r'']''u''-''u''2
* "If the Ring culminates (and) the lunar eclipse should begin..." [SpTU III, 102:18]. See also U.197 obv. 5': múl''kip-pat'' [...] [Sachs 1952<ref>Sachs A. Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Constellation:

= α, β [[Corona Borealis|Coronae Borealis]] [G. 65];

= stars with great brilliance in the western part of the Northern Corona; according to VAT 16436:3, contains 9 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; it is α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, according to [ASM<ref name=":0">Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88].

= [[Corona Borealis]] [ASM<ref name=":0" />, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref name=":2">Pingree D., Walker C. A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 313-322.</ref>, 321; Koch 1992<ref>Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 59; ASM<ref name=":0" />, 86].

See also (Kurtik b02) [[BAL.TEŠ2.A|BAL.TEŠ2.A]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, g05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. названия: GAM; = mulkippatu «Кольцо, Круг»; 1) = ziqpu III (α Coronae Borealis, Гемма), 2) группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis) [G. 65; AHw, 483a; Schaumberger 1952].
I. Источники.

Наблюдение времен Саргона II: ina U[GU] / mulkip-pi-te u2-s[ar-ri] / ina UGU MUL taš-ka-[a-ti] / [i]t-tu-u2-aḫ [xx] «(Шторм) нач[ался] (во время кульминации) Кольца и [у]тих (когда кульминировали звезды) Трой[ни]» [Lanfranchi–Parpola 1990, 249:12ʹ–15ʹ]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 2 MA.NA KI.LA2 | 12 UŠ i-na qaq-qa-ri | 21 IGI 6 ME DAN[NA i-na šamê(AN)e | TA mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti | EN m[ulGAM-ti] «2 мины веса, 120 на земле, 21600 миль на небе / От Задней части Упряжи до Ко[льцa]», b) 2½ MA.NA MIN | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN (=ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA mulGAM-ti | EN MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «2½ мины веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль на небе от Кольца до звезды из Пары» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:7–10; TU, 21:7–10; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16436: múlkip-pat // 9 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Кольцо // 9 (звезд) / 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:20]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: a) 12 UŠ ana [mulGAM-ti] «120 до [Кольца]» (rev. 3), b) mul[GAM-t]i «[Кольц]о», на диаграмме кружочек из 9 точек (obv., Segment 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:3, 176–178]. GU-текст. (P) ˹mul˺kip-pat kimin igi mulza.ba4.ba4 dšar2.ur dšar2.gaz gu «Кольцо (ziqpu III: α CrB), или глаз Забабы (η Oph), Шарур (и) Шаргаз (λ, υ Sco): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:26]; cогласно [Koch 1992, 59], igi mulZa-ba4-ba4 — υ Oph. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) A[N...] / 3 KUŠ3 SIG kip-pat IGI «Марс появился на 3 локтя ниже Кольца» [AD II, No.-234: 7–9]. (2) При описании движения кометы: KUŠ? e kip-pat mi-šiḫ-šu2 ana ULU3 «…локтей? выше Кольца, ее хвост к югу» [AD III, No.-162 r. 9]. Текст Nv. 10. Интеркаляционная схема: ˹kip-pat˺ как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце тебету, см. d05DIL.BAT 1502. dPA u dLUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB.BA | kip!-pat! ana ziq-pi 30 […] «Шуллат и Ханиш — (звезда) Антагубба. Кольцо кульминирует 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 10, ii 9' + Anm. 46]. Поздняя астрология. W 22554/2: ki-i múlkip-pat a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu dSîn(30) attalû(AN.GI6) u2-ša[r-r]u-u2 «Если Кольцо кульминирует (и) лунное затмение должно начаться...» [SpTU III, 102:18]. См. также U.197 obv. 5': múlkip-pat […] [Sachs 1952, 74].

II. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= α, β Coronae Borealis [G. 65];

= звезды с большим блеском в западной части Северной Короны; согласно VAT 16436:3, содержит 9 звезд [Schaumberger 1952, 219]; это α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB, согласно [ASM, 88].

= Corona Borealis [ASM, 271].

Ziqpu III:

= α Coronae Borealis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 321; Koch 1992, 59; ASM, 86].

См. также b02BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, k19)
|
|-
|= mulGAM-ti «Кольцо, круг»; = ziqpu III, группа звезд в Северной Короне (Corona Borealis); см. g05GAM-ti, b03BAL.TEŠ2.A.
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:CrB]]

AŠ.ME

2026-05-14T11:54:25Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:084 Sun setting in the Namib desert Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|thumb|sun above the desert (CC BY Giles Laurent)]]
AŠ.ME (𒀸𒈨) is a name for the Sun as the solar disk, and in the context of daytime halo phenomena such as sundogs and nightime halo phenomena such as moondogs, or perhaps even observed examples of the countersun.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''šamšatu,''

* 1) solar disk, the Sun,
* 2) Sundog (parhelion),
* 3) Moondog (paraselene),
* 4) Saturn, which was considered the Star of the Sun.

The term was used mainly in the EAE series texts. When the solar disk was meant directly, the expression AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = ''šamšatu kajamāntu'' (or ''kajāntu'') or AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''ginâ'' was used, probably meaning "normal solar disk". [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332-334].
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Tablet 24 I-III, passim; 25 I 18-19].
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 337b].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Astrology. ====
(1) The solar disk; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' IGI.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''kat''3-''mu-ma'' IM.ULU3.LU ''rak-bat'' ... "If the eyes of the normal solar disk are closed and it rides the south wind: locusts will devastate the country, variant: the country will commit sin" [van Soldt 1995, 18, Tablet 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ša''2 ''gi-na-a'' ŠE.ER.ZI-''ša''2 ''ma-aq-tu''4 ... "If the shining of the normal solar disk is diminished [van Soldt 1995, 20-21, Tablet 24 I 14].

(2) Parhelion: DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... "If a normal sun disk is present and one disk stands to the right (and) one disk to the left ... [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-''ma'' 1 AŠ. ME ''ina'' GUB3 GUB ... 'If a normal sun disk is present and one disk stands on the left side [van Soldt 1995, 29, Tablet 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-''nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u'' GUB.MEŠ-''za'' ... "If two disks rise, and they linger, standing for some time ... [van Soldt 1995, 30, Tablet 24 III 37]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-''tum'' E3.MEŠ-''ni'' LUGAL URI.KI BE "If on the 1st of Nisan, 2 sun disks come up: the king of Akkad will die" [van Soldt 1995, 32, Tablet 24 III 45].

(3) Paraselene: DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' GE6 KUR-''ma'' GUB SAG.DU 20 ''i-qal-lil'' KI.MIN KUR ''i-ḫa''[''d-du''] .... "If the disk of the sun rises during the night and stands: the king will be despised, alternatively: the country will become joyous ..." [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' KUR-''šu''2 ''ina'' A2 30 GUB... "If a solar disk, during its rising, stands at the side of the moon ..." [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 297:3-7, 426 r. 6-7, 431: 1-5; 501:4′-6′, 521:4-5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Tablet 24 II b]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ''u'' 30 ''šu-ta-tu-u'' / LUGAL KUR ''uz-nu u''2-''rap-pa-aš''2 "If a solar disk and the moon (are) in opposition: the king of the country will expand his understanding" [SAA 8, 95:6-7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Tablet 24 II d]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME ''a-pir ina'' ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ''ša''3 ŠA3-''ši-na'' NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] "If (the moon) wears the sun's crown: in this month pregnant women will give birth to boys." [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ''ina'' EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-''ma ana'' IGI-''ša''2 dNIN.URTA GUB... "If a disk ascends during the evening watch and Ninurta (=Mercury) stands before it" [van Soldt 1995, 26, Tablet 24 III 21]; [DIŠ AŠ.ME ''i'']''na'' KUR-˹''ša''2˺ ''ina'' Š[A3-''š'']''a''2 mul''Dil-bat'' ˹GUB˺ ... "[If a disk] rises (and) Venus stands in[side i]t [van Soldt 1995, 23, Tablet 24 III 5].

(4) Saturn; DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-''nu'' 30 KI.TA-''nu'' 30 GUB-''iz'' / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA ''i-ka-na'' / LUGAL KUR ''ina kit-ti-šu''2 GUB-''az'' "If a solar disk (=Saturn) stands above the moon (or) below the moon: the foundations of the throne will become stable; the king of the country will be committed to truth" [SAA 8, 95:3-5; 297:3-7], it is clear from the context of the report that AŠ.ME in this case denotes Saturn, see also [Brown 2000, 58].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a49)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= šamšatu, 1) солнечный диск, Солнце, 2) ложное Солнце (парагелий, parhelion), 3) ложная Луна (параселена, paraselene), 4) Сатурн, который считался Звездой Солнца. Термин использовался главным образом в текстах серии ЕАЕ. Когда имелся в виду солнечный диск непосредственно, употреблялось выражение AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ = šamšatu kajamātu (или kajāntu) или AŠ.ME ša2 ginâ, вероятное значение «нормальный солнечный диск» [AHw, 1158b; CAD Š/1, 332–334].||Example
|-
|ЕАЕ. См. [Verderame 2002, 239; van Soldt 1995, Table 24 I–III, passim; 25 I 18–19]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 337b].
II. Астрология.

