All Skies Encyclopaedia - User contributions [en]

AL.LUL

2026-04-12T04:18:09Z

WayneHorowitz:

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Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology text D (MLC 1866) [Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40]:<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21) mulALLA and (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]]<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''

* mulALLA, mulALLAx , mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]

</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969,<ref>''Lambert W.G. '' Review of Limet H. L'anthroponymie sumérienne dans les document de la 3edynastie ďUr. 1968 // BSOAS. 1969. V. 32, Pt. 3. P. 594-595.</ref> 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer and Sachs 1967; Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit nişirti'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII: mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229].
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulALLA [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 245

* Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106, Anu 10): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27)

* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 245, Anu X, LBAT 1499 Anu XI). BM 82923: : mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Horowitz 2014: Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29].
* ,
* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161: 8 (setting in Month V, Tammuz), 19 (Rising in Month X, Tebet).
*
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: <s>mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
*
*
* <s>Astrolabe B.</s>
** <s>(1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing a crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]]. </s>
** <s>(2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "Month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).</s>
** <s>(3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is in month Ṭebetu, sunset is in month Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014 40, 42], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see [BPO 2, III 28a].</s>
* <s>BM 82923.</s>
** <s>Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "The Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014, 139].</s>
* <s>BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].</s>
* '''<s>"Round astrolabes."</s>'''
** <s>K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; see Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
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| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "The Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in [Beaulieu et al. 2018 40, MLC 1866 (col. ii 18)].
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of month Du'uzu the Small Twins and Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
*
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "The Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) MULmeš IGImeš ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL = ídidigna "Front stars of the Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) EGIRmeš-''tum'' = ídBURANUNki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298.
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) IGImeš KUR4meš-''ma'' SA5me-''ma'' ídIDIGNA DU-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) are bright and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) MURUB4meš SA5me-''ma'' ZI IM "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab star) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) EGIRmeš SA5me-''ma'' ídBURANUNki DU-''kam''2 NIMmeš / SI.SA2meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will prosper";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219]. See also BM 34387: 5' (Horowitz 2014: 206).
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|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
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|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* "'''Simple Group'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15// '''NBC 7831''', Obv. 12-14//'''BM 33878''' obv. 12'-13' (restored from duplicates, see [Hätinen 2023)<ref>Hätinen, Aino (2023). BM 33878: A Uranology Fragment From Babylon, Journal for Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 75, 189-195, DOI</ref>]:
** mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MULmeš ''ina i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru / i-na li[b''3''-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MULmeš ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu''2 ''e-ṣir''
** "The Crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars side by side] straddle one another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
* "'''Expanded Version'''" (Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />): Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20):
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2meš-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The Crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are drawn on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB. BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "⅔ ''bēru'' to the Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins to the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to the Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
** In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
'''Lists of ziqpu-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
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|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "The Crab (ε Cnc) or the Snake (β Cnc), the Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the constellation of the Arrow (π Pup): a string". [Pingree and Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5 uš behind the Crab, or Jupiter, which stands behind the Crab in front of the Lion, and the constellation of the Arrow (ρ Pup): a string [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2">Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021; Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)</ref> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022)<ref name=":2" /> in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On the 1]5 [of month Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° east of the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 99].
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|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE [Aaboe and Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlALLA ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / to (the point located) 5° behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
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|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts" (ALLA).'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs and Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
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|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaria:
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the area of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) "Hypsomata:" The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born when the Crab (culminates)" [SpTU V, 265:3'].
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaria." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 95-125].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-''ni''!-''tum'' ḪA.LA múlALLA ''šum''3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1587; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) In the "calendar" ritual texts, the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment (W 22619/9+): ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // (with) the blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlALLA) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlALLA ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulALLA múlKAK.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlALLA ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow [...] until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s ...]"
**(W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulALLA mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"The 'Strength' is Uraš; month Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Šulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be restored here for an extispicy and its correspondences [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; it is absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN, I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) ''dnin-[g]ir2-su'' "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below).

==== Symbol ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in the GU text [Pingree and Walker 313-322]: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections [Hunger and Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars: mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "Lyra Asterism = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish: mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarhum: MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarhum. Entenabarhum = The Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab: DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their (the Scales') position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] ''/ a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later once it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) comes close to the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out" [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars comes close to the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat comes close to the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab: DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, omen for an important person: he will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

(11) Lunar eclipse in the Crab: [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Tigris River" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame 2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crab; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury stands in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
!
|-
|
==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
|
|-
|
==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

AGA A-nim

2026-04-12T03:48:35Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AGA ''A-nim''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
__FORCETOC__
[[File:Iades and Pleiades (32446251210).jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|The Pleiades (top left) and the Hyades at the bottom right. Overlapping them in the projection is Aldebaran, an orange giant clearly identifiable in the photograph near the lower right corner. Near the upper right-hand corner is the star λ Tauri. Also recognisable near the lower edge of the image is the open cluster NGC 1647 (CC0, by Giuseppe Donatiello)]]
AGA d''A-nim'' (𒂇𒀭𒀀𒉏) is a Babylonian asterism, usually identified with the Hyades star cluster in [[Taurus]].
[[File:Victory stele of Naram Sin 9062.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, CC-BY Rama 2007]]
The Crown of Anu consists of the front part of classical Taurus = Mesopotamian mulGU4.AN.NA, and includes Akkadian ''is lê'', ‘the Jaw of the Bull,’ which itself consists of α Tauri (Aldebaran) and the Hyades, and horns extending outwards from the crown. Ancient Mesopotamian royal crowns typically include a horned head-piece. See e.g. The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (figure = Crown of Naram-Sin on Victory Stele of Naram-Sin).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant designations:

* mulAGA.AN.NA/NE,
* mul''Anu'' AGA,
* AGA AN-''nim'',
* mulAN.NA AGA,
* mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2),
* mulAG2.AN.NE; = "Crown of Anu"; one of Hyades’ names [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], see also a10.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE'''
See [BPO 2, VI 3].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 61-64)
* (1) In the menologies:
** itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(in the text: IL2).an.na.keˆ // itisig''4 is le-e a-ge'' d''a-nim''
** "The month of Simanu, Bull of Anu (Akk.: Jaw of the Bull), Crown of Anu"
** (Section A i 26, 32)<s>; parallel [Çağirgan 403:12]; for transcription see [BPO 2, 151-152; CAD I, 188].</s>
* (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 103, Ea 3)
** mul ''ša'' egir''-šu(''bi'')'' gub''-zu'' / mul''Is le-e a-ge dA-nim''
** "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind MUL.MUL), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Astrolabe B Section II i 7-8) <s>[KAV 218; Horowitz 2014].</s>
** Parallels: MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'' (B = HS 1897: 5), "The stars (that stands behind it) is the 'Bull of Heaven' Crown of Anu; [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] (C = BM 55502: 7] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Jaw of the Bul]l, Crown of Anu.
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Asterisms"</s>'''
* <s>(A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'',</s>
* <s>(B) [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Bull of Heaven” (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu." [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014].</s>
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of stars of Anu (no. 7): mulGU4.AN.NA ''dis le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Bull of Heaven, Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
|
|-
|'''"The Great Stars List and Miscellanea"'''
* mulag2.an.bur2 ''ana'' bala til.lum ''nap-šur-tum gam-lum'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; meaning is unclear, cf. [Weidner 1959-60, 107-108, Z. 23].
|
|}

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, p. 8; Hunger and Steele 2019, 134; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 271];

= α, θ12, γ, δ, ε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ''ana'' BALA TIL.LA "Crown of Anu for (predicting) the end of a dynasty." [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' / mul''A-nu'' AGA (gloss: ''a-gu-u) īna'' ŠA3-''bi-šu2'' GUB''-iz'' / [LUGAL] ''ša''2''-lim! kit-[tu''2 ''u mi-ša''2''-ru] ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If a halo surrounds the moon, and the 'Crown of Anu' stands in it: [the king] is well; there will be right[eousness] and justice in the land." [SAA 8 68:1-3]; parallel [ibid. 298 r. 1-3; 364 r. 2-3].

See also (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 13.

List (12´3) = KAV 218 (Astrolab B): '''<big>not astrology! (already quoted above)</big>'''

* mul ''ša'' egir''-šu(''bi'')'' gub''-zu /'' mul''Is le-e a-ge'' d''A-nim''
* "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind [[MUL.MUL]]), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Section B i 7-8)

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. обозначения: mulAGA.AN.NA/NE, mulAnu AGA, AGA AN-nim, mulAN.NA AGA, mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2), mulAG2.AN.NE; = «Корона Ану»; одно из наименований Гиад (Hyades) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], см. также a10.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, VI 3]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) В менологиях: itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(в тексте: IL2).an.na.ke4 // itisig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim «Месяц симану, Бык Ану (акк.: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» (Section A i 26, 32); параллель [Çağirgan 403:12]; транскрипция см. [BPO 2, 151–152; CAD I, 188]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulIs le-e a-ge dA-nim «Звезда, что позади него стоит (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014]. «Каталог 30 звезд». (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-nim, (B) [MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulis le]-e! AGA d[A-nim] «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), это “Бык Небес” (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану (№ 7): mulGU4.AN.NA dis le-e AGA dA-nim «Бык Небес, Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (I ii 1). «Большой список звезд». mulag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; смысл неясен, см. [Weidner 1959–60, 107–108, Z. 23].

II. Отождествление.

= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, р. 8; МА, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271];

= αθ12γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ana BALA TIL.LA «Корона Ану для (предсказания) конца династии» [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma / mulA-nu AGA (глосса: a-gu-u) inа ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / [LUGAL] ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Луна окружена гало, и “Корона Ану” стоит в нем: [царь] будет благоденствовать; в стране будут прав[да и справедливость]» [SAA 8, 68:1–3]; параллель [ibid. 298 r. 1–3; 364 r. 2–3].

См. также g11 GI.GI, g33 GU4.AN.NA, i15 Is lê, z10 Zibānītum, VI 13.
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[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Tau]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-04-12T03:29:50Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8***, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246'''
CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels.

* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12),
* Nv. 10: 5'-8': '''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [mullugal] u mulšu.pa // 2''' 「''šu|'''*-ut''''' '''dE2-a / [GIŠ?/KU? . . . ša2 mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 ''ik''-「''šu-du*|,''''' "[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, ????? [Fincke 2025: 67, see previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69. Parallels Fincke 2025: 70: 11', 72: 5'.
*
* Nv. 10: 31'-32': '''「''''''mulE4-''ru''6''' '''''*|''// mulab.sin2''' '''/ u d''*|''lugal] MUL.AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, Erua Barley Stalk, and King, the Antašurra-stars. [Fincke 2025: 68, see previously Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995: ??.'''
**
**
*
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
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|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955*** 238:21-25].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia'''
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
* Nv 10:
** 5', rev. 31' '''Jan add entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:
** 11' ... 18: '''Jan add entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).
**
* BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women".
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš
** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

* K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|'''WAYNE messed that up'''
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

==== Symbol. ====
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

AB.SIN

2026-04-12T03:28:25Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI); = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra 22: 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Horowitz 2014: 245
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31) Fincke 2025: 67-68,
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** Parallels: Fincke 2025: 70: 10', 72: 5'.
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "10 days from the rising of ŠU.PA to the rising of the Furrow, 20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* SAA 10 "Letters" and "Reports." See [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (fig. 12). This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107] (Fig. 31).
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (fig. 38). The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-ar'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

ERU (Goddess)

2026-04-12T03:23:44Z

WayneHorowitz: I don't have the Donbaz-Koch page numbers at home

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8***, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246'''
CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels.

* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12),
* Nv. 10: 5'-8': '''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [mullugal] u mulšu.pa // 2''' 「''šu|'''*-ut''''' '''dE2-a / [GIŠ?/KU? . . . ša2 mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 ''ik''-「''šu-du*|,''''' "[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, ????? [Fincke 2025: 67, see previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69.
*
* Nv. 10: 31'-32': '''「''''''mulE4-''ru''6''' '''''*|''// mulab.sin2''' '''/ u d''*|''lugal] MUL.AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA, Erua Barley Stalk, and King, the Antašurra-stars. [Fincke 2025: 68, see previously Horowitz 2014: 216-217, Donbaz and Koch 1995: ??.'''
**
**
*
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955*** 238:21-25].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia'''
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
* Nv 10:
** 5', rev. 31' '''Jan add entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:
** 11' ... 18: '''Jan add entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).
**
* BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women".
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš
** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

* K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|'''WAYNE messed that up'''
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

==== Symbol. ====
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-04-12T03:10:31Z

WayneHorowitz: I redid CT 33 9 Nv. 10 etc. I could not figure out how to do half-brackets and so I used

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8***, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246'''
CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels.

* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12),
* Nv. 10: 5'-8': '''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [mullugal] u mulšu.pa // 2''' 「''šu|'''*-ut''''' '''dE2-a / [GIŠ?/KU? . . . ša2 mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 ''ik''-「''šu-du*|,''''' "[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, ????? [Fincke 2025: 67]
*
* See previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69.
* T<s>he stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>

*<s>Intercalation scheme, (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.:</s>
**
**
*
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955*** 238:21-25].
|
|-
|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia'''
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see Thureau-Dangin 1921<ref>F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139</ref>; Linssen 2004<ref>Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</ref>.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
* Nv 10:
** 5', rev. 31' '''Jan add entry???''' (Fincke 2025***: 66-68), LBAT 1502:
** 11' ... 18: '''Jan add entry??''' (Fincke 2025***: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025***: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025***: 72).
**
* BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women".
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš
** "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

* K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|'''WAYNE messed that up'''
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity. ====
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist*** 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

==== Symbol. ====
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927*** 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018***: 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019***, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8***, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8***, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920*** 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019***, 142; Pingree-Walker*** 320; Koch 1992*** 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

AB.SIN

2026-04-12T02:49:22Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI); = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra 22: 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

Horowitz 2014: 245
* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31) Fincke 2025: 67-68,
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "10 days from the rising of ŠU.PA to the rising of the Furrow, 20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* SAA 10 "Letters" and "Reports." See [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (fig. 12). This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107] (Fig. 31).
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (fig. 38). The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-ar'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

Bibbu

2026-04-10T11:01:14Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]
mul / d''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is the ancient Akkadian generic term term for the seven 'ancient planets' known to Mesopotamian astronomers. The Akkadian term is typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM, 'wild sheep,' as opposed to the fixed-stars which were compared with domesticated farm animals (see Horowitz 2010 and Rochberg 2010). For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu:'' Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read mul / dudu-til but also mul / dudu-idim).

"Wild sheep"ː a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].
{| class="wikitable"
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!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** (a) muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174],
** (b) [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11].
* (4) Series Antagal G 308 (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308].
* (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = d''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3].
* (6) Series Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. "i." [['''what is "i." ? is something missing here?'''<nowiki>]] See [SAA 8</nowiki><ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].

See also: d''bi-ib-bu'' = dUDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5].
|-
|'''Šumma Izbu.'''
Izbu Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Series Urra XXII, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

(2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].

(3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].

(4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.

(5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) A Planet and the Goat: DIŠ mul''bi-ib-bu ana'' mulUZ3 [TE] ... "If a planet comes close to the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].

(2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]], VI 2.

(3) Mercury as a planetː DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''2 d''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = dzi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: dbi-ib-bu = dUDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].

II. Божество.

Название mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.

(2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.

(3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

(4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.

(5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ mulbi-ib-bu ana mulUZ3 [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].

(2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.

(3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša2 dnin-urta MU.NE ina dUTU.E3.A lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

Bibbu

2026-04-10T10:57:33Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph|thumb|Jupiter and Mars at dawn (SMH 2024). ]]
mul / d''Bibbu'' (𒀯𒁉𒅁𒁍) is the ancient Akkadian generic term term for the seven 'ancient planets' known to Mesopotamian astronomers. The Akkadian term is typically equated with Sumerian UDU.IDIM, 'wild sheep,' as opposed to the fixed-stars which were compared with domesticated farm animals (see Horowitz ??? and Rochberg ???). For varying sequences in lists of the 7 ''bibbu:'' Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and Moon, see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 57-58.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bibbu''}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Equated with Sumerian UDU.BAD (now read mul / dudu-til but also mul / dudu-idim).

"Wild sheep"ː a designation of the planets as a special category of luminaries, and especially of Mercury, Saturn and Mars, found mainly in lexical and astrological texts [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 55; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 217-218].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Series Aa II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Star = wild sheep". [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
* (2) Series Urra XXII:
** (a) muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 151:174],
** (b) [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'' [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = ''bi-ib-bi'' [Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280′]; for a parallel see [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 132:14; 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105 iv 5; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114 Rs. V 24?].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Wild sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:42]; parallel [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 iii 11].
* (4) Series Antagal G 308 (in the list of planets between Saturn and Mars): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Wild Sheep = Mercury" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308].
* (5) [''bi'']''-ib-bu'' = d''zi-b''[''a-ni-tum''] "Wild Sheep = Libra (= Mercury or Saturn?) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 41, K.11283:3].
* (6) Series Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = ''bi-ib-bu'' "Saturn? = Wild Sheep." [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 18, 48 ii 26].
|Example
|-
|'''EAE.'''
In astrological texts the word ''bibbu'', written syllabically, is not often used, cf. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. "i." [['''what is "i." ? is something missing here?'''<nowiki>]] See [SAA 8</nowiki><ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 503:4].

See also: d''bi-ib-bu'' = dUDU.IDIM in astrological commentaries [AfO 14<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'' [LKU<ref>''A.Falkenstein''. Literarische Keilschrifttexte aus Uruk. Berlin, 1931.</ref>, 30:5].
|-
|'''Šumma Izbu.'''
Izbu Comm. 206: ''bi-ib-bu'' = Nergal, quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218].
|
|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL occurs in the earliest Sumerian lists of stars [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400]. Its Akkadian equivalent ''bibbu'' appears for the first time in texts of the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (Series Urra XXII, a copy from Emar) sometimes with the determinative d. Initially, the term apparently referred only to the three planets Mercury, Saturn and Mars, then was extended to the 7 luminaries (including the Moon and the Sun), whose position changes relative to the fixed stars. The planets were already worshipped as deities, apparently, in the Old Babylonian period, and possibly earlier. It is unknown, however, when exactly in Mesopotamia all the five planets, observable with the naked eye, were identified. The evidence from the Old Babylonian period concerns only Venus, Jupiter and Mars.

==== Identification. ====
(1) = Planet; meaning reliably attested in lexical and astrological texts, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

(2) = Mercury; see above, also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]].

(3) = Saturn; see above, and also (Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]].

(4) = Mars; see above, also (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]''.

(5) = meteor, comet; cf. [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 124; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> B, 218], see, however, [Chadwick 1993<ref>''Chadwick R.'' Identifying Comets and Meteors in Celestial Observation Literature / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Graz, 1993.</ref>, 171].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) A Planet and the Goat: DIŠ mul''bi-ib-bu ana'' mulUZ3 [TE] ... "If a planet comes close to the Goat (= Venus?): the country of Akkad will fall apart, the king of Akkad will die" [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:106].

(2) A planet and the Jaw of the Bull see (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|''Is le''10]], VI 2.

(3) Mercury as a planetː DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''bi''-˹''ib-bu''˺ ''ša''2 d''nin-urta'' MU.NE ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' ... "If a planet, (read) ''bi-ib-bu'', whose name is Ninurta, appears at sunrise or at sunset..." [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99ff.]
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|аккадская параллель к mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL «Дикая овца»; обозначение планет как особой категории светил, и, в особенности, Меркурия, Сатурна и Марса, встречающееся главным образом в лексических и астрологических текстах [Gössmann 1950, 55; AHw, 124; CAD B, 217–218].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Аа II/6 ii 36: mu-luMUL = bi-ib-bu «Звезда = дикая овца» [MSL XIV, 291]. (2) Cерия Urra XXII: a) muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], b) [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9], muludu.til = bi-ib-bi [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280′]; параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:14; 1981, 105 iv 5; SpTU III, 114 Rs. V 24?]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) Серия Antagal (G 308) (в списке планет между Сатурном и Марсом): DINGIR.BI.IB.BU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD «Дикая овца = Меркурий» [CT 19, 19 iv 56; MSL XVII, 229:308]. (5) [bi]-ib-bu = dzi-b[a-ni-tum] «Дикая овца = Весы (= Меркурий или Сатурн?) [CT 26, 41, K.11283:3]. (6) Серия Erimḫuš: dNIN.GIR3.BANDA3 = bi-ib-bu «Сатурн? = Дикая овца» [CT 18, 48 ii 26]. ЕАЕ. В астрологических текстах слово bibbu, записанное силлабически, употребляется не часто, cм. [Largement 1957, 252:99, 105, 106; Verderame 2002, 246]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 503:4]. Šumma Izbu. Comm. 206: bi-ib-bu = Nergal, цит. по [CAD B, 218]. Cм. также: dbi-ib-bu = dUDU.IDIM в астрологическом комментарии [AfO 14, Taf. VII i 24; Verderame 2002, 137, Vg:24′], (mul)UDU.IDIM = dUDU.IDIMbi-ib-bu [LKU, 30:5].

II. Божество.

Название mul / dUDU.IDIM/TIL встречается в самых ранних шумерских списках звезд [MSL XI, 108:400]. Его аккадский эквивалент bibbu появляется впервые в текстах второй половины II тыс. до н.э. (серии Urra XXII, копия из Эмара) иногда с детерминативом d. Первоначально термин относился, по-видимому, только к трем планетам ― Меркурию, Сатурну и Марсу, затем был распространен на 7 светил (включая Луну и Солнце), положение которых меняется относительно неподвижных звезд. Планеты почитались как божества уже, по-видимому, в старовавилонский период, а возможно, и раньше. Неизвестно, однако, когда именно в Месопотамии были выделены все пять планет, наблюдаемые невооруженным глазом. Относящиеся к старовавилонскому периоду свидетельства касаются только Венеры, Юпитера и Марса.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Планета; значение надежно засвидетельствовано в лексических и астрологических текстах, см. u07UDU.IDIM.

(2) = Меркурий; см. выше, а также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD.

(3) = Сатурн; см. выше, а также u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ.

(4) = Марс; см. выше, а также ts02Ṣalbatānu.

(5) = метеор, комета; см. [AHw, 124; CAD B, 218], см., однако, [Chadwick 1993, 171].

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планета и Коза; DIŠ mulbi-ib-bu ana mulUZ3 [TE] … «Если планета к Козе (= Венера?) приближается: страна Аккада распадется, царь Аккада умрет» [TU, 16 rev. 45; Largement 1957, 252:106].

(2) Планета и Челюсть Быка; см. i15Is lê, VI 2.

(3) Меркурий как планета; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM bi-˹ib-bu˺ ša2 dnin-urta MU.NE ina dUTU.E3.A lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma … «Если планета, (читай) bi-ib-bu, чье имя Нинурта, при восходе Солнца или при заходе Солнца появляется…» [TU, 16 rev. 38; Largement 1957, 252:99ff.].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Solar System]]

BALAG

2026-04-10T10:17:08Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mulBALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’ Given that the Sumerian balag was a string instrument an identification with classical Lyra is suspected, but not provable on the basis of the single attested entry in the star-list.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Kurtik mentions [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "mulAB2.BIR3(?)" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]
'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp) whose appearance finds visual expression in the cuneiform sign for its name. In later periods, the name was re-used for a cultic drum.

'''Astronomy'''. The name occurs only once in an exemplar of the Nippur 'forerunner' to Urra XXI (Horowitz 2005: 169). This appears to refer to a constellation since in the list of star names before and after it come the names of constellations. Still, the identification is unclear.

'''Pronunciation:''' The final ‘G’ was pronounced in the original Sumerian something akin to English ‘ng’ or Spanish ‘ñ’ as in ‘señor.’

Gabbay 2019:<ref>Gabbay, U. (2019): ‘The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia’, in J.G. Westenholz ed., ''Sounds of ancient music of Ancient Mesopotamia'', [https://jewish-music.huji.ac.il/en/yuval/22869 on-line], Hebrew University, original print: see Westenholz (ed. 2007). </ref> 133 n. 7, in his discussion of the ancient Sumerian stringed 'instruments' points out that the name of the Sumerian BALAG is onomatopoetic for the sound one makes when plucking a stringed instrument such as a harp or lyre. In later times BALAG came to be a name for a drum (Gabbay 2019).

'''An identification''' with what would later become classical Lyra remains unproven despite the fact that both Sumerian BALAG and Lyra are in the shape of string instruments: The Lyra-region is known as mul[[UZ3|UZ3,]] 'The She-Goat' in later Sumerian and Akkadian sources. In fact, the constellation name mul[[UZ3|UZ3]] was already in use at the time of the Nippur Forerunner (Horowitz 2005: 169). This suggests that mulBALAG may have been an asterism within the larger 'The She-Goat' constellation, and so that the name mulBALAG was already falling out of use by the early second millennium BCE. Greek sources only start in the early first millennium leaving a time gap of roughly a millennium.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''
* Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars from Nippur: mulbalag [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:404].
|unknown
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deity and symbol. ====
The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynasty and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.
===Historical Dictionaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" style="width: 55%;"|Kurtik (2022, b04)
!scope="col" style="width: 46%;"|Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= «Лира (Арфа)»; в [Gössmann 1950, 3] mulAB2.BIR3(??); по-видимому, это созвездие, поскольку в списке названий звезд до и после него идут названия созвездий, отождествление неясно.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд из Ниппура: mulbalag [MSL XI, 108:404].

II. Божество и символ.

Священная лира как музыкальный инструмент известна с раннединастического периода [Боровская 1997; Stauder 1972–75]. Лиры имелись у многих месопотамских богов. В эпоху III династии Ура и позднее они играли важную роль в храмовом ритуале в Ниппуре и других городах. Название фиксировалось часто без детерминатива d [PSD II, B 75–78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Какая именно лира послужила основой для данного созвездия, неизвестно.
|no entry for "BALAG"
Kurtik refers to Gössman's [Gössmann 1950, 3] "mulAB2.BIR3(??)" which may be a misreading
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sco]]

BAL.TEŠ2.A

2026-04-10T09:55:40Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism described as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
(MUL.)BAL.TEŠ2.A (𒀯𒁄𒌨𒀀) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the area of [[Corona Borealis]]. This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and as a palace goddess in lists of other female astral deities in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref name=":0" /> 224), and parallels.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:(mul)BAL.TEŠ2.A}}
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> note on BAL.TÉŠ.A = ''bāltu'' < ''bāštu'' “dignity”: <blockquote>The spelling can be analysed as TÉŠ.A = ''bāš/ltu'' with the preceding BAL functioning as a phonetic indicator (balTÉŠ.A). mulBAL.TÉŠ.A (EN 15r).</blockquote>Var. readings:
* MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = ''kakkab bālti'' "Asterism of Dignity". [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 112; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44; Labat<ref>''Labat R''. Manuel d’épigraphie akkadienne. Paris, 1976.</ref> 1976, 45];
* ''kakkab balti(m)''
* ''baštu''

A group of stars in [[Corona Borealis]] (Northern Crown).

This asterism is listed among female asterisms identified with the wife of Marduk in a prayer before dawn on the 5th day of the Babylonian New Year’s Festival and in a list of six astral palace goddesses in the theological work KAR 142 iv 7 (Pongratz-Leisten<ref name=":0">''Pongratz-Leisten, B''. Ina S̆ulmi Īrub : die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik der akītu-Prozession in Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. [Dissertation]. Von Zabern. 1994.</ref> 224).

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d]
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 14):
** MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2
** "The asterism that stands behind it (= Šupa): Balteša, messenger of Tišpak" (I i 14).
* (2) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 22, 58].
|[[File:Dignity stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Mesopotamian constellation Dignity, an asterism descriped as circular or as a hook, and symbol of (divine) dignity. (map in Stellarium, painting: Jessica Gullberg 2021).]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
* List of names of Mars: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Balteša = Mars". [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:104].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:10, 45.'''
* (1) mul bal.teš2.a = d''Na-na-a'';
* (2) mul bal.teš2.a = ''kak-kab bal-tum.''

See also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51-2:10, 45; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, '''''??? quotations from Wee 2016 are always wrong, there musts be some systematic error ????''''' 162-3:10, 45]; parallel in the prayer lists during the New Year festivals in Babylonian: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul ''bal-tu''2 [RAcc<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Rituels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref>. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. For a list of the "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|-
|'''The lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
* mulBAL.TEŠ2.A in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars in MUL.APIN; this seems to correspond to mulGAM-''ti'' (=''kippatu'' "circle, ring") (AO 6478:3), usually identified with α Coronae Borealis (=Gemma) [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 142].
* The number of stars in the constellation, according to VAT 16436:20, is 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88]). Apparently, mul''kip-pat'' and mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — two different designations of the same stellar configuration, cf. [ibid.<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 269-270].
|
|}
[[File:BALTESA CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 151500.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside BAL.TEŠ2.A (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alphecca]]
|HIP 76267
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.24
|-
|2
|[[Nusakan]]
|HIP 75695
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.68
|-
|3
|* gam CrB A
| HIP 76952
|Constellation lines
|4.05
|-
|4
|θ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines
|4.13
|-
|5
|ϵ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78159
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.13
|-
|6
|* tet CrB A
|HIP 76127
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.3
|-
| 7
|δ Coronae Borealis
|HIP 77512
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.63
|-
|8
|ι Coronae Borealis
|HIP 78493
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.971
|-
|9
|* gam CrB B
|HIP 76952
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.56
|-
|10
|R CrB
|HIP 77442
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|11
|* tet CrB B
| HIP 76127
| Constellation lines
|6.29
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 76456
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
The name is always written without the determinative d, but on the New Year's eve in Babylon it is addressed as a goddess, see above; probably, it is one of the names of Venus [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 139]. The connection with Venus is also indicated by the identification with Nanaya, see above, also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 385-386; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>]. The definition of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A as "messenger of Tišpak" in MUL.APIN is difficult to explain.

==== Symbol. ====
The comparison of mulBAL.TEŠ2.A with ''kippatu'' "circle, ring", allows and suggests that the symbol of the constellation mulBAL.TEŠ2.A was a ring-shaped object correspondingly located upon the modern Corona Borealis (?).

==== Identification. ====
= Corona Borealis, especially in [[Alphecca]] (Gemma) [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957-1959<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394.</ref>, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [Hunger and Steele 2019,<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 137; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars, cf. "The Great Star List and Miscellanea."

(2) = Venus, see above.