(1) Солнечный диск; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a IGI.MEŠ-šu2 kat3-mu-ma IM.Ux.LU rak-bat … «Если глаза нормального солнечного диска закрыты и южный ветер дует: саранча опустошит страну, вариант: страна совершит грех» [van Soldt 1995, 18, Table 24 I 2]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ša2 gi-na-a ŠE.ER.ZI-ša2 ma-aq-tu4 … «Если сияние нормального солнечного диска уменьшилось: зловещие предзнаменования будут в стране и боги прогневаются; в стране будет голод, вариант: в стране будет эпидемия» [van Soldt 1995, 20–21, Table 24 I 14].

(2) Парагелий; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina ZAG 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск справа (и) один диск слева (от него) стоят … [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 29]; DIŠ AŠ.ME SAG.UŠ GUB-ma 1 AŠ.ME ina GUB3 GUB … «Если нормальный солнечный диск присутствует и один диск слева (от него) стоит: с престола своими верными войсками царь Амурру будет низвергнут, вариант: он возьмет трон» [van Soldt 1995, 29, Table 24 III 31]; DIŠ 2 AŠ.ME KUR.MEŠ-nim-ma uš-tab-ra-a u GUB.MEŠ-za BAD3.MEŠ… «Eсли два диска восходят, задерживаются и стоят некоторое время: стены заброшенного города будут восстановлены, рассеянные люди соберутся вместе» [van Soldt 1995, 30, Table 24 III 37]; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 UD.1.KAM 2 AŠ.ME-tum E3.MEŠ-ni LUGAL URI.KI BE «Если 1-го нисану 2 диска появляются: царь Аккада умрет» [van Soldt 1995, 32, Table 24 III 45].

(3) Параселена; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina GE6 KUR-ma GUB SAG.DU 20 i-qal-lil u3 KUR i-ḫa[d-du] …. «Если солнечный диск в ночи вспыхивает (и) стоит: царская голова умалится и страна испытает голод…» [ACh Šamaš, 4:13; CAD Š/1, 334a]; DIŠ AŠ.ME ina KUR-šu2 ina A2 30 GUB… «Если солнечный диск при восходе своем на стороне Луны стоит…» [ACh Suppl.2, 33:2; CAD Š/1, 334b]; [DIŠ] AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ GIŠ.GU.ZA i-ka-na / LIGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «[Если] солнечный диск стоит выше Луны, вариант: ниже Луны: основание трона укрепится; царь страны в своей правде пребудет» [SAA 8, 95:3-5]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 297:3–7, 426 r. 6–7, 431: 1–5; 501:4′–6′, 521:4–5; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II b1]; DIŠ AŠ.ME u 30 šu-ta-tu-u / LUGAL KUR uz-nu u2-rap-pa-aš2 «Если солнечный диск и Луна (находятся) в оппозиции: царь страны понимание свое расширит» [SAA 8, 95:6–7; van Soldt 1995, 22, Table 24 II d3]; DIŠ AGA AŠ.ME a-pir ina ITI BI SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ ša3 ŠA3-ši-na NITA.MEŠ U3.[TU.MEŠ] «Если (Луна) корону Солнца одевает: в этом месяце беременные женщины мальчиков будут рожать» [Verderame 2002, 83, III c:ver. 15′]; ˹DIŠ AŠ.ME ina EN.˺NUN dUSAN KUR-ma ana IGI-ša2 dNIN.URTA GUB… «Если диск в вечернюю стражу восходит и Нинурта (=Меркурий) стоит перед ним: растительность высохнет, страну постигнет горе» [van Soldt 1995, 26, Table 24 III 21]. [DIŠ AŠ.ME i]na KUR-˹ša2˺ ina Š[A3-š]a2 mulDil-bat ˹GUB˺ … «[Если диск] восходит (и) вну[три не]го Венера стоит: царь призовет (своих подданных) к ответу в борьбе» [van Soldt 1995, 23, Table 24 III 5].

(4) Сатурн; DIŠ AŠ.ME AN.TA-nu 30 KI.TA-nu 30 GUB-iz / SUḪUŠ gišGU.ZA i-ka-na / LUGAL KUR ina kit-ti-šu2 GUB-az «Если солнечный диск (=Сатурн) стоит выше Луны (или) ниже Луны: основания трона будут прочными; царь страны будет привержен правде (и справедливости)» [SAA 8, 95:3–5; 297:3–7], из контекста рапорта ясно, что AŠ.ME в данном случае обозначает Сатурн, см. также [Brown 2000, 58].

Другие примеры см. [CAD Š/2, šamšatu].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:Sun]]

APIN

2026-05-14T11:40:34Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:mulAPIN}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulAPIN (𒀯𒀳; or mul gišAPIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg|thumb|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
'''Var.:'''

*mulAPIN
*mul gišAPIN (The double determinative MUL.GIŠ indicates that the asterism is an astral manifestation of the wooden instrument the plough.)
*= ''epinnu'' "Plough"
The Mesopotamian constellation has a sub-constellation/ asterism gišNÍNDA ''šá'' mulAPIN “seed funnel of the plough” which might refer to a single star or a group of three.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 II iii 103).
*
*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [mulapin // 50 // d''En-lil''2, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>
*
*<s>Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: mulapin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).</s>
*
*
**<s>Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].</s>
*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>'''(1)''' List (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plow' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country"Enlil 1].</s>
**<s>'''(2)''' List (3´12): itibara2 ...mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).</s>
**<s>'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].</s>
*<s>BM 34713.</s>
**<s>The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
**<s>A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
*'''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
*'''(1)''' List of names of Mars: mulapin = dmin (= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Plough = Mars";
* '''(2)''' 12 stars of Akkad: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
*mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014, 145-146).
*mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere."'''
In sector 1 of the inscription:

*mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2]
*"Plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of [Enlil]." [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology'''.
Extispicy involving the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months and stars, see (Kurtik a20) [[ALLA]].

See also (Kurtik g08) [[GAN2.UR3|gišGAN2.UR3]].
|
|}
[[File:APIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 170005.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside APIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
! IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Schedar]]
|HIP 3179
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
| 2
|[[Caph]]
|HIP 746
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.27
|-
|3
|γ Cassiopeiae ([[Tiansi]])
|HIP 4427
|Constellation lines
|2.39
|-
|4
|[[Ruchbah]]
|HIP 6686
|Constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
|5
|[[Segin]]
|HIP 8886
|Constellation lines
|3.37
|-
|6
|[[Achird]]
|HIP 3821
|Inside the Hull
|3.44
|-
| 7
|κ Cassiopeiae ([[Cexing]])
|HIP 2599
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.16
|-
|8
|θ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 5542
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.33
|-
|9
|* iot Cas A
|HIP 11569
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.61
|-
|10
|[[Castula]]
|HIP 4422
|Inside the Hull
|4.622
|-
|11
|χ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 7294
|Inside the Hull
|4.681
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 4151
|Constellation lines
|4.8
|-
| 13
|υ 1 Cassiopeiae
|HIP 4292
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|14
|ϕ Cassiopeiae
|HIP 6242
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 9312
| Inside the Hull
|5.278
|-
|16
| -
| HIP 3951
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.362
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5566
|Inside the Hull
|5.548
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 4440
|Inside the Hull
|5.566
|-
|19
|53 Cas
|HIP 9573
|Inside the Hull
|5.614
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 8362
|Inside the Hull
|5.63
|-
| 21
|44 Cas
|HIP 8046
|Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 5361
|Inside the Hull
|5.767
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 2876
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
| 24
| -
|HIP 5021
|Inside the Hull
| 5.833
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 2377
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|26
|52 Cas
|HIP 9564
|Inside the Hull
|5.986
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 4962
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|28
|55 Cas
|HIP 10438
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|29
| -
|HIP 3334
|Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 3988
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 4383
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
| 32
| 35 Cas
|HIP 6312
|Inside the Hull
|6.322
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 8020
|Inside the Hull
|6.323
|-
|34
| -
| HIP 6486
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|35
|NGC 457
|NGC 457
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 5240
|Inside the Hull
|6.401
|-
|37
| -
|HIP 3649
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 4475
|Inside the Hull
|6.437
|-
|39
|NGC 129
| NGC 129
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|40
|NGC 654
|NGC 654
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

====Deity. ====
 The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

=====Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', II.

 (2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: mulAPIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Plough-Star, they have harnessed (oxen) to the seeder-plough in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; RAcc. 63:44].

====Symbol.====
Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

====Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Marsː [...mul]APIN d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

 (3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

 (4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

=====Predictions:=====
(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šur-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

 (8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE ... d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] ... "If the Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

==Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
===Kurtik (2022)===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
|-
|вар.: mulAPIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].||mul gišAPIN (44)
|-
|
====I. Источники.====
'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: mul gišapin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], [mul]apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: mul gišapin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul gišapin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / mulmar.gid2.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): itibara2 …mulapin ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN2. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [mulAPIN] // 50 // d''En-lil''2 «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: múlapin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): mulapin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): mul gišAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pa-ni'' MULmeš ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' itiBARAG / [UD-1-K]AM2 mulḪUN.GA2 IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' iti]BARAG UD-20-KAM2 / [mulZ]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulapin = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: mulapin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. mulapin = d''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], mulapin = AN.ŠAR2 «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: mulAPIN d''En-lil''2 ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [d''En-lil''2] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

См. также g08gišGAN2.UR3.