===== Predictions: =====
(3) Balteša and Scorpiusː DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL d''Tišpak ana'' mulGIR2.TAB TE... "If Balteša (=Mars?), messenger of Tišpak, comes close to Scorpius: within the span of 3 years, there will be severe cold, cough and phlegm will afflict the country" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 11d + Parallels].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, b03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A; = kakkab bālti «Звезда Достоинство» [AHw, 112; Gössmann 1950, 44; Labat 1976, 45]; группа звезд в Cеверной Короне (Corona Borealis) (?).
I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 11d]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 14): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulBAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dMUŠ2 «Звезда, которая позади него (= Шупа) стоит: Балтеша, посланник Тишпака» (I i 14), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:3′]. (2) Cписок ziqpu-звезд: MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A (I iv 4) [Hunger-Steele 2019, 22, 58]. «Большой список звезд». Список имен Марса: mulbal.teš2.a = dmin(=dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Балтеша = Марс» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:104]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:10, 45. (1) mul bal.teš2.a = dNa-na-a; (2) mul bal.teš2.a = kak-kab bal-tum, см. также [HBA 51–2:10, 45; Wee 2016, 162–3:10, 45]; параллель в списке молитв в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне: mul2 bal.teš2.a mul bal-tu2 [RАcc. 139:329; Linssen 2004, 221:329]. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02[[A.EDIN]]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. mulBAL.TEŠ2.A в списке ziqpu-звезд в MUL.APIN соответствует, по-видимому, mulGAM-ti (=kippati «круг, кольцо») (AO 6478:3), обычно отождествляемому с α Coronae Borealis (=Гемма) [Schaumberger 1952, 229; Hunger-Steele 2019, 142]. Число звезд в созвездии, согласно VAT 16436:20, равно 9 (= α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ, ι, π, ρ CrB [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88]). По-видимому, mulkip-pat и mulBAL.TEŠ2.A — два разных обозначения одной и той же звездной конфигурации, см. [ibid., 269–270].

II. Божество.

Название всегда пишется без детерминатива d, однако в новогодний праздник в Вавилоне к нему обращаются как к богине, см. выше; возможно это одно из имен Венеры [Reiner 1995, 139]. На связь с Венерой указывает также отождествление с Нанайей, см. выше, а также [Tallqvist 1938, 385–386; Heimpel 1982]. Определение mulBAL.TEŠ2.A как «посланника Тишпака», принятое в MUL.APIN, объяснить трудно.

III. Символ.

Сопоставление mulBAL.TEŠ2.A и kippatu «круг, кольцо» позволяет предположить, что символом созвездия mulBAL.TEŠ2.A был кольцеобразный объект, расположенный на месте современной Corona Borealis (?).

IV. Отождествление.

= Corona Borealis, в особенности Гемма [Gössmann 1950, 44];

= Corona Borealis [Weidner 1957–1959, 78];

= Coronae Borealis (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Coronae Borealis [МА, 137; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271–272].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс, см. «Большой список звезд».

(2) = Венера, см. выше.

Предсказания:

(3) Балтеша и Скорпион; DIŠ MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A SUKKAL dTišpak ana mulGIR2.TAB TE… «Если Балтеша (=Марс?), посланник Тишпака, к Скорпиону приближается: в течение 3 лет будут сильные холода, кашель и мокрота поразят страну» [BPO 2, III 11d + Parallels].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CrB]]

A-ḫa-ti

2026-04-09T10:52:47Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A-ḫa-ti''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Pleiades and Venus in the morning sky.]]
''A-ḫa-ti'' (𒀀𒄩𒋾) is a Mesopotamian term for the planet Venus, most likely meaning 'sister.' as Venus is the planet of the goddess Inanna = Ištar. the sister of the male Sun and Moon-gods in Ancient Mesopotamian tradition.

== Visibility & Appearance ==
{{Template:Venus}}

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''Aḫātu'' "Sister"; an epithet of Ištar as the planet Venus, who was considered the sister of the sun god Šamaš [Lambert 1987, 95; Tallqvist 1938, 332-333].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sources !! Identifications
|-
| '''A Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* In the first place: mul''a-ḫa-ti'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:1; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]''
In this source, there are five terms (''a-ha-ti, ga-ga, dumuzi, ninkizida, šulpae'') and there are five star-like planets. Lambert 1987 equals them to (Venus, Mercury, Saturn, Mars, Jupiter).
|
|}
''' ''' See also: [Lambert 1987, 95/96]

=== Additional ===
''' ''' "Venus (Ištar) can only be the first: ''a-ha-ti''. This, we suggest, is ''aḫati'' "sister (of)", rather than ''ahatti'' "outside" etc., since Ištar was sister of Šamaš, the sun, the most conspicuous heavenly body. Identification of the other three is uncertain. Antagal G 309 (apud CAD ṣalbatānu) identified Simut, an Elamite god of the netherworld (= Nergal: AfK 2 72 16) as ''Ṣalbatānu'', Mars. So it could be argued that Ningišzida in this list, being a Sumerian god of the netherworld, is Mars. Then since ''Dumuzi''(''d'') would be ''māru kīnu'' in Akkadian translation, ''Kayamānu'' (Saturn), being linguistically a fuller form of '''<big>kfnu</big>''', '''what is that??''' '''note that there were several typos in this passage!''' might mean Dumuzi.

''' ''' Then since Kakka under his aliases Ninšubur, Ilabrat and Papsukkal became a vizier or messenger of all the gods, he could be Mercury because the Greek god equivalent to Mercury, Hermes, was an errand boy for the other gods."

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = mul''Aḫātu'' «Сестра»(?); эпитет Иштар как планеты Венеры, которая считалась сестрой бога Солнца Шамаша [Lambert 1987, 95; Tallqvist 1938, 332–333].
I. Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. На первом месте: mula-ḫa-ti [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:1; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43], см. также a15Aḫû.
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]

AGA A-nim

2026-04-09T09:54:32Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AGA ''A-nim''}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
__FORCETOC__
[[File:Iades and Pleiades (32446251210).jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|The Pleiades (top left) and the Hyades at the bottom right. Overlapping them in the projection is Aldebaran, an orange giant clearly identifiable in the photograph near the lower right corner. Near the upper right-hand corner is the star λ Tauri. Also recognisable near the lower edge of the image is the open cluster NGC 1647 (CC0, by Giuseppe Donatiello)]]
AGA d''A-nim'' (𒂇𒀭𒀀𒉏) is a Babylonian asterism, usually identified with the Hyades star cluster in [[Taurus]].
[[File:Victory stele of Naram Sin 9062.jpg|alt=photograph |thumb|Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, CC-BY Rama 2007]]
The Crown of Anu consists of the front part of classical Taurus = Mesopotamian mulGU4.AN.NA, and includes Akkadian ''is lê'', ‘the Jaw of the Bull,’ which consists of α Tauri (Aldebaran) and the Hyades, and horns extending outwards from the crown. Ancient Mesopotamian royal crowns typically include a horned head-piece. See e.g. The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin (figure = Crown of Naram-Sin on Victory Stele of Naram-Sin).
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Variant designations:

* mulAGA.AN.NA/NE,
* mul''Anu'' AGA,
* AGA AN-''nim'',
* mulAN.NA AGA,
* mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2),
* mulAG2.AN.NE; = "Crown of Anu"; one of Hyades’ names [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], see also a10.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE'''
See [BPO 2, VI 3].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
'''Astrolabe B.'''
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 61-64)
* (1) In the menologies:
** itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(in the text: IL2).an.na.keˆ // itisig''4 is le-e a-ge'' d''a-nim''
** "The month of Simanu, Bull of Anu (Akk.: Jaw of the Bull), Crown of Anu"
** (Section A i 26, 32)<s>; parallel [Çağirgan 403:12]; for transcription see [BPO 2, 151-152; CAD I, 188].</s>
* (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 103, Ea 3)
** mul ''ša'' egir''-šu(''bi'')'' gub''-zu'' / mul''Is le-e a-ge dA-nim''
** "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind MUL.MUL), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Astrolabe B Section II i 7-8) <s>[KAV 218; Horowitz 2014].</s>
** Parallels: MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'' (B = HS 1897: 5), "The stars (that stands behind it) is the 'Bull of Heaven' Crown of Anu; [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] (C = BM 55502: 7] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Jaw of the Bul]l, Crown of Anu.
|
|-
|'''<s>"Catalog of 30 Asterisms"</s>'''
* <s>(A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-''nim'',</s>
* <s>(B) [MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mul''is le]-e!'' AGA d[''A-nim''] "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind MUL.MUL) is the “Bull of Heaven” (B: Bull's Jaw), the Crown of Anu." [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014].</s>
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of stars of Anu (no. 7): mulGU4.AN.NA ''dis le-e'' AGA d''A-nim'' "Bull of Heaven, Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (I ii 1).
|
|-
|'''"The Great Stars List and Miscellanea"'''
* mulag2.an.bur2 ''ana'' bala til.lum ''nap-šur-tum gam-lum'' [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; meaning is unclear, cf. [Weidner 1959-60, 107-108, Z. 23].
|
|}

==== Previous Identifications. ====
= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, p. 8; Hunger and Steele 2019, 134; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 271];

= α, θ12, γ, δ, ε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

==== Astrology. ====
(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ''ana'' BALA TIL.LA "Crown of Anu for (predicting) the end of a dynasty." [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' / mul''A-nu'' AGA (gloss: ''a-gu-u) īna'' ŠA3-''bi-šu2'' GUB''-iz'' / [LUGAL] ''ša''2''-lim! kit-[tu''2 ''u mi-ša''2''-ru] ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If a halo surrounds the moon, and the 'Crown of Anu' stands in it: [the king] is well; there will be right[eousness] and justice in the land." [SAA 8 68:1-3]; parallel [ibid. 298 r. 1-3; 364 r. 2-3].

See also (Kurtik g11) [[GI.GI]], (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]], (Kurtik i15) ''Is lê'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 13.

List (12´3) = KAV 218 (Astrolab B): '''<big>not astrology! (already quoted above)</big>'''

* mul ''ša'' egir''-šu(''bi'')'' gub''-zu /'' mul''Is le-e a-ge'' d''A-nim''
* "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind [[MUL.MUL]]), Jaw of the Bull, Crown of Anu" (Section B i 7-8)

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a12)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. обозначения: mulAGA.AN.NA/NE, mulAnu AGA, AGA AN-nim, mulAN.NA AGA, mulAG2.AN.NAx(BUR2), mulAG2.AN.NE; = «Корона Ану»; одно из наименований Гиад (Hyades) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 25], см. также a10.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, VI 3]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. (1) В менологиях: itisig4 mulgu3.an.na aga?(в тексте: IL2).an.na.ke4 // itisig4 is le-e a-ge da-nim «Месяц симану, Бык Ану (акк.: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» (Section A i 26, 32); параллель [Çağirgan 403:12]; транскрипция см. [BPO 2, 151–152; CAD I, 188]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub-zu / mulIs le-e a-ge dA-nim «Звезда, что позади него стоит (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (Section B i 7-8) [KAV 218; Horowitz 2014]. «Каталог 30 звезд». (A) MUL KI.MIN mulGU4.AN.NA AGA AN-nim, (B) [MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulis le]-e! AGA d[A-nim] «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади MUL.MUL), это “Бык Небес” (В: Челюсть Быка), Корона Ану» [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 3; Horowitz 2014]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 68:2, 298 r. 1, 364 r. 2]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану (№ 7): mulGU4.AN.NA dis le-e AGA dA-nim «Бык Небес, Челюсть Быка, Корона Ану» (I ii 1). «Большой список звезд». mulag2.an.bur2 ana bala til.lum nap-šur-tum gam-lum [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:161]; смысл неясен, см. [Weidner 1959–60, 107–108, Z. 23].

II. Отождествление.

= Hyades [Gössmann 1950, 25];

= α Tauri + Hyades [BPO 2, р. 8; МА, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271];

= αθ12γδε Tauri [Koch 1989, 79].

III. Астрология.

(1) [mulA]G2.AN.NE ana BALA TIL.LA «Корона Ану для (предсказания) конца династии» [BPO 2, VI 3 + Parallels];

(2) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma / mulA-nu AGA (глосса: a-gu-u) inа ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / [LUGAL] ša2-lim! kit[tu2 u mi-ša2-ru] ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если Луна окружена гало, и “Корона Ану” стоит в нем: [царь] будет благоденствовать; в стране будут прав[да и справедливость]» [SAA 8, 68:1–3]; параллель [ibid. 298 r. 1–3; 364 r. 2–3].

См. также g11 GI.GI, g33 GU4.AN.NA, i15 Is lê, z10 Zibānītum, VI 13.
|
|-
|
|
|}

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Tau]]

AB.SIN

2026-04-09T07:05:25Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI); = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra 22: 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31) Fincke 2025: 67-68,
** See previously [Horowitz 2014: 215-216, Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "10 days from the rising of ŠU.PA to the rising of the Furrow, 20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* SAA 10 "Letters" and "Reports." See [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (fig. 12). This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107] (Fig. 31).
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (fig. 38). The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-ar'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

AB.SIN

2026-04-09T06:57:59Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:AB.SIN2, ABSIN (𒀊𒉆)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
AB.SÍN2/ABSIN = '''''šerʾu,''''' 'The Furrow.' We give together 𒀊𒉆 AB.SIN2 (Kurtik a06) and 𒆠𒀸𒀸 ABSIN (Kurtik a07), the latter being a diri-compound whose reading is proved by Diri IV 276-277: ab-si-in KI.AŠ.AŠ = ''abšennu'', ''šer'u''. The constellation includes stars in classical [[Virgo]] for which an illustration is available in the set of drawings related to the Uranology Group (see the drawing on AO 6448 below). It is not certain how much of the drawing corresponds to Mesopotamian perceptions of the constellation over time, but it is clear that the Mesopotamian asterism certainly included the barley stalk that the goddess is holding.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variants'''

* mulAB.SIN2 (137)
** = ''šir'u,''
** = ''šerʾu,''
* ABSIN is a later writing of the name.
** mulKI.AŠ.AŠ,
** mulKI.DILI.DILI,
** mulKI.DIDLI,
** mulKI.ḪAL

"The Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> point out that AHw. 7 refers to CT 33, 1: 11 in favour of a reading ''absinnu'', but the correct restoration there is [''sis'']-''sin-nu''. In MUL.APIN's explanatory list, the term mulAB.SÍN occurs in the Anu-path, 15th entry (explanandum). It is associated with the goddess Šala:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>'''''Šala''.''' Goddess, wife of the NAAM god Iškur/Adad, associated with rain:
* d''Ša-la'' ''šu-bu-ul-tu4'' (AN 15r),
* Šala, the stalk/ ear/ spike of grain.
</blockquote>Var. designations:

* ABSIN0(KI); = ''šer'u'' "Furrow" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 1941-44 257; Gössmann 1950, 4].
* On the probable translation of ABSIN "Barley Stalk" see [Sachs 1952a 146, note 3].
* Constellation and zodiacal sign mulAB.SIN2 "Furrow" (= Virgo) in later astronomical and astrological texts.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== AB.SIN2 ====
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Urra 22: 302: mulAB.SIN2 = ''ši-ir-'u'' "Furrow" (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3 B K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]
|why do we list the refs. here when we quote them anyway below under astrology?
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each” (Astrolabe Group)'''
Horowitz 2014: 245
CT 33, Nv. 10, and parallels

* CT 33, 9: A list of the 12 asterisms of Anu (no. 9): [mul]AB.SIN2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]
** Text Nv. 10: mulAB.SIN2 as an asterism of Anu in the months Kislimu and Ṭebetu (Obv. 6, 10), and as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA in the month Simanu (Rev. 31) Fincke 2025: 67-68,
** See previously Horowitz 2014
** [Donbaz and Koch 65-66].
** ,
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 15):
** mulAB.SIN2 ''dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4''
** "The furrow, the goddess Šala, the ear of grain" (I ii 10).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI
** "On the 25th day of the month Ululu the Furrow becomes visible" ( I ii 47).
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** mulKU6 ''u'' mulŠU.GI KURmeš-''ma'' mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš
** "The Fish and the Old Man rise and the Furrow and the Mad Dog set" (I iii 33).
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
** TA KUR ''ša2'' mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4
** "10 days from the rising of ŠU.PA to the rising of the Furrow, 20 days from the rising of the Furrow to the rising of the Scales" (I iii 36-37).
* (5) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon": mulAB.SIN2, after mulUR.GU.LA, before mul''Zi-ba-ni-tu4'' (I iv 35), see (Kurtik s20) Sîn.
* (6) Astrological predictions: star U.RI.RI and AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), see (Kurtik u01)[[U.RI.RI]] [Hunger and Steele 2019, 126, 223].
|[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
|-
|'''Letters and Reports:'''

* SAA 8 295 rev. 1-2:
** AB.SIN2 and E4.RU6 in halo of the Moon.
* [SAA 8 82 r. 8, 325:2, 378:5].
* SAA 10 "Letters" and "Reports." See [SAA 10 224:10, 206:9]
|
|-
|'''"The Great Star List" (SAG.ME.GAR = ŠUL.PA.E3)'''
* Astrological association:
** mulBAN / mulAB.SIN2,
** mulGILIM / mulMIN,
** mulTIR.AN.NA / mulMIN,
** mul''a-ri-tum'' / mulMIN,
** mulMAR.GID2.DA / mul[MIN], [...], where mulMIN apparently = mulAB.SIN2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]
|this does not affect the identification, it's just an association
|-
|'''GU-text'''.

* (K) or GU XI
** mulE4-ru6 (A.EDIN) KI.MIN mulAB.SIN2 d''Šullat''(PA) ''u Ḫaniš''(LUGAL) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]AB.SIN2 ''ina'' IGI mulUGA GUB-''zu'' GU
** translation: "Erua, or the Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš (ε Cen), Mercury, who stands towards the Furrow before the Raven – a string" [Pingree and Walker 1988 (Fs. Sachs) 315 BM 78161:17-18];
* Identifications:
** ''ziqpu'' XXV (Erua): γ Com
** the Furrow is the area around α, γ, and ε Vir
** Šullat and Ḫaniš: (ε Cen according to Kurtik, according to [Koch 1992 58] it is β, α Cen); see also [ASM 92].
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|alt=the constellation as visualized in Stellarium|thumb|Furrow with Ear of Grain next to the Lion and the Mušḫuššu Dragon with Raven]][[File:GU XI.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with the GU XI|thumb|GU XI star chart (Hoffmann 2022) ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. mulAB.SIN2 "the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
* §v. mulSUḪUŠ AB.SIN2 "The base of the Furrow" (α Vir), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4|dLI9.SI4]].
[Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs and Hunger Diaries 54].
|[[File:Dalb a.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "a" (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]][[File:Dalb v.jpg|alt=star chart|thumb|Dalbana "v"... sorry: cut-off (Hoffmann 2024)]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
* Related Drawings: [Beaulieu et al. 99 Bottom] AO 6448 ''bīt niṣirti'' of dGU4-UTU: /mulAB/-S[IN2] to the right of Mercury, see [Thureau-Dangin 1922 no. 12]
|[[File:Vir Tontafel thureauDangin1922.jpg|alt=Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.|thumb|Drawing of the tablet AO 6448 by Thureau Dangin 1922.]]
|-
|'''Zodiac and Microzodiac'''
|[[File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|alt=The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.|thumb|The Goddess with the Ear of Grain on AO 6448.]]
|-
| colspan="2" |
==== ABSIN, ABSIN0 (spelling variants) ====
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy.'''
* ABSIN = KI.AŠ.AŠ = KI.DILI.DILI = KI.DIDLI = KI.ḪAL
* ABSIN0 = KI

All these are designations of the 6th sign of the zodiac in the ephemerides [ACT 38, 467], for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7]. However, the term was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation KI (ABSIN0) appears in lunar tables dated to the year –474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
* (1) The standard designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac; for the earliest example see [Sachs and Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], but it was undoubtedly used earlier, because the abbreviation ABSIN0(KI) appears in the lunar tables dated to the year – 474 [Aaboe and Sachs 1969 11; Britton 1989 29-31].
* (2) Included in the names of two "normal stars":
** a) DELE ''ša2'' IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir),
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|
|-
|'''Normal Stars'''
* Hunger and Pingree (1999, 22-23): included in the names of two "normal stars" (see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ)
** a) DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN "Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Vir), var.: ''e-du ša''2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs and Hunger Diaries No. -463 Obv. 6].
** b) SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN "Bright (star) of the Furrow" (α Vir) [Sachs and Hunger Diaries 18 and passim].
|why is this repeated?
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+: ... KI ''ša''2 ABSIN [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20].
|
|-
|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
* (a) DELE ''ša'' IGI ABSIN 16 ""Single (star) in front of the Furrow" (γ Virginis).
* (b) S[A4] ''ša''2(?) ABSIN(?) 28(?) "Bright (star) of the Furrow (corresponding to) 28(?) (Virgo)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; [[References (Babylonian)|ASM]] 150].
|
|}
[[File:ABSIN CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171538.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AB.SIN (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:ABSIN stellarium Gullberg.jpg|alt=AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. |thumb|AB.SIN2 as painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium 2021. ]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Spica]]
|HIP 65474
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|0.97
|-
|2
|[[Porrima]]
|HIP 61941
|Constellation lines
|2.74
|-
|3
|[[Vindemiatrix]]
|HIP 63608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.79
|-
|4
| [[Minelauva]]
|HIP 63090
|Constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
|5
|* gam Vir B
|HR 4826
|Inside the Hull
|3.49
|-
|6
| ν Virginis
|HIP 57380
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.04
|-
|7
|θ Virginis
|HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
|4.397
|-
|8
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
|Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
|9
|16 Vir
|HIP 60172
|Inside the Hull
|4.96
|-
|10
|d2 Vir
|HIP 62267
|Inside the Hull
|5.207
|-
|11
|31 Vir
| HIP 61968
|Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 12
| -
|HIP 62325
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
| 13
|FW Vir
|HIP 61658
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|14
| -
|HIP 59309
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|15
|44 Vir
|HIP 63414
|Inside the Hull
|5.791
|-
|16
|79 G. Vir
|HIP 62103
|Inside the Hull
|5.918
|-
|17
|37 Vir
|HIP 62757
|Inside the Hull
|6.003
|-
|18
|56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
|Inside the Hull
|6.034
|-
|19
|* 46 Vir A
|HIP 63494
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
| 20
|38 Vir
|HIP 62875
|Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|21
|68 G. Vir
|HIP 61637
|Inside the Hull
|6.334
|-
|22
| EP Vir
|HIP 62376
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|23
|51 G. Vir
|HIP 60804
|Inside the Hull
|6.342
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 58809
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|25
|35 Vir
|HIP 62443
|Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
|26
|91 G. Vir
|HIP 62915
|Inside the Hull
|6.439
|-
|27
|17 Vir
|HIP 60353
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

===Additional===

==== Previous Identifications: ====

* = the eastern section of the constellation Virgo (without β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

* = Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

* = α + other stars of Vir [BPO 2 10; ASM 272];

* = 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

* = Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].
*

===== Late astrology, magic and the calendar. =====
* (1) Lunaria [Reiner 1995 108-110]. BRM IV, 20: KI mulAB.SIN2 "in the area of the Furrow" [Ungnad 1941-44 258-259: 3, 18], see also (Kurtik a07) AB.SIN.
* (2) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Leo into 12 parts in VAT 7847: the 2nd part is mulAB.SIN2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], see also (Kurtik a07) ABSIN.
* (3) Zodiacal astrology. KI AB.SIN2 NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-tu''4 "in the area of the Furrow (= Virgo): wealth, grief" [SpTU II, 43:23]; parallel: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ''ni-ziq-ti'' "in the area of the Furrow: wealth, grief" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999 192].
* (4) Hypsomata. The Furrow (= Virgo) – Mercury's hypsoma, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (5) Predicting prices for grain based on the positions of planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31].
* (6) Predictions based on lunar eclipses and the positions of the moon and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-''ma''...] "If the Moon makes an eclipse in the Furrow (= in Virgo) ..." [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136 rev. 20], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn|''Sîn'']].

See also [TCL 6 13 col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

===== Spelling variant (ABSIN, ABSIN0) =====
* (1) Horoscopes: ABSIN is the designation of the 6th sign of the zodiac [BH, passim].
* (2) “Lunaria”.
** a) BRM IV, 20, see (Kurtik a06) AB.SIN2,
** b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN is the designation of the zodiacal sign Furrow (= Virgo) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" or "calendar texts" [Ungnad 1941-44 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugebauer and Sachs 1952-53; Van der Waerden, in Weidner 1967 50-52; Hunger 1996 WZKM 86 191-196; Brack-Bernsen and Steele 2004 Fs. Pingree 95-125].
* (3) "Microzodiac.” The division of the zodiacal sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
** (a) AO 6483: 6-''i-tum'' ḪA.LA ABSIN ''šum''3-''šu''2 "6th part, its name is the Furrow." [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66],
** (b) BM 34713: 6-''tu''2 ḪA.LA ''ša''2 mul2.LU mul2.ABSIN / ''ša''2 mul2.LU "the 6th part of Aries - Furrow of Aries" [Steele Rising Time Schemes 2017, 49 BM 34713:14-15; formerly Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15].
* (4) Calendar and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // ABSIN 24 // ''ši-gu-šu''2 ''qaqqad''(SAG.DU) ''a-ri-bi u kappi''(PA) ''a-ri-bi'' MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "Du'uzu 12 // Virgo 24 // Flour from ''šigūšu''-barley, raven’s head and raven’s wing – you anoint (the patient)" [SpTU III, 104: 12, also 104:25]; parallel for the month Arahsamnu see W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18].
* (5) Zodiacal astrology. KI ABSIN ''a-lid'' ... "In the area of the Furrow (the child) was born..." [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. See also [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. In the new edition of BM 46083: DELE ''ša''2 IGI ABSIN 15 SA4 ''ša''2 ABSIN 24 + [x...] "Single (star) in front of the Furrow 15. Bright Star of the Furrow 24 [+x]." [Roughton, Steele, and Walker 563-564]

==== Deity. ====
The goddess Šala, probably of Hurrian origin, was considered the consort of Adad, the god of thunder (in other versions – Dagan). She is mentioned in texts dating to Old Babylonian times. Among the known epithets, not a single one indicates an astral meaning [Tallqvist 453]. The symbol on the kudurru – an ear, sometimes next to the symbol of Adad [Seidl 1968 138], or a ram on a plinth with an ear [ibid. 74, 147] (Fig. 48).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see Reiner 1995, 141; Walker and Dick 2001 (= SAALT 1) 72:34; see also (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN2.

==== Symbol. ====

* In MUL.APIN I ii 10 is given the identity: "Furrow, goddess Šala, ear".
* On the Seleucid tablet AO 6448 is depicted a standing female figure in a long garment, draped at the waist, with an ear in her hand, and next to her are symbolic images of Mercury, the Raven and the Snake [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (fig. 12). This is probably the figure of the constellation mulAB.SIN2. A similar figure is presented on one poorly preserved Seleucid seal impression [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 107] (Fig. 31).
* The image of the ear is also found on Seleucid seals from Uruk in combination with other astral symbols (Capricornus, bull) [Wallenfels 1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (fig. 38). The standing female figure with an ear in her hand – just like the symbol of the Virgin found on Egyptian monuments of late Hellenistic times – is probably of Mesopotamian origin [Kurtik 2002, ill. 5, 7].
* On the "Planisphere" K 8538, according to Koch's interpretation, the schematic picture of mulAB.SIN2 is given in the 5th sector in the form of a triangle, in which is the inscription BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (ill. 9).
* According to D. Foxvog, the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols; in it AB.SIN2 (sign of the zodiacal sign Virgo) is put in correspondence with ŠE.BAR "grain" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====

* (1) = Bow: /DIŠ mulKU6/ ''ana'' mulBAN TE ... dGU4.UD ''ana'' mulA[B.SIN2] "If the Fish comes close to the Bow ... (it means:) Mercury (approaches) the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8, 325:4-7].

* (2) = Arrow: DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' "If the Bow reaches the Arrow ... (it means:) Mercury stands inside the Furrow" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

* (3) = The Field: [SAA 8, 82 r. 8].

See also “The Great Star List”

===== Predictions: =====

* (4) A lunar eclipse within the Furrow:
** DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' ... ''taš-nin-tu''4 ''ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši ina'' KI MULx(AB2) AB.SIN2 ''u'' GENNA BAD.MEŠ "If on the 14th of Adar a lunar eclipse occurs, ... there will be conflict in the country. (If it occurs) in the area of the Furrow and Saturn, (there will be) deaths." [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29];
** [...mulA]B.SIN2 ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-''ša''2 ''i-ḫar-ra-ar'' SU.KU2 /ŠE ''u'' IN.NU/ "[If the Moon] is eclipsed in the Furrow: decision for the furrow; income from the furrows will decrease, there will be hunger for barley and straw" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

* (5) Venus and the Furrow;
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma me-ḫu-u''<nowiki/>2 ZI-''a na-ram-ti'' LUGAL [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and a hurricane wind rises: the king's beloved woman ..." [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-''ti Gu-ti''-[''i''...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the southern wind blows: fall of the Guti..." [ibid., rev. 27],
** [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' mulA]B.SIN2 TE-''ma'' IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM [...] "[If Venus] comes close to the [Fu]rrow and the northern wind blows: the main wife ..." [ibid., rev 28]; for a parallel see [ibid., ND 4362: 18-20].

* (6) Uriri and the Furrow: DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' AB.SIN2 KU.NU-''ma'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If (the star) Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Furrow: the same will happen (= horse pestilence)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 102].

* (7) Mercury in the Furrow has great brilliance; see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 3.

* (8) Observations for astrological purposes;
** ''mu-ši a-ga-a'' d30 TUR3 ''il-ta-mi'' / mulAB.SIN2 ''u'' mulA.EDIN ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi u''2-''šu-uz-zu'' "This night a halo surrounded the moon, the Furrow and Erua stood in it" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2];
** mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 0! / ''ina qaq-qar'' mulAB.SIN2 ''it-tan-mar'' "Mercury became visible in the east in the area of the Furrow" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2];
** TUR3 ''ša''2 mulAB.SIN2 / ''a-na'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' EN.TE.NA ''i-lap-pat'' "A halo of the Furrow foretells rain and flood in the winter season" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1];
** mul''Dil-bat a-na'' mulAB!.SIN2 / ''i-kaš-šad'' "Venus will reach the Furrow" [SAA 10 224: 10]; for observations of Mars and its approach to the Furrow, see [ibid. 206: 4-9].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, a06+a07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950, 4)
|-
|
==== a07. mulABSIN (353), ====

вар. чтения: mulKI.AŠ.AŠ, mulKI.DILI.DILI, mulKI.DIDLI, mulKI.DAL; вар. обозначения: ABSIN0(KI); = šersu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Ungnad 257; Gössmann 1950, 4]. O вероятном переводе ABSIN "Ячменный Стебель" см. [Sachs 1952а 146, note 3]. Созвездие и знак зодиака mulAB.SIN2 "Борозда" (= Дева, Virgo) в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах. См. также a06AB.SIN2.

I. Источники.

"Дневники наблюдений". (1) Стандартное обозначение 6-го знака зодиака; самый ранний пример см. [Sachs-Hunger Diaries, No.-463:6-7], но несомненно употреблялось и раньше, поскольку сокращение от ABSIN ― ABSIN0(KI) встречается уже в лунных таблицах, датируемых –474 годом [Aaboe-Sachs 11; Britton 1989 29-31]. (2) Входило в название двух "нормальных звезд": a) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная (звезда) впереди Борозды" (γ Vir), b) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "(Звезда) с большим блеском Борозды" (α Vir) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 18 and passim]. Математическая астрономия. ABSIN, ABSIN0 ― обозначения 6-го знака зодиака в эфемеридах [ACT 38, 467]. "Анафора". BM 36609+: … KI ša2 ABSIN [Roughton-Steele-Walker 543, Section 4: obv. ii 19-20]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) Гороскопы: ABSIN — обозначение 6-го знака зодиака [BH, passim]. (2) "Лунарии". а) BRM IV, 20, см. a06AB.SIN2, b) BRM IV, 19: ABSIN — обозначение знака зодиака Борозда (=Дева) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием "додекатемория" [Ungnad 274-275: c, l, m, 6, 25, 27; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53]. (3) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: a) АО 6483: 6-i-tum Ca.la absin šum3-šu2 "6-я часть, ее имя Борозда" [TU, 14:16; Sachs 1952 66], b) Sp II 202+: 6-tu2 Ca.la ša2 lu absin / ša2 lu "6-я часть Овна — Борозда Овна" [Schaumberger 1955 245:14-15]. (4) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + "додекатемория"): MIN(= ŠU) 12 // KIdidli 24 // ši-gu-šu2 qaqqad(SAG.DU) a-ri-bi u kappi(PA) a-ri-bi MIN(= tapaššaš) "Дуузу 12 // Дева 240 // Муку из šigūšu-ячменя, голову ворона и крыло ворона — ты намазываешь" [SpTU III, 104: 12, а также 104:25]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W 22619/9+ [SpTU III, 105:5, 18]. (5) Зодиакальная астрология. KI KI.DAL a-lid … "В области Борозды родился…" [LBAT, 1593 rev. 5′; Reiner 2000]. См. также [SpTU I, 96:6; SpTU III, 102:13-14]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. a) šur-ši absin 16 "Корень Ячменого Стебля(?):16 (Девы)" (γ Virginis). b) s[a4] ša2(?) absin(?) 28(?) "Блестящая (звезда) Ячменного Стебля (соответствует) 28(?) (Девы)" (α Virginis) [Sachs 1952a 146:3'; ASM 150]. В новом издании BM 46083: šur-ši PABSINR 15 PSA4 ša2 ABSIN 24R + [x…] "Корень Борозды 15. Блестящая звезда Борозды 24 [+x]" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 563-564].
|In den rein astron. Texten der S.Ä. wird zumeist Ki ·AS·AS ( = ABSIN), zuweilen auch bloss Ki (93 (81-7-6) Vs.7.9.; RmIV 397, 10; Epp.Astrono. S.149) geschrieben, und zwar ohne Determinativ {Sp 129, 38; Sp 128, 22; SH 272 ll 7; dagegen AO 6483 Vs16: rnul2Ki ·AŠ·AŠ).
In den früheren astron. sowie in den astrol. Texten wird AB•SiN2 (=ABSIN) geschrieben.
|-
|
==== a06. mul AB.SIN2 (137) ====

= še/irsu "Борозда" [AHw 7; CAD Š/2 330; Gössmann 1950, 4]; созвездие, соответствующее современной Деве (Virgo). См. также a07ABSIN.

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mulab.sin2 = ši-ir-su "Борозда" [SpTU III, 114A v 109]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285, BM 47447 r. 29; BPO 2, XVI 17-18; BPO 3, K.35:10, K.3601+: rev. 26-28, K.6021+:6, ND 4362 ii 18-20; Verderame 2002 249; SpTU I, 90 r. 6'; 91:3; 93:7; 94:31; 96:6; SpTU III, 102:12-14]. "Астролябии". Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): [mul]ab.sin2 [CT 33, 9 r. 12; Horowitz 1998 176]. "Письма" и "Рапорты". См. [SAA 10, 224:10, 206:9; SAA 8, 82 r. 8, 295 r. 2, 6].325:2, 378:5]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 15): mulAB.SIN2 dŠa-la šu-bu-ul-tu4 "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос" (I ii 10). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiKIN UD 25 KAM mulAB.SIN2 IGI "25-го улулу Борозда становится видна" ( I ii 47). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: mulKU6 u mulŠU.GI KURmeš-ma mulAB.SIN2 u mulUR.IDIM ŠU2meš "Рыба и Старик восходят, а Борозда и Бешеный Пес заходят" (I iii 33). (4) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulŠU.PA 10 UDmeš ana KUR mulAB.SIN2 / TA KUR ša2 mulAB.SIN2 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 "10 дней от восхода Шупы до восхода Борозды. 20 дней от восхода Борозды до восхода Весов" (I iii 36-37). (5) Звезды "на пути Луны": mulAB.SIN2, после mulUR.GU.LA, перед mulZi-ba-ni-tu4 (I iv 35), см. s20Sîn. (6) Астрологические предсказания: звезда U.RI.RI и AB.SIN2 (II iii 24), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 33, 43, 52-54, 68, 110]. "Большой список звезд". Соответствия: mulban = mulab.sin2, mulgilim = mulmin, multir.an.na = mulmin, mula-ri-tum = mulmin, mulmar.gid2.da = mul[min], […], где mulmin, по-видимому, = mulab.sin2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:41ff.]. GU-текст. (K) mulE4-Pru6R(A.EDIN) kimin mulab.sin2 dŠullat(PA) u Daniš(LUGAL) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu gu "Эруа (ziqpu XXV: γ Com) или Борозда (α Vir), Шуллат и Ханиш (ε Cen), Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит, ― веревка" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:17-18]; согласно [Koch 1992 58], dŠullat(PA) u Daniš (LUGAL) — β, α Cen; см. также [ASM 92]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulab.sin2 "Борозда" (α Vir), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. §v. mulsuCuš ab.sin2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir), см. L07dLI9.SI4. Текст Nv. 10. mulAB.SIN2 как звезда Ану в месяцы кислиму и тебету (Obv. 6, 10), и как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA в месяце симану (Rev. 31) [Donbaz-Koch 65-66]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) "Лунарии". BRM IV, 20: ki mulab.sin2, ki muSAA 10[in] "Область Борозды" [Ungnad 258-259: 3, 18], см. также a07ABSIN. (2) "Микрозодиак". Деление знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей в VAT 7847: 2-я часть — mulab.sin2 [Weidner 1967, Taf. 6], см. также a07ABSIN. (3) "Гипсома". Борозда (=Дева) — гипсома Меркурия, см. g34GU4.UD. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI AB.SIN2 ša2 edi(SIG) ni-ziq-tu4 "Область Борозды (= Дева): одиночество, гнев" [SpTU II, 43:23]; параллель: KI ABSIN NI3.TUK ni-ziq-ti "Область Борозды: богатство, гнев" [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (AB.SIN2) [SpTU I, 94:31]. (6) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. DIŠ 30 ina mulAB.SIN2 AN.MI [GAR-ma…] "Если Луна затмилась в Борозде (= в Деве)…" [Rochberg-Halton 1984 134:10′, 136: rev. 20], см. s20Sîn.

См. также [TCL 6 13: col. ii 21; SpTU II, 42 r. 4].

II. Божество.

Богиня Шала, имеющая, вероятно, хурритское происхождение, считалась супругой бога грозы Адада (по другой версии ― Дагана). Упоминается в текстах со старовавилонского времени. Среди известных эпитетов ни один не указывает на ее астральное значение [Tallqvist 453]. Символ на кудурру ― колос, расположенный иногда рядом с символом Адада [Seidl 1968 138], или баран на цоколе с колосом [ibid. 74, 147] (илл. 48). Молитвы и ритуалы. Ритуал "омовения рта" (mīs pî) или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. a48AŠ.GAN2.

III. Символ.

В MUL.APIN I ii 10 приведено тождество: "Борозда, богиня Шала, колос". На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 изображена стоящая женская фигура в длинном одеянии, перетянутая в талии, с колосом в руках, рядом ― символические изображения Меркурия, Ворона и Змеи [Weidner 1924, Taf. 5; 1967, Taf. 10] (илл. 12). Вероятно, это и есть фигура созвездия mulAB.SIN2. Похожая фигура представлена на одном плохо сохранившемся селевкидском оттиске геммы [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 107] (илл. 31). Изображение колоса встречается также на селевкидских печатях из Урука в сочетании с другими астральными символами (козерог, бык, месяц) [Wallenfels1994 19, No. 697-704, 861, 866; App. I 155] (илл. 38). Стоящая женская фигура с колосом в руке, как символ Девы встречается на египетских памятниках позднеэллинистического времени и имеет, по-видимому, месопотамское происхождение [Куртик 2002, илл. 5, 7]. На "Планисфере" К 8538, согласно интерпретации Коха, схематическое изображение mulAB.SIN2 приводится в 5-м секторе в виде треугольника, внутри которого надпись BAD BAD [Koch 1989 80-85] (илл. 9). Согласно Д. Фоксвогу, текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий; в нем AB.SIN2 (обозначение знака зодиака Дева) поставлено в соответствие ŠE.BAR "зерно" [Foxvog 1993 107; SpTU II, 43:6, 23].

IV. Отождествление:

= восточная часть созвездия Virgo (без β Vir) [Gössmann 1950, 4];

= Virgo [Weidner 1957-1959 76];

= α + другие звезды Vir [BPO 2 10; МА 138; ASM 272];

= 74, 82, α Vir [Koch 1989 79].

= Virgo [Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) SA4 ša2 ABSIN "Блестящая (звезда) Борозды" (α Vir, Спика);

(2) DELE ša2 IGI ABSIN "Отдельная звезда впереди Борозды" (γ Vir); вар.: e-du ša2 IGI ABSIN [Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54, No. -463 Obv. 6].

Звезды (1) и (2) входили в число "нормальных звезд", см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

(3) mulSUDUŠ AB.SIN2 "Основание Борозды" (α Vir, Спика), см. Dbn-text (§v) [Walker 1995 40; Koch 1995 50; ASM 110; Sachs-Hunger Diaries 54].

(4) šur-ši absin "Корень Ячменного стебля" (γ Virginis), см. [Sachs 1952a 146; ASM 150].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Лук; PDIŠ mulKU6R ana mulBAN TE … dGU4.UD ana mulA[B.SIN2] "Если Рыба приближается к Луку … (это означает:) Меркурий (подходит) к Борозде" [BPO 2, XVI 17, + Parallels; SAA 8 325:4-7].

(2) = Стрела; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-ud … dGU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "Если Лук достигает Стрелы … (это означает:) Меркурий стоит в пределах Борозды" [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels].

(3) = Поле; см. [SAA 8 82 r. 8].

См. также "Большой список звезд".

Предсказания:

(4) Лунное затмение в Борозде; DIŠ ina itiŠE UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma …taš-nin-tu4 ina KUR GAL2-ši ina KI AB.SIN2 u GENNA BAD.MEŠ "Если 14-го аддару происходит лунное затмение, … в стране будет конфликт. (Если оно происходит) в пределах Борозды и Сатурна, (будет) чума" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 285: 28-29]; […mulA]B.SIN2 a-dir EŠ.BAR AB.SIN2 AB.SIN2 GUN-ša2 i-Car-ra-ar SU.KU2 ŠE u PIN.NUR "[Если Луна] затмилась в Борозде: решение для борозды; доход от борозды уменьшится, голод на ячмень и солому" [Verderame 2002, Table IIa: 3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849:46].

(5) Венера и Борозда; [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma me-Cu-u2 ZI-a na-ram-ti LUGAL […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и ураганный ветер поднимается: любимая женщина царя …" [BPO 3 218, K.3601 rev. 26], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.Ux.LU DU ŠUB-ti Gu-ti-[i…] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и южный ветер дует: падение гутиев…" [ibid., rev. 27], [DIŠ mulDil-bat ana mulA]B.SIN2 TE-ma IM.SI.SA2 DU SAL.UŠ.DAM […] "[Если Венера] близко подходит к [Бо]розде и северный ветер дует: главная жена …" [ibid., rev 28]; параллель см. [ibid., ND4362: 18-20].

(6) Урири и Борозда; DIŠ U.RI.RI ana AB.SIN2 KU.NU-ma ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Борозде: (произойдет) то же самое (= лошадиный мор)" (MUL.APIN II iii 24) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(7) Меркурий в Борозде имеет большой блеск; см. u11UGA, VI 3.

(8) Наблюдения в астрологических целях; mu-ši a-ga-a d30 TUR3 il-ta-mi / mulAB.SIN2 u mulA.EDIN ina ŠA3-bi u2-šu-uz-zu "Этой ночью гало окружало Луну, Борозда и Эруа стояли в нем" [SAA 8, 295 r. 1-2]; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 0! / ina qaq-qar mulAB.SIN2 it-tan-mar "Меркурий стал виден на востоке в пределах Борозды" [SAA 8, 325: 1-2]; TUR3 ša2 mulAB.SIN2 / a-na A.AN u A.KAL / ina EN.TE.NA i-lap-pat "Гало (вокруг Луны в пределах) Борозды предвещает дождь и наводнение зимой" [SAA 8, 378: 4-r.1]; mulDil-bat a-na mulAB!.SIN2 / i-kaš-šad "Венера достигнет (пределов) Борозды" [SAA 10 224: 10]; наблюдение Марса, приближающегося к Борозде, см. [ibid. 206: 4-9].
|Example
|}

== Transformation of the Constellations ==
<gallery>
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo MULAPIN.jpg|Babylonian pre-zodiac (MUL.APIN-based, visualisation by Jessica Gullberg, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:BabZodiac Sco-Lib-Vir-Leo seleucid.jpg|Babylonian zodiac (Seleucid time, visualisation by Rober Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster, implemented in Stellarium 2022 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Zod asSufi.jpg|Classical zodiac visualized by as-Sufi (10th century CE), implemented in Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji.
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir mulapin.jpg|The image of the Furrow with the Ear of Grain as painted by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016).
File:Leo+hyaCrv+vir seleucid.jpg|The image of the Goddess with the Ear of Grain (copied from tablet AO 6448 by Susanne M Hoffmann).
File:Leo+Vir dendera stellarium2022.jpg|The double-goddess in Egyptian painting style as depicted in the circular zodiac in the temple of Denderah (Roman epoch). The Babylonian goddess Shala is left (east) whiie the other lady, on the lion's tail might be the Babylonian goddess Erua or the Egyptian deified queen Berenice.
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's References]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Vir]]
<references />

A2.GU2.ZI.GA

2026-04-09T05:10:07Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:A2.GU2.ZI.GA 𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph of Venus in dawn|thumb|Venus just above the mountain in dawn. ]]
MUL A2.GU2.ZI.GA (𒀉𒄘𒍣𒂵) = ''kakkab šērētu'', 'star of the morning,' is a Mesopotamian term for an asterism rising at dawn, but not necessarily Venus.

__FORCETOC__

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
[[File:Jupiter-mars-plejaden 2024-07-08 IMG 2438 engl.gif|alt=photograph with labels|thumb|Jupiter, Mars, and Pleiades in dawn. Photograph on July 8 2024 03:57 by Susanne M Hoffmann, animated GIF displays labels (English)]]'''Var. readings:'''

* A2.GU2.ZIG3.GA

*= ''šēru'' (Akkadian)

* "(star) of the morning"

*Most often Venus (AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1219a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956</ref> Š/2 312f., 331f.), in this case epithet of the goddess Inanna/Ištar as the morning star
*But also possible for other celestial objects, e.g. Mercury and Jupiter

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|
'''Lexical texts.'''

*Antagal III 294; Igituh I 408; Erimhuš VI 168; CT 17, 19 i 38; CT 17, 30:35; STT 173:57; Malku VI 211; Malku III 132.
*Urra 22: 327’: mula-gu-zi-ga = MIN (''kakkab'') ''še-re-e-tu'' ('''''Bloch-Horowitz ???) But check the CAD AHw entries for other attestations to put in below??'''''
*<s>Series DC XXII: mula2.gu2.zi.ga = min(''kab-kab'') ''še-re-ti'' [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 31, Section 11, A col. v 9]; mula2!.g[u2].zi.g[a] = min(''kak-ka-bi'') ''še-re-e-ti'' [SpTU<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> III, 114 A col. v 67].</s>
|
|}
See also: mula2-gu2-zi-ga u4-sa9-dagal-la-ke4 "The morning star, (shining even) at noon" ("Ludingirra's epistle to his mother") [Civil 1964<ref>Civil M. The “Message of Lú-dingir-ra to His Mother” and a Group of Akkado-Hittite “Proverbs” // JNES. 1964. V. 23. P. 1-11.</ref> 2:23; ETCSL<ref>''Black J.A., Cunningham G., Fluckiger-Hawker E., Robson'' ''E., and Zólyomi G. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature'' (<nowiki>http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/</nowiki>), Oxford 1998-.</ref>, 5.5.1:23].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a05)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: A2.GU2.ZIG3.GA; = šēru "(звезда) утра"; эпитет богини Инанны/Иштар как утренней звезды [AHw 1219a; CAD Š/2 312f., 331f.].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия DC XXII: mula2.gu2.zi.ga = min(kab-kab) še-re-ti [MSL XI 31, Section 11, A col. v 9]; mula2!.g[u2].zi.g[a] = min(kak-ka-bi) še-re-e-ti [SpTU III, 114 А col. v 67]. См также: mula2-gu2-zi-ga u4-sa9-dagal-la-ke4 "Утренняя звезда, (сияющая даже) в полдень" ("Послание Лудингирры к своей матери") [Civil 1964 2:23; ETCSL, 5.5.1:23].
|
|}

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Phenomenon]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Venus]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Jupiter]]
<references responsive="0" />

KAK.SI.SA2

2026-03-27T07:00:54Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:KAK.SI.SA2}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg|thumb|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in KAK.SI.SA2 (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]KAK.SI.SA2 (𒀯𒆕𒋛𒁲) ''= šukūdu, šiltāḫu'' is an Mesopotamian asterism consisting of the bright star Sirius and other stars in Canis Major and perhaps also other dimmer stars in its vicinity. The reading KAK is supported by the loan-word ''kakku'' and a gloss written 'ka-AK/AG/AQ rather than with the GA-sign assuring a reading *ga-ag. Still some prefer to read GAG.

Add Hatinen JCS 75 - Star no. 12 which is missing in ABC -

rev. 1-2

(possibly one line missing)12

Reverse

1′. [… mul?]˹GAG.SI.SÁ˺ ˹KI˺ ˹mul?˺[x x]

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulGAG.SI.SA2,
* mulKAK.SI.DI; = ''šukūdu'' "Arrow" [CAD Š/2, 448-451, Š/3, 228-230; G. 212; BPO 2, 12; Koch 1989, 69-72];
* = ''mulmullu/šiltāḫu/šukūdu'' “(types of) arrow”.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* = [[Sirius]], and nearby stars.
* dLA.KU.DU (𒀭𒆷𒆪𒁺) is a name for Mercury that is preserved one time only—in the ''ṣâtu''-commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil K. 4166+4366+9652. Given that the term is at present a hapax legomenon it is not possible to determine if the name is to be interpreted as Sumerian or Akkadian. Best to read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury (see below).
See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.PAN]] and (Kurtik k12) [[KAK.TAG.GA]].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Identifications
|-
|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

*'''(1)''' Sumerian monolingual list: mulkak.si.sa2 [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 8].
*'''(2)''' Urra XXII series:
**(a) mulkak.si.sa2 = ''ša-ku''8-''du'' [Emar VI/4, 151:168],
**(b) mulkak.[si.sa2] = [''šu-ku'']-''du'' [MSL XI, 31 Section 10:5],
** (c) m[ul]kak.si.sa2 = ''šu-ku-''[''du''] [SpTU III, 114 Rs. v 83], for a parallel see. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:10; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 105:275ʹ].
*'''(3)''' Series Ḫg. B VI: [mu]lkak.si.sa2 = ''šu-ku-du'' = ''šil-ta-ḫu'' [MSL XI, 41:46]; parallel [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 15].
*'''(4)''' List of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 9: mulkak.si.sa2 = ''šil-ta-ḫu'' = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13].
|Example
|-
|"'''''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night'''''".

*mul''Ka''4-''ak-si''2-''si''2-''si''2 (mul''Ka''4-''ak-zi-zi'') [KUB IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2, 2:9; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:44].
|
|-
|"'''''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'''''."

* Astrolabe P. Month of Duuzu, stars of Ea, 220 [Pinches 1900, 574].
*Astrolabe B.
**'''(1)''' Menology: [itine mulkak.si.sa2] dNin.urta.ra: itine ''Šu-ku-du'' d''Nin-urta'' "[Month of Abu, Arrow], (i.e.) Ninurta" (A ii 1, 8); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 1985, 404:24], see also [BPO 2, 81; CAD Š/3, 228a; Emelyanov 1999, 84-85].
**'''(2)''' List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir''-šu''(bi) gub''-zu'' / mulkak.si.sa2 dnin.urta 'The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulsipa.zi.an.na 'the True Shepherd of Anu'), the Arrow, Ninurta' (B i 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Ea 5].
**'''(3)''' List (3´12): itišu mulkak.si.sa2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' "Month Du'uzu: Arrow (of the path of) Ea (rises)" (C i 4).
**'''(4)''' List (rising-sunset=6m):
*** a) [itišu mu]lkak.si.sa2 mulmaš.tab.ba mul''Šul-pa-e''3 ˹e3˺ "[Du'uzu:] Arrow, Gemini, Šulpae rise" (C 19),
***b) mulkak.si.sa2 mulmaš.tab.ba mul''Šul-pa-e''3 šu2 "(Ṭebetu): Arrow, Gemini, Šulpae set" [KAV 218, C 32];
***parallel: ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulUD.AL.TAR KUR.MEŠ-''ma'' "In the month of Du'uzu, the Arrow, Gemini, and the Hero (=Jupiter) rise (heliacally)" [BPO 2, III 28], see also [BPO 2, IX 5, 15; X 5; Horowitz 2014, 35, 37:12-13, 40].
*BM 82923.
**Month of Du'uzu, stars of Ea: mul[KAK.SI.SA2 // 3.40 // ''m'']''ul-mul-lum'' "[Arrow // 220 //] Arrow" [Walker and Hunger 1977, 28, 30:10].
*BM 34713. [iti]šu // 3.40 múlkak.si.sa2 // 2.0 múlur.a // 1[...]múlalla "Du'uzu: 220 Arrow, 120 Lion, [...] Crab" [LBAT, 1499:4].
*Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
**a) List of 12 stars of Anu: (No. 7) [mulka]k.si.sa2 [CT 33, 9 r. 11; MCG, 176].
|
|-
|'''''EAE'''''.
See. [ABCD, 115, 133, § VI.7 Fr. 18; BPO 2, III 28, IX 5, 15, X 5, XVI 18; BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:45-46; Largement 1957, 244: 38-39; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101:24].
|
|-
|'''''The inscription on the monument of Tiglath pilesar I.'''''
*''ina'' ud.meš-''at'' / ''ku-uṣ-ṣi ḫal-pe-e šu-ri-pi ina'' ud.meš-''at ni-pi-iḫ'' / mulkak.si.sa2 ''ša''2 ''ki-ma eri᾽e i-ṣu-du'' "in the days of cold, frost, ice, in the days of the appearance of the Arrow asterism, which is (then) fiery red like copper", quoted in [Lewy 1965, 274]. According to Schaumberger, we are talking about the acronychal rising of Sirius, which in the Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods fell in the middle of winter [3. Erg., 349]. '''<nowiki>[[compare AN.BAR shil-tah in Ossendrijver #102 obv. 4' and maybe write NABU note]]</nowiki>??'''
|
|-
| "'''''A catalog of 30 stars'''''."

*''Ea'' 5. MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' GUB-''zu'') mulGIBsic! mul''šu-ku-du'' (B: [mu]lKAK.˹SI˺.SA2) d''Nin-urta'' ''ana'' NUMUN ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ''šu-um-ku-ri da-ma-qi''2 "The star that stands behind it (mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA "True Shepherd of Anu"), the Arrow, Ninurta. Favorable to flaxseed and irrigation work" (A. 6, B. 9) [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, 177, note 15].
|
|-
|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

*'''(1)''' The stars of Anu (No. 11): mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''šil-ta-ḫu'' UR.SAG GAL-''u''2 dNin-urta "The Arrow, arrow of the great warrior Ninurta" (I ii 6). mulKAK.SI.SÁ (AN 11l).<ref name=":0" />
*'''(2)''' Dates of heliacal risings:
**'''(a)''' ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA / IGIme-''ma'' 4 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 2 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th of Du'uzu the Arrow, the Snake and the Lion become visible; 4 minas — day watch, 2 minas — night watch" (I ii 42–43),
**'''b)''' ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulSIM.MAḪ mul''ši-nu-nu-tu''4 mulIM.ŠEŠ / ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM IGI.LA2 (вар.: IGIme) ''u'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' / IGI.LA2-''ma'' 2 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''me'' 4 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th day of Ṭebet SIM.MAḪ, (i.e.) the Swallow, (or) IM. ŠEŠ, becomes visible in the east, the Arrow becomes visible in the evening; 2 minas — day watch, 4 minas — night watch" (I iii 7-9) (acronychal rising of Sirius).
* '''(3)''' Simultaneous diurnal rising and setting: a) (I iii 17), see a04A2mušen , b) (I iii 28), see b06BAN.
* '''(4)''' Intervals between dates of heliacal risings:
**'''(a)''' TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 55 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulNUNki / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 1 šu UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulŠU.PA "55 days from the rising of the Arrow to the rising of the Asterism of Eridu. 60 days from the rising of the Arrow to the rising of ŠU.PA" (I iii 34-35),
**'''(b)'''TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulBAN "35 days from the rising of the True Shepherd of Anu to the rising of the Arrow. 20 days from the rising of the Arrow to the rising of the Bow" (I iii 47-48).
*'''(5)''' Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ḫa'' "On the 15th day of Du'uzu the bright star of the Old Man stands in the middle of the sky opposite your breast and the Arrow rises" (I iv 21-22).
*'''(6)''' First intercalation scheme:
**'''(a)''' ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 4 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 2 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th day of Du'uzu, the Arrow becomes visible (= heliacal rising). 4 minas — day watch, 2 minas — night watch" (II i 9-10),
**'''(b)''' ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 2 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 4 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 "On the 15th day of Ṭebetu the Arrow becomes visible in the evening (= acronychal rising). 2 minas — day watch, 4 minas — night watch" (II i 16),
**'''(c)''' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM / KURmeš ''ša''2 dUTU NAmeš ''ša''2 d''Sin'' IGI.DUḪ.Ameš ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 / ŠEŠ-''ar''2 UDmeš DIRImeš IGI.LA2 "On the 15th day of Nisan, 15th of Du'uzu, 15th of Tašritu, 15th of Ṭebetu, you observe the sunrises, the positions of the moon, the appearances of the Arrow, and you will find how many days are in excess" (II i 22-24); see also u30dUTU.
*'''(7)''' Second intercalation scheme:
**'''(a)''' [B]E-''ma'' ''ina'' itiIZI UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 <IGI> MU BI DIRI-[''at''2] "[If on the 15th day of Abu] the Arrow becomes visible: that year is a leap year" (Gap A 16),
**'''(b)''' [DIŠ ''ina'' itiA]B UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina'' ''li-la-a-ti ina'' dUTU.E3 [IGI.LA2 dUTU ''ša''] ''ina id'' imU18.LU KUR-''ḫa'' GUR-''ma ana id'' imSI.SA2 ''un-da''-''na-ḫar'' [MU B]I GI.NA-''at''2 / BE-''ma'' ''ina'' itiZIZ2 UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' IGI MU BI DIRI-''at''2 "[If] the Arrow [becomes visible] in the east on the evening of the 15th day of [Ṭeb]etu, [the Sun which] rises towards the south, turns and continues towards the north, [this year] is normal. / If the Arrow becomes visible on the evening of the 15th of Šabāṭu, this year is a leap year" (II ii 3-4) [MA, 32, 41, 45-46, 53, 56, 57, 63, 72, 72, 74, 76, 92].
**'''''??? there were many errors and wrong (automatic) translations of MUL.APIN here; I probably did not catch all of them. It would have been easier to copy the text from the new edition ???'''''
Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|
|-
|'''''"Letters" and "Reports."'''''
See. [SAA 10, 8:11, 81:1, 234:12, 240:7; SAA 8, 76:1,3, 163:5].
|
|-
|"'''''Great Star List'''''."

*'''(1)''' mulkak.ban = mulkak.si.sa2;
*'''(2)''' 12 Amurru stars: mulkak.si.sa2;
*'''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulkak.si.sa2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:156, 216, 227].
|
|-
|'''''List of stars V R 46,'''''
*'''''1:51.''''' mulkak.si.sa2 = mul ''meš-re-e'' "Arrow = asterism of prosperity" [HBA, 52:51; Wee 2016, 162-3; CAD Š/3, 228b].
|
|-
|'''''GU text'''''.