====II. Божество.====
Как религиозный символ плуг известен с раннединастического периода. На печатях III тыс. до н.э. он изображался как атрибут «божества в лодке», как атрибут богини или божества, в сценах религиозных процессий, в сценах пахоты и т.д. [Amier 1961; Boеhmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125–128]. С каким именно божеством связано созвездие Плуг, неизвестно. На кудурру плуг отождествляется с богом Нингирсу [Seidl 1968, 127], в списке богов K.4339 rev. iii 30 — c Нинуртой (dapin = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), однако неясно, имеют ли эти отождествления астральное значение. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.'' '''(2)''' Молитва мукомола над жерновом: mulAPIN ''ina'' ''ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(gišAPIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' «О, Звезда-Плуг, они в поле запрягли (пару быков) в плуг-сеялку» (начало молитвы) [CAD E, 236–237; i 91а; RAcc., 63:44].

====III. Символ.====
Плуг. Описание и изображения в глиптике различных моделей месопотамского плуга см. [Salonen 1968; Black–Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38–40]. Фигура созвездия Плуг, соответствовала, вероятно, изображениям плуга-сеялки (встречающимся на печатях и кудурру), который включал приспособление для сева семян [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI–VII; Куртик 2007, рис. 47, 48].

====IV. Отождествление.====
= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];

= треугольник, включающий 41χβγ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 104–110];

= часть Андромеды (Andromeda) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
(1) mulUR.BAR.RA gišNINDA2 ''ša''2 mulAPIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

==== VI. Астрология.====
Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; […mul]APIN d''ial-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], параллель [ibid., 102, K.35:24]; см. также «Большой список звезд» и ниже (6)–(8).

(2) = ''Меркурий''; [DIŠ mulMU.BU.KEŠ2].DA ''ana'' mulAPIN TE d''Dil-bat ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' «[Если Ярм]о к Плугу приближается, (это означает:) Венера к Меркурию приближается» [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

Предсказания:

(5) ''Плуг и начало пахоты'': mulAPIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN2 ''šu-ri-i'' «Плуг для начала борозды» [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulAPIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ mulAPIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''2''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: mulAPIN = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ mulAPIN ''ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE… d''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA3 mulGIR2.TAB? GUB-''az''?-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ mulAL.[LUL ''ana'' mulAPIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
|
====I kakkabepinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====
Katasterismus des Pfluges: AO 6451 Vs 44: "Der Ackerbaustern hat auf dem Felde den Pflug des Saatgetreides angeschirrt" (Meiss. B.u.A. II 151 Racc p. 82).
Identifizierungen:

*- Cassiopeia (Weid. Hdb. S.109; 144f; AfOF 2 S.129; dagegen Hdb. S. 69.72; Bab. VI p. 157)
*- Andromeda (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309)
*- Triangulum Boreale (ZÄF S. 38f; Ungn. ZDMG 77, S. 84).

Bemerkung: "Es ist auch möglich, dass APIN weiter nach Norden reichte, als unser Triangulum, etwa bis zum Nachbarstern γ Andromedae, der nie ganz verschwand." 3. Erg. S. 328

mulAPIN ist

#Monatsfixstern des Nisannu, Astrol. Pinch. Astrol. B III 1
# unter den Enlil-Sternen, Br.M. 86378 I 1 (ZA N.F. 9. S.143).
#unter den Akkad-Sternen, K8067 II 7; K 250 IV 5
#zu den Gottheiten des Nergal (K 250 II 23), Aššur (VR 46,1) und Ninib (K 4339 III 30) in Beziehung gebracht.

====II Astronomische Angaben: ====

#Über die Lage des APIN am Fixsternhimmel: Astrol. B (K) III 1 ff (gegenüber dem Großen Wagen)
# Hel. Aufgang: im Nisannu, Astrol.B. III 1; dagegen ib. 26: der mulAPIN steht das ganze Jahr da (= ist zirkumpolar); vgl. 3. Erg. S. 328.
#ein Teil des Pflug-Gestirns ist mulUR.BAR.RA als Sterz (gišNINDA2) desselben, Br.M. 86378 I2.

====III Astrologische Angaben:====

*A. Allgemeines: mulAPIN ist Deckname für folgende Planeten:

#Mars (Gottheit Nergal, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 104, 27; 106, 58; 122,186; vgl. VACh Jšt. V16.
#Saturn (Gottheit Ninib, oben I 4), Bez. Farb. S. 103, 8
#Merkur, VACh Jšt. XXX 17; Bez. Farb. ". 113, 115 e.
# Jupiter (?) Bez. Farb. S. 122, 185.

*B. APIN-Omina

#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn den Sonnenweg (=Saturn) erreicht, wird Mangel an Vieh, Not sein (Mars-Saturn), Rep. 103 Rs 1 f; VACh 1. Sup. I 28; LV 27; XLIX 9; Bez. Farb. S. 106; RA VII 1657.
#Wenn das Pflug-Gestirn (=Mars) sich Scorpius naht, wird ein Fürst durch einen Skorpionstich sterben usw. Rep. 239, 1ff; Rep. 272 Rs 1ff; Bez. Farb., S. 106.

Weitere Belege: R III 53, 2a (VACh Jšt. XXV 2f); 1. Su LV 31 (sehr gelb, Bez. Farb. S. 145); Br. M. 45749 Vs. 32 (JRAS 1925, 37ff.)

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== References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cas]]

Anunitu

2026-05-14T11:35:06Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|right|366x366px]]
''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and mul[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.
== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
mul / d''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, mul''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = d''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: mul.ídIdigna = d''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (MSL 11, 40: 229). mu''l''''A-nu-ni-tu''4 (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4
* Akkadian: ''kakkabu ša arki Ikî izzazzu Anunītu''
* English: The asterism which stands behind the Field: Anunitu.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Series Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = d''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''2 "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3|E2.TUR3]].
Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''
See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): mul ''ša''2 igi-''it'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi d''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= mulapin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 II iii 4-5).

Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 mul''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // dINNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''2-''tim'' d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].

Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161-162): Rising in Month II, Setting in Month VIII.

CT 39, Nv. 10, and parallels:

Nv. 10 rev. 29': mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 for Month II (Simanu), Fincke 2025, 68 [see previously Horowitz 2014: 216, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 65-66]

Parallels: Fincke 2025 70: 11', 72: 4'.

**
** <s>(3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Month Ayyaru, set– Month Araḫsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
* <s>BM 82923. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil: [</s>
** <s>a) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];</s>
** <s>b) Month Araḫsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].</s>
* <s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [mul''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].</s>
** <s>b) A list of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 2): mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|
|-
|'''EAE'''.
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219 BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120].
|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''<s>LBAT 1502</s>'''
* <s>[múl''A-nu-ni-t'']''u''4 is the star of Antašurra, see (Kurtik m14) [[Maš-a-ti|''maš-a-ti'']].</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''4 "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 IGI.LA2 "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ŠU2-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4, after mulSIM.MAḪ, before mul lúḪUN.GA2
** "the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man."(I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019) 30, 46, 49, 69].
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List".'''
* (1) mul''a-nu-ni-tum'' = dištar min(= ''bēlet'' kur.kur) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
* (2) mul ídidigna = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
* (3) multul-''tum'' = d''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku6.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''8-''u''2 "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''
* In sector 1, the inscription on the outer circle: mul''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] [Koch 1989, 56].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §D.
** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ...-''ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3]
*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars, a triangle.";
** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
*** [mul] ˹gub3˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 (= [''ša''2 zag AŠ-''iku'']) "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
*** muldil-bat ''ša''2 ''A-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ''a-ḫu''?-''u''2 ''ša''2 z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "the first star of Anunitu (and) the side star of the right side of the Field."
* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great brilliance of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §K.
** [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]
*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''2 "mulKA[...],
*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar2";
** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58]ː
*** [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), m[ul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim] "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
*** ˹mul˺''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
* §L. [muldil.bat ''ša''2] ''A-''[''nu-ni-ti'']? "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
* §T. muldil.bat ''ša''2 ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]].
* §x. muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
* mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''u'' mul''Ši-nu-nu-tu''4 = ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUN "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
* DUR ''ša''2 ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''4] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
|
|-
|<s>'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].</s>
'''Uranologiesː'''

MLC 1866 i 6-9: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR.MEŠ mulIKU GUB-''zu'' mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''na-a-ru'' / [mu]l''Si''2''-nu-nu-tu''4 ''u''3 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu it-gu-ru-u''2-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ ídIDIGNA ''u'' ídBURANUNki ''ina ṣip-ri'' mulZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''4˺ mulSIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU2.LA2 mul''A-nu-ni-tu''4 ''man-za-za'' mul''dil-bat''

* The star that stands behind the Field is Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, by the crest of "The Tail" they are held together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — the station of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ''qaran''(SI) mul''lu-lim'' mul''A-nu-ni-tum u'' MURUB4 mulKU6 ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d (UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3

"On the 15th of Du'uzu with the rise of the Sun, the Horn of the Stag, Anunitu and the middle of the Fish are in equilibrium; on the 15th of Ṭebetu in the evening with sunset the same thing takes place." [SpTU I, 95:7′-8′; ASM, 99; Steele (2017) 29f. = J. M. Steele, ''Rising Time Schemes in Babylonian Astronomy'', Springer 2017].
|
|}
[[File:Anunitu stellarium.jpg|thumb|Anunitu painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
[[File:Anuniti CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 150855.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Anunitu (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|Mirach
| HIP 5447
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.05
|-
|2
|δ Andromedae
|HIP 3092
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.28
|-
| 3
|μ Andromedae
|HIP 4436
|Constellation lines
|3.87
|-
|4
| Shimu
|HIP 3693
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|5
|π Andromedae
|HIP 2912
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.36
|-
| 6
|τ Piscium
|HIP 5586
| Constellation lines
|4.511
|-
|7
|ν Andromedae
|HIP 3881
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.53
|-
|8
|υ Piscium
|HIP 6193
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.748
|-
|9
|82 Psc
|HIP 5544
|Inside the Hull
|5.152
|-
|10
|32 And
|HIP 3231
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.33
|-
|11
|68 Psc
|HIP 4510
|Inside the Hull
|5.438
|-
|12
|σ Piscium
|HIP 4889
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|13
| -
|HIP 4552
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 4185
|Inside the Hull
|6.057
|-
|15
|67 Psc
|HIP 4366
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 5034
|Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 5679
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 18
|76 Psc
|HIP 5175
|Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
|19
|* 65 Psc B
|HIP 3885
| Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|20
|* 65 Psc A
|HIP 3885
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|21
|BD+26 128
|BD+26 128
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
|22
|DT Psc
|HIP 5772
|Inside the Hull
|6.347
|}

== Transformation of the constellation ==
[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|thumb|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is mul[[KU6|KU6]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.

Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and mulSIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called mulZIB at its tip. mulZIB means ‘The Tail' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg|alt=geo map|thumb|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

The lexical text Urra XXII 303: mul dNU-NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum'', makes use of a pseudo-Sumerian name for the constellation in the left Sumerian column that is meant to be understood as a loan-word from Akkadian ''Nūnu, s''o too Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29' mulNU.NU = d''A-nu-ni-tum.''

There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg|Ištar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Ešnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg|Ištar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ištar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
File:And-rock2023.png|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
File:Andromeda-pisces.jpg|Andromeda on the marble globe of the Atlas Farnese (2nd c. CE) with one of the fish of Pisces next to her. Engraving of the Farnese globe by Louis-Philippe Boitard (fl. 1733–58).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Andromeda in as-Sufi's illustrated book (10th century) depicted as Syrian Derketo with two fish as attribute
</gallery>
=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

==== Deity. ====
Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me3 ''na-ša''2-''ta'' gišpan ''u''3 ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].

Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest text in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

==== Symbol. ====
Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu: [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI mul''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] "[If the Moon] is dark in the area of Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ... EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA ''u'' A-ga-de3ki ''u''3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa:7′].

(2) Venus and Anunitu: DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''!-''tum gup-pu''!-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / mul''dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely massive: / in the country there will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

See also (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E|KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E]], IV 1.

=== Historical Dictionaries ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a42)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950) in German
|-
| «Ануниту»; созвездие, соответствующее восточной рыбе в Рыбах (Pisces) [Gössmann 1950 27].

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mul dnu.nu = dA-nu-ni-ti/tu2 «Рыба = Ануниту» [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:303′]; cм. также E2.TUR3. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B: (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša2 igi-it dEn-lil2 ina zi im.[kur.ra] <gub-zu> / mul.bi dA-nu-ni-[tum] «Звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (= mulapin «Плуг») при восходе восточного ветра [стоит], / Звезда эта Ануниту» (B iii 4–5). (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulA-nu-ni-tum šu-ut dEn-[lil2] «Месяц айяру: … Ануниту (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4–5, 40–41]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: [mula-nu-ni-tu]m // 45 // dINNIN be-let mat nu-kur2-tim dI2-gi3-gi3 «Ануниту // 45 // Иштар, госпожа враждебной страны, Игиги» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:6]. BM 34713. múlA-nu-ni-tu2 (дважды!): a) месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA; b) месяц арахсамну, звезды Ану, см. u19UR.GI7 [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 3): [mulA-nu]-ni-tu4 [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 2): mulA-nu-ni-tu4 [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. Cм. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:120]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 3): MUL ša2 EGIR mulAŠ.IKU GUB-zu A-nu-ni-tu4 «Звезда, которая позади Поля стоит: Ануниту» (I i 42); параллель в MLC 1866 (i 6) [Beaulieu et al. 2018]. (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiZIZ2 UD 25 KAM mulA-nu-ni-tu4 IGI.LA2 «25-го шабату Ануниту становится видна» (I iii 11). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulNIN.MAḪ KUR-ma mulA-nu-ni-tu4 ŠU2-bi «Нинмах восходит, Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22). (4) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulA-nu-ni-tu4, после mulSIM.MAḪ, перед mul lúḪUN.GA2 (I iv 37), см. s20Sîn [Hunger and Steele (2019), 30, 46, 49, 69]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5]. Текст BM 77054. См. u31UZ3. «Большой список звезд». (1) mula-nu-ni-tum = dištar min(= bēlet kur.kur) «Анунитум = Иштар, владычица стран»; (2) mul ídidigna = da-nu-ni-tum «Река Тигр = Анунитум»; (3) multul-tum = da-nu-ni-tum «Червь = Анунитум», следующая строка, возможно, содержит комментарий: ku6.meš tu-la-a-tum u mušen.meš ḫu-u8-u2 «Рыбы — черви, птицы — …», смысл которого неясен, см. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b]; (4) 12 звезд Аккада [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; см. также [Weidner 1959–60, 107ff]. «Планисфера» К 8538. В секторе 1 надпись по внешнему кругу: mulA-nu-n[i-tu4] [Koch 1989, 56]. Dalbanna-текст. §D. [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ.GAN2 ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u3] «Левая [звезда]. Новое [пов]реждение. Звезда с большим блеском Анунит[у (γ Peg) … пр]авая Поля (α Peg). 3 звезды. Треугольник.» [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 44, 57], [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ḫe]-pi2 eš-šu2 = [mul] ˹gub3˺ [ša2 zag AŠ-iku] «Левая звезда правой стороны Поля», [mul …-ḫu?-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku = [mul a-ḫu2-u2 ša2 z]ag AŠ-iku «боковая звезда с правой стороны Поля». §E. mul dil.bat ša2 ˹a˺-[nu-ni-ti] «Звезда с большим блеском Ану[ниту]» (γ Peg), см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §F. mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-t[i], mul dil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r[u], см. sh02ŠAD. §J. m[ul dil.bat ša2] ˹a˺-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §K. [mu]l ka x x x […] x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti 3 mul.meš maš šar2 «mulKA[…], плавник Ануниту (υ Psc): 3 звезды, maš šar2» [Walker 1995, 31; ASM, 196]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 58], [mu]l ka x x x = [mu]lka l[u?.li]m? «Рот Оленя»(ε Cas), […] = [mul giš-ši lu.lim]? «[бедро Оленя]» (γ Cas), x-ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti = ˹mul˺ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту». §L. [mul …] x […] = [muldil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti]? «[Звезда с большим блеском Ануниту]» (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58]. §T. muldil.bat ša2 a-nu-ni-ti, см. k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E. §x. muldil.bat a-nu-ni-ti, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. Список звезд VR 46, 1:34. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 u mulŠi-nu-nu-tu4 = ídidigna u ídburanun «Ануниту и Ласточка = Тигр и Евфрат», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34]. Текст Nv. 10. mulA-nu-ni-tu4 — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце симану, см. sh17ŠU.PA. LBAT 1502. [múlA-nu-ni-t]u4 — звезда Анташурра, см. m14maš-a-ti. «Дневники наблюдений». DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту» [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. MLC 1866. См. s19SIM.MAḪ. Текст W. 22281a. ina itiŠU UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) qaran(SI) mulLU.LIM mulA-nu-ni-tum u MURUB4 mulKU6 šit-qu-lu ina itiAB UD 15 KAM2 ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го дуузу при восходе Солнца Рог Оленя, Ануниту и середина Рыбы в равновесии (=кульминируют). 15-го тебету вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:7′–8′; ASM, 99].

II. Божество.

Ануниту ― богиня, вероятно, западно-семитского происхождения, имевшая воинственный характер. Ее имя, первоначально употреблявшееся как эпитет Инанны, означает букв. «Относящаяся к схватке». Почиталась в Месопотамии как самостоятельная богиня уже в эпоху III династии Ура и далее до конца I тыс. до н.э., сохраняла признаки воинственности. Согласно Набониду, она «госпожа битвы, та, кто несет лук и колчан» (gašan me3 na-ša2-ta gišpan u3 iš-pa-ti) [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. О ранней истории Ануниту см. [Gelb 1987, 130–132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34–35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта» (mīs pî) или «оживления» статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

Когда именно Ануниту приобрела астральное значение, неизвестно. Самые ранние тексты, в которых Ануниту упоминается как созвездие, это «Астролябии».

III. Символ.

Ануниту как божество первоначально не имела никаких водных признаков. Однако в астрономических текстах она тесно связана с водой. В I тыс. до н.э. ее символом на небе считалась рыба. В единственном лексическом тексте, где мы встречаем имя Ануниту, ей в соответствие в колонке шумерских(?!) названий поставлено mulnu.nu «Рыба». Изображения селевкидского времени на печатях из Урука рыбы в различных сочетаниях и в особенности астральной пары “рыба (=Ануниту) и птица (= летающая рыба или Ласточка)” см. [AUWE 19, 128–129, 156; Куртик 2007, рис. 25–27, 44–46). См. также астрологическое предсказание, в котором при описании положения Меркурия в созвездии Хвосты упомянуты две рыбы, k27KUNmeš, III 2.

IV. Отождествление.

= северо-восточная часть Рыб [Gössmann 1950 27];

= северо-восточная часть Рыб + средняя часть Андромеды [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 197, 72];

= восточная рыба в созвездии Pisces до ν Andromedae [Weidner 1957–59, 76, 78];

= восточная рыба в Pisces [BPO 2, 10; Mesop. Astrol., 207; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= восточная рыба и часть ленты Рыб [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138; ASM, 270];

= τυφχψ64 Piscium + γ Pegasi [Koch 1989, 108–111].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL2 KUR ša2 DUR nu-nu «Звезда с большим блеском ленты Рыб» (= η Piscium) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, 17]; звезда входила в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Возможно, здесь nu-nu «рыба» (единственное число) — символ созвездия Ануниту.