* '''(C)''' ˹gir3˺[II] egir-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal kimin mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur / [''u''] mulkak.si.sa2 g[u] "The hind leg of the Great Twins (ziqpu XIX: β Gem), or the Little Twins (λ Gem), and the Arrow (β CMa): ro[pe]" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:4-5; ASM, 91]; according to [Koch 1992, 55-56], these are β Gem, α CMi and β CMi, α CMa respectively.
*'''(D)''' gir3II ''šumēlû''(2,30) ''ša lu-maš'' mu[lk]ak.si.sa2 "the left foot of the constellation Arrow" (π Pup).
*(E) ''lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 "constellation Arrow" (ρ Pup), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
* '''(F)''' 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ kimin murub4 mulmuš ''ki-ṣir am-mat'' / mulkak.[si].sa2 ''u'' šuII mulnunki gu "The two stars of the head of Leo (ziqpu XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) or the middle of the Serpent (θ Hya), the elbow (constellation) of A[rr]ow (α Pyx) and the hand (constellation) of Eridu (γ Vel): a rope" [ibid., BM 78161:9-10]; these are μ, ε Leo, ζ, θ Hya, π Pup and ν Pup respectively, according to [Koch 1992, 57].
|
|-
|'''''Dalbanna-text''.'''
*'''§P'''. [mul x]-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 "[mul x]-''ḫi-it'' of the Arrow" (18 Mon) [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106]; = [mul ''a'']-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2"[asterism], (which represents) the side of the Arrow" (18 Mon) [Koch 1995, 46 note 2, 59].
*'''§S'''. mul ''ḫe-pi''2 = mul[gag.si.sa2]? "Arrow" (α CMa) [Koch 1995, 46, 60], see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].
|
|-
|'''''Anaphora'''''.

*А 3427: ''ina'' itišu ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 múlkak.si.di ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of Du'uzu on the morning of the 28th day, the Arrow emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955, 238:11].
|
|-
|'''''List of stars of K.4339'''''.

*'''(1)''' mulKAK.SI.SA2 = MIN(=mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD) "Arrow = Mercury." Cf. mulšu!-ku-du = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, K. 4336 i 21. The signs ŠU ( ) and LA ( ) consist of the same strokes, but the left stroke is more elevated on LA than on ŠU (copy K. 4336 AfO 14 pl. VII, and II R 39 with some discussion of p. 310 (Weidner, AfO 14 (1941-44) 308-316, photo [https://ccp.yale.edu/P395431 CDLI P395431], only in K4166+ i 21). Although the photo confirms the copy, the fact that no other occurrence of LA.KU.DU as a star-name is extant, for now at least, it is best to read mul''šu!-ku-du'', i.e. 'The Arrow' = Mercury.
*is elevated when compared with
*'''(2)''' mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''šil-ta-ḫu'' = MIN(= d''Nin-urta'') "Constellation Arrow, arrow = Ninurta" [CT 25, 13 r. iv 4, 9].
|
|-
|'''''Text W22281a'''''.
See (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
|
|-
|'''''Late Astrology'''''.

* Predictions of enemy attacks based on observations of the planets and the visibility of Sirius. dKAK.SI.SA2 [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 23, rev. 5, 6, 12; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213-214, 216].
|Example
|}
 See also mulKAK.SI.SA2 = Mercury in the late astrological text BM 36746+ [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135:25′, rev. 2]. See also [SpTU II, 42:8; SpTU III, 102:7].
[[File:KAKSISA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 165729.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside KAK.SI.SA2 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Sirius]]
|HIP 32349
|Constellation lines
| -1.46
|-
|2
|NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
|NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
|Inside the Hull
| -0.1
|-
|3
| [[Adhara]]
|HIP 33579
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|1.5
|-
|4
|[[Wezen]]
|HIP 34444
|Constellation lines
|1.84
|-
|5
|[[Aludra]]
| HIP 35904
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.45
|-
|6
| Cl Collinder 121
|Cl Collinder 121
|Inside the Hull
|2.6
|-
|7
|ο 2 Canis Majoris
| HIP 33977
|Inside the Hull
|3.02
|-
|8
|[[Nganurganity]]
|HIP 33856
|Inside the Hull
|3.47
|-
|9
|ω Canis Majoris
|HIP 35037
|Inside the Hull
|3.82
|-
|10
|ο 1 Canis Majoris
|HIP 33152
|Inside the Hull
|3.87
|-
|11
|ν 2 Canis Majoris
|HIP 31592
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.91
|-
|12
|ι Canis Majoris
| HIP 33347
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.385
|-
|13
|ν 3 Canis Majoris
|HIP 31700
| Inside the Hull
|4.43
|-
|14
| M 41
|M 41
|Inside the Hull
|4.5
|-
|15
| -
|HIP 35205
|Inside the Hull
| 4.64
|-
|16
| 27 CMa
|HIP 34981
|Inside the Hull
|4.65
|-
|17
| π Canis Majoris
|HIP 33302
|Inside the Hull
|4.664
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 31827
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.812
|-
|19
| 15 CMa
|HIP 33092
| Inside the Hull
|4.83
|-
|20
| -
|HIP 33316
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 34624
|Inside the Hull
|5.448
|-
|22
| -
|HIP 33478
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 35044
|Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 33575
|Inside the Hull
|5.583
|-
|25
| LS CMa
|HIP 33804
|Inside the Hull
|5.635
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 33077
|Inside the Hull
|5.648
|-
|27
| LZ CMa
|HIP 34579
|Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 32809
|Inside the Hull
|5.771
|-
|29
| 17 CMa
|HIP 33248
|Inside the Hull
|5.792
|-
|30
|FV CMa
|HIP 34360
|Inside the Hull
|5.83
|-
|31
|26 CMa
| HIP 34798
|Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 31758
|Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 34142
|Inside the Hull
|6.072
|-
|34
| 12 CMa
|HIP 32504
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 34318
|Inside the Hull
|6.088
|-
|36
| GY CMa
|HIP 34924
|Inside the Hull
|6.101
|-
| 37
| -
|HIP 33079
|Inside the Hull
|6.123
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 33126
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|39
| -
|HIP 33492
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 33666
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 33760
|Inside the Hull
|6.279
|-
| 42
| -
|HIP 33703
|Inside the Hull
|6.305
|-
|43
| -
|HIP 33532
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 35326
|Inside the Hull
|6.434
|-
| 45
| NGC 2354
|NGC 2354
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
=== Additional===

====Deity.====
 The Arrow was associated with Ninurta, a warlike deity, the hero of a number of myths. Among his epithets are: [MUL] ''šukūdu šumka'' "[Constellation] Arrow is your name." [CAD Š/3, 229b], mulGAG.SI.SA2 ''ina'' AN-''e zi-kir-šu'' "Arrow is his name in the sky" [Mayer 2005, 52:12]; for other examples of Ninurta's identification with the Arrow, as well as Ninurta's astral epithets, see [Mayer 2005, 52:12]. [CAD Š/3, 229; Tallqvist 1938, 424]. The arrow formed part of Ninurta's armament [CAD Š/2, 449b-450a]. The mythology, explaining the transformation of Ninurta's arrow into a constellation is unknown.

 The Arrow constellation was revered as a deity and enjoyed wide popularity in Mesopotamia.

===== Prayers and rituals.=====
 (1) The precautionary ritual of "Raising of the hands" (šu.il2.la2.kam): ''attā'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 d''Ninurta ašarēd ilī rabûti'' "You, Arrow, Ninurta, are the first-ranking of the great gods" [ABCD, 115, note 13; BMS, 56; Ebeling 1953, 150-151; Mayer 1976, 405, 4]; see also [SAA 8, 163:5; Ebeling 1953, 144-147; LAS 1, 185:7; LAS 2, 177-178, 349; LABS, 163:5, 234:12, 240:7].

 (2) Neo-Assyrian list of 6 astral gods — witnessing a contract: mulGAG.SI.SA2 in last place [CAD Š/3, 229b; Parpola and Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13-15; Reiner 1995, 18]; parallel in Neo-Assyrian writings: soothsayer calls astral gods to witness his honesty, including mulKAK.SI.SA2 in last place [SAA 10, 8:11].

 (3) The ritual of "washing the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or "revitalizing" the statue-deity: 3 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' mulGU4.[UD] mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu tara-kas''2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-''uš'') "You set up 3 altars for Mercury, Arrow and Mars (and perform) the same (= mouth washing)" [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:31; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:31]; for another variant of the ritual see. [Mayer 1978, 445:4-5; Van Dijk 1980, Taf. 1].

 (4) Middle Babylonian extispicy reports pleading for a favorable omen [Reiner 1995, 70].

 (5) Prayer to Ninurta as Sirius ([''ik'']-''rib'' mulGAG.SI.SA2 ''ki-ma i''[''na''] dUTU.E3 ''iz-za-zu'' "[Pr]ayer to the Arrow when it stands [in] the east"): ''ina ni-pi-iḫ'' MUL.MEŠ ''nu-um-m''[''u'']-''ri zi-mu''-[''ka ki-ma''] dUTU-''ši'' "When the stars rise, [your] face flashes [like] the Sun" [Burrows 1924; Mayer 2005, 52:14, 53:33].

 (6) ''Maqlû'' ("Burning") spell series II 50: d''en-lil''2 sag''-ia''5 mulkak.si.sa2 ''la-a-ni'' "Enlil is my head, the Arrow constellation is (my) body" [CAD Š/3, 229b; Meier 1937, 48:50].

 (7) The spell series Šurpu II, 182 [Reiner 1970, 18]; for the Russian translation see. [Klochkov 1983, 203].

 (8) The Babylonian New Year ritual: múlKAK.SI.[SA2] ''ma-di-di'' A.MEŠ ''tam-tim'' "The arrow that measures the water of the sea" [RAcc., 138:309; Linssen 2004, 220, 229].

 (9) Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above; the poorly preserved Neo-Assyrian version of the prayer does not contain the name of the constellation; it is possible, however, that it was present in the original (pp. 15-16?) [Oppenheim 1959, 283].

 (10) On the worship of mulkak.si.sa2 as ''Ištar-ṣâd'' (''Ištar''-za.at) "Ištar when she is (or while she is) fiery red" in the Middle Assyrian period in Assyria, see. [Lewy 1965, 273ff.] (see also [CAD M/1, 326b; RlA, Bd. 7, S. 346]). See also [Reiner 1995, 66], where ''namru'' d''Girra''(GIBIL) "Glittering Girra" from the Old Babylonian version of the Prayer to the Gods of the Night [Dossin 1935, AO 6769:16] is presumably identified with Sirius.

 (11) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mu]lKAK.SI.SA2 ''šu-ku-ud-du'' dMAŠ ''a-šar'' MURUB4 ''u'' ME3 ''li-ne''2''-er ga-re-ka'' "May the Arrow, Ninurta, in the place of battle and fight kill your enemies!" [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 6].

For other examples of prayers and rituals associated with the Arrow, see. [CAD Š/3, 229; Ebeling 1953a, 403-404, 406, 414; Limet 1971, 10; Mayer 1976, 430-431].

====Symbol.====
 The natural symbol of the constellation Arrow is the arrow. This is how the figure of the constellation was thought of until recently; see, for example, [van der Waerden 1949, 16; 1974, 74]. The image of the arrow is found on the Planisphere K 8538 in sector 0, where the name of Dumuzi is associated with it [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9]. However, in the GU-text the constellation is described as an anthropomorphic figure, which has an "elbow" and a "left leg". It is likely that the bow and archer were sometimes included in the constellation figure [Pingree and Walker 1988, 316, note 1; ASM, 271]; for objections to such an interpretation, see [Pingree and Walker 1988, 316, note 1; ASM, 271]. [Koch 1992, 56; 1995, 59, Anm. 16].

====Previous Identification.====
= Sirius + ε or η Canis Majoris [G. 212 I].

 = Sirius + other stars (?) [van der Waerden 1949, 16; 1974, 74].

 = Sirius [Weidner 1957-59, 73b].

 = Prokyon + Sirius [Papke 1978, 27; van der Waerden 1984, 102].

 = α Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 12].

 = Canis Major, Canis Minor (?), and partly Puppis and Pyxis [MA, 138; ASM, 271].

 = α Canis Majoris + α Orionis [Koch 1989, 69-73, 117, Abb. 17].

 = Sirius (+ Betelgeuse) [Mesop. Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 246].

====Constellation parts and individual stars.====
 (1) The left leg of the constellation Arrow, see GU-text (D).

 (2) The elbow (of the constellation) Arrow, see GU-text (F).

 (3) The star (which represents) the side of Arrow (18 Mon), see dalbana-text (§ P).

 (4) MUL GAL-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 "Great Star of the Arrow" [G. 62; Weidner 1921-23, 298:7].

==== Astrology.====

=====Identifications:=====
 (1) = Mercury; mulkak.si.sa2 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) "Arrow = Mercury" [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 4]; DIŠ mulKAK.SI.SA2 SA5-''ma''? dGU4.UD ŠE.ER.ZI ... "If the Arrow is red - Mercury [...] radiance ..." [BPO 3, 246, K2346+:45]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGU4.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of Du'uzu the Arrow reaches the Eagle: ses[ame] [will be] normal. (This means): Mercury in the month of Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3, 246, K2346+:46]; see also [NSAM 2, Text Vg:21′], (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]], VI 1.

 (2) = Furrow (Virgo); see below (3).

=====Predictions: =====
 (3) The Bow and the Arrow; DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' EBUR SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-ma "If the Bow reaches the Arrow: the harvest will prosper, business will be steady. (It means): Mercury stands in the Furrow." [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; parallel [Borger 1973, 41:13′; SpTU III, 101:24]. See also (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], VI 10.

 (4) Red color; DIŠ mulGAG.S[I.SA2 SA5 x x] / KUR ''ḫa-ru''-[''be''2-''e'' KU2?] "If the Arro[w is red ...], the country will [feed] on the carob tree." [SAA 8, 76:1-4], see also (1).

 (5) Eclipse of the Moon and the Arrow; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-''ma ana'' ŠA3-šu2 d''Nin-urta'' TU ḪI.GAR ''ana'' LUGAL "If an eclipse occurs on the 15th day of Ulūlu and Ninurta (= Arrow) enters inside it: rebellion against the king" [ABCD, 115, 133 §VI.7 Fr. 18].

(6) Visibility of stars (observation); mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (gloss: ''li-si'') / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u''2-''ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' "[...] the stars of the Arrow constellation, Lisi, Lady of Life - those are the former ones that first became visible" [SAA 10, 81:1-e.7].

(7) The first visibility of the Moon and the Arrow; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mul''šu-ku-du ina'' ŠA3''-šu''2 (protasis variants: ''ina'' ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2, ''ina bi-rit'' SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI 15-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI 150-''šu''2) GUB... "If at the first appearance of the Moon the Arrow (= Mercury) stands in its middle (var.: on its horns, on its shoulders, between its horns, on its right horn, on its left horn)...[ACh Suppl. 2, 9a:15-21; CAD Š/3, 230b; NSAM 2, Text VI: §§15-20].

(8) Lunar halo, Arrow and Pabilsag; DIŠ TUR3 NIGIN-''ma šu-ku-du ina'' ŠA3''-šu''2 GUB: ''šil-ta-ḫu'' PA.BIL.SAG / ''ina'' TUR3 30 GUB-''ma'' "If (the Moon) is surrounded by a halo and the Arrow (= Mercury) stands within it; (this means): the Arrow of Pabilsag stands within the halo of the Moon" [TU, 17 r. 33; CAD Š/3, 229a].

(9) The rising of the Arrow as a seasonal signpost; ''šamaššammī'' ''adi Šu-ku-dam tāmmaru la tamaḫḫaḫ'' "do not soak sesame until you see the Arrow" (Old Babylonian letter), quoted in [CAD Š/3, 229a].

(10) A planet approaches the Arrow; [DIŠ mu]lUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 TE AB.SIN2 GUN-''sa''3 LAL-''ṭe'' gišGIŠIMMAR MA.DAM-''ša''2 LAL-''ṭa'' ŠE ''u'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 LAL-''ma''] / ''tuš-šu''2 ''dan-nu'' UGU KUR ŠUB-''ut'' dIM ''ina'' U4 ''la'' IM.DIR GU3-''šu''2 GIG-''iš'' ŠUB-''ma'' UN.MEŠ KU[R TUR] "[If] a planet approaches the Arrow: the crop of the furrow will be reduced; the date palm crop will decrease; the barley and sesame crops will become less; malice will spread greatly in the country; Adad will make audible his voice intimidatingly on a cloudless day and the number of people in the country [will decrease.]" [TU, 16:38-39; Largement 1957, 244:38-39].

For other examples see. [CAD Š/3, 228-230; G. 212]. See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]], (Kurtik k11) [[KAK.U2.TAG.GA|KAK.U2.TAG.GA]].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, k10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulGAG.SI.SA2, mulKAK.SI.DI; = ''šukūdu'' «Стрела» [CAD Š/2, 448–451, Š/3, 228–230; G. 212; BPO 2, 12; Koch 1989, 69–72]; = Сириус, Бетельгейзе и близлежащие звезды.||Example
|-
|'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Шумерский одноязычный список: mulkak.si.sa2 [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 8]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: a) mulkak.si.sa2 = ''ša-ku8-du'' [Emar VI/4, 151:168], b) mulkak.[si.sa2] = [''šu-ku'']-''du'' [MSL XI, 31 Section 10:5], c) m[ul]kak.si.sa2 = ''šu-ku-''[''du''] [SpTU III, 114 Rs. v 83], параллель см. [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 105:275ʹ]. '''(3)''' Серия Ḫg. B VI: [mu]lkak.si.sa2 = ''šu-ku-du = šil-ta-ḫu'' [MSL XI, 41:46]; параллель [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 15]. '''(4)''' Список богов K.4339 rev. col. iv 9: mulkak.si.sa2 = ''šil-ta-ḫu'' = min(=d''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13]. «'''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''». mul''Ka''4-''ak-si''2''-si''2 (mul''Ka''4-''ak-zi-zi'') [KUB IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2, 2:9; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:44]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Месяц дуузу, звезды Эа, 220 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Менологии: [itine mulkak.si.sa2] dNin.urta.ra : itine ''Šu-ku-du'' d''Nin-urta'' «[Месяц абу, Стрела], (т.е.) Нинурта» (A ii 1, 8); параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985, 404:24], см также [BPO 2, 81; CAD Š/3, 228a; Емельянов 1999, 84–85]. '''(2)''' Cписок (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub-''zu'' / mulkak.si.sa2 dnin.urta «Созвездие, которое позади него стоит (т.е. позади mulsipa.zi.an.na «Праведного Пастуха Ану»), Стрела, Нинурта» (B i 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Ea'' 5]. '''(3)''' Список (3´12): itišu mulkak.si.sa2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-''a'' «Месяц дуузу: Стрела (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 4). '''(4)''' Cписок (восход–заход=6m): a) [itišu mu]lkak.si.sa2 mulmaš.tab.ba mul''Šul-pa-e''3 ˹e3˺ «[Дуузу:] Стрела, Близнецы, Шульпаэ восходят» (С 19), b) mulkak.si.sa2 mulmaš.tab.ba mul''Šul-pa-e''3 šu2 «(Тебету): Стрела, Близнецы, Шульпаэ заходят» [KAV 218, C 32]; параллель: ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulUD.AL.TAR KUR.MEŠ-''ma'' «В месяце дуузу Стрела, Близнецы и Героический (=Юпитер) восходят (гелиакически)» [BPO 2, III 28], см. также [BPO 2, IX 5, 15; X 5; Horowitz 2014, 35, 37:12–13, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц дуузу, звезды Эа: mul[KAK.SI.SA2 // 3,40 // ''m'']''ul-mul-lum'' «[Стрела // 220 //] Стрела» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:10]. BM 34713. [iti]šu // 3,40 múlkak.si.sa2 // 2,0 múlur.a // 1[…]múlalla «Дуузу: 220 Стрела, 120 Лев, […] Краб» [LBAT, 1499:4]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 7) [mulka]k.si.sa2 [CT 33, 9 r. 11; MCG, 176]. '''''EAE'''''. Cм. [ABCD, 115, 133, § VI.7 Fr. 18; BPO 2, III 28, IX 5, 15, X 5, XVI 18; BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:45–46; Largement 1957, 244: 38–39; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU III, 101:24]. '''''Надпись на монументе Тиглатпаласара I'''''. ''ina'' ud.meš-''at'' / ''ku-uṣ-ṣi ḫal-pe-e'' ''šu-ri-pi ina'' ud.meš-''at ni-pi-iḫ'' / mulkak.si.sa2 ''ša''2 ''ki-ma'' ''eri᾽e'' ''i-ṣu-du'' «в дни холода, мороза, льда, в дни появления звезды Стрела, которая (тогда) огненно красная как медь», цит. по [Lewy 1965, 274]. Согласно Шаумбергеру, здесь речь идет об акроническом восходе Сириуса, который в средне- и новоассирийский периоды приходился на середину зимы [3. Erg., 349]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Ea'' 5. MUL KI.MIN (= ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' GUB-''zu'') mulGIBsic! mul''šu-ku-du'' (B: [mu]lKAK.˹SI˺.SA2) d''Nin-urta'' ''ana'' NUMUN ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ''šu-um-ku-ri da-ma-qi''2 «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA «Праведный Пастух Ану»), Стрела, Нинурта. Благоприятно льняному семени и ирригационным работам» (A. 6, B. 9) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177, note 15]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Ану (№ 11): mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''šil-ta-ḫu'' UR.SAG GAL-''u''2 d''Nin-urta'' «Стрела, стрела великого воина Нинурты» (I ii 6). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: '''a)''' ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA / IGIme-''ma'' 4 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 2 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го дуузу Стрела, Змея и Лев становятся видны; 4 мины — дневная стража, 2 мины – ночная стража» (I ii 42–43), '''b)''' ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulSIM.MAḪ mul''ši-nu-nu-tu''4 mulIM.ŠEŠ / ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM IGI.LA2 (вар.: IGIme) ''u'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' / IGI.LA2-''ma'' 2 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''me'' 4 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го тебету SIM.MAḪ, (т.е.) Ласточка, (или) IM.ŠEŠ, cтановятся видны на востоке, Стрела становится видна вечером; 2 мины — дневная стража, 4 мины — ночная стража» (I iii 7–9) (акронический восход Сириуса). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 17), см. a04A2mušen , b) (I iii 28), см. b06BAN. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: '''a)''' TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 55 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulNUNki / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 1 šu UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulŠU.PA «55 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода звезды Эриду. 60 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода ŠU.PA» (I iii 34–35), '''b)''' TA KUR ''ša''2 mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA 35 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulBAN «35 дней от восхода Праведного Пастуха Ану до восхода Стрелы. 20 дней от восхода Стрелы до восхода Лука» (I iii 47–48). '''(5)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ḫa'' «15-го дуузу звезда Старика с большим блеском стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Стрела восходит» (I iv 21–22). '''(6)''' Первая интеркаляционная схема: '''a)''' ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 4 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 2 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го дуузу Стрела становится видна (= гелиакический восход). 4 мины — дневная стража, 2 мины — ночная стража» (II i 9–10), '''b)''' ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 2 MA.NA EN.NUN ''u''4-''mi'' 4 MA.NA EN.NUN GI6 «15-го тебету Стрела становится видна вечером (= акронический восход). 2 мины — дневная стража, 4 мины — ночная стража» (II i 16), '''c)''' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiŠU UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM ''ina'' itiAB UD 15 KAM / KURmeš ''ša''2 dUTU NAmeš ''ša''2 d''Sin'' IGI.DUḪ.Ameš ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 / ŠEŠ-''ar''2 UDmeš DIRImeš IGI.LA2 «15-го нисану, 15-го дуузу, 15-го ташриту, 15-го тебету, ты наблюдаешь восходы Солнца, видимости Луны, появления Стрелы и ты найдешь, сколько дней в избытке» (II i 22–24); см. также u30dUTU. '''(7)''' Вторая интеркаляционная схема: '''a)''' [DIŠ ''ina'' itiZIZ UD 15 KAM] mulKAK.SI.SA2 <IGI> MU BI [DIRI-''at''2] «[Если 15-го абу] Стрела становится видна: этот год – [високосный]» (Gap A 13), '''b)''' [DIŠ ''ina'' itiA]B UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina'' ''li-la-a-ti ina'' dUTU.E3 [IGI.LA2] [dUTU ''ša ina i'']''d'' imU18.LU KUR-''ḫa'' GUR-''ma ana id'' imSI.SA2 ''un-da''-[''na-ḫar''] [MU B]I GI.NA-''at''2 / [DIŠ ''ina''] itiZIZ UD 15 KAM mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''ina li-la-a-ti'' IGI MU BI DIRI-''at''2 «[Если] Стрела [становится видна] на востоке вечером 15-го [теб]ету, [когда(?) Солнце] восходит по направлению к югу, поворачивает и продолжает двигаться к северу, [этот год] нормальный. / [Если] Стрела становится видна вечером 15-го шабату, этот год високосный» (II ii 3–4) [MA, 32, 41, 45–46, 53, 56, 57, 63, 72, 74, 76, 92]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [LABS, 8:11, 81:1, 234:12, 240:7; ARAK, 76:1,3, 163:5]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh16ŠU.GI. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulkak.ban = mulkak.si.sa2; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Амурру: mulkak.si.sa2; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulkak.si.sa2 [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:156, 216, 227]. '''''Список звезд''''' '''''V R 46, 1:51.''''' mulkak.si.sa2 = mul ''meš-re-e'' «Стрела = Звезда процветания» [HBA, 52:51; Wee 2016, 162–3; CAD Š/3, 228b]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(С)''' ˹gir3˺[II] egir-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal kimin mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur / [''u''] mulkak.si.sa2 g[u] «Задняя нога Больших Близнецов (''ziqpu'' XIX: β Gem), или Малые Близнецы (λ Gem), и Стрела (β CMa): вере[вка]» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:4–5; ASM, 91]; согласно [Koch 1992, 55–56], это β Gem, α CMi и β CMi, α CMa соответственно. '''(D)''' gir3II ''šumēlû''(2,30) ''ša lu-maš'' mu˹lk]ak.si.sa2 «левая нога созвездия Стрела» (π Pup). '''(E)''' ''lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 «Созвездие Стрела» (ρ Pup), см. a18AL.LUL. '''(F)''' 2 mul ˹''ša''2˺ sag.du mul˹ur.a˺ kimin murub4 mulmuš ''ki-ṣir am-mat'' / mulkak.[si].sa2 ''u'' šuII mulnunki gu «Две звезды головы Льва (''ziqpu'' XXI, μ Leo, ε Leo) или середина Змеи (θ Hya), локоть (созвездия) С[тр]ела (αPyx) и руки (созвездия) Эриду (γ Vel): веревка» [ibid., BM 78161:9–10]; это μ, ε Leo, ζ, θ Hya, π Pup и ν Pup соответственно, согласно [Koch 1992, 57]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''§P'''. [mul x]-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 «[mul x]-''ḫi-it'' Стрелы» (18 Mon) [Walker 1995, 33; ASM, 106]; = [mul ''a'']-''ḫi-it'' kak.si.sa2 «[Звезда], (которая представляет) сторону Стрелы» (18 Mon) [Koch 1995, 46 note 2, 59]. '''§S'''. mul ''ḫe-pi''2 = mul[gag.si.sa2]? «Стрела» (α CMa) [Koch 1995, 46, 60], см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: ''ina'' itišu ''ina'' ''še-rim'' ud 28 múlkak.si.di ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «В месяце дуузу утром 28-го дня Стрела испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:11]. '''''Cписок звезд''''' '''''K.4339'''''. '''(1)''' mulKAK.SI.SA2 = MIN(=mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD) «Стрела = Меркурий». '''(2)''' mulKAK.SI.SA2 ''šil-ta-ḫu'' = MIN(= d''Nin-urta'') «Созвездие Стрела, стрела = Нинурта» [CT 25, 13 r. iv 4, 9]. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. См. a18AL.LUL. '''''Поздняя астрология'''''. Предсказания нападения врагов на основе наблюдений планет и видимости Сириуса. dKAK.SI.SA2 [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 22, 23, rev. 5, 6, 12; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213–214, 216].
См. также mulKAK.SI.SA2 = Меркурий в позднем астрологическом тексте BM 36746+ [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135:25′, rev. 2]. См. также [SpTU II, 42:8; SpTU III, 102:7].

II. Божество.

Стрела была связана с Нинуртой, воинственным божеством, героем целого ряда мифов. Среди его эпитетов: [MUL] ''šukūdu šumka'' «[Созвездие] Стрела твое имя» [CAD Š/3, 229b], mulGAG.SI.SA2 ''ina'' AN-''e zi-qir-šu'' «Стрела – его имя на небе» [Mayer 2005, 52:12]; другие примеры отождествления Нинурты со Стрелой, а также астральные эпитеты Нинурты см. [СAD Š/3, 229; Tallqvist 1938, 424]. Стрела составляла часть вооружения Нинурты [CAD Š/2, 449b–450a]. Мифологема, объясняющая превращение стрелы Нинурты в созвездие, неизвестна.

Созвездие Стрела почиталось как божество и пользовалось широкой популярностью в Месопотамии. '''''Молитвы и ритуалы.''''' '''(1)''' Предохранительный ритуал «Воздевание рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam): ''attā'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 d''Ninurta ašarēd ilī rabûti'' «Ты, Стрела, Нинурта, первый из богов великих» [ABCD, 115, note 13; BMS, 56; Ebeling 1953, 150–151; Mayer 1976, 405, 4]; см. также [ARAK, 163:5; Ebeling 1953, 144–147; LAS 1, 185:7; LAS 2, 177–178, 349; LABS, 163:5, 234:12, 240:7]. '''(2)''' Новоассирийский список 6 астральных богов — свидетелей договора: mulGAG.SI.SA2 на последнем месте [CAD Š/3, 229b; Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 6 iv 13–15; Reiner 1995, 18]; параллель в новоассирийском письме: предсказатель призывает в свидетели своей честности астральных богов, в том числе mulKAK.SI.SA2 на последнем месте [LABS, 8:11]. '''(3)''' Ритуал «омовения рта» (''mīs pî'') или «оживления» статуи–божества: 3 KEŠDA.MEŠ ''a-na'' mulGU4.[UD] mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' ''tara-kas''2 KI.MIN(= KA.LUḪ.U3.DA DU3-''uš'') «3 алтаря для Меркурия, Стрелы и Марса ты устанавливаешь (и совершаешь) то же (= омовение рта)» [Smith 1925; TuL, 105:31; Reiner 1995, 141; SAALT I, 72:31]; другой вариант ритуала см. [Mayer 1978, 445:4–5; Van Dijk 1980, Taf. 1]. '''(4)''' Средневавилонские рапорты об экстиспиции с мольбой о благоприятном предзнаменовании [Reiner 1995, 70]. '''(5)''' Молитва к Нинурте как Сириусу ([''ik'']-''rib'' mulGAG.SI.SA2 ''ki-ma i''[''na''] dUTU.E3 ''iz-za-zu'' «[Mо]литва к Стреле, когда она [на] востоке стоит»): ''ina ni-pi-iḫ'' MUL.MEŠ ''nu-um-m''[''u'']-''ri'' ''zi-mu''-[''ka ki-ma''] dUTU-''ši'' «При восходе звезд вспыхи[ва]ет лицо [твое, как] Солнце» [Burrows 1924; Mayer 2005, 52:14, 53:33]. '''(6)''' Серия заклинаний ''Maqlû'' («Сожжение») II 50: d''en-lil''2 sag-''ia''5 mulkak.si.sa2 ''la-a-ni'' «Энлиль — моя голова, созвездие Стрела — (мое) тело» [CAD Š/3, 229b; Meier 1937, 48:50]. '''(7)''' Серия заклинаний ''Šurpu'' II, 182 [Reiner 1970, 18]; русский пер. см. [Клочков 1983, 203]. '''(8)''' Новогодний вавилонский ритуал: múlKAK.SI.[SA2] ''ma-di-di'' A.MEŠ ''tam-tim'' «Стрела, которая измеряет воду моря» [RAcc., 138:309; Linssen 2004, 220, 229]. '''(9)''' Хеттская молитва ночным богам, см. выше; плохо сохранившийся новоассирийский вариант молитвы не содержит названия созвездия; не исключено, однако, что оно присутствовало в оригинале (стр. 15–16?) [Oppenheim 1959, 283]. '''(10)''' О поклонении mulkak.si.sa2 как ''Ištar-ṣâd'' (''Ištar''–za.at) «Иштар, когда она (или пока она) огненно красная» в среднеассирийский период в Ассирии см. [Lewy 1965, 273ff.] (см. также [CAD M/1, 326b; RlA, Bd. 7, S. 346]). См. также [Reiner 1995, 66], где ''nаmru'' d''Girra''(GIBIL) «Сверкающий Гирра» из старовавилонской версии молитвы к ночным богам [Dossin 1935, AO 6769:16] предположительно отождествляется с Сириусом. '''(11)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mu]lKAK.SI.SA2 ''šu-ku-ud-du'' dMAŠ ''a-šar'' MURUB4 ''u'' ME3 ''li-ne''2-''er ga-re''-''ka'' «Стрела, Нинурта в месте битвы и сражения пусть убьет врагов твоих!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 6].

Другие примеры молитв и ритуалов, связанных со Стрелой, см. [CAD Š/3, 229; Ebeling 1953a, 403–404, 406, 414; Limet 1971, 10; Mayer 1976, 430–431].

III. Символ.

Естественный символ созвездия Стрела ― это стрела. Именно таким образом мыслилась фигура созвездия до недавнего времени; см., например, [Waerden 1949, 16; 1974, 74]. Изображение стрелы встречаем на «Планисфере» в секторе 0, где с нею связано имя Думузи [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Однако в GU-тексте созвездие описывается как антропоморфная фигура, у которой имеются «локоть» и «левая нога». Вероятно, лук и лучник включались иногда в фигуру созвездия [Pingree–Walker 1988, 316, note 1; ASM, 271]; возражения против подобной интерпретации см. [Koch 1992, 56; 1995, 59, Anm. 16].

IV. Отождествление.

= Sirius + ε или η Canis Majoris [G. 212 I].

= Sirius + другие звезды (?) [Waerden 1949, 16; 1974, 74].

= Sirius [Weidner 1957–59, 73b].

= Prokyon + Sirius [Papke 1978, 27; Waerden 1984, 102].

= α Canis Majoris [BPO 2, 12].

= Canis Major, Canis Minor (?), и частично Puppis и Pyxis [MA, 138; ASM, 271].

= α Canis Majoris + α Orionis [Koch 1989, 69–73, 117, Abb. 17].

= Сириус (+ Бетельгейзе) [Mesop. Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 246].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Левая нога созвездия Стрела, см. GU–текст (D).

(2) Локоть (созвездия) Стрела, см. GU-текст (F).

(3) Звезда (которая представляет) сторону Стрелы (18 Mon), см. dbn-текст (§ P).

(4) MUL GAL-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulKAK.SI.SA2 «Большая звезда Стрелы» [G. 62; Weidner 1921–23, 298:7].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Меркурий''; mulkak.si.sa2 = min(=dudu.idim.gu4.ud) «Стрела = Меркурий» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 4]; DIŠ mulKAK.SI.SA2 SA5-''ma''? dGUD.UD ŠE.ER.ZI … «Если Стрела красная ― Меркурий излучение […]: кунжут будет нормальным» [BPO 3, 246, K2346+:45]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' «Если в месяц дуузу Стрела достигает Орла: кун[жут] [бу]дет нормальным. (Это означает): Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса» [BPO 3, 246, K2346+:46]; см. также [NSAM 2, Text Vg:21′], n35NIN.MAḪ, VI 1.

(2) = ''Борозда'' (Дева); см. ниже (3).

Предсказания:

(3) ''Лук и Стрела''; DIŠ mulBAN ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 KUR-''ud'' EBUR SI.SA2 KI.LAM GI.NA dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAB.SIN2 DU-''ma'' «Если Лук достигает Стрелы: урожай будет обильным. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в Борозде» [BPO 2, XVI 18 + Parallels]; параллель [Borger 1973, 41:13′; SpTU III, 101:24]. См. также b06BAN, VI 10.

(4) ''Красный цвет''; DIŠ mulGAG.S[I.SA2 SA5 x x] / KUR ''ḫa-ru-''[''be''2''-e'' KU2?] «Если Стре[ла красная …], страна будет [питаться] от рожкового дерева» [ARAK, 76:1–4], см. также (1).

(5) ''Затмение Луны и Стрела''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN UD.15.KAM AN.MI GAR-''ma'' ''ana'' ŠA3-''šu''2 d''Nin-urta'' TU ḪI.GAR ''ana'' LUGAL «Если затмение происходит 15-го улулу и Нинурта (= Стрела) входит внутрь его: мятеж против царя» [ABCD, 115, 133 §VI.7 Fr. 18].

(6) ''Видимость звезд'' (наблюдение); mulGAG.SI.SA2 / mulLI9.SI4 (глосса: ''li-si'') / mul''be-let'' TI.LA / ''an-nu-ti'' / ''pa-ni-u2-ti'' / ''ša ina pa-ni-ti'' / ''in-na-me-ru-ni'' «[…] звезды Стрела, Лиси, Госпожа Жизни ― те, что первыми стали видны» [LABS, 81:1–e.7].

(7) ''Первая видимость Луны и Стрела''; [DIŠ] 30 ''ina'' IGI.LA2-''šu''2 mul''šu-ku-du'' ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 (варианты протасиса: ''ina'' ŠA3 SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' MAŠ.QA-''šu''2, ''ina bi-rit'' SI.MEŠ-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI 15-''šu''2, ''ina'' SI 150-''šu''2) GUB… «Если наблюдается первое появление Луны (и) Стрела (=Меркурий) стоит в ее середине (вар.: на ее рогах, на ее плечах, между рогов, на правом роге, на левом роге)…[ACh Suppl. 2, 9a:15–21; CAD Š/3, 230b; NSAM 2, Text VI: §§15–20].

(8) ''Лунное гало, Стрела и Пабилсаг''; DIŠ TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' ''šu-ku-du ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB : ''šil-ta-ḫu'' PA.BIL.SAG / ''ina'' TUR3 30 GUB-''ma'' «Если (Луна) окружена гало и Стрела (= Меркурий) стоит внутри него; (это означает): стрела Пабилсага стоит внутри гало Луны» [TU, 17 r. 33; CAD Š/3, 229a].

(9) ''Восход'' ''Стрелы как сезонный указатель''; ''šamaššammī adi Šu-ku-dam tāmmaru la tamaḫḫaḫ'' «не замачивай сезам, пока не увидишь Стрелу» (старовавилонское письмо), цит. по [CAD Š/3, 229a].

(10) ''Планета подходит к Стреле''; [DIŠ mu]lUDU.IDIM ''ana'' mulKAK.SI.SA2 TE AB.SIN2 GUN-''sa''3 LAL-''ṭe'' gišGIŠIMMAR MA.DAM-''ša''2 LAL-''ṭa'' ŠE ''u'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 LAL-''ma''] / ''tuš-šu''2 ''dan''-''nu'' UGU KUR ŠUB-''ut'' dIM ''ina'' U4 ''la'' IM.DIR GU3-''šu''2 GIG-''iš'' ŠUB-''ma'' UN.MEŠ KU[R TUR] «[Если] планета к Стреле приближается: урожай борозды не будет обильным; урожай финиковой пальмы уменьшится; урожай ячменя и сезама станет менее обильным; злоречие сильно в стране распространится; Адад в безоблачный день голос свой устрашающий подаст и численность людей в стране уменьшится» [TU, 16:38–39; Largement 1957, 244:38–39]. '' ''

Другие примеры см. [CAD Š/3, 228–230; G. 212]. См. также k09KAK.BAN, k11KAK.U2.TAG.GA.
|Example
|-
!Kurtik (2022, L02) LA.KU.DU
|see:
mulšu!-ku-du
in: "List of sources K.4339"
|-
|название Меркурия; тождество: dLA.KU.DU = dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD "Лакуду = Меркурий" только в [II R 39, 5:59e].
|
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:CMa]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

MUL.MUL

2026-03-27T06:56:54Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades|thumb|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]
[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]
MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.

'''Add Uranology SHU.GI section includes reference to MUL.MUL''' -

== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

MUL.MUL = ''zappu'' “bristles, mane” (= the Pleiades). The sumerogram means simply “(the) stars”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

'''Var. readings:'''
*mulMUL; var. write name:
**MUL2.MUL2(TE.TE),
**MULx.MULx(AB2.AB2),
**MUL4.MUL4,
**UL.UL;
*= ''zappu''; 'the Bristle'
*"Stars," acc. "Stubble";
'''Var. designations:'''
*1) Pleiades (Pleiades),
*2) designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later texts,
*3) "normal star" (η Tauri) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 279].
'''Number of Stars and Gods'''

It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the [[Pleiades]] are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul = ''ka3-ma-tu3'', and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah), see Horowitz Festschrift Klein with earlier bibliography.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
*(1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mul.mul [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 107:388; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 14].
*(2) Urra XXII series:
**mul.mul ''= [...],'' mul.mul ''= za-ap2-pu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 30:24-25; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, VAT 9430:17], [mul.mul] = ''za-pu'' (RS Rec. A) [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 49:62],
**[mul.mu]l = ''sa-ap-pu'', [mul.m]ul = ''ka-lu-tu4'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:151-152],
**[mul].mul = ''ka-li-[tu]m'', [mul].mul = ''zap-pu'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 132:4'-5'],
**mul.mul ''= min(=kak-ka-bu),'' mul.mul = MUL, ''mul.mul'' = ''ka-li-tum'', mul.mul ''= za-ap-pu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 11-14; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:268ʹ-270ʹ].
*(3) Series Aa II/6 ii 26: ''mu''-''lu'' MUL MIN ''eš-še-ku kak-ka-bu, za-ap-pu'' [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
*(4) mul.mul ''= ka3-ma-tu3'' [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>; Kurtik 2017<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 822].
|[[File:Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967).png|alt=Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851|thumb|Little Bull with bristles at the hump (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851]]
|-
|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
*(1) Old Babylonian prayer: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181-182:18].
*(2) Hittite prayer: MUL.MUL [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 44; BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:44].
*(3) Neo-Assyrian prayer: mul''Zap-pu'' [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:17]. Spells against the scorpion.
** (a) mul.mul gir gir2.an.na "Stars, Heavenly Sword" or "Stars of the Heavenly Sword" (an epithet of Scorpius, see Kurtik g19)),???
**mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.nan.na "Stars, Heavenly Bull" or "Stars of the Heavenly Bull" [Van Dijk 1971<ref>''Van Dijk J.'' Nicht-kanonosche Beschwörungen und sonstige literarische Texte // Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der staatlichen Museum zu Berlin. Heft 17 (1). Berlin 1971, 10.</ref>, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; St.-Fourth Century 1998, 249-250].
|
|-
|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
*See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]]; replaced by Sm.1113:5′ are d''za-ap-pu'', in Sm. 162 rev. 3 - mul.mul [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 151, 154].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
*Astrolabe P. Month of Aiyar, stars of Ea, 220 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
*Astrolabe B.
**(1) Menology: itigu4 mul.mul dimin.bi / dingir.gal.gal.gal.e.ne: itigu4 za-ap-pu dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš "Month of Ayar, Star Cluster (acc. Bristle), Seven gods, deities great" (A i 12-13, 19); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan 1985<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 403:6-7], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 81; CAD<ref name=":4">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 50a; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5">''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref>, 58].
**(2) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(BI) gub-''zu'' / mul.mul dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš "The constellation that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulAŠ.GAN2) / The Star Cluster, the Seven Gods, the great deities" (B i 5-6); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":6">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 2].
**(3) List (3´12): itigu4 mul.mul ''šu-ut'' dE2-''a'' "The month of Ayar: The stars (in the path of) Ea (rising)" (C i 2).
**(4) List (rising-sunset=6m):
***a) [itigu4] mul.mul mulšu.gi mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' ˹e3˺ "[Ayaru:] The Star Cluster, Old Man, Anunitu are rising" (C 15),
***b) mul.mul mul mulšu.gi mul''A-nu-ni-tum'' ''š''[''u''2] "(Arahsamnu): The Star Cluster, Old Man, Anunitu set[ting]" [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, P 28; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 33-34, 37, 40].
**BM 82923. The month of ayar, stars of Ea: [MUL.MUL] // 3,40 // KAK.SAR d''Šar''2-''ur''4 "[Star Cluster] // 220 // Weapon of Sharur" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:4 + note]. BM 34713. [iti]gu4 // 3.40 mul2.mul2 // 1.40 múl''dil-bat'' // 50 múlapin "Ayar: 220 Star Cluster, 100 Venus, 50 Plow." [LBAT<ref name=":8">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:2].
**The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
***a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 4): mul.mul [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998<ref name=":9">''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
**Text Nv.10.
*** mul.mul is the asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Du'uzu, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
|[[File:Siebenheit Louvre, AO 22205 drawn.jpg|alt=The Seven (drawing).|thumb|The Seven, the strong gods (drawing after AO 22205).]]
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
*Ea 2. MUL ''ša'' EGIR''-šu'' GUB''-zu'' MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIR.GAL.GAL.E.NE ''a-na'' KI.LAM ŠE ''da-ma-qi''2 "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind mulAŠ.GAN2), the Star Cluster, the Seven Gods, the great gods. Favorable for grain prices" (A. 3) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":6" />, 177].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
*See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 222, 285; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; BPO 3<ref name=":10">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 284b; Borger 1973<ref name=":11">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 3′-10′, 12′, 20′, 32′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 246:59-60, 248:62, 250:83a-85a; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957. </ref>, 23; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; van Soldt<ref name=":12">''Soldt W.H. van''. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Tablets 23(24) – 29(30). Istanbul, 1995.</ref>, 26 I 7; SpTU II<ref name=":13">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40 r. 16; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:12-17, 20-21; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 3; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu'''.''
See. ['''''Koch Westenholz 1999'''''<ref name=":14">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>''''', 153:7-9]. maybe now we use Wainer everywhere???? - in print or ask him???'''''

|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
*(1) The stars of Enlil (no. 30): mul''lu-lim'' SUKKAL MUL.MUL, "Stag, messenger of the Star Cluster" (I i 31), see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]].
* (2) The stars of Anu (no. 5): MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIRmeš GALmeš "Star Cluster, seven gods, great gods" (I i 44).
*(3) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 "On the 1st day of Ayar, the Star Cluster become visible" (I ii 38).
*(4) Simultaneous diurnal rising and setting:
**(a) MUL.MUL KUR''-ma'' mulGIR2.TAB ŠU2''-bi'' / mulGIR2.TAB KUR''-ma'' MUL.MUL ŠU2''-bi'' "Star Cluster rise, Scorpius sets. Scorpius rising, Star Cluster setting" (I iii 13-14), for an early parallel see BM text 77054 above.
** (b) mulGIR2.TAB ''u'' mulUR.KU KURme''-ma'' mulNUNki ''u'' MUL.MUL ŠU2meš "Scorpius and the Dog rise, and (Asterism of) Eridu and the Star Cluster set" (I iii 25).
*(5) Intervals between dates of heliacal rising: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL / TA KUR ''ša''2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulGU4.AN.NA "10 days from the rising of the Staff to the rising of the Star Cluster. 20 days from the rising of the Star Cluster to the rising of the Heavenly Bull" (I iii 44-45).
*(6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal ascents: ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM GABA ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI''-it'' GABA''-ka'' GUB''-ma'' MUL. MUL KUR''-ḫa'' "On the 1st day of ayar (the morning before sunrise) the Breast of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your breast, and the Star Cluster rise" (I iv 15-16), for a parallel see. [SAA 8<ref name=":15">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 507 r. 7].
*(7) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': MUL.MUL in first place (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]]''[[Sîn]]''.
* (8) First intercalation scheme:
**a) ''ina'' itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ''ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4'' ''ina'' dUTU.E3 KUR''-ḫa'' / ''u dSin ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN. GA2 GUB''-az-ma'' "On the 15th day of tashrit, the Sun rises in Libra in the east and the Moon stands ahead of the Star Cluster behind the Hired Man" (II i 14-15),
**(b) ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] d''Sin ina li-la-a-ti ina'' ŠA3 / ''mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina'' dUTU. E3 ''u'' dUTU ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB''-ma'' "On the 15[th] day of nisan, the Moon stands in the evening in Libra to the east, and the Sun stands to the west, ahead of the Star Cluster and behind the Hired Man" (II i 19-21), see also (Kurtik u30) [[UTU|dUTU]], (Kurtik u20) [[UR.GU.LA]].
* (9) The scheme for determining winds by stars is MUL.MUL to the east, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
*(10) Second intercalation scheme:
**a) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR0 UD 1 K]AM MUL.MUL ''u dSin šit-qu-lu'' MU BI GI.NA-''ta'' "[If on the 1st day of nisan] the Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction, this year is normal" (II Gap A 8),
**b) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 U]D 3 KAM MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL0 MU BI DIRI''-at''2 "[If] the Star Cluster and the Moon are in conjunction on the 3rd day of [nisan] this year would be a leap year" (II Gap A 9),
**c) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiGU4 UD 1 KAM] MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI GI.NA''-ta'' "[If] the Star Cluster become visible [on the 1st of ayar], this year is normal" (II Gap A 10),
**d) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiSIG4 U]D 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI D[IRI''-at2''] "[If] the Star Cluster become visible on the 1st day of [siman], this year is lopsided" (II Gap A 11),
**e) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM] MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL2 MU BI GI. NA-''at''2 "[If the] Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction on the 15th day of Arahsamnu, this year is normal" (II ii 1),
**f) [DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN UD] 15 KAM MUL.MUL ''u dSin'' LAL2 MU BI DIRI-''at''2 "[If] the Star Cluster and Moon are in conjunction on the 15th of [kislim], this year is a leap year" (II ii 2).
* (11) Astrological predictions:
**a) the red color of the Pleiades (II iii 16),
**b) 4 stars in the Pleiades (II iii 32)(?), the new edition of MUL.APIN suggests that the number 4 here refers to the constellation mulAŠ.GAN2 [Hunger-Steele 2018<ref name=":16">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 158-9], see also (Kurtik k15) [[KAL.NE]],
**c) Jupiter and the Pleiades (II Gap B 1), see (Kurtik a28)[[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 1.h Ištar, 39:4; Horowitz 1998<ref name=":9" />, 175, 177
Text BM 77054'''''.((add from GSL materials??))'''''

* mul.mu[l…] / ˹mul˺[gir2.tab…] [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 305–306, rev. 15′–16′].

ADD URANOLOGY TEXTS???
|[[File:LULIM messenger of MULMUL.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart with the Stag and the Pleiades|thumb|LULIM (The Stag) stands above the horizon when the Pleiades rise (Babylon, -300), drawing by Jessica Gullberg ]][[File:Pleiades etaTau.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart with the Pleiades and eta Tauri marked|thumb|Pleiades with eta Tauri highlighted (this star is typically taken as the normal star (or "centre" of the group). ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text. (M).'''
*[mul.mul] "[Star Cluster]" (η, 27 Tau), see (Kurtik g33) [[GU4.AN.NA|GU4.AN.NA]].
|[[File:Dalbana M (SMH 2024).jpg|alt=star chart with the string described in "Dalbanna M". |thumb|Dalbanna Line "M", visualized by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024]]
|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
*In sector 3, the inscription: m˹ul.mul] "Star Cluster";
*there is also an image of an ellipse with two triangles inside it [Koch 1989<ref name=":17">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-60; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].cc???
|[[File:Mul.mul in Planisphere K8538.jpg|alt=detail of the photograph, highlighted section |thumb|MUL.MUL is written in this segment of the planisphere BM K8538 ]]
|-
|'''"Fortune-Teller’s Textbook".'''
*(1) ''šit-qul-ta ša''2 mul.mul ''u'' d''sin uṣur(uru3)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma'' "Observe the balances <s>'ncidences'</s> of the Star Cluster and the Moon, and this will give you the right answer" (to introduce intercalations).
*(2) ''a-na la-tak ūmē(''ud'')''me ''ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti'' mul.mul ''u'' d''sin'' "To predict the exact days, (you study) the balances '<s>coincidences</s>' of the Star Cluster and the Moon" [Oppenheim 1974<ref>''Oppenheim A.L. '' Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 636-666.</ref>, 200:62, 68-69; Horowitz 1998<ref name=":9" />, 151-152].
''šitqultu,'' from the root ''šaqālu'', 'to weigh, to balance, to be in balance,' refers to both astronomical conjunctions and oppositions (aka 'syzygies').
|[[File:Stellarium plej+moon-300-06-04.jpg|alt=simulation of the conjunction with Stellarium |thumb|The Pleiades occulted by the Moon, 04 June -300 (in Babylon below horizon). ]]
|-
|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
MULx.MULx, MUL2.MUL2: note that, at that time, it is typically not MUL.MUL

*(1) constellation [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":18">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -567 r. 6],
*(2) "normal star" (η Tauri) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":18" />, passim], first in diary for -567 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":18" />, 50:13],
*(3) zodiac sign corresponding to Taurus, from the beginning of the Seleucid era (formerly GU4.AN) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":18" />, passim], first in the diary for -346 [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":18" />, 146:31].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
*А 3427: ''ina'' iti''gu''4 ''ina še-rim'' ud 28 mul2.mul2 ''ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "In the month of ayar, on the morning of the 28th day, the Star Cluster emits ''mišḫu'' and rise." [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":19">''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238:9]. '''''LBAT 1499???'''''
*BM 36609+: TA SA4 ''ša2'' GABA''-šu2'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ina'' IGI ''kin?-ṣa'' / MUL2.MUL2 TA ˹SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL''-šu''2 KUR "(In the interval of time) from (the culmination of) the brilliant (star) on the breast (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the culmination of a located point) 50 in front of (its) Knee. / The Star Cluster (=the zodiac sign Taurus) rises, from their beginning to their end." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref name=":20">''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 17-19]; time of rising: 200 [ibid.<ref name=":20" />, 549].
|[[File:Pleiades and Venus in blue dawn 2020.jpg|alt=photograph of the Pleiades in dawn|thumb|The Pleiades in dawn (above the mountain), photograph by Susanne M Hoffmann (2020)]]
|-
|'''Mathematical astronomy.'''
*MUL.MUL — the standard designation for the zodiac sign Taurus [ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955.</ref>, 484b; LBAT<ref name=":8" />, passim].
|[[File:Taurus sign -300.jpg|alt=zodiac sign of Taurus in the star chart|thumb|The zodiac sign of Taurus in -300, here highlighted in bold orange. ]]
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
*(1) "Horoscopes". mul2.mul2 is the designation of the zodiac sign Taurus [BH, 4 r. 4].
*(2) "Lunaries."
** (a) BRM IV 20: ''ki'' mul.mul "Region of the Star Cluster," it corresponds to astrological meanings: "to keep the foot of evil out of a man's house" (i.e., protection from enemies), (attack) "the demoness of the storm" (Lilu), or "the trinity of the demoness of the storm" (Lilithu), (cure of disease) "seizing of the tongue" (cold?), "appeasement of the wrathful god" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":21">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 259:24, 29, 30, 43, 48; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 108; Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 194-196].
**(b) BRM IV, 19: mul2.mul2 is the designation for the zodiac sign Taurus in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":21" />, 274-275: c, d, 7, 21, 38, 40; Neugeb.-Sachs 1952-53<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>]. '''''Rochberg??'''''
*(3) "Microzodiac". Division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 equal parts:
**a) AO 6483: ''ša''2''-ni-tu''4 ''zittu(''ḫa.la'') mul''2''.mul''2 ''šum''3''-šu''2 "The second part, its name is Star" [Sachs 1952<ref name=":22">''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66a:14; TU<ref name=":23">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 14:14],'''''Rochberg??'''''
**(b) Sp II 202+: ''2-tu''2 ḫa.la 2 ''danna'' [...] [Schaumberger 1955<ref name=":19" />, 245:12]. Division of the zodiac sign Leo into 12 parts: the 10th part is mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24">''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 16-17, Taf. 6:VAT 7847].
*(4) "Gypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu4 ša''2 d30 / múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 MUL ''ša''2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] "The secret place of the moon: the Old Man and the Star Cluster, the asterism of Elam" [STC I<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref> 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>], quoted in [Rochberg-Halton 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>, 55].
*(5) Calendrical and ritual texts. W 22704 (recipe for making ointments + "dodecatemoria"): MIN(=ŠU) 5 // MUL2.MUL2 5 // ''dām''(UŠ2) ''alpi''(GU4) lu ''šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU4) lu ''šārat''(SIG2) ''alpi''(GU4) MIN(=''tapašššaš'') "Duuzu 5 // Taurus 50 // Bull's blood or bull's fat or bull's wool you will smear" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104:5, and also 104:18]; for a parallel for the month of arahsamnu see. W22619/19+ [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 105:2, 15, 28].
*(6) Prediction of grain prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (MUL2.MUL2) [SpTU I<ref name=":25">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 94:6, 38].
*(7) Zodiacal astrology. KI mul2.mul2 UŠ2 ''ta-ḫa-zu'' "The region of Taurus: death in battle" [SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 43: 20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref name=":23" />, 14: 22; Sachs 1952<ref name=":22" />, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999<ref name=":5" />, 192].
*(8) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: MUL.MUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135: rev. 2, 10], see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
|
|-
|'''Procedural astronomical text BM 36712.'''
*''u4-˹mu dsin˺ ana2 AB2.AB2 te-u2 ina 27 u4.meš ana2 mul2.mul2'' DIM4 "(Counting from) the day on which the Moon approached the Pleiades, on the 27th day it will (again) be near the Pleiades" [Sachs-Neugebauer 1956<ref>''Sachs A., Neugebauer O.'' A Procedure Text Concerning Solar and Lunar Motion: B.M. 36712 // JCS. 1956. Vol. 10, № 4. P. 131-136.</ref>, 132:13']. '''''also check Ossendrijver???'''''
|
|}
See also [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26" />, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25] as well as [SpTU I<ref name=":25" />, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
[[File:MULMUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151405.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MUL.MUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Alcyone]]
|HIP 17702
|Constellation lines
|2.87
|-
|2
|[[Atlas]]
|HIP 17847
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.63
|-
|3
|[[Electra]]
|HIP 17499
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.7
|-
|4
|[[Maia]]
|HIP 17573
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.87
|-
|5
|[[Merope]]
|HIP 17608
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.18
|-
|6
|* 24 Tau
|HD 23629
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|}
=== Additional ===

====Deity.====
The seven gods (see Kurtik i11 [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]]).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
*(1) Prayers to the night gods, see above.
*(2) Spells against the scorpion, see above.
*(3) The ''Šurpu'' series (II 182): MUL.MUL ..''.lip-ṭu-ru'' "The Star Cluster ... let them deliver." [Reiner 1970<ref>''Reiner E.'' Šurpu. A Collection of Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations. Osnabrück, 1970 ( AfO, Beiheft 11).</ref>, 18].
*(4) Hemerology for the 18th day of Nisan: ''pad-su ana mul.mul gar-ma ma-ḫir'' "He brings his sacrifice to the Star Cluster, and (it is) accepted" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 ii 45; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 60-61].
*(5) The spell E2.NU.RU against mistakes in performing temple services, see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]].
*(6) The ritual of "Laying on of Hands" (''šu.il2.la2.kam''), cf. [Ebeling 1953<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Die akkadische Gebetsserie "Handerhebung". Berlin, 1953.</ref>, 14-15:13, 62-63:22-24, 144-145].
*(7) Spells in the Namburbi series: ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL KUD-''is-ma mu-uḫ-ra'' dIMIN.BI DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ / ḪUL ''an-na-a pu-uṭ-ra'' DUG4.GA''-ma'' "You cut the sacrificial (goat) before the Star Cluster and say aloud: 'Seven, great deities, extinguish this evil'" [Caplice 1971<ref>''Caplice R.'' Namburbi Texts in the British Museum V // Or. 1971, Vol. 40. P. 133-183.</ref>, 142:6-7]. See also [Ebeling 1953a<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.</ref>, 391:3, 13].
*(8) In the ''bīt mēseri'' series, see. [Meier 1942<ref>''Meier G. von.'' Die zweite Tafel der Serie ''bīt mēseri'' // AfO. 1942. Bd. 14, Heft 3/4. S. 139-142.</ref>, 142:17].
*(9) A spell against weakening sexual potency (ŠA3.ZI.GA).
**(a) dMUL.<<d>>MUL dGU4.UD / ''[a]t-tu-nu'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša2 še-re-ti3'' "Pleiades, Mercury, / You stars of early morning" [Biggs 1967<ref name=":27">''Biggs R.D. '' ŠÀ.ZI.GA. Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. N.Y.: J.J.Augustin Publisher-Locust Valley, 1967.</ref>, 74:7-8],
**(b) [EN2 ''dza].ba ku3.ga dza.ba ku3.ga / [an.d]a.gub.ba an.da.gub.ba'' "[Spell.] Brilliant [Pleiades]! Brilliant Pleiades! / (You) are in the [sky]! (You) are in [the] sky!" [ibid.<ref name=":27" />, 76:2-3]; according to Biggs, d''za.ba'' is probably a late Pseudo-Sumerian entry for the name ''zappu'', i.e., the Pleiades, which were designated usually as dMUL.MUL [ibid.<ref name=":27" />, 77].
*(10) Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [MUL.MUL dIMIN].BI ˹''qar''˺-''rad la ša2-na-an ˹li˺-[b]el [...] / [... i]t-ti'' LUGAL ''ina tu-š[a2!-ri'' ...] "[‘Seven’ Stars], the hero incomparable, may he prevail [...] / [with] the king in b[attle...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 1-2].
*(11) In astrological geography, the Star Cluster were associated with Der, Duranki or Ur [Weidner 1963<ref name=":28">''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>].
*(12) Spell [Stol 1989<ref>''Stol M.'' Old-Babylonian Ophthalmology, in: Fs. A. Finet (= Akkadica Beih. 6), 1989. 163–166.</ref>, 252].