(2) DUR ša2 A-nu-n[i-tu4] «Лента Ануниту», см. «Дневники».

(3) Хвост Ануниту, см. MLC 1866.

(4) ˹mul˺abri A-nu-ni-ti «Плавник Ануниту» (= υ Piscium), см. dbn-текст.

(5) mul dil.bat ša2 A-nu-ni-ti «Блестящая звезда Ануниту» (γ Peg), см. dbn-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Затмение Луны в Ануниту; [DIŠ 30 ina] KI mulA-nu-ni-tum a-d[ir EŠ.BAR ídIdigna u EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE3ki] «[Если Луна] затмилась в пределах Ануниту: решение для реки Тигр и для Аккада» [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; параллель см. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Куртик 2010]; вариант аподосиса: …EŠ.BAR ídIDIGNA u A-ga-de3ki u3 EŠ.BAR A.AB.BAki KUR.˹DILMUN˺ki «…: решение для реки Тигр и Аккада и решение для приморской страны и Дильмуна» [Verderame 2002, Table IIa:7′].

(2) Венера и Ануниту; DIŠ mu[l t]ul!-tum gup-pu!-šat / ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu ina KUR GAL2-ši / muldil-bat ina ŠA3 mulA-nu-ni-tum GUB-ma «Если Червь очень массивный: / в стране будет благополучие и мир. / (Это означает:) Венера стоит внутри Ануниту» [SAA 8, 357:3–5]; параллели см. [ibid. 538:3–5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

(3) Сатурн стоит внутри Ласточки или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

См. также k05KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E, IV 1.
| I. Gewöhnliche Schreibung: A-nu-ni-tum (Panth. 91); Bedeutung "Himmelsbewohnerin" (asibat [samê], Hinke, A new boundary stone, 53). Sachlich ist nach K250 IV 4: ilA-nu-ni-tum = multul-tum, "Wurmstern", Weid. Hdb. S.13; Bab.VI S. 162.
Identifizierungen:

* Pisces W (Bez. Kopff ZÄF S.17).
* südwestl. Fisch + omega to xi Piscium (Kugl. SSB Erg. S. 14).
* beta, gamma, theta, iota, kappa, lambda Piscium (Weid. Hbd. S. 144; Bab. VI 153; AfOF 2 S. 129; OLZ 16 Sp. 151).
* Piscis NE (Schott ZDMG 88 S. 309; 3. Erg. S. 330; KAO 4 S. 43 f; Bez. Farb. S. 127).

Ergebnis: mulAnunîtum ist die nordöstliche Fischellipse , mulSIM2.MAH die südwestliche.

mulAnunîtum ist:

# Monatsfixstern des Aiaru, Astrol. Rnch.
# unter den Anu-Sternen, 82-5-22 512 Rs 9; Astrol. B III 2 (unter den Enlil-Sternen, 3. Erg. S. 326)
# unter den Sternen Akkads, K 8067 II x; K 250 IV 5.

II Astronomische Angaben:

# Über die Stellung des A. am Fixsternhimmel, Astrol. B (K) III4; Br.M. 86378 I 42 (hinter IKU).
# Hel. Aufgang des Anunîtu: am 25. Shabâtu nach Br.M.86378 III 11; dagegen Astrol. B III 15: im Aiaru.
# Gleichzeitige Auf- und Untergänge: im Aiaru geht Anunîtum hel. auf und mulLUGAL unter, Astrol. B III 15; im SAA 8hsammu umgekehrt; ib. Z. 27: wenn mulNIN.MAH (Puppis) im Osten erscheint, geht Anunîtum im Westen unter, Br.M. 86378 III 23; Erg. S. 27 f; 3. Erg. S. 334.

III Astrologische Angaben

Im astrologischen Sprachgebrauch stellt Anunîtum den himmlischen Tigris dar, wie Sinunutu den Eufrat: VR 46 Vs 34 (vgl. auch AL.LUL!). Ein diesbezügliches Omen bietet VACh 1. Sup. I 7: Wenn Anunîtum dunkel ist, so ist das ein Omen für den Tigris und für Akkad desgl. ein Omen..; vgl. AfOF 2 S.130; 14 S. 194102; Bab. VI S. 160.

Des weiteren ist Anunîtum Deckname für folgende Planeten:

# Venus: K250 I 3; K11283+79-7-8, 352,9; Bez.Farb. S. 104, 36.
# Jupiter(?): Bez.Farb. S. 122, 156.
|}
== Transformation from Anunitu to Andromeda ==
[[File:DemetriusIIICoin.png|alt=Coin dating around 100 BCE showing Derketo with fish-tail|thumb|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail. ]]
Ištar is a Babylonian goddess of love (and war), so she has analogies in all other cultures. The ''Dea Syria'' was also a goddess of love. She was worshipped as Derketo or Goddess of Ashkelon in the area of present day Israel, and as Atargatis further north in Manbij (Bambyke) in present day Syria. The Goddess of Ashkelon is a syncretism of the Babylonian Ištar and the Egyptian Isis for the area of Ashkelon belonging occasionally to one or the other kingdom.

The ancient lore of Andromeda is said to originate from Jaffa (Joppa/ Yafo, modern day Tel Aviv) by the ancient historians (Strabo, Flavius Josephus), and the city of Ashkelon is only 40 km south along the Mediterranean coastline.

Derketo, the goddess of love from Ashkelon is depicted with fish around her or even with a fish-tail. This way, she is depicted on Greek coins. So, Derketo is half-fish.

The Babylonian name "Anunitu" is homophon with the Akkadian term "''nūnu''" for fish, so the name contains a reference to the fish-like goddess (who is known as a syncretism anyway). <gallery>
File:Farnese atlas détaillé smh-and.jpg|detail of the drawing of the Farnese Atlas (marble, 2nd century CE), showcasing Andromeda and adjacent figures
File:And+cet area.png|Andromeda and Cetus on the Farnese Globe - with highlighted lines by Susanne M Hoffmann (zodiac conference Berlin 2022).
File:And asSufi MSGotha.jpg|Latin copy of the Al-Sufi manuscript (so-called Sufi Latinus text). Andromeda is depicted with two fish, a remainder of the Derketo-tradition. This specific manuscript was produced in 1428 in northern Italy (Gotha, Forschungsbibliothek, MS. Memb. II 141).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* [https://scilogs.spektrum.de/uhura-uraniae/andromeda-engl/ Blog entry by Susanne M Hoffmann on Andromeda's rock]

== Reference ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]
* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

ANŠE.KUR.RA

2026-05-14T11:30:39Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulANŠE.KUR.RA (𒀯𒀲𒆳𒊏) = ''sīsû'', 'Horse' is a Mesopotamian asterism in the vicinity of Cygnus and Delphinus. The name first appears in cuneiform astronomical works in the Neo-Assyrian period in the series MUL.APIN. The recognition of an asterism formed by set of stars in a perceived horse-like shape in the sky may be a secondary development in the evolution of the Sumerian-Akkadian star repertoire, perhaps dating as late as the late second millennium or even the start of the first millennium BCE. If so, this would parallel the evolution of the much older Sumerian [[IM.DUGUDmušen|IM.DUGUD]] = Anzu-bird, originally conceived as a lion-headed eagle, into something approaching a winged-horse.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

* ANŠE.KUR.RA
* = ''sisû'' “horse”.
* = ''sīsû'' "horse" [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 32, Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023]; a constellation in the vicinity of [[Cepheus]]

(historically also identified with stars in [[Pegasus]] but this is less likely, as it would overlap with other constellations which are given next to it in some texts).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"

! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 29):
** MUL ''ša2 ina'' GUB3''-šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulANŠE.KUR.RA
** "The star that stands on its (i.e. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) left side: the Horse" (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27].
| MUL.APIN I i 29-32 lists a set of constellations as entourage of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon: <blockquote>"The asterism which stands at its right side: the Pig, Damu. The asterism which stands at its left side: the Horse. The asterism which stands behind it: The Stag, [...]. The dusky stars which stand in the breast of the Stag: ...". </blockquote>The image of the UD.KA.DU8.A-demon can be attached to the stars because its heel (λ And) and its breast (α Cyg) are well-determined ''ziqpu''-stars. Thus, the Horse and the Pig can be arranged according to the text at the demon's left and right side, squeezed in between the well-defined constellations of [[IKU]], [[APIN]], and [[Anunitu]].[[File:UDKADUHA+.jpg|alt=stellarium map of the area of UD.KA.DUḪ.A|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A and its entourage in Stellarium: The Horse, The Stag, The Pig to its left and right (paintings by Jessica Gullberg 2021). The identification of The Pig is uncertain; it could also be in the area of Delphinus, but as the two stars at the end of Sagitta form a pair like a pig's nose, this orientation was chosen. The terms "left" and "right" are not well defined, especially with regard to a figure that is seen from the side.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra "
* Anzu bird = Horse". [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959-60, 107:21, 108; for a mention in a commentary see SpTU I, 50:36].
|[[File:2017-08-01 Lion-headed Imdugud (Anzu) Bird on Top of Two Stags, c. 2500 BC.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Mesopotamia 6000-1500 BC Gallery, British Museum, London, England, UK. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com.]][[File:Middle Assyrian winged horse cylinder seal.png|thumb|Cylinder seal and modern impression: winged horse with claws and horns. Ca. 14th–13th century BCE. Middle Assyrian.]]By the classical period the Horse constellation in Assyria and Babylonia came to be a Greek Pegasus-like figure identified with Sumerian mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû''. Earlier the IM.DUGUD. mulIM.DUGUD = ''anzû'' although the earlier flying constellation was depicted as a Lion-headed eagle.
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:20.'''
* mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen
* "Horse = Anzu bird",
* see also [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162-3:20]; for a commentary see [SpTU I, 50:36]; identity in BM 52938: ''an-zu-u''2 = ''si-su''-[''u''2] [CAD S, 334a].
|
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* '''§e.''' mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ ''u'' mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ''ki-lal-la-an ma''[''ḫ-ru'']
* "Asterism [...] (7 And, β Cas) head of Horse and Swallow (β,ε Peg): 4 stars [...2 in]tervals, interval. Swall[ow’s] head x interval. Middle (and?) foundation, both first[s]." [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 48, 61],
* mulx [x x] = mul''z''[''ap-pi šaḫ'']? "Pig’s Bristle" (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? "[Rainbow]" (β Cas), ˹mulǃ˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg).
| These sections of the text remain unclear.
|-
|'''In astrological commentaries:'''
* ''eq''(TUG!)-''bu ša''2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA "Horse's hoof". [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a].
|
|}
[[File:ANSEKURRA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 123156.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ANŠE.KUR.RA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
| 1
|Eltanin
|HIP 87833
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.23
|-
|2
|Alderamin
|HIP 105199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.46
|-
| 3
|Rastaban
|HIP 85670
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.81
|-
|4
|Altais
|HIP 94376
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.07
|-
|5
| Alfirk
|HIP 106032
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.23
|-
|6
|η Cephei
|HIP 102422
|Constellation lines
|3.41
|-
|7
|Grumium
|HIP 87585
| Constellation lines
|3.75
|-
|8
|ι 2 Cygni
| HIP 95853
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.755
|-
|9
|κ Cygni
|HIP 94779
|Constellation lines
|3.76
|-
|10
|ϵ Draconis
| HIP 97433
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.91
|-
|11
|θ Cephei
|HIP 101093
|Constellation lines
|4.22
|-
| 12
|33 Cyg
|HIP 99655
|Inside the Hull
|4.271
|-
|13
|ρ Draconis
|HIP 98702
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|14
|π Draconis
|HIP 95081
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
|15
| ο Draconis
|HIP 92512
| Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|16
|45 Dra
|HIP 90905
|Inside the Hull
|4.761
|-
|17
|ν 2 Draconis
|HIP 85829
|Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 18
|ν 1 Draconis
|HIP 85819
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.89
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 98073
|Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 20
|54 Dra
|HIP 94490
|Inside the Hull
|5.003
|-
| 21
|46 Dra
|HIP 91755
|Inside the Hull
|5.02
|-
| 22
| * b Dra A
|HIP 90156
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 23
|53 Dra
|HIP 94302
|Inside the Hull
|5.125
|-
|24
|23 Cyg
|HIP 97870
|Inside the Hull
|5.132
|-
|25
| 6 Cep
|HIP 105268
|Inside the Hull
|5.18
|-
|26
| 64 Dra
|HIP 98583
|Inside the Hull
|5.27
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 91013
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|28
|51 Dra
|HIP 93713
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|29
|66 Dra
|HIP 98962
|Inside the Hull
|5.408
|-
|30
|49 Dra
|HIP 93340
|Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
|31
| -
| HIP 92549
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|32
|AC Dra
|HIP 100261
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
|33
|4 Cep
|HIP 102253
|Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 92969
|Inside the Hull
|5.621
|-
|35
|48 Dra
|HIP 92997
|Inside the Hull
| 5.663
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 100357
|Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|37
|68 Dra
|HIP 99500
|Inside the Hull
|5.7
|-
|38
|DE Dra
| HIP 100221
|Inside the Hull
|5.709
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 91315
|Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|40
|ι 1 Cygni
| HIP 95656
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|41
|Alruba
| HIP 86782
|Inside the Hull
|5.76
|-
|42
| -
|HIP 99663
|Inside the Hull
|5.78
|-
| 43
| -
|HIP 96620
| Inside the Hull
|5.87
|-
|44
|V1762 Cyg
|HIP 94013
|Inside the Hull
|5.893
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 97122
|Inside the Hull
|5.899
|-
|46
|CX Dra
|HIP 92133
|Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 95038
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 100017
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 89047
|Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 91525
| Inside the Hull
|5.992
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 102011
|Inside the Hull
|6
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 97892
|Inside the Hull
|6.058
|-
|53
| -
|HIP 87744
|Inside the Hull
|6.081
|-
|54
| -
| HIP 91606
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 98044
|Inside the Hull
|6.1
|-
| 56
| -
|HR 7075
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 91915
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
| 58
| -
|HIP 98308
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 98111
|Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 102216
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 98946
|Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 91843
|Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 94974
|Inside the Hull
|6.231
|-
|64
| -
|HIP 92731
|Inside the Hull
|6.232
|-
|65
| 65 Dra
|HIP 98658
|Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 91985
|Inside the Hull
|6.259
|-
|67
|55 Dra
|HIP 94140
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 98890
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|69
| -
| HIP 97070
|Inside the Hull
| 6.282
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 98872
|Inside the Hull
|6.284
|-
| 71
| -
|HIP 96164
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 97033
|Inside the Hull
|6.295
|-
|73
|CN Dra
| HIP 97326
| Inside the Hull
|6.331
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 90146
|Inside the Hull
|6.352
|-
|75
|V1817 Cyg
| HIP 96003
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 95576
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 96316
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 93466
|Inside the Hull
|6.389
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 104788
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 80
| -
|HIP 90476
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 100714
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 93068
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102771
|Inside the Hull
|6.451
|-
| 84
| -
|HIP 96297
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
| 85
|V1351 Cyg
|HIP 96919
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 102370
| Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
| 87
| -
|HIP 93053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
|88
| -
|HIP 99294
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 89
| -
|HIP 96771
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional ===

==== II. Deity. ====
The Horse constellation is identified with Anzu, a well-known Sumero-Akkadian mythical character (see Kurtik i07 [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]]). For what reasons and when exactly in astral mythology Anzu was associated with the Horse, remains unclear. Texts containing this identity date back to the 1st millennium B.C. The absence of the name in lexical texts indicates a rather late origin of the name. On the probable mythological basis of the identification see [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147-148].

==== III. Symbol. ====
The identification of this constellation with Pegasus suggested by J. Koch (see section IV) '''''(if it took place in reality!?)''''' suggests that at the period when Mesopotamian tradition connected with the stars was known to the Greeks (8-5 cc. BCE) the figure of horse was already considered as its symbol in Mesopotamia. The images of the horse's head on the kudurrus see [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Kurtik 2007, fig. 8].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a39)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = sīsû «Конь» [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 32]; созвездия в области Пегаса (Pegasus) или Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia). ||
|-
| MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 29): MUL ša2 ina GUB3-šu2 GUB-zu mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Звезда, которая стоит с его (т.е. mulUD.KA.DU8.A) левой стороны: Конь» (I i 30) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 27]. «Большой список звезд». mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra «Птица Анзу = Конь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959–60, 107:21, 108]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:20. mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen «Конь = птица Анзу», см. также [HBA 51:20; Wee 2016, 162–3:20]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36]; тождество в BM 52938: an-zu-u2 = si-su-[u2] [CAD S, 334а]. Dalbanna-текст. §e. mul x [x x x x x x] ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ u mulsim.maḫ 4 mul.meš [x x x x x 2 da]l.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulsag sim.m[aḫ x x x x] x dal.ba.an.na murub4 suḫuš ki-lal-la-an ma[ḫ-ru] «Звезда […] (7 And, β Cas) голова Коня и Ласточка (β,ε Peg): 4 звезды […2 ин]тервала, интервал. Голова Ласточ[ки …] x интервал. Середина (и?) основание, оба пер[вые].» [Walker 1995, 36; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995, 48, 61], mulx [x x] = mulz[ap-pi šaḫ]? «Щетина Свиньи» (7 And), [x x x x] = [multir.an.na]? «[Радуга]» (β Cas), ˹mul!˺ sag ˹anše.kur.ra˺ = (β Peg), mulsim.maḫ = (ω Psc), mulsag sim.m[aḫ] = (ε Peg). В астрологическом комментарии: eq(TUG!)-bu ša2 mulANŠE.KUR.RA «Копыто Лошади» [ACh Ištar, 34:19; CAD S, 334a]. ||
|-
|II. Божество.
Созвездие Конь отождествлялось с Анзу, известным персонажем шумеро-аккадских мифов (см. i07dIM.DUGUDmušen). Вследствие каких причин и когда именно в астральной мифологии Анзу был связан с Конем, остается невыясненным. Тексты, содержащие это тождество, относятся к I тыс. до н.э. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах свидетельствует о достаточно позднем его происхождении. О вероятной мифологической основе отождествления см. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147–148].

III. Символ.

Предполагаемое Й.Кохом (см. раздел IV) отождествление данного созвездия с Пегасом (если, конечно, оно имело место в действительности!?) наводит на мысль, что в период, когда месопотамская традиция, связанная со звездами, стала известна грекам (VIII–V вв. до н.э.), фигура коня уже считалась его символом в Месопотамии. Изображения головы коня на кудурру см. [Seidl 1968, 145, XXIX; Куртик 2007, рис. 8].