====Symbol. ====
The seven dots or seven stars, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI|dIMIN.BI]], III.

The position of the Pleiades (''Zappu'' "Stubble") was associated in the sky with the figure of the Heavenly Bull. We find indirect confirmation in some later calendrical-ritual and magical texts. In magical texts, the designation MUL2.MUL2 corresponds to ''dām''(UŠ2) ''alpi''(GU4) ''lu šaman''(I3.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU4) ''lu šārat''(SIG2) ''alpi''(GU4) "Blood of the bull or fat of the bull or hair of the bull" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104-105]. In Seleucid calendar texts, mul.mul and gu4 are sometimes given as equivalent designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24" />, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].

====Previous Identification.====
= Pleiades [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 279; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73b; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; MA<ref name=":16" />, 138; Koch 1989<ref name=":17" />, 77-79, 111; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207-208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":29">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

The identification of MUL.MUL with the Seven Gods suggests the allocation of 7 stars in the constellation, as was the case in Greek astronomy (see, e.g., [Aratus, Apparitions 256-8; Hyginus, Introduction III 20; Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catasterisms XIV]). See also the prediction: DIŠ dIM ''ina'' MURUB4 dIMIN.BI GU3-''šu''2 ŠUB''-ma'' MUL.MEŠ 7-''šu2-nu'' (var.: ''si-bit-ti-šu2-nu'') ... "If Adad utters a cry in the midst of the Seven Gods (i.e., thunder rumbles), the stars, the seven of them..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 59:10; ACh Adad<ref name=":29" />, 17:34; CAD<ref name=":4" /> S, 230]. However, there are other variants: 4 stars (MUL.APIN II iii 32), cf. "Sources," MUL.APIN (11b); 12 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu2'' 12) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:14]; 10 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu2'' 10) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:15].

====Astrology.====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; cf. [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 50:7; 72 r. 2; 376:9; 412 r. 2; SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 63 r. 8; BPO 3<ref name=":12" />, 100:10].

(2) = Mercury or Saturn; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-''ud'' dGU4.UD lu dSAG.UŠ d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' KUR''-ma'' "If the Star Cluster approach the Serpent, (it means that) Mercury or Saturn approached Mars" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:7], see also (Kurtik m43) [[MUŠ]], VI 2.

(3) = Kidney; ''diš'' 30 ''ina'' igi.lal''-šu2 gim'' mul.mul ''šu-par-ru-ur'' ... "If the Moon blurs during its appearance like the Star Cluster: Enlil will descend upon the country with hostile intentions...". mul.mul ''ka-li-tum'' an.mi ''gar-ma gim ka-li-tum'' ... "Star Cluster = Kidney, (i.e.) the eclipse will occur like a kidney" [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":14" />, 153:7-9].

(4) = Raven; see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 2(b).

(5) = Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 13.

===== Predications: =====
(6) Heliacal rising of the Pleiades in its own and not in its own time; DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ina'' itiGUD IGI''-mar'' BE''-ma'' MU[L BI NIM-''ma'' IGI] DINGIR.ME .... BE''-ma'' MUL BI ''uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma'' ITI''-šu''2 DIB''-m[a'' IGI...] "The Star Cluster rise heliacally in the month of ayar; if [this/these] constellation[s] rises early: the gods will pass a favorable judgment on the country (var.: the country's harvest will be abundant, the country will see good times), if this constellation is late, has passed its month and rises..." [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IX 2, X 2]; for parallels see. [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IX 13; SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 275:6-r. 3; 507 r. 1-4].

(7) The Moon is surrounded by a halo and in it stands Pleiades (=Mars); DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN2''-ma'' MUL.MUL ''ina'' ŠA3''-šu''2 GUB.MEŠ... "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and within it is the Star Cluster: this year women will give birth to boys" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 5 r. 2-3]; parallels [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 273 r. 3-5; 376:6-8; 529:1-5; 531:1-3]; variant: [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2''-ma'' mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR''-šu''2 MU[L.MUL] / ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ... "[If the Moon] is surrounded by a halo, and the Field, with Sta[rs] behind it, stands in the moon: cattle in the country will prosper" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 412:7-8], further: mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' MUL KUR MAR.<TU>ki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-''šu''2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 MUL MAR.TUki "Mars — the star of the west; the Field, with stars behind it: the Hired Man. The Hired Man — the star of the west." [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 412 r. 2-4].

(8) Moon and Pleiades(= Mars?);

*(a) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' IGI d30 TE''-ma'' GUB-''iz''... "If Stars approach the Moon and stand in front of it: great gods..." [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 72:1-3].
*(b) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' UGU 30 SI4-''ma'' GUB-''iz'' ... "If the Star Cluster approaches close to the top of the Moon and stand there: the king will discover his power and expand his country" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 296:1-2; 455:1-2; 548:3-4], variant: DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI.LAL-''šu''2 MUL.MUL ''ina'' ''A2-šu''2 / GUB-''iz'' ... "If at the appearance of the Moon, the Pleiades stand at the side of it: (the apodosis is the same)" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 455:4-6], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 50:1-3, 548:1-2].
*(c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' ŠA3 30 TU.MEŠ-''ma'' / ''ana'' IM.SI.SA2 E3.MEŠ... "If the Star Cluster enter the Moon and go out to the north: Akkad will become happy; the king of Akkad will be strengthened and will have no rival" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 35:1-3, 48:1-2] [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 351:4-7; 443:1-5; 455:7-r. 4].
*(d) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ana'' ŠA3 [30 TU] ... "If the Star Cluster [enters the Moon] (on the day of the new moon?): the country will completely perish..." [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 351:1-3].

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in the Star Cluster or the Old Man;

*(a) BE''-ma'' <d30> ''ina'' KI MUL.MUL ''u-lu-u2'' mul˹ŠU.GI˺ ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR2 BAD3.ANki ''Dur-an-ki'' KIMIN Uri2ki "If the Moon eclipses in the region of the Star Cluster or in the Old Man: prediction for Der (and) Duranka, var.: for Uruk" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":31">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 222, EAE 20 text e r. 11], for a parallel see. MNB 1849:38 [Weidner 1963<ref name=":28" />, 118; Steele 2015, 208-9].
* (b) DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN / UD.14.KAM AN.MI.GAR KA´MI-''su'' TU ... KI AB2.AB2 ''u'' AB2.GU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ "If (the moon) sets and eclipsed on the 14th day of arahsamnu ... the area of the Star Cluster and the Heavenly Bull — plague" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":31" />, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 22-24].

(10) The visibility of the Pleiades;

*(a) DIŠ UL.UL ''šat-ḫu-ma u'' MI.MEŠ... "If the Star Cluster have lengthened and darkened: there will be plague in the land." [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, XV 28].
*(b) DIŠ UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL2 ... "If the Star Cluster (stand) apart and have no light: Irra will appear, but will not destroy the people" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, xv 28] [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, XV 29].
*(c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ''ša''2''-ti-iḫ'' ... "If the Star Cluster lengthens: the field will yield good harvest" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 351 r. 4-5].
*(d) DIŠ MUL4.MUL4 ŠIRmeš-''šu2'' SA5meš''-ma'' KI.A SI.SA2 "If the Star Cluster is red(?) in light(?): irrigated lands will prosper" (MUL.APIN II iii 16) [MA<ref name=":16" />, 108, 133].

(11) The Pleiades and the Wagon stand together; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL ''u'' mulMAR.GID2.DA UR.BI GUB.ME d''Dil-bat'' KI MUL.MUL SAR''-ma'' "[If] the Star Cluster and the Wagon stand together, (it means): Venus erupts in the Pleiades." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:10].

(12) The Pleiades and the True Shepherd of Anu; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 GUB dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' IGI MUL.MUL GUB''-ma'' "[If] the Star Cluster (and) the True Shepherd of Anu stand at the beginning of them, (it means): Saturn stands before Pleiades." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30" /> 2, 66:9], the prediction suggests an identity: the True Shepherd of Anu = Saturn; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE SU.KU2 ''i-mad'' "If the True Shepherd of Anu (= Saturn?) approaches the Star Cluster: there will be constant(?) famine" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 Col. ii 15]. See also (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]], VI 13.

(13) Jupiter and the Pleiades; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 2-3.

(14) Sun and Pleiades; [DIŠ MAN KUR''-ma'' MUL.M]UL NIGIN2... "[If the Sun rises and the Star Cluster] is surrounded by Stars [???doesn’t make sense]: there will be misfortune in the country" [van Soldt<ref name=":12" /> 70, Tabl. 26 (27) I 7].

(15) The Pleiades(=Mars?) reach the constellation;

*(a) MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR''-ud''... "The Star Cluster reaches the Serpent: business activity will decrease" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 148, K.137:1], parallel [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 146, Sm.1480+:13].
*(b) MUL.MUL mulBAN KUR''-ud'' ''a-ki-lu'' GAL2''-ši'' "The Star Cluster reaches the Bow: a devourer (= field pest) will appear" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 148, K.137:2; 146, Sm.1480+:13]. For similar predictions concerning MUL.MUL and mulŠUDUN, mulKA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E, mulAMAR.UTU, mulELLAG2, mulAŠ.GAN2, see. [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 491 r. 3; Borger 1973<ref name=":11" />, 40 r. 3′-4′; SpTU 3<ref name=":2" />, 101:12-17].

(16) Venus and the Pleiades (=Mars?);

*(a) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ana'' ˹MUL.MUL˺ KUR''-ma'' NIM.MAki ''ina ḫi-im-ma-ti-ša2 ina-qar'' URU.DIDLI ''ina-qar'' "If Venus enters! the Star Cluster: Elam will be totally(?) demolished; the fortress(?) will be demolished" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 46:60], parallels [ibid.<ref name=":10" />, 68:5; 180:9].
*(b) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ˹ana'' MUL.MUL UD2.KAM DU˺''-ma'' DIB-''iq''... "If Venus stands for two (var.: one) days near the Stars and then passes (them): the opinion (mood) of the country will change" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 46, VAT 10218:61], for parallels see. [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 68:6; 174:39, 44; 186: viii 10; 196:5; 197:4].
*(c) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina itiŠe-er-ʼi-''EBUR ''ina'' GUB3-ša2 MUL.MUL DU-''iz'' .... "If Venus (appears) in the month of the Furrow and Harvest, (and) the Star Cluster stand to its left: there will be famine in the country, var.: unrest in the country; (this will happen if) Mars stands to its left" [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 100, K.35:10], parallel [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 170:15].
*(d) [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ziq]-na zaq-na-at''2 MUL.MUL ''ina A2-ša2'' [KI.MIN ''ina'' IGI-''š]a''2 DU.ME''-ma'' KI.MIN SA5-''at''2 ''u un-nu-ta-at2'' "[If Venus is in the Fur]row, the Star Cluster standing at its side, [var.:] standing [in front of i]t, var. reading: they are red and gloomy..." [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 236, ND 4362:8].
*(e) Venus reaches Pleiades, see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 1.
*(f) DIŠ ''ina'' SAG MU MUL.MUL / ''ina'' KAB? mul''Dil-bat'' GUB ... "If at the beginning of the year, Pleiades stands to the left (?) of Venus: enemy, var. reading: a flood will destroy the crops" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 282 r. 1-3].
*(g) MUL.MUL ''a-na'' UD ŠEG6.GA2 ˹UD ŠEG6.˺GA2 [xxx] / mul''Dil-bat ina'' MUL.MUL GU[B''-ma''] "The stars predict a day of boiling; 'day of boiling' (means) [...] Venus stand[s] in the Star Cluster" [SAA 8<ref name=":15" />, 461:1-2].

(17) The Stag and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik L09) [[LU.LIM]], VI 3-4.

(18) The Strange Star (= Mars) and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 8.

(19) The Eagle (= Mars) to the Star Cluster approaches; see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]],'' II 2.

(20) The Planet and the Star Cluster; see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]], III

(21) Mercury's evening appearance in the Pleiades; see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 14.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Caption text
|-
!Kurtik (2022, m35)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
| вар. чтения: mulMUL; вар. записи названия: MUL2.MUL2(TE.TE), MULx.MULx(AB2.AB2), MUL4.MUL4, UL.UL; = zappu; шум. «Звезды», акк. «Щетина»; 1) Плеяды (Pleiades), 2) обозначение знака зодиака Телец в поздних текстах, 3) «нормальная звезда» (η Tauri) [Gössmann 1950, 279].||Example
|-
| I. Источники.
Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mul.mul [MSL XI, 107:388; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 14]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mul.mul = […], mul.mul = za-ap2-pu [MSL XI, 30:24–25; Weidner 1959–60, VAT 9430:17], [mul.mul] = za-pu (RS Rec. A) [MSL XI, 49:62], [mul.mu]l = sa-ap-pu, [mul.m]ul = ka-lu-tu4 [Emar VI/4, 151:151–152], [mul].mul = ka-li-[tu]m, [mul].mul = zap-pu [Cavigneaux 1979 132:4'–5'], mul.mul = min(=kak-ka-bu), mul.mul = MUL, mul.mul = ka-li-tum, mul.mul = za-ap-pu [SpTU III, 114A v 11–14; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 104:268ʹ–270ʹ]. (3) Серия Аа II/6 ii 26: mu-lumul = za-ap-pu [MSL XIV, 291]. (4) mul.mul = ka3-ma-tu3 [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a; Куртик 2017, 822]. «Молитвы ночным богам». (1) Старовавилонская молитва: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935, 181–182:18]. (2) Хеттская молитва: MUL.MUL [KUB IV, 47 r. 44; BPO 2, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:44]. (3) Новоассирийская молитва: mulZap-pu [Oppenheim 1959, 283:17]. Заклинания против скорпиона. a) mul.mul gir2.an.na «Звезды, Небесный меч» или «Звезды Небесного меча» (эпитет Скорпиона, см. g19), b) mul.mul ˹gu4˺.an.na «Звезды, Небесный бык» или «Звезды Небесного Быка» [Van Dijk 1971, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; Свят.-Четв. 1998, 249–250]. Текст HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text). См. a33AN.TA.GUB; параллели в Sm.1113:5′ — dza-ap-pu, в Sm. 162 rev. 3 — mul.mul [Horowitz 1993, 151, 154]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа, 220 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Менологии: itigu4 mul.mul dimin.bi / dingir.gal.gal.e.ne : itigu4 za-ap-pu dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš «Месяц айяру, Звезды (акк. Щетина), Семеро богов, божества великие» (A i 12–13, 19); параллель см. [Çağirgan 1985 403:6–7], см. также [BPO 2, 81; CAD Z, 50a; Емельянов 1999, 58]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(BI) gub-zu / mul.mul dimin.bi dingir.meš gal.meš «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. позади mulAŠ.GAN2) стоит / Звезды, Семеро богов, божества великие» (B i 5–6); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 2]. (3) Список (3´12): itigu4 mul.mul šu-ut dE2-a «Месяц айяру: Звезды (на пути) Эа (восходят)» (C i 2). (4) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [itigu4] mul.mul mulšu.gi mulA-nu-ni-tum ˹e3˺ «[Айяру:] Звезды, Старик, Ануниту восходят» (С 15), b) mul.mul mulšu.gi mulA-nu-ni-tum š[u2] «(Арахсамну): Звезды, Старик, Ануниту заход[ят]» [KAV 218, С 28; Horowitz 2014, 33–34, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа: [MUL.MUL] // 3,40 // KAK.SAR dŠar2-ur4 «[Звезды] // 220 // Оружие Шарура» [Walker–Pingree 1977, 30:4 + note]. BM 34713. [iti]gu4 // 3,40 mul2.mul2 // 1,40 múldil-bat // 50 múlapin «Айяру: 220 Звезды, 100 Венера, 50 Плуг» [LBAT, 1499:2]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 4): mul.mul [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 2. MUL ša EGIR-šu GUB-zu MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIR.GAL.GAL.E.NE a-na KI.LAM ŠE da-ma-qi2 «Звезда, которая стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulAŠ.GAN2), Звезды, Семеро богов, великие боги. Благоприятно для цен на зерно» (A. 3) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 222, 285; BPO 2, 13; BPO 3, 284b; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 3′–10′, 12′, 20′, 32′; Largement 1957, 246:59–60, 248:62, 250:83a–85a; Leibovici 1957, 23; Verderame 2002, 249; van Soldt, 26 I 7; SpTU II, 40 r. 16; SpTU III, 101:12–17, 20–21; SpTU IV, 162 r. 3; SpTU V, 264:2]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch Westenholz 1999, 153:7–9]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 30): mullu-lim SUKKAL MUL.MUL, «Олень, посланник Звезд» (I i 31), см. L09LU.LIM. (2) Звезды Ану (№ 5): MUL.MUL d7.BI DINGIRmeš GALmeš «Звезды, семь богов, великие боги» (I i 44). (3) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 «1-го айяру Звезды становятся видны» (I ii 38). (4) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) MUL.MUL KUR-ma mulGIR2.TAB ŠU2-bi / mulGIR2.TAB KUR-ma MUL.MUL ŠU2-bi «Звезды восходят, Скорпион заходит. Скорпион восходит, Звезды заходят» (I iii 13–14), ранняя параллель см. выше текст ВМ 77054. b) mulGIR2.TAB u mulUR.KU KURme-ma mulNUNki u MUL.MUL ŠU2meš «Скорпион и Пес восходят, а (Звезда) Эриду и Звезды заходят» (I iii 25). (5) Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ša2 mulGAM3 10 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 MUL.MUL / TA KUR ša2 MUL.MUL 20 UDmeš ana KUR ša2 mulGU4.AN.NA «10 дней от восхода Посоха до восхода Звезд. 20 дней от восхода Звезд до восхода Небесного Быка» (I iii 44–45). (6) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM GABA ša2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ina MURUB4 AN-e / IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma MUL.MUL KUR-ḫa «1-го айяру (утром перед восходом Солнца) Грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Звезды восходят» (I iv 15–16), параллель см. [SAA 8, 507 r. 7]. (7) Звезды «на пути Луны»: MUL.MUL на первом месте (I iv 33), см. s20Sîn. (8) Первая схема интеркаляций: a) ina itiDU6 UD 15 KAM dUTU ina lib3-bi mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 ina dUTU.E3 KUR-ḫa / u dSin ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mul lúḪUN.GA2 GUB-az-ma «15-го ташриту Солнце восходит в Весах на востоке и Луна стоит впереди Звезд позади Наемника» (II i 14–15), b) ina itiBAR2 UD 15 [KAM] dSin ina li-la-a-ti ina ŠA3 / mulzi-ba-ni-tu2 ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / ina IGI MUL.MUL EGIR mulḪUN.GA2 GUB-ma «15-[го] нисану Луна стоит вечером в Весах на востоке, и Солнце на западе впереди Звезд позади Наемника» (II i 19–21), см. также u30dUTU, u20UR.GU.LA. (9) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: MUL.MUL — восток, см. k24KU6. (10) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: a) [DIŠ ina itiBAR2 UD 1 K]AM MUL.MUL u dSin šit-qu-lu MU BI GI.NA-ta «[Если 1-го нисану] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год нормальный» (II Gap A 8), b) [DIŠ ina itiBAR2 U]D 3 KAM MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI DIRI-at2 «[Если] 3-го [нисану] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год високосный» (II Gap A 9), c) [DIŠ ina itiGU4 UD 1 KAM] MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI GI.NA-ta «[Если] звезды становятся видны [1-го айяру], этот год нормальный» (II Gap A 10), d) [DIŠ ina itiSIG4 U]D 1 KAM MUL.MUL IGI.LA2 MU BI D[IRI-at2] «[Если] Звезды становятся видны 1-го [симану], этот год висо[косный]» (II Gap A 11), e) [DIŠ ina itiAPIN UD 15 KAM] MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI GI.NA-at2 «[Если 15-го арахсамну] Звезды и Луна в соединении, этот год нормальный» (II ii 1), f) [DIŠ ina itiGAN UD] 15 KAM MUL.MUL u dSin LAL2 MU BI DIRI-at2 «[Если] Звезды и Луна в соединении 15-го [кислиму], этот год високосный» (II ii 2). (11) Астрологические предсказания: a) красный цвет Плеяд (II iii 16), b) 4 звезды в Плеядах (II iii 32)(?), в новом издании MUL.APIN предполагается, что цифра 4 здесь относится к созвездию mulAŠ.GAN2 [Hunger–Steele 2018, 158–9], см. также k15KAL.NE, с) Юпитер и Плеяды (II Gap B 1), см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 1. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 381; SAA 8, 352–353]. Текст BM 77054. mul.mu[l…] / ˹mul˺[gir2.tab…] [George 1991, 305–306, rev. 15′–16′]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: [mul.mul](?) [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:201]; параллель в 81-7-27,81: mul.mul mul kur elam.maki «Звезды — (Звезда) Элама» [ACh Ištar, 39:4; Horowitz 1998, 175, 177]. Dalbanna-текст. (M). [mul.mul] «[Звезды]» (η, 27 Tau), см. g33GU4.AN.NA. Текст Nv.10. mul.mul — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце дуузу, см. sh16ŠU.GI. «Планисфера K 8538». В секторе 3 надпись: m˹ul.mul] «Звезды»; там же изображение эллипса с двумя треугольниками внутри него [Koch 1989, 56–60; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. «Учебник предсказателя». (1) šit-qul-ta ša2 mul.mul u dsin uṣur(uru3)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma «Наблюдай за «совпадениями» Звезд и Луны, и это даст тебе правильный ответ» (для введения интеркаляций). (2) a-na la-tak ūmē(ud)me ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti mul.mul u dsin «Чтобы предсказать точные дни, (ты изучаешь) «совпадения» Звезд и Луны» [Oppenheim 1974, 200:62, 68–69; Horowitz 1998, 151–152]. «Дневники наблюдений». MULx.MULx, MUL2.MUL2: (1) созвездие [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -567 r. 6], (2) «нормальная звезда» (η Tauri) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за -567 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 50:13], (3) знак зодиака, соответствующий Тельцу, с начала эпохи Селевкидов (ранее — GU4.AN) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim], впервые в дневнике за –346 год [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 146:31]. Анафора. А 3427: ina itigu4 ina še-rim ud 28 mul2.mul2 ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце айяру утром 28-го дня Звезды испускают mišḫu и восходят» [Schaumberger 1955, 238:9]. BM 36609+: TA SA4 ša2 GABA-šu2 / EN 5 UŠ ina IGI kin?-ṣa / MUL2.MUL2 TA ˹SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «(В промежуток времени) от (кульминации) блестящей (звезды) на его (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) груди / До (кульминации точки, расположенной) в 50 впереди (его) Колена. / Звезды (=знак зодиака Телец), от своего начала до своего конца, восходят» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 17–19]; время восхода: 200 [ibid., 549]. Математическая астрономия. MUL.MUL — стандартное обозначение знака зодиака Телец [ACT I–III, 484b; LBAT, passim]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». mul2.mul2 — обозначение знака зодиака Телец [BH, 4 r. 4]. (2) «Лунарии». a) BRM IV 20: ki mul.mul «Область Звезд», ей соответствуют астрологические значения: «стопу зла не допустить к дому человека» (т. е. защита от врагов), (нападение) «демоницы бури» (Лилу), или «троицы демониц бури» (Лилиту), (лечение болезни) «схватывания языка» (простуда?), «успокоение гневного бога» [Ungnad 1941–44, 259:24, 29, 30, 43, 48; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 194–196]. b) BRM IV, 19: mul2.mul2 — обозначение знака зодиака Телец в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: c, d, 7, 21, 38, 40; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Подразделение знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 равных частей: a) AO 6483: ša2-ni-tu4 zittu(ḫa.la) mul2.mul2 šum3-šu2 «Вторая часть, ее имя Звезды» [Sachs 1952, 66a:14; TU, 14:14], b) Sp II 202+: 2-tu2 ḫa.la 2 danna […] [Schaumberger 1955, 245:12]. Подразделение знака зодиака Лев на 12 частей: 10-я часть — mul.mul, mulgu4.<an.na> [Weidner 1967, 16–17, Taf. 6:VAT 7847]. (4) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 / múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 MUL ša2 [KUR?].NIM.MA.[KI] «Секретное место Луны: Старик и Звезды, звезда Элама» [STC I 212; II, Pl. 69; Landsberger 1923], цит. по [Rochberg-Halton 1988b, 55]. (5) Календарно-ритуальные тексты. W 22704 (рецепт изготовления мази + «додекатемория»): MIN(=ŠU) 5 // MUL2.MUL2 5 // dām(UŠ2) alpi(GU4) lu šaman(I3.GIŠ) alpi(GU4) lu šārat(SIG2) alpi(GU4) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Дуузу 5 // Телец 50 // Кровь быка или жир быка, или шерсть быка ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104:5, а также 104:18]; параллель для месяца арахсамну см. W22619/19+ [SpTU III, 105:2, 15, 28]. (6) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (MUL2.MUL2) [SpTU I, 94:6, 38]. (7) Зодиакальная астрология. KI mul2.mul2 UŠ2 ta-ḫa-zu «Область Тельца: смерть в сражении» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 22; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (8) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: MUL.MUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135: rev. 2, 10], см. s20Sîn. Процедурный астрономический текст BM 36712. u4-˹mu dsin˺ ana2 AB2.AB2 te-u2 ina 27 u4.meš ana2 mul2.mul2 DIM4 «(Считая от) дня, когда Луна приблизилась к Плеядам, на 27-й день она (опять) окажется рядом с Плеядами» [Sachs–Neugebauer 1956, 132:13'].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25], а также [SpTU I, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V, 264:2].

II. Божество.

Семеро богов (см. i11dIMIN.BI). Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Молитвы ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Заклинания против скорпиона, см. выше. (3) Серия Šurpu (II 182): MUL.MUL …lip-ṭu-ru «Звезды … пусть избавят» [Reiner 1970, 18]. (4) Гемерология для 18-го нисана: pad-su ana mul.mul gar-ma ma-ḫir «Жертвоприношение свое Звездам он приносит, и (оно) принято» [KAR, 178 ii 45; Labat 1939, 60–61]. (5) Заклинание E2.NU.RU против ошибок при совершении храмовых служб, см. b11BIR. (6) Ритуал «Воздевания рук» (šu.il2.la2.kam), см. [Ebeling 1953, 14–15:13, 62–63:22–24, 144–145]. (7) Заклинания в серии Намбурби: ina IGI MUL.MUL KUD-is-ma mu-uḫ-ra dIMIN.BI DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ / ḪUL an-na-a pu-uṭ-ra DUG4.GA-ma «Ты режешь жертвенного (козленка) перед Звездами и произносишь вслух: “Семеро, божества великие, зло это погасите”» [Caplice 1971, 142:6–7]. См. также [Ebeling 1953a, 391:3, 13]. (8) В серии bīt mēseri, см. [Meier 1942, 142:17]. (9) Заклинание против ослабления сексуальной потенции (ŠA3.ZI.GA). a) dMUL.<<d>>MUL dGU4.UD / [a]t-tu-nu MUL.MEŠ ša2 še-re-ti3 «Плеяды, Меркурий, / Вы звезды раннего утра» [Biggs 1967, 74:7–8], b) [EN2 dza].ba ku3.ga dza.ba ku3.ga / [an.d]a.gub.ba an.da.gub.ba «[Заклинание]. Блестящие [Пле]яды! Блестящие Плеяды! / (Вы) на [небе] находитесь! (Вы) на небе находитесь!» [ibid., 76:2–3]; по мнению Бигса, dza.ba, вероятно, поздняя псевдошумерская запись названия zappu, т.е. Плеяд, которые обозначались обычно как dMUL.MUL [ibid., 77]. (10) Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [MUL.MUL dIMIN].BI ˹qar˺-rad la ša2-na-an ˹li˺-[b]el […] / [… i]t-ti LUGAL ina tu-š[a2!-ri …] «[Звезды, ‘Семер]ка’, герой несравненный, пусть одолеет […] / [c] царем в би[тве …]» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331 r. 1–2]. (11) В астрологической географии Звезды были связаны с Дером, Дуранки или Уром [Weidner 1963]. (12) Заклинание [Stol 1989, 252].

III. Символ.

Семь точек или семь звезд, см. i11dIMIN.BI, III.

Положение Плеяд (Zappu «Щетина») связывалось на небе с фигурой Небесного Быка. Косвенное подтверждение находим в некоторых поздних календарно-ритуальных и магических текстах, где в магической части текста обозначению MUL2.MUL2 ставится в соответствие dām(UŠ2) alpi(GU4) lu šaman(I3.GIŠ) alpi(GU4) lu šārat(SIG2) alpi(GU4) «Кровь быка или жир быка, или волосы быка» [SpTU III, 104–105]. В селевкидских календарных текстах mul.mul и gu4 приводятся иногда как равносильные обозначения для знака зодиака Телец [Weidner 1967, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].

IV. Отождествление.

= Pleiades [Gössmann 1950, 279; Weidner 1957–59, 73b; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138; Koch 1989, 77–79, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207–208, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

Отождествление MUL.MUL c Семеркой богов предполагает выделение в созвездии 7 звезд, как это имело место в греческой астрономии (см., например, [Арат, Явления 256–8; Гигин, Введение III 20; Псевдо-Эратосфен, Катастеризмы XIV]). См. также предсказание: DIŠ dIM ina MURUB4 dIMIN.BI GU3-šu2 ŠUB-ma MUL.MEŠ 7-šu2-nu (вар.: si-bit-ti-šu2-nu) … «Если Адад в середине Семи богов свой крик издаст (т.е. прогремит гром), то Звезды, семеро их…» [ACh Suppl., 59:10; ACh Adad, 17:34; CAD S, 230]. Однако имеются и другие варианты: 4 звезды (MUL.APIN II iii 32), см. «Источники», MUL.APIN (11b); 12 звезд (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ-šu2 12) [BPO 3, 149, K.137:14]; 10 звезд (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ-šu2 10) [BPO 3, 149, K.137:15].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. [SAA 8, 50:7; 72 r. 2; 376:9; 412 r. 2; SAA 10, 63 r. 8; BPO 3, 100:10].