IV. Отождествление.

= Equuleus [Gössmann 1950, 32; Weidner 1957–59, 79a];

= α, β, γ, δ+ Cassiopeiae (?) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 138];

= β, η, ι, κ, λ, μ Pegasi [Koch 1995, 61, Anm. 20];

= часть Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C];

= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 273];

= Пегас и Кассиопея [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 71].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Голова Коня, см. dbn-текст.

(2) Копыто Коня, см. выше.
|
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Sumerian]]

[[Category:Peg]][[Category:Cep]]

IM.DUGUDmušen

2026-05-14T11:11:31Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
IM.DUGUDmušen (𒅎𒂂𒄷) = ''Anzû.'' Originally a winged lion but later a winged horse ([[Pegasus]]). The reading of the Sumerian name anzu(d) is now preferred over imdugud (ePSD2). Syllabic writings an-zu-u in Akkadian columns of lexical lists can indicate that this is an Akkadian equivalent for Sumerian imdugud.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:IM.DUGUDmušen}}
[[File:2017-08-01 Lion-headed Imdugud (Anzu) Bird on Top of Two Stags, c. 2500 BC.jpg|thumb|Imdugud (Anzu) Bird on Top of Two Stags, c. 2500 BCE. Mesopotamia 6000-1500 BCE Gallery, British Museum, London, England, UK. Complete indexed photo collection at WorldHistoryPics.com]]
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var.:

* mulAN.ZU;
* = ''Anzû'' "(Bird) Anzû" [G. 172, 196; CAD A/2, 153ff.].

{| class="wikitable"

!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2, III 11a-b, XVI 10].
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [ARAK, 64 r. 2, 5; 114 r. 1].
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellania".'''
* mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra "Anzu bird = Horse" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959-60, 107:21].
| rowspan="2" |"The Horse" and "The Stag" are mentioned in MUL.APIN I i 30-31 in the entourage of the [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]] daemon. They two creatures apparently belong together.[[File:UDKADU8A+horse+stag mulapin stellarium2025.png|thumb|The UD.KA.DU8.A daemon is rather well identified in the region of Cepheus/Cygnus because ziqpu stars can be accurately positioned. The Horse is to its left, The Stag to its right (MUL.APIN I i 30-31), but their positions are not given by astrometrical texts and, thus, not accurately determined (CC BY SMH in Stellarium 2025). ]]
|-
|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:20.'''
* mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen "Horse = Anzu" [HBA, 51:20; Wee 2016, 162-3]; for a parallel see. [SpTU I, 50:36].
|}

=== Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The bird Anz(u) — an ancient character of Sumero-Akkadian mythology, depicted on Sumerian seals often as a huge lion-headed eagle with outstretched wings clawing on two Stags or lions. On its mythological meaning and images in glyptics see. [Afanasyeva 2007; MHM 2, 82-83], for textual evidence of various kinds see. [CAD A/2, 153-155; Tallqvist 1938, 485-486; Salonen 1973, 121-123]. According to Wiggermann, Anzu originally represented the "Dark Cloud" (or some other atmospheric phenomenon), and was associated with Enlil and was not perceived as a hostile deity in the 3rd millennium BC [Wiggermann 1992, 152, 159ff.]. The situation changes at the end of the III dynasty of Ur, when his name first appears in the list of gods defeated by Ningirsu/Ninurta [ibid., 161]. Later, Anzu was considered an evil demon defeated first by Ningirsu/Ninurta and then by Marduk (and a number of other gods); his name is given in the lists of gods hostile to man [CAD A/2, 154b, 155b; Tallqvist 138, 14, 486]; astrological predictions associated with him correspond to this understanding (see below). On the probable mythological basis of the "Anzu = Horse" identification, see [CAD A/2, 154b, 155b; Tallqvist 138, 14, 486]. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147-148].

==== Symbol. ====
Anzu was originally depicted as a lion-headed eagle. However, later in the epoch of the III dynasty of Ur such images are no longer found, although the name Anzu is mentioned in the texts. According to Wiggermann, in this period the symbol of Anzu becomes a dragon, which had the head, front legs and body of a lion, hind legs, tail and wings of a bird (in Neo-Assyrian versions, the sting of a scorpion replaces the tail) [Wiggermann 1992, 185, 188 fig. 11f and others; Black-Green 1992, 121]. It is not known exactly what image was used as a figure of the constellation mul dIM.DUGUDmušen. One cannot, however, exclude the possibility that the constellation figure was a horse/winged horse(?), see in this connection [MCG, 35, note 20], as well as images of a horse's head on kudurrus [Seidl 1968, 145; Kurtik 2007, fig. 8].

==== Identification. ====
= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae [ASM, 273]; for details see (Kurtik a39) [[ANŠE.KUR.RA]].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
mul dIM.DUGUDmušen MUL.BI IGI.BI "The front star of the Anzu Bird" [BPO 2, XVI 10].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; mulNIM.MA ''ana'' EN.TE.NA / mulNIM.MA mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mul dIM.DUGUDmušen "The star of Elam is for cold. / The star of Elam is Mars, the Anzu bird [BPO 2, III 11-11a]; for a parallel see. [ARAK, 54 r. 5]; see also [Reynolds 1998, 352, 355].

===== Predictions: =====
(2) The Anzu bird is very red; mul dIM.DUGUDmušen MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-diš'' SA5 EN.TE.NA GAL2-[''ši''] "If the Anzu bird is very red: there will be cold" [BPO 2, III 11-11b + Parallels; ARAK, 54 r. 1].

(3) Anzu's front star is red; mul dIM.DUGUDmušen MUL.BI IGI.BI ''ma-diš'' SA5 BE-''ma'' EN.TE.NA ''šur-bu-u''2 BE-''ma'' E2.MEŠ ''u''[''m-šum'' GAL2] "If the Anzu Bird's front star is very red: if winter, there will be frost, if summer, there will be heat" [BPO 2, XVI 10].

(4) A planet comes near Anzu; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulAN.ZU ''is-niq'' ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ US2.MEŠ "If a planet (=Mercury?) comes near to Anzu (=Mars?): horses will die" [ARAK, 114 r. 1].

==Historical Dictionaries==
= Anzû «(Птица) Анзу» [G. 172; CAD A/2, 153ff.]; созвездие в Кассиопее (Cassiopeia), см. i07 dIM.DUGUDmušen.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, i07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар.: mulAN.ZU; = ''Anzû'' «(Птица) Анзу» [G. 172, 196; CAD A/2, 153ff.]; созвездие в пределах Кассиопеи (Cassiopeia).
|
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, III 11a–b, XVI 10]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [ARAK, 64 r. 2, 5; 114 r. 1]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». mul dim.dugudmušen = mulanše.kur.ra «Птица Анзу = Конь» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:159; Weidner 1959–60, 107:21]. '''''Список звезд''''' '''''V R 46'', ''1:20'''''. mulanše.kur.ra = dim.dugudmušen «Конь = Анзу» [HBA, 51:20; Wee 2016, 162–3]; параллель см. [SpTU I, 50:36].
|
|-
|II. Божество.
Птица Анзу(д) – древний персонаж шумеро-аккадской мифологии, изображавшийся на шумерских печатях нередко в виде огромного львиноголового орла с распростертыми крыльями, когтящим двух оленей или львов. О его мифологическом значении и изображения в глиптике см. [Афанасьева 2007; MHM 2, 82–83], текстовые свидетельства разного рода см. [CAD A/2, 153–155; Tallqvist 1938, 485–486; Salonen 1973, 121–123]. Согласно Виггерману, Анзу первоначально представлял «Темное облако» (или какое-то другое атмосферное явление), был связан с Энлилем и в III тыс. до н.э. не воспринимался как враждебное божество [Wiggermann 1992, 152, 159ff.]. Ситуация меняется в конце III династии Ура, когда его имя впервые встречается в списке богов, побежденных Нингирсу/Нинуртой [ibid., 161]. Позднее Анзу считался злым демоном, которого побеждали сначала Нингирсу/Нинурта, а затем Мардук (и ряд других богов); его имя приводится в списках враждебных человеку богов [CAD A/2, 154b, 155b; Tallqvist 138, 14, 486]; такому пониманию соответствуют связанные с ним астрологические предсказания (см. ниже). О вероятной мифологической основе отождествления «Анзу = Конь» см. [CAD A/2, 155; Livingstone 1986, 147–148].
|
|-
|III. Символ.
Первоначально Анзу изображался в виде львиноголового орла. Однако позднее эпохи III династии Ура подобные изображения уже не встречаются, хотя имя Анзу упоминается в текстах. Согласно Виггерману, в этот период символом Анзу становится дракон, имевший голову, передние лапы и туловище льва, задние лапы, хвост и крылья птицы (в новоассирийском варианте вместо хвоста — жало скорпиона) [Wiggermann 1992, 185, 188 fig. 11f и др.; Black–Green 1992, 121]. В точности неизвестно, какое изображение использовалось в качестве фигуры созвездия mul dIM.DUGUDmušen. Нельзя, однако, исключить возможности того, что фигурой созвездия был конь/крылатый конь(?), см в этой связи [MCG, 35, note 20], а также изображения головы коня на кудурру [Seidl 1968, 145; Куртик 2007, рис. 8].
|
|-
|IV. Отождествление.
= α, β, γ, δ Cassiopeiae [ASM, 273]; подробнее см. a39ANŠE.KUR.RA.

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

mul dIM.DUGUDmušen MUL.BI IGI.BI «Передняя звезда Птицы Анзу» [BPO 2, XVI 10].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = '' Марс''; mulNIM.MA ''ana'' EN.TE.NA / mulNIM.MA mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mul dIM.DUGUDmušen «Звезда Элама для холода. / Звезда Элама есть Марс, Птица Анзу» [BPO 2, III 11–11a]; параллель см. [ARAK, 54 r. 5]; см. также [Reynolds 1998, 352, 355].

Предсказания:

(2) ''Птица Анзу очень красная''; mul dIM.DUGUDmušen MUL-''šu''2 ''ma-diš'' SA5 EN.TE.NA GAL2-[''ši''] «Если Птица Анзу очень красная: будет холод» [BPO 2, III 11–11b + Parallels; ARAK, 54 r. 1].

(3) ''Передняя звезда Анзу красная''; mul dIM.DUGUDmušen MUL.BI IGI.BI ''ma-diš'' SA5 BE-''ma'' EN.TE.NA ''šur-bu-u''2 BE-''ma'' E2.MEŠ ''u''[''m-šum'' GAL2] «Если передняя звезда Птицы Анзу очень красная: если зима ― будет мороз, если лето ― будет жара» [BPO 2, XVI 10].

(4) ''Планета проходит рядом с Анзу''; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulAN.ZU (м.б. mul''An-zu-''<''u''2>?) ''is-niq'' ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ US2.MEŠ «Если планета (=Меркурий?) проходит рядом с Анзу (= Марс?): лошади будут умирать» [ARAK, 114 r. 1].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Peg]]

DILI

2026-05-14T09:49:02Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
(mul)DILI (𒀯𒀸) is a general term referring to single-star asterisms, typically one-star features of constellations or constellation parts. Examples include MUL DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu'', the single star of its (the Lion's) tail (β [[Leo]]<nowiki/>nis) and the single star in the knee of ‘the Goat’ (μ [[Hercules|Her]]). Kurtik (2007) has two entries, (d07) [[DILI]] and (d08) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' (the single star in Leo) that we merge here.

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Variant readings:

* mulDIL, mulAŠ = ''ēdu'' "single, unique, separate (star)";
Var. designations:

* 1) = ''ziqpu'' VI, a group of stars in Hercules [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 108; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1495a],
* 2) in the title of ''ziqpu'' XXIV, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2.
Special Case (Kurtik, d08):
*"the single star on its (Leo's) tail" = ''ziqpu'' XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 3].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''ša2'' ''taš''!''-ka-a-ti'' | EN mulDILI "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the triplets star to the single star",
** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI. MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star to the Lady of Life" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13-16; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:13-16; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]; for a parallel see [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K. 9794:4-5]
** c) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2 | EN MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the 2 stars of its hips to the single star of its tail",
** d) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / From the single star on its tail to the Branch" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17-20; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 17-20; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16436:
** (a) MUL2 ''e-du'' // 1 ''ša''2-''niš'' 2 // 10 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Individual star // 1 or 2 (stars) // 10600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:23].
** (b) MUL2 DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 // 1 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "A single star on its tail // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 226-227:15].
* (3) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na e''-DIL ''ša''2 K[UN] "10° to the single (star) on the tail." [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 225:18].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''2] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu''-]''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From the 2 st[ars] on its hi[ps], to the talon of its tail ½ m[ile] (=150)",
** b) [TA ''i'']''s-ḫu-un-na-at'' KUN-[''šu''] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] "[From the ta]lon of [its] tail to ŠU.PA 1 mi[le] (300)." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:16-19].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere:
** (a) 10 UŠ ''ana'' MUL ''e-du'' "10° to the Single Star" (rev. 6) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:6]; for a parallel, see BM 61677 [ibid.<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 180:3'].
** (b) [10 U]Š DANNA ''ana e''-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 MUL KUN-''šu''2 "[10°] to the single star on its tail" (rev. 23),
** (c) ''e''!-˹''du''˺ ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 "single (star) on its tail," the diagram shows 1 point (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:23, 176-178].
|Example
|-
| '''GU text.'''
* (J) ''ēdu''(AŠ) ''ša''2 kun mulur.a [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
* (S) [mul] ''e''-˹''du''˺ [''ša''2] ''kin-ṣi'' muluz3 "single star on the knee of the Goat" (= ''ziqpu'' VI: μ Her) [Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:30], see also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|Example
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* [...] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | ''e-du ana ziq-pi'' 30 [...] "[...] — the stars of Antašurra. The single (star) culminates. 30 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 13, ii 12'].
|
|-
|'''C<s>ulminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.</s>'''
* <s>(1) LBAT 1502. [...] ''u'' DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ''ša''2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-''šu''2 ''ana ziq-pi'' ˹10˺ [...] "[...] and the Rooster — the Antagub star. One (star) on its tail culminates. 10 [...]" [Donbaz and Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76 i 4', ii 3']. [[I don't see the ii 3' having the 2 - Fincke 2025 now has 1501 col. i -separate from 1502 ii-iii</s>
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* A 3427: múlDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 (in determining the rising times of the twelfth sections of the zodiacal sign of Scorpius and Sagittarius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239: 1, 12-13, 15, 19].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* AO 6483: [...] múl''e-du'' E3-''a'' uku2-''in'' "(If a child is born, when) [...] a single star appears: he will be poor" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL ''e-du ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 U3.TU DUMU.MUNUSmeš [...] "[If] he is born when the single star on its tail (culminates): daughters [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:7'].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Identification '''('''DILI). ====
''Ziqpu'' VI = μ Herculis, ''ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 60; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 86].

See. also (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]], V 2

==== III. Identification (DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2). ====
''Ziqpu'' XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Pingree and Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, 320-321; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 58; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 86].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Kurtik (2022, d07 & d08)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d7) DILI ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulDIL, mulAŠ; = ēdu «единственная, отдельная (звезда)»; 1) = ziqpu VI, группа звезд в Геркулесе (Hercules) [Gössmann 1950, 108; AHw, 1495a], 2) в названии ziqpu XXIV, см. d08DILI ša2 KUN-šu2.
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL ša2 taš!-ka-a-ti | EN mulDILI «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От звезды из Тройни до Отдельной звезды», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA mulDILI | EN mulGAŠAN.TIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды до Госпожи жизни» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:13–16; TU, 21:13–16; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]; параллель см. [CT 26, 50, K. 9794:4–5]. (2) VAT 16436: MUL2 e-du // 1 ša2-niš 2 // 10 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда // 1 или 2 (звезды) // 10600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:23]. (3) Sippar Planisphere: 10 UŠ ana MUL e-du «100 до Отдельной звезды» (rev. 6) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:6]; параллель см. в BM 61677 [ibid. 180:3']. GU-текст. (S) [mul] e-˹du˺ [ša2] kin-ṣi muluz3 «Отдельная звезда на колене Козы» (= ziqpu VI: μ Her) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:30], см. также u31UZ3. LBAT 1502. […] MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | e-du ana ziq-pi 30 […] «[…] — звезды Анташурра. Отдельная (звезда) кульминирует. 30 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 13, ii 12']. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […] múle-du e3-a uku2-in «(Если ребенок родился, когда) […] Отдельная звезда появляется: он будет беден» [TU, 14 r. 31; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu VI = μ Herculis, ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 60; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86].

См. также u31UZ3, V 2.
|Example
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2022, d8) DILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu2'' ===
|
|-
|«Отдельная звезда на его (Льва) хвосте»; = ziqpu XXIV (β Leonis) [Gössmann 1950, 162, IV 3].
I. Источники.

Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) АО 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN(=ina qaqqari) | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 | EN MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его хвосте до Отдельной звезды на его бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / TA MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 | EN mulA.EDIN «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной звезды на его хвосте до Ветви» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:17–20; TU, 21 r. 17–20; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ a-na e-DIL ša2 K[UN] «100 до отдельной (звезды) на хвосте» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:18]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:15]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu2] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)», b) [TA i]s-ḫu-un-na-at KUN-[šu] / ˹EN˺ mul˹ŠU˺.PA 1 DAN[NA] «[От к]исти [его] хвоста до ŠU.PA 1 ми[ля] (300)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:16–19]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 U]Š DANNA ana e-˹du˺ ša2 MUL KUN-šu2 «[100] до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» (rev. 23), b) e!-˹du˺ ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная (звезда) на его хвосте», на диаграмме изображена 1 точка (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:23, 176–178]. GU-текст. (J) ēdu(AŠ) ša2 kun mulur.a [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:16], см. u17UR.A. Кульминации ziqpu-звезд. (1) LBAT 1502. […] u DAR?.LUGAL MUL2 AN.TA.GUB | 1 ša2 <<GIŠ>>.KUN-šu2 ana ziq-pi ˹10˺ […] «[…] и Петух — звезда Антагуб. Одна (звезда) на его хвосте кульминирует. 10 […]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76 i 4', ii 3']. Aнафора. A 3427: múlDILI ša2 KUN-šu2 (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион и Стрелец) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239: 1, 12–13, 15, 19]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: [DIŠ K]I MUL e-du ša2 KUN-šu2 U3.TU DUMU´MUNUSmeš […] «[Если] он, когда Отдельная звезда на его хвосте (кульминирует), родился: дочери […]» [SpTU V, 265:7'].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XXIV = β Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320–321; Koch 1992, 58; Hunger-Pingree 1999 86].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Single star-asterism]]