(2) = Меркурий или Сатурн; DIŠ MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-ud dGU4.UD lu dSAG.UŠ dṢal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma «Если Звезды к Змее приблизились, (это означает, что) Меркурий или Сатурн к Марсу приблизились» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:7], см. также m43MUŠ, VI 2.

(3) = Почка; diš 30 ina igi.lal-šu2 gim mul.mul šu-par-ru-ur … «Если Луна при своем появлении размыта как Звезды: Энлиль спустится на страну с враждебными намерениями…». mul.mul ka-li-tum an.mi gar-ma gim ka-li-tum… «Звезды = Почка, (т.е.) затмение произойдет подобное почке» [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 153:7–9].

(4) = Ворон; см. a02A.EDIN, V 2 b).

(5) = Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 13.

Предсказания:

(6) Гелиакический восход Плеяд в свое и не в свое время; DIŠ MUL.MUL ina itiGUD IGI-mar BE-ma MU[L BI NIM-ma IGI] DINGIR.ME …. BE-ma MUL BI uḫ-ḫi-ir-ma ITI-šu2 DIB-m[a IGI…] «Звезды восходят гелиакически в месяце айяру; если [это] созвез[дие восходит рано]: боги вынесут благоприятное решение о стране (вар.: урожай в стране будет обильным, страна увидит хорошие времена), если это созвездие опоздало, прошло свой месяц и восходит…» [BPO 2, IX 2, X 2]; параллели cм. [BPO 2, IX 13; SAA 8, 275:6–r. 3; 507 r. 1–4].

(7) Луна окружена гало и в нем Плеяды (=Марс); DIŠ d30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma MUL.MUL ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB.MEŠ… «Если Луна окружена гало и внутри него стоят Звезды: в этом году женщины будут рождать мальчиков» [SAA 8, 5 r. 2–3]; параллели [SAA 8, 273 r. 3–5; 376:6–8; 529:1–5; 531:1–3]; вариант: [DIŠ 30] TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MU[L.MUL] / ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB … «[Если Луна] окружена гало, и Поле, позади которого Зве[зды], стоит в нем: скот в стране будет процветать» [SAA 8, 412:7–8], далее: mulṣal-bat-a-nu MUL KUR MAR.<TU>ki / mulAŠ.GAN2 ša2 EGIR-šu2 MUL.MUL mul lúḪUN.GA2 / mul lúḪUN.GA2 MUL MAR.TUki «Марс — звезда запада; Поле, позади которого Звезды, — Наемный работник. Наемный работник — звезда запада» [SAA 8, 412 r. 2–4].

(8) Луна и Плеяды(= Марс?); a) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana IGI d30 TE-ma GUB-iz… «Если Звезды приближаются к Луне спереди и стоят там: великие боги…» [SAA 8, 72:1–3]. b) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana UGU 30 SI4-ma GUB-iz … «Если Звезды подходят близко к верху Луны и стоят там: царь обнаружит свое могущество и расширит свою страну» [SAA 8, 296:1–2; 455:1–2; 548:3–4], вариант: DIŠ 30 ina IGI.LAL-šu2 MUL.MUL ina A2-šu2 / GUB-iz … «Если при появлении Луны Плеяды стоят сбоку от нее: (аподосис тот же)» [SAA 8, 455:4–6], см. также [SAA 8, 50:1–3, 548:1–2]. c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana ŠA3 30 TU.MEŠ-ma / ana IM.SI.SA2 E3.MEŠ… «Если Звезды входят в Луну и выходят к северу: Аккад станет счастливым; царь Аккада усилится и не будет иметь соперника» [SAA 8, 351:4–7; 443:1–5; 455:7–r. 4]. d) DIŠ MUL.MUL ana ŠA3 [30 TU] … «Если Звезды [входят в Луну] (в день новолуния?): страна полностью погибнет…» [SAA 8, 351:1–3].

(9) Затмение Луны в Звездах или Старике; a) BE-ma <d30> ina KI MUL.MUL u-lu-u2 mul˹ŠU.GI˺ a-dir EŠ.BAR2 BAD3.ANki Dur-an-ki KIMIN Uri2ki «Если Луна в области Звезд или в Старике затмилась: предсказание для Дера (и) Дуранки, вар.: для Ура» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 222, EAE 20 text e r. 11], параллель см. MNB 1849:38 [Weidner 1963, 118; Steele 2015, 208–9]. b) DIŠ ina itiAPIN / UD.14.KAM AN.MI. GAR KA´MI-su TU … KI AB2.AB2 u AB2.GU4.AN.NA BE.MEŠ «Если в месяце арахсамну в 14-й день происходит затмение и (Луна) заходит затмившейся… области Звезд и Небесного Быка — чума» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 22–24].

(10) Видимость Плеяд; а) DIŠ UL.UL šat-ḫu-ma u MI.MEŠ… «Если Звезды удлинились и потемнели: в стране чума» [BPO 2, XV 28]. b) DIŠ UL.UL ni-iḫ-su-ma UD.DA-su-nu NU GAL2 … «Если Звезды (стоят) по отдельности и не имеют света: Ирра появится, но не уничтожит людей» [BPO 2, XV 29]. c) DIŠ MUL.MUL ša2-ti-iḫ … «Если Звезды удлинились: поле даст урожай» [SAA 8, 351 r. 4–5]. d) DIŠ MUL4.MUL4 ŠIRmeš-šu2 SA5meš-ma KI.A SI.SA2 «Если свет(?) Звезд красный(?): орошаемые земли будут благоденствовать» (MUL.APIN II iii 16) [MA, 108, 133].

(11) Плеяды и Повозка вместе стоят; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL u mulMAR.GID2.DA UR.BI GUB.ME dDil-bat KI MUL.MUL SAR-ma «[Если] Звезды и Повозка вместе стоят, (это означает): Венера в Плеядах вспыхивает» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:10].

(12) Плеяды и Праведный Пастух Ану; [DIŠ] MUL.MUL mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ina SAG-šu2 GUB dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ina IGI MUL.MUL GUB-ma «[Если] Звезды (и) Праведный Пастух Ану в начале их стоит, (это означает): Сатурн перед Плеядами стоит» [ACh Suppl. 2, 66:9], предсказание предполагает тождество: Праведный Пастух Ану = Сатурн; DIŠ mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana MUL.MUL TE SU.KU2 i-mad «Если Праведный Пастух Ану (= Сатурн?) приближается к Звездам: голод станет постоянным(?)» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 Col. ii 15]. См. также s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, VI 13.

(13) Юпитер и Плеяды; см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 2–3.

(14) Солнце и Плеяды; [DIŠ MAN KUR-ma MUL.M]UL NIGIN2… «[Если Солнце восходит и Звез]дами окружено: в стране этой будет несчастье» [van Soldt 70, Tabl. 26 (27) I 7].

(15) Плеяды(=Марс?) достигают созвездия; a) MUL.MUL mulMUŠ KUR-ud… «Звезды достигают Змеи: деловая активность уменьшится» [BPO 3, 148, K.137:1], параллель [ibid., 146, Sm.1480+:13]. b) MUL.MUL mulBAN KUR-ud a-ki-lu GAL2-ši «Звезды достигают Лука: появится пожиратель (= полевой вредитель)» [BPO 3, 148, K.137:2; 146, Sm.1480+:13]. Аналогичные предсказания, касающиеся MUL.MUL и mulŠUDUN, mulKA.MUŠ.I3.GU7.E, mulAMAR.UTU, mulELLAG2, mulAŠ.GAN2, см. [SAA 8, 491 r. 3; Borger 1973, 40 r. 3′–4′; SpTU 3, 101:12–17].

(16) Венера и Плеяды (=Марс?); а) DIŠ mulDil-bat ana ˹MUL.MUL˺ KUR-ma NIM.MAki ina ḫi-im-ma-ti-ša2 ina-qar URU.DIDLI ina-qar «Если Венера входит! в Звезды: Элам будет снесен в своей совокупности(?); крепость(?) будет снесена» [BPO 3, 46:60], параллели [ibid., 68:5; 180:9]. b) DIŠ mulDil-bat ˹ana MUL.MUL UD.2KAM DU˺-ma DIB-iq… «Если Венера стоит в течение двух (вар.: одного) дней вблизи Звезд и затем проходит (их): мнение (настроение) страны изменится» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:61], параллели см. [BPO 3, 68:6; 174:39, 44; 186: viii 10; 196:5; 197:4]. с) DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiŠe-er-ʼi-EBUR ina GUB3-ša2 MUL.MUL DU-iz …. «Если Венера (появляется) в месяце Борозда Урожая, (и) Звезды стоят слева от нее: в стране будет голод, вар.: беспорядки в стране; (это случится, если) Марс стоит слева от нее» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:10], параллель [BPO 3, 170:15]. d) [DIŠ mulDil-bat ziq]-na zaq-na-at2 MUL.MUL ina A2-ša2 [KI.MIN ina IGI-š]a2 DU.ME-ma KI.MIN SA5-at2 u un-nu-ta-at2 «[Если у Венеры Бо]рода, Звезды стоят сбоку от нее, [вар.:] стоят [впереди не]е, вар. чтения: она красная и мрачная…» [BPO 3, 236, ND 4362:8]. е) Венера достигает Плеяд, см. a02A.EDIN, V 1. f) DIŠ ina SAG MU MUL.MUL / ina KAB? mulDil-bat GUB … «Если в начале года Плеяды стоят слева (?) от Венеры: враг, вар. чтения: потоп уничтожит урожай» [SAA 8, 282 r. 1–3]. g) MUL.MUL a-na UD ŠEG6.GA2 ˹UD ŠEG6.˺GA2 [xxx] / mulDil-bat ina MUL.MUL GU[B-ma] «Звезды предсказывают день кипячения; «день кипячения» (означает) […] Венера сто[ит] в Звездах» [SAA 8, 461:1–2].

(17) Олень и Звезды; см. L09LU.LIM, VI 3–4.

(18) Странная звезда (= Марс) и Звезды; см. m05MAN-ma, II 8.

(19) Орел (= Марс) к Звездам приближается; см. a15Aḫû, II 2.

(20) Планета и Звезды; см. u07UDU.IDIM, III

(21) Вечернее появление Меркурия в Плеядах; см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 14.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Tau]]
[[Category:Pleiades]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

ŠU.GI

2026-03-27T06:54:52Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg|thumb|Old Man behind (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
mulŠU.GI (𒀯𒋗𒄀) = Akkadian mul''šību'', 'the Old Man' is an asterism in male human form in [[Perseus]]. The Uranology group speaks of stars in his head, beard, and right and left hand.

'''''The Uranology passages need to be added below (ABC Section 1, E 1'-6'(see Beaulieu et al. 2014: 76 -- also look at LBAT 1502 below - and Hatinen JCS 75'''''

(possibly one line missing)12

1′. […] [x x x x (x)]

2′. [… šumēl](GÙB?])-˹šu˺? ina muḫḫi(UGU) zappi(M[UL.MUL) tarṣat]

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= mul''šību'' "Old Man"; constellation in [[Perseus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 378; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Malibu, Undena Publications, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15], see also (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra V 3 series: giš.nig2 šu.gi = ''nar-kab-tu'', cited in [CAD<ref name=":2">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago and Glückstadt, 1956 - 2010</ref> N/1, 353b].
* (2) Antagal (E c 5): giš.gigir šu.gi = ''ma-ḫa-rum'' ša2 giš.gigir [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 49, K. 26 rev. iii 4; CAD<ref name=":2" /> N/1, 353b].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Ayar, stars of Ea, 110 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub mulšu.gi / d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dmar.tu "The constellation which stands behind it (i.e. the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), (it is) the Old Man, Enmesharra, the West-deity" (B ii 13-14); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 5], see also (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
** (2) List (3´12): itigu4 ... mulšu.gi ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month of ayar: ... The old man (rises) (on the way) of Anu " (C ii 2).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — ayar, setting — arahsamnu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 15, 28; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40]; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
* BM 82923. The month of ayar, stars of Anu: [mulŠU.G]I // 1,30 // d''En-lil''2 "Old Man // 90 // Enlil" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:5].
* BM 34713. The month of siman, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":5">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:3], see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].
* Text Nv. 10. [''ina''] ˹iti˺šu mulšu.gi // mul.mul / [u] mulku6 // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / mulšu.pa // mul''zi''-˹''ba-nit''˺? / ''u'' mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz // mulAN.TA.ŠU.˹UR˺.[RA] "[In] the month of duuzu: the Old Man, the Star Cluster, / [and] the Fish — the Upward Standing Star. / Shupa, Libra, and Sharur, Shargaz— Upwards-flar[ing] star" (Rev. 33-36) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6">Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden/Boston/Köln, Brill 1999 (Handbuch der Orientalistik 44)</ref>, 56].
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 2): mulšu.gi [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":7">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA 77, 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Anu 5. MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu'' [GUB-''zu''] ˹mul˺ŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2-''ra'' dKUR.G[AL] "The asterism that [stands] behind it (i.e., the Demon with the Gaping Mouth), the Old Man, Enmesharra, Amur[ru]" (A.19, B.20) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":3" />, 178].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1998, 222, EAE 20 text e: r. 11; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 34a, XV 6-10b XVI 5, 7; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 288; Largement 1957<ref name=":9">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etude des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA 18, 235-264. </ref>, 254:107; Verderame 2002<ref name=":10">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 249; SpTU III<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 9, 11].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 3): mulŠU.GI d''En-me-šar''2''-ra'' "Old Man, Enmesharra" (I i 3).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 15th of Addaru' (I iii 12), see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 26), see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]],
** b) (I iii 33), see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
* (4) List of ziqpu stars: mulŠU.GI between mulLU.LIM and mulGAM3 (I iv 5).
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** a) on the 15th of duuzu the Old Man culminates, the Arrow rises (I iv 21-22), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]] (for parallel see BM 77054),
** b) on the 15th day of ab the weak stars of the Old Man culminates, the Bow rises (I iv 22-23), see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]] (for parallel see BM 77054).
* (6) Stars 'in the path of the Moon': mulŠU.GI (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) Scheme for determining the winds with stars: mulŠU.GI — east, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]].
* (8) Second intercalation scheme: see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]] [MA<ref name=":12">Hunger, H. and J. M. Steele (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 18, 47, 50, 52, 59, 63-64, 68, 87, 92-93].
BM 77054.
* a) ''ina'' itišu ud.16.kam ''in''[''a'' ''ri-bi''?...] / 3 mul.meš šu.[gi?...] / mulkak.si.sa2 [...] "On the 16th day of duuzu before the en[tering...] / 3 stars of the Old M[an...] / Arrow [...]".
* b) ''ina'' itiizi ud.5.ka[m...] / 4 mul.meš [šu.gi?...] / mulban ˹mul˺[...] "5th of ab [...] / 4 stars [of the Old Man ...] / Bow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA 81, 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, obv. 7′-9′, 10′-12′].
|[[File:OldMan+h+chiPer stellarium+myFoto.jpg|thumb|Old Man (ShU.GI) with star cluster in Stellarium (CC BY S. Hoffmann and J. Gullberg)]]
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports".'''
See. [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380b; SAA 8<ref name=":13">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) 12 Amurru stars: mulšu.gi;
* (2) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulšu.gi [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":14">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B: 215, 226]; see also the list of "7 tikpi-stars" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 35].
|
|-
|'''List of "7 Enlils."'''
* The old man corresponds with Enlil of Nippur, see (Kurtik e10) [[En-lil2|d''En-lil''2]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) [2½ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'')] | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' [KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') / TA MUL ''um-mu-lu-ti'' | EN MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 [mulŠU.GI] "[2½ min weight], 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the dim stars to the star with great brilliance [Old Man]",
** (b) [1⅔ MA. NA MIN | 10] UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] / [TA MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 ŠU.GI] / TA MUL ''na''-[''aṣ-ra-pu''] "[1⅔ min of weight, 100] on earth, 18000 [in the sky] / [From the star with great brilliance of the Old Man] to Na[tsrapu]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:29-32; TU<ref name=":15">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:29-32; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrifttexten // ZA. 50 (N.F. 16), 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA ''a-na'' MUL ''ni-bu-u ša''2 mulŠ[U.GI] "150 to the brilliant star of of the Old M[an]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16" />, 224-225:9].
* (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "A star with great brilliance in the Old Man // 1 (star) // 7200 cubits" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":16" />, 226-227:6].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** a) TA SI ''ša'' mulLU.LIM EN MUL ''ni''-[''bi-i''] / ''ša'' mulŠU.GI [...] "From the Stag's horn to the shin[ing] star of the Old Man [...]",
** b) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 [...] "From the (shining star) of the Old Man to the Staff [...]" [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92:6-8].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ''ana'' MUL ''ni-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "½ mile (150) to the Old Man's shining star" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:14]. See also: ''a-na'' SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES 58 (2004) 537-572.</ref>, BM 36609+: obv. ii 17].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §A. [mul ga]ba šu.gi "[Che]st of the Old Man" (η Per) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 105].
* §H. [mu]ldil.bat šu.gi "[Star with great brilliance of the Old Man" (θ Per), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* §U. mulgir3 zag šu.gi "The right foot of the Old Man" (ρ Per), see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''LBAT 1502.'''
* ['''''...múlLU]GAL MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 10 ˹UŠ˺ ar2 S˹A4˺ ša2 [múlŠU.GI ana ziq-pi ...] "[...Ca]r is the star of Antashurra. (Point) at 100 after the star c great brilliance [Old Man culminates ...]" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS 47, 63-83.</ref>, 76: i 17ʹ, ii 16ʹ].'''''
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) AO 6483: [...: mul2 ''ni-bu-u''2 ''ša''2 múlšu.]gi ''e''3-''a'' uš2 giš[...] "(If a child is born when) [... the brilliant star of the Old M]an appears: death by we[apons](?)" [TU<ref name=":15" />, 14 r. 35; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 67, 70].
* (2) "Hypsoma". KI ''ni-ṣir-tu''4 ''ša''2 d30 múlŠU.GI ''u'' MUL2.MUL2 "The place of the moon's niṣirti: the Old Man and the Star Cluster," see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
|
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
See (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|
|}
See also mulŠU.GI [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1593:17′; Reiner 2000<ref>''Reiner E.'' Early Zodiologia and Related Matters / Wisdom, Gods and Literature. Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W.G.Lambert / Ed. by A.R.George and I.L.Finkel. Winona Lake, Indiana, 2000. P. 421-427.</ref>], SA4 ''ša''2 múlŠU.GI ''a''-[''n'']''a ziq-pi'' GUB-''zu'' "The Old Man's brilliant star culminates" [Sach-Hunger Diaries II<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No.-214 obv. 2-3].
[[File:SUGI CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 171701.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ŠU.GI (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
! Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Mirfak]]
|HIP 15863
|Constellation lines
|1.79
|-
|2
|[[Algol]]
|HIP 14576
| Constellation lines
|2.12
|-
|3
|ζ Persei
|HIP 18246
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.85
|-
| 4
|ϵ Persei
| HIP 18532
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.89
|-
|5
|γ Persei
|HIP 14328
|Constellation lines
|2.93
|-
|6
|δ Persei
|HIP 17358
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.01
|-
|7
|ρ Persei
|HIP 14354
|Constellation lines
|3.39
|-
|8
|[[Miram]]
|HIP 13268
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.79
|-
|9
|ν Persei
|HIP 17529
|Inside the Hull
|3.8
|-
|10
|[[Misam]]
|HIP 14668
|Inside the Hull
|3.81
|-
|11
|[[Atik]]
|HIP 17448
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.91
|-
|12
|τ Persei
|HIP 13531
|Inside the Hull
| 3.96
|-
|13
|ι Persei
|HIP 14632
|Inside the Hull
|4.04
|-
|14
|[[Menkib]]
|HIP 18614
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.06
|-
|15
|θ Persei
| HIP 12777
|Constellation lines
|4.11
|-
| 16
| -
|HIP 13254
|Constellation lines
|4.21
|-
|17
|ψ Persei
|HIP 16826
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|18
|σ Persei
|HIP 16335
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|19
|ω Persei
|HIP 14817
|Inside the Hull
|4.607
|-
| 20
|π Persei
|HIP 13879
|Inside the Hull
|4.7
|-
|21
|65 And
| HIP 11313
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.71
|-
|22
|34 Per
| HIP 16244
|Inside the Hull
| 4.735
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 14382
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.766
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 15416
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|25
|12 Per
|HIP 12623
|Inside the Hull
|4.92
|-
|26
|24 Per
|HIP 13905
|Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
|27
|32 Per
| HIP 15648
|Inside the Hull
| 4.946
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 16147
|Inside the Hull
|4.97
|-
|29
| 40 Per
|HIP 17313
|Inside the Hull
|4.972
|-
|30
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Cl Melotte 20 772
|Inside the Hull
|4.989
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 15219
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|32
|31 Per
|HIP 15444
|Inside the Hull
|5.032
|-
|33
|42 Per
|HIP 17886
|Inside the Hull
|5.11
|-
|34
|14 Tri
| HIP 11784
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.144
|-
| 35
|29 Per
| HIP 15404
|Inside the Hull
|5.157
|-
|36
|64 And
|HIP 11220
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.19
|-
| 37
| -
|HIP 14043
|Inside the Hull
| 5.219
|-
| 38
|V575 Per
|HIP 15770
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|39
|36 Per
|HIP 16499
|Inside the Hull
|5.32
|-
|40
|20 Per
|HIP 13490
|Inside the Hull
|5.343
|-
|41
|14 Per
|HIP 12768
|Inside the Hull
|5.435
|-
|42
|V396 Per
|HIP 16470
|Inside the Hull
| 5.461
|-
|43
|30 Per
| HIP 15338
|Inside the Hull
|5.476
|-
|44
| -
|HIP 13965
|Inside the Hull
|5.485
|-
|45
| -
|HIP 18434
| Inside the Hull
|5.488
|-
|46
| -
| HIP 17203
| Inside the Hull
|5.57
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 16210
|Inside the Hull
|5.572
|-
|48
| -
|HIP 17460
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 17584
|Inside the Hull
|5.655
|-
|50
| -
| HIP 12072
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|51
| -
|HIP 16168
| Inside the Hull
| 5.73
|-
|52
| -
|HIP 18081
|Inside the Hull
|5.772
|-
|53
|IW Per
|HIP 16591
|Inside the Hull
|5.776
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 15876
|Inside the Hull
|5.8
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 16340
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 12686
|Inside the Hull
|5.835
|-
|57
| -
|HIP 13339
|Inside the Hull
| 5.859
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 13949
|Inside the Hull
|5.877
|-
| 59
| -
|HIP 16518
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|60
| -
|HIP 12181
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|61
| -
|HIP 15004
|Inside the Hull
|5.913
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 15669
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 15334
| Inside the Hull
|5.967
|-
|64
|V376 Per
|HIP 17846
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
| 65
| -
|HIP 13832
|Inside the Hull
|6.028
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 13713
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 14365
|Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
|68
| -
| HIP 15118
|Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|69
|V576 Per
|HIP 15988
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|70
| -
| HIP 17475
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 14392
|Inside the Hull
|6.105
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 13997
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 14887
|Inside the Hull
|6.139
|-
|74
|66 And
| HIP 11465
|Inside the Hull
|6.156
|-
|75
| -
|HIP 15209
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|76
| -
|HIP 12287
|Inside the Hull
|6.191
|-
|77
| -
|HIP 13462
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 13732
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 16252
|Inside the Hull
|6.217
|-
|80
|V423 Per
|HIP 15204
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|81
| -
|HIP 12982
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|82
| -
|HIP 12990
|Inside the Hull
|6.25
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 17732
|Inside the Hull
|6.252
|-
|84
| -
| HIP 12690
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 16424
|Inside the Hull
|6.28
|-
|86
| -
| HIP 12305
|Inside the Hull
| 6.287
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 14566
|Inside the Hull
|6.3
|-
| 88
| -
|HIP 14914
| Inside the Hull
|6.327
|-
|89
| -
|HIP 12057
|Inside the Hull
|6.345
|-
|90
|V521 Per
|HIP 14544
|Inside the Hull
|6.375
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 12990
| Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 16938
| Inside the Hull
|6.402
|-
|93
|KP Per
|HIP 16516
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|94
| -
| HIP 16447
|Inside the Hull
|6.411
|-
|95
| -
| HIP 13257
| Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 17558
|Inside the Hull
|6.443
|-
|97
| -
| HIP 13176
| Inside the Hull
|6.448
|-
|98
| -
|HIP 15282
|Inside the Hull
|6.46
|-
|99
|V509 Per
|HIP 14264
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 13036
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 13275
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 16425
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|}
==== Additional ====
==== Deity. ====
Almost nothing is known of Shugi as a deity. His name is absent in the lists of gods, as well as in the main lexical texts, where the constellation gišgigir is widely represented. Mythologemes in which Shugi would appear as an actor, as well as rituals associated with him, are unknown. His role as charioteer to Enmesharra's chariot, indicated as if by the identification šu.gi = maḫāru ša gišgigir, can hardly be accepted, since it is known from other texts that the constellation gišgigir formed only a part of mulšu.gi. The astrological texts add nothing more definite.

==== Symbol. ====
A clothed male figure with a beard. Description in VAT 9428 obv. 1-3: ˹mulŠU.GI˺ ''ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''z''[''i-iq-na za-qi'']''n'' / [...] ''i-na'' ZAG-''šu''2 [''dir-rat na'']-''ši'' / GUB3-''šu''2 ''ina'' UGU MUL.MUL LA2-''at''2 ''ina'' SAG-[''šu''2 1 MUL] ˹''e''˺-''ṣir'' "An old man, a clothed human figure with a [bea]rd, / [...] in his right hand, [hol]ds [a whip]. / His left [hand] extends above the Star Cluster. [A star] is depicted on [his] head." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":17">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":18">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 21, 24].

==== Previous Identification. ====
The constellation of Shuga generally corresponds to the modern Perseus, but it extended much further south and towards the northern stars of Taurus, which forms the Chariot constellation (gišGIGIR = d''En-me-šar''2-''ra''), which was in the feet of Shuga [Weidner 1927<ref name=":17" />, 77-78; 3. Erg.<ref>J.Schaumberger, 3. Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von ''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. Münster, 1935.</ref> 2, 327; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, I].

= Perseus + northern part of Taurus (?) [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

= Perseus + the northern stars of the Hyades (Hyades) [Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":19">''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a].

= Perseus [Waerden 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref>, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 72; Weidner 1957-59<ref name=":19" />, 74; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":14" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":6" />, 274; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":4" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":18" />, 76].

= Perseus; when the constellation GIGIR(=Enmešarra) was included, it reached as far north as Taurus [MA<ref name=":12" />, 137].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) "Star of great brilliance in the Old Man"; = ziqpu XIV (α Persei), see ziqpu-stars.

(2) MUL.MEŠ ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "The dim stars of the Old Man," MUL.APIN I iv 22 [MA<ref name=":12" /> 64].

(3) Star with great brilliance in the Old Man (θ Per), see ziqpu-stars, dbn-text (§ H).

(4) The head of the Old Man, see VAT 9428.

(5) The Old Man's chest (η Per), see dbn-text (§ A).

(6) The Old Man's right leg (ρ Per), see dbn-text (§ U).

(7) The right hand, the left hand, see VAT 9428.

(8) The Old Man's feet, see below (6), (20).

(9) The Old Man's Kurkurru, see below (7).

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Enmesharra; [mulŠU].GI TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''2 EN ''a-si-di-šu''2: d''En-me-šar''2-''ra šum''-[''šu''] "The [Ol]d Man, from his knee to his heel = [his] name Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":15" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20">''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 352].

(2) = Mars (?); cf. [Bezold 1920<ref name=":21">Antike Beobachtungen farbiger Sterne von Franz Boll. Mit einem Beitrag von Carl Bezold // Abhandlungen der Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philos.- philolog.-hist. Kl. 1920. Bd. 30. S. 1-164.</ref>, 110:72, 122:174; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, IV A 1].

(3) = Jupiter (?) [Bezold 1920<ref name=":21" />, 122:173; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 378, IV A 2].

(3ʹ) = mulMAR.GID2.DA, see prediction (16) below.

The constellation name mulŠU.GI was undoubtedly used as a name for one of the planets (see, e.g., predictions 14, 15 below), but to which planet is not entirely clear. Bezold's arguments in favor of identifying mulŠU.GI with Mars and Jupiter do not seem to be convincing.

(4) = Enlil; mulSA5 ''ša''2 ''ana'' IGI d''En-lil''2 IGI-''it'' IM.KUR.RA / d''En-lil''2 ''a-na'' mulŠU.GI ''i-qab-bi'' "The red star, which (stands) ahead of Enlil and (facing) the east. 'Enlil,' is what they say, referring to the Old Man." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 34-34a].

===== Predictions: =====
(5) The Old Man's chest is dark; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GABA-''su du-ʼ-u''2-''mat''2 E2.GAL ''šar-ra-qu i-pal-la''-[''šu''2] "If the Old Man's chest is very dark: thieves will breach into the palace." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XV 9, XVI 7 + Parallels], see parallel and explanation: dSAG.UŠ ''ina'' mul[...] "Saturn [...stands] in" [SpTU III<ref name=":11" />, 101 r. 11]. See also: mulŠU.GI ''a-dir'': dGENNA ''ina'' ŠA3 IGI-[''ma'' ...] "The old man darkens, (meaning): Saturn appeared in him [...]" [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:10-11; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(6) The Old Man's feet are not visible; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GIR3.MEŠ-''šu''2 NU IGI.MEŠ LUGAL TA [gišGIGIR x x x]-''u''[''š''] "If the Old Man's feet are not visible: the king from [the chariot...]" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XV 10 + Parallels, XVI 5].

(7) The Old Man's Kurkurru shines; [DIŠ mu]lŠU.GI ''kur-kur-ru-šu''2 ''i-nam-bu-uṭ'' / [ARAD ''ana''] E2 EN-''šu''2 ḪI.GAR DU3-''uš'' / [mul''Dil-b'']''at'' KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB-''ma'' "[If] the Old Man's kurkurru has great luster: [the servant] will plot a rebellion [against] his master's house. (This means): [Ven]us stands near the Old Man's foot." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 380:1-3], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":10" />, 93, IIIm:3′, 94 IIIn:13; SpTU III<ref name=":11" />, 101 r. 9].

(8) The Old Man's stars and ''mišḫu''; DIŠ MIN (= MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2) ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'': GU4.UD ''ina'' mulŠU.GI ''ša-ru''-[''ru''] / [IL2-''ma''] ''a-dan-šu''2 DIB-''ma'' "If his (i.e., the Old Man's) stars emit mišḫu, (it means): Mercury shin[es] in the Old Man, exceeding the norm" [TU, 18:11-12; Weidner 1925, 352]; DIŠ MIN ''meš-ḫa'' GAR AN ''ina'' mulŠU.GI IGI-''m''[''a''] "If his (=the Old Man's) stars give rise to mišḫu, (it means): Mars appears in the Old Man [...]" [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18: 12; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 352].

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in the Star Cluster or the Old Man; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]], V 9.

(10) The Old Man, the lunar halo and the planets; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 MUL.ME NIGIN.ME ''Sin ina'' ŠA3 mulŠU.G[I TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mu]lUDU.BAD.ME KI-''šu''2 DU.ME-''zu-ma'' "If the Old Man is surrounded by stars (lit. halo of stars), (it means): The Moon is surrounded by a halo within the Old Man, the planets stand with it." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 246, K.2346+:43].

(11) The Old Man is surrounded by a halo that has the “gate” within it; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' KA2-''šu''2 ''ana'' IM.ULU3.LU (var.: IM.SI.SA2, IM.KUR.RA, IM.MAR.TU) BAD ''ina'' MU BI KUR.URIki (var.: SU.BIR4ki, NIM.MAki, MAR.TUki) [...] "If the Old Man is surrounded by a halo and his gates are open to the south (var.: north, east, west): in this year Akkad (var.: Subartu, Elam, Amurru) [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":22">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 45:9-12], see also [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:9-10; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(12) The Moon rides on the Chariot; [DIŠ gišGI]GIR U5 AN.MI GAR-''ma'' DINGIR.ME UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.ME KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB "[If (the Moon)] rides on the [Chariot]: there will be an eclipse, the gods of the four regions (of the earth) will cause confusion; (this will happen if) this occurs near the Old Man's leg" [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:6′ + note 285]. DIŠ 30 ''ina'' ITI ''si-li-li-ti'' gišGIGIR ''ra-kib'' / LUGAL URIki ''ni-ir-šu''2 ''iš-šir''3-''ma'' / ''a-a-bi-šu''2 ŠUII-''su'' KUR-''ad''2 / ITI ''si-li-li-ti'' itiZIZ2 / ˹''ša''2˺ itiZIZ2 ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulŠU.GI / TUR3 NIGIN-''mi-ma'' "If the Moon, in the month of sililiti, rides the Chariot: the reign of the king of Akkad will be prosperous, his hand will smite his enemies. Sililiti (means) Shabbat, i.e. (there is a situation where) (the Moon) is surrounded by a halo in the Old Man on Shabbat" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 298:1-6], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 112 r. 3-5; 364:6- r.1].

(13) The Moon is surrounded by a halo and the Old Man is in it; DIŠ MIN-''ma'' (= 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'') mulŠU.GI ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 G[UB-''i'']''z'' / ''ina'' MU BI ŠUB-''tim a-me-lu''-[''ti''] / ''a-na'' AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A NU TE "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Old Man s[ta]nds in it: is there going to be an epidemic this year? among people[s]; (this sign) does not apply to cattle and sheep" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 5 r. 4-6]; variant apodosis: BALA-˹''e''˺ UD.MEŠ GID2.DA.MEŠ "the reign will be long" [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 112 r. 6-7], see also [ACh Suppl., 45:8]; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2) TUR3 NIGIN: d30 ''ina'' ŠU.GI TUR3 [NIGIN ...AN].MI GAR-''an'' "If his (i.e., the Old Man's) stars are surrounded by a halo, (it means): The moon [is] surrounded by a halo in the Old Man, [...an eclipse] will take place." [TU<ref name=":1" />, 18:8-9; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(14) The constellation of the Old Man approaches the top of the Moon; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ''ana'' UGU 30 / SI4-''ma'' GUB ''ana'' ŠA3 30 TU ... "If the constellation of the Old Man (= planet?) approaches and stands close to the top of the Moon and enters inside it: the king's triumph will be permanent, he will live to an old age and expand his country; he will be happy (in the affairs) of his country; there will be truth and justice in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 30:1-7], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 408:1-7; SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 117:3-4].

(15) The Old Man leaves his Staff behind; DIŠ ulŠU.GI ulGAM3 ''e-zib'' LUGAL PA.AN.MEŠ-''šu''2 TAK4.MEŠ-[''šu''2] "If the Old Man (= planet) leaves the Staff (= Jupiter) behind: his royal duties? will leave [him]" [BPO 2<ref name=":13" />, XV 8 + Parallels], in one commentary a clarification: LUGAL URIki "King of Ur", and an explanation: GAM3 = dSAG.ME.GAR "Staff = Jupiter" [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, Parallels to XV 8], see also [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 90, K.3111+:7].

(16) Venus before the Old Man; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-''ma'' / ''a-me-ru'' IGI SUḪ3 ''ana'' UD.3.KAM ZI-''ma'' KUR ''ir-ri-im'' / d''Dil-bat ina'' IGI mulŠU.GI GUB-''ma'' "If Venus flares up and moves towards the Wagon (i.e. northward) and someone sees (it): a storm? will start in three days and cover the country. (It means): Venus stands ahead of the Old Man." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 100, K.35:4], see also (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA|dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA]], IV 2.

(17) The Old Man's stars follow each other; DIŠ mulŠU.GI MUL.MEŠ-''šu''2 ''nen-mu-du'' ERUB KUR BUR2-''tu''2 G[AL2] d''Dil-bat'' KI-''šu''2 GUB-''ma'' "If the Old Man's stars follow each other: the crops of the country will peri[sh]?", (this means): Venus stands within it." [BPO 3<ref name=":8" />, 246, K.2346+:44], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":22" />, 45:7; TU<ref name=":15" />, 18:7-8; Weidner 1925<ref name=":20" />, 351].

(18) Mercury reaches the Old Man (observ.); see (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 23.

(19) Mars approaches the Old Man; [mul''ṣal-bat-a-n'']''u ana'' mulŠU.GI TE... [If Mar]s approaches the Old Man: in the Western country (=Amurru) there will be a coup d'état and brothers will kill each other; the symbols of the country will be overthrown; the secrets of the country will pass to another country; the gods will abandon the city and turn away from it" [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 400:5-r.3], see also [SAA 10<ref name=":5" />, 100:9-12; Largement 1957<ref name=":9" />, 254:107-108].

(20) Movement of Mars in relation to the Old Man (observations); [mul''ṣal'']-''bat-a-nu ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2 ''it-ti'' GIR3II.MEŠ / [mul]ŠU.GI ''it-tan-mar un-nu-ut pu-ṣu ša''2-''ki''n "[M]ars appears in Enlil's path at the feet of the Old Man; it is dim with a whitish (tinge)" [SAA 10, 100:5-6]; [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-n''[''u''] / [''š'']''ap-la še-e''-[''pi''] / [''š'']''a'' 15 ''ša'' mulŠU.[GI] / [''i'']''z-za-a''[''z-ma''] / [''ina'' Š]A3-''šu''2 ''la e-ru''-[''ub''] / [''ina''] ''ka-qi-ri-šu''2 / [''i'']''z-za''-[''az''] "Mar[s] [s]tan[ds] [lo]wer and to the right foo[t] of the Old Ma[n]. It does not [enter] [into] [him], (but) stands [in] its realms." [SAA 8<ref name=":13" />, 216:1′-6′].

See also: BE-''ma'' ... dGU4.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI ''lu'' AŠ.GAN2 GUR4 ... "If ... Mercury has great brilliance in the Old Man or Field (=Pisces) ..." [TU<ref name=":1" />,13, obv. ii 19-20; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref name=":7" />, 213]. See also (Kurtik u08) [[UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD|UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD]], IV 14.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, sh16)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulšību «Старик»; созвездие в Персее (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 378; BPO 2, 15], cм. также e11EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra V 3: giš.nig2 šu.gi = nar-kab-tu, цит. по [CAD N/1, 353b]. (2) Antagal (E c 5): giš.gigir šu.gi = ma-ḫa-rum ša2 giš.gigir [CT 19, 49, K. 26 rev. iii 4; CAD N/1, 353b]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц айяру, звезды Эа, 110 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. (1) Cписок (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub mulšu.gi / dEn-me-šar2-ra dmar.tu «Созвездие, которое позади него (т.е. Демона с Разинутой Пастью) стоит, (это) Старик, Энмешарра, божество-Запад» (B ii 13–14); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Anu 5], см. также s19SIM.MAḪ. (2) Список (3´12): itigu4 … mulšu.gi šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц айяру: … Старик (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 2). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — айяру, заход — арахсамну [KAV 218, С 15, 28; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; см. m35MUL.MUL. BM 82923. Месяц айяру, звезды Ану: [mulŠU.G]I // 1,30 // dEn-lil2 «Старик // 90 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:5]. BM 34713. Месяц симану, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:3], см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 2): mulšu.gi [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Anu 5. MUL ša2 EGIR-šu [GUB-zu] ˹mul˺ŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra dKUR.G[AL] «Звезда, которая [стоит] после него (т.е. после Демона с Разинутой Пастью), Старик, Энмешарра, Амур[ру]» (A.19, B.20) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. ЕАЕ. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1998, 222, EAE 20 text e: r. 11; BPO 2, III 34a, XV 6–10б XVI 5, 7; BPO 3, 288; Largement 1957, 254:107; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU III, 101 r. 9, 11]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 3): mulŠU.GI dEn-me-šar2-ra «Старик, Энмешарра» (I i 3). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «15-го аддару» (I iii 12), см. k24KU6. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 26), см. s22SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, b) (I iii 33), см. a06AB.SIN2. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulŠU.GI между mulLU.LIM и mulGAM3 (I iv 5). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: a) 15-го дуузу Старик кульминирует, Стрела восходит (I iv 21–22), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2 (параллель см. BM 77054), b) 15-го абу слабые звезды Старика кульминируют, Лук восходит (I iv 22–23), см. b06BAN (параллель см. BM 77054). (6) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulŠU.GI (I iv 33), см. s20Sîn. (7) Cхема определения ветров по звездам: mulŠU.GI — восток, см. k24KU6. (8) Вторая интеркаляционная схема: см. k24KU6 [MA, 18, 47, 50, 52, 59, 63–64, 68, 87, 92–93]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 380b; SAA 8, 352b]. Текст BM 77054. a) ina itišu ud.16.kam in[a ri-bi?…] / 3 mul.meš šu.[gi?…] / mulkak.si.sa2 […] «16-го дуузу при за[ходе…] / 3 звезды Ста[рика…] / Стрела […]». b) ina itiizi ud.5.ka[m…] / 4 mul.meš [šu.gi?…] / mulban ˹mul˺[…] «5-го абу […] / 4 звезды [Старика …] / Лук […]» [George 1991, 304–305, obv. 7′–9′, 10′–12′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulšu.gi; (2) 7 lumāšu-звезд: mulšu.gi [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 215, 226]; см. также список «7 tikpi-звезд» [KAR, 142 i 35]. Список «7 Энлилей». Старик соотносится с Энлилем из Ниппура, см. e10dEn-lil2. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) / TA MUL um-mu-lu-ti | EN MUL ni-bi-i ša2 [mulŠU.GI] «[2½ мины веса], 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От Тусклых звезд до звезды с большим блеском [Старика]», b) [1⅔ MA.NA MIN | 10] UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 18 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] / [TA MUL ni-bi-i ša2 ŠU.GI] / TA MUL na-[aṣ-ra-pu] «[1⅔ мины веса, 100] на земле, 18000 [на небе] / [От звезды с большим блеском Старика] до На[црапу]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:29–32; TU, 21:29–32; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na MUL ni-bu-u ša2 mulŠ[U.GI] «150 до блестящей звезды С[тарика]» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:9]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL2 SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI // 1 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 «Звезда с большим блеском в Старике // 1 (звезда) // 7200 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:6]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA SI ša mulLU.LIM EN MUL ni-[bi-i] / ša mulŠU.GI […] «От рога Оленя до блес[тящей] звезды Старика […]», b) TA m[u]lŠU.GI EN mulGAM3 […] «От (блестящей звезды) Старика до Посоха […]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:6–8]. (5) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana MUL ni-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «½ мили (150) до блестящей звезды Старика» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:14]. См. также: a-na SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 17]. Dalbanna-текст. §A. [mul ga]ba šu.gi «[Гру]дь Старика» (η Per) [Walker 1995, 29; Koch 1995, 44; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]. §H. [mu]ldil.bat šu.gi «Звезда с большим блеском Старика» (θ Per), см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. §U. mulgir3 zag šu.gi «Правая нога Старика» (ρ Per), см. g06GAM3. Текст Nv. 10. [ina] ˹iti˺šu mulšu.gi // mul.mul / [u] mulku6 // mulAN.TA.GUB.BA / mulšu.pa // mulzi-˹ba-nit˺? / u mul˹dšar2˺.ur4 dšar2.gaz // mulAN.TA.ŠU.˹UR˺.[RA] «[В] месяце дуузу: Старик, Звезды, / [и] Рыба — Наверху стоящая звезда. / Шупа, Весы и Шарур, Шаргаз — Наверху вспыхиваю[щая] звезда» (Rev. 33–36) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 56]. LBAT 1502. […múlLU]GAL MUL2 AN.TA.ŠUR.RA | 10 ˹UŠ˺ ar2 S˹A4˺ ša2 [múlŠU.GI ana ziq-pi …] «[…Ца]рь — звезда Анташурра. (Точка) в 100 после звезды c большим блеском [Старика кульминирует…]» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76: i 17ʹ, ii 16ʹ]. Поздняя астрология. (1) AO 6483: […: mul2 ni-bu-u2 ša2 múlšu.]gi e3-a uš2 giš[…] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… блестящая звезда Ста]рика появляется: смерть от ор[ужия](?)» [TU, 14 r. 35; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. (2) «Гипсома». KI ni-ṣir-tu4 ša2 d30 múlŠU.GI u MUL2.MUL2 «Место niṣirti Луны: Старик и Звезды», см. s20Sîn. Текст W22281a. См. h12lúḪUN.GA2.

См. также mulŠU.GI [LBAT, 1593:17′; Reiner 2000], SA4 ša2 múlŠU.GI a-[n]a ziq-pi GUB-zu «Блестящая звезда Старика кульминирует» [Sach-Hunger Diaries II, No.-214 obv. 2–3].

II. Божество.

О Шуги как божестве почти ничего не известно. Его имя отсутствует в списках богов, а также в основных лексических текстах, где широко представлено созвездие gišgigir. Неизвестны мифологемы, в которых Шуги выступал бы в качестве действующего лица, а также связанные с ним ритуалы. Его роль возницы при колеснице Энмешарры, на что указывает как будто отождествление šu.gi = maḫāru ša gišgigir, едва ли может быть принята, поскольку из других текстов известно, что созвездие gišgigir составляло лишь часть mulšu.gi. Астрологические тексты не добавляют ничего более определенного.

III. Символ.

Мужская одетая бородатая фигура. Описание в VAT 9428 obv. 1–3: ˹mulŠU.GI˺ ṣal-mu lu-bu-uš-tu4 z[i-iq-na za-qi]n / […] i-na ZAG-šu2 [dir-rat na]-ši / GUB3-šu2 ina UGU MUL.MUL LA2-at2 ina SAG-[šu2 1 MUL] ˹e˺-ṣir «Старик, одетая человеческая фигура с [бород]ой, / […] в его правой руке [плеть не]сет. / Его левая (рука) простирается выше Звезд. На [его] голове [звезда] изображена» [Weidner 1927, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 21, 24].

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие Шуги в целом соответствовало современному Персею, однако простиралось значительно южнее, до северных звезд Тельца, которые образовывали созвездие Колесница (gišGIGIR = dEn-me-šar2-ra), находившееся в ногах Шуги [Weidner 1927, 77–78; 3. Erg. 2, 327; Gössmann 1950, 378, I].

= Perseus + северная часть Тельца (Taurus) (?) [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Perseus + северные звезды Гиад (Hyades) [Weidner 1957–59, 79a].

= Perseus [Waerden 1952–53, 219; 1974, 72; Weidner 1957–59, 74; BPO 2, 15; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Perseus; когда включалось созвездие GIGIR(=Enmešarra), доходило до северной части Тельца [MA, 137].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) «Звезда с большим блеском в Старике»; = ziqpu XIV (α Persei), см. ziqpu-звезды.

(2) MUL.MEŠ um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Тусклые звезды Старика», MUL.APIN I iv 22 [MA 64].

(3) Звезда с большим блеском Старика (θ Per), см. ziqpu-звезды, dbn-текст (§ Н).

(4) Голова Старика, см. VAT 9428.

(5) Грудь Старика (η Per), см. dbn-текст (§ А).

(6) Правая нога Старика (ρ Per), см. dbn-текст (§ U).

(7) Правая рука, левая рука, см. VAT 9428.

(8) Ноги Старика, см. ниже (6), (20).

(9) Kurkurru Старика, см. ниже (7).

VI. Астрология.

Отождестствления:

(1) = Энмешарра; [mulŠU].GI TA kin-ṣi-šu2 EN a-si-di-šu2: dEn-me-šar2-ra šum-[šu] «[Ста]рик от его колена до его пятки = [его] имя Энмешарра» [TU, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925, 352].

(2) = Марс (?); см. [Bezold 1920, 110:72, 122:174; Gössmann 1950, 378, IV A 1].

(3) = Юпитер (?) [Bezold 1920, 122:173; Gössmann 1950, 378, IV A 2].

(3ʹ) = mulMAR.GID2.DA, см. ниже предсказание (16).

Имя созвездия mulŠU.GI, несомненно, использовалось в качестве названия для одной из планет (см., например, ниже предсказания 14, 15), однако какой именно, не вполне ясно. Аргументы Бецольда в пользу отождествления mulŠU.GI с Марсом и Юпитером не кажутся нам убедительными.

(4) = Энлиль; mulSA5 ša2 ana IGI dEn-lil2 IGI-it IM.KUR.RA / dEn-lil2 a-na mulŠU.GI i-qab-bi «Красная звезда, которая впереди Энлиля (стоит), (обратившись) к востоку. “Энлиль”, — так говорят, имея в виду Старика» [BPO 2, III 34–34a].

Предсказания:

(5) Грудь Старика темная; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GABA-su du-ʼ-u2-mat2 E2.GAL šar-ra-qu i-pal-la-[šu2] «Если грудь Старика очень темная: воры сделают пролом во дворце» [BPO 2, XV 9, XVI 7 + Parallels], см. параллель и пояснение: dSAG.UŠ ina mul[…] «Сатурн в […стоит]» [SpTU III, 101 r. 11]. См. также: mulŠU.GI a-dir: dGENNA ina ŠA3 IGI-[ma …] «Старик потемнел, (это означает): Сатурн в нем появился […]» [TU, 18:10–11; Weidner 1925, 351].

(6) Ноги Старика не видны; DIŠ ulŠU.GI GIR3.MEŠ-šu2 NU IGI.MEŠ LUGAL TA [gišGIGIR x x x]-u[š] «Если ноги Старика не видны: царь из [колесницы…]» [BPO 2, XV 10 + Parallels, XVI 5].

(7) Kurkurru Старика сияет; [DIŠ mu]lŠU.GI kur-kur-ru-šu2 i-nam-bu-uṭ / [ARAD ana] E2 EN-šu2 ḪI.GAR DU3-uš / [mulDil-b]at KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB-ma «[Если] kurkurru Старика имеет большой блеск: [слуга] затеет бунт [против] дома своего господина. (Это означает): [Вене]ра в области ноги Cтарика стоит» [SAA 8, 380:1–3], см. также [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:3′, 94 IIIn:13; SpTU III, 101 r. 9].

(8) Звезды Старика и mišḫu; DIŠ MIN (= MUL.MEŠ-šu2) meš-ḫa im-šuḫ: GU4.UD ina mulŠU.GI ša-ru-[ru] / [IL2-ma] a-dan-šu2 DIB-ma «Если звезды его (т.е. Старика) испускают mišḫu, (это означает): Меркурий в Старике сиян[ие несет], превышает свою норму» [TU, 18:11–12; Weidner 1925, 352]; DIŠ MIN meš-ḫa GAR AN ina mulŠU.GI IGI-m[a] «Если звезды его (=Старика) порождают mišḫu, (это означает): Марс в Старике появляется […]» [TU, 18: 12; Weidner 1925, 352].

(9) Затмение Луны в Звездах или Старике; см. m35MUL.MUL, V 9.

(10) Старик, лунное гало и планеты; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 MUL.ME NIGIN.ME Sin ina ŠA3 mulŠU.G[I TUR3 NIGIN-ma mu]lUDU.BAD.ME KI-šu2 DU.ME-zu-ma «Если Старик окружен звездами (букв. гало из звезд), (это означает): Луна окружена гало внутри Старика, планеты стоят с ней» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:43].

(11) Старик окружен гало и в нем “ворота”; DIŠ mulŠU.GI TUR3 NIGIN-ma KA2-šu2 ana IM.ULU3.LU (вар.: IM.SI.SA2, IM.KUR.RA, IM.MAR.TU) BAD ina MU BI KUR.URIki (вар.: SU.BIR4ki, NIM.MAki, MAR.TUki) […] «Если Старик окружен гало и его ворота открыты на юг (вар.: север, восток, запад): в этом году Аккад (вар.: Субарту, Элам, Амурру) […]» [ACh Suppl., 45:9–12], см. также [TU, 18:9–10; Weidner 1925, 351].

(12) Луна едет на Колеснице; [DIŠ gišGI]GIR U5 AN.MI GAR-ma DINGIR.ME UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.ME KI GIR3 mulŠU.GI GUB «[Если (Луна)] на [Колес]нице едет: произойдет затмение, боги четыре региона (земли) приведут в замешательство; (это произойдет, если) она в области ноги Старика стоит» [Verderame 2002, 93, IIIm:6′ + note 285]. DIŠ 30 ina ITI si-li-li-ti gišGIGIR ra-kib / LUGAL URIki ni-ir-šu2 iš-šir3-ma / a-a-bi-šu2 ŠUII-su KUR-ad2 / ITI si-li-li-ti itiZIZ2 / ˹ša2˺ itiZIZ2 ina ŠA3-bi mulŠU.GI / TUR3 NIGIN-mi-ma «Если Луна в месяце cилилити едет на Колеснице: господство царя Аккада будет благополучным, рука его поразит его врагов. Силилити (означает) шабату, т.е. (имеет место ситуация, когда) (Луна) в шабату окружена гало в Старике» [SAA 8, 298:1–6], см. также [ibid., 112 r. 3–5; 364:6– r.1].

(13) Луна окружена гало и в нем Старик; DIŠ MIN-ma (= 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma) mulŠU.GI ina ŠA3-šu2 G[UB-i]z / ina MU BI ŠUB-tim a-me-lu-[ti] / a-na AB2.GUD.ḪI.A U8.UDU.ḪI.A NU TE «Если Луна окружена гало и Старик в нем с[то]ит: в этом году будет эпидемия? среди люд[ей]; (этот знак) не относится к крупному рогатому скоту и овцам» [SAA 8, 5 r. 4–6]; вариант аподосиса: BALA-˹e˺ UD.MEŠ GID2.DA.MEŠ «царствование будет продолжительным» [ibid., 112 r. 6–7], см. также [ACh Suppl., 45:8]; DIŠ MIN (=MUL.MEŠ-šu2) TUR3 NIGIN: d30 ina ŠU.GI TUR3 [NIGIN …AN].MI GAR-an «Если звезды его (т.е. Старика) окружены гало, (это означает): Луна в Старике [окружена] гало [… затм]ение произойдет» [TU, 18:8–9; Weidner 1925, 351].

(14) Звезда Старика подходит к верху Луны; DIŠ mulŠU.GI ana UGU 30 / SI4-ma GUB ana ŠA3 30 TU … «Если звезда Старика (= планета?) подходит и стоит близко у верхней части Луны и входит внутрь Луны: торжество царя будет постоянным, он доживет до старости и расширит свою страну; он будет счастлив (в делах) своей страны; в стране будет правда и справедливость» [SAA 8, 30:1–7], см. также [ibid., 408:1–7; SAA 10, 117:3–4].

(15) Старик оставляет Посох позади; DIŠ ulŠU.GI ulGAM3 e-zib LUGAL PA.AN.MEŠ-šu2 TAK4.MEŠ-[šu2] «Если Старик (= планета) оставляет Посох (= Юпитер) позади: царские обязанности? оставят [его]» [BPO 2, XV 8 + Parallels], в одном из комментариев уточнение: LUGAL URIki «Царь Ура», и пояснение: GAM3 = dSAG.ME.GAR «Посох = Юпитер» [ibid., Parallels to XV 8], см. также [BPO 3, 90, K.3111+:7].

(16) Венера перед Стариком; DIŠ mulDil-bat SUR-ma ana IGI mulMAR.GID2.DA DU-ma / a-me-ru IGI SUḪ3 ana UD.3.KAM ZI-ma KUR ir-ri-im / dDil-bat ina IGI mulŠU.GI GUB-ma «Если Венера вспыхивает и по направлению к Повозке (т.е. на север) движется и некто видит (ее): буря? начнется через три дня и накроет страну. (Это означает): Венера стоит впереди Старика» [BPO 3, 100, K.35:4], см. также e11dEN.ME.ŠAR2.RA, IV 2.

(17) Звезды Старика следуют друг за другом; DIŠ mulŠU.GI MUL.MEŠ-šu2 nen-mu-du ERUB KUR BUR2-tu2 G[AL2] dDil-bat KI-šu2 GUB-ma «Если звезды Старика следуют друг за другом: урожай страны погиб[нет]?, (это означает): Венера стоит внутри него» [BPO 3, 246, K.2346+:44], см. также [ACh Suppl., 45:7; TU, 18:7–8; Weidner 1925, 351].

(18) Меркурий достигает Старика (наблюд.); см. u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 23.

(19) Марс приближается к Старику; [mulṣal-bat-a-n]u ana mulŠU.GI TE… [Если Мар]с к Старику приближается: в Западной стране (=Амурру) случится переворот и брат будет убивать брата; символы страны будут низвергнуты; секреты страны перейдут к другой стране; боги покинут ее и отвернутся от нее» [SAA 8, 400:5–r.3], см. также [SAA 10, 100:9–12; Largement 1957, 254:107–108].

(20) Движение Марса относительно Старика (наблюдения); [mulṣal]-bat-a-nu ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2 it-ti GIR3II.MEŠ / [mul]ŠU.GI it-tan-mar un-nu-ut pu-ṣu ša2-kin «[M]арс появился на пути Энлиля в ногах Старика; он тусклый c беловатым (оттенком)» [SAA 10, 100:5–6]; [mu]lṣal-bat-a-n[u] / [š]ap-la še-e-[pi] / [š]a 15 ša mulŠU.[GI] / [i]z-za-a[z-ma] / [ina Š]A3-šu2 la e-ru-[ub] / [ina] ka-qi-ri-šu2 / [i]z-za-[az] «Мар[с] [с]то[ит] [н]иже правой ног[и] Стар[ика]. Он не вош[ел] [в не]го, (но) сто[ит] в его области» [SAA 8, 216:1′–6′].

См. также: BE-ma … dGU4.UD ina ŠU.GI lu AŠ.GAN2 GUR4… «Если … Меркурий в Старике или Поле (=Рыбы) имеет большой блеск…» [TU,13, obv. ii 19–20; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 213]. См. также u08UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD, IV 14.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

AL.LUL

2026-03-27T06:52:02Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE: AL.LUL}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Liocarcinus vernalis.jpg|alt=photograph|thumb|Vernal crab from the Belgian coastal waters on board of RV Belgica. CC BY-SA 4.0]]
The Mesopotamian term mulAL.LUL (𒀯𒀠𒈜) = ''Alluttu'' means "Crab" and in astronomy refers to the constellation [[Cancer]], The Crab. ALLA is a later Mesopotamian term, alternatively used for mulAL.LUL.
A schematic drawing of the ‘The Crab’ constellation is available on the Sippar Planisphere,<ref name=":0">''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> Sector 2: 4. It shows a quadrilateral with six dots inside representing the central star cluster M44. It may also be interpreted as a tiny crab formed of the four corner stars for the crab's 2 front claws and 2 swimming legs, and 6 other smaller stars inside the square for the main part of its body. The small smudge at the top of the drawing might just be a partially erased 11th dot for ‘The Crab’s’ head as described in the Uranology D (MLC 1866) Beaulieu et. al 2018:<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 36, 40):<blockquote>''The Crab is the seat of Anu, (It is shaped like) a quadrilateral 4 stars are depicted on its sides, with 6 stars next to each other inside it. 1 star is depicted on its head.'' </blockquote>

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
In Kurtik (2007), the terms (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik a21) mulALLA and (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|mulKUŠU2]] have been separate lemmas. The Akkadian equivalent for mulAL.LUL "Crab" is mul''Alluttu.'' Syllabic writings occur mostly in lexical texts and 'Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)'-group. Here we merge them as Sumerian mulAL.LUL or AL.LUL = ''alluttu'' (Akkadian) “crab”,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> and mul[[ALLA]];<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> = mul''alluttu'' (Akkadian) "Crab". In the sky, they all refer to the same asterism and zodiacal sign in [[Cancer]].

'''Variant readings:'''

* mulALLA, mulALLAx , mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB

*mulNAGAR,
*mulKUŠU2 (ePSD2:<ref>ePSD2 [https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/sux/o0032779 kušu]

</ref> a creature, crab or snapping turtle)
*mulALLA, on the reading ALLA for NAGAR in non-astronomical texts see: [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.],
* mulALLAx, on the reading ALLAx in astronomical texts see [Neugebauer-Sachs 1967; Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 11].
'''Var. designations (ALLA):'''
*1) The constellation in [[Cancer]],
*2) the zodiacal sign [[Cancer]],
*3) ''ziqpu''-asterism XX in later astronomical and astrological texts
'''Relation to Planet:''' Crab is ''Bit nişirtu'' of Jupiter
[AHw 38; CAD A/1, 361b; CAD A/1, 360-361; Gössmann 1950. 294; Gössmann 1950, 14; MSL VIII/2, 90-93; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156-158; Ungnad 1941-44, 256-7, fn. 42].

'''Philology:''' The reading of the Sumerian name mulal.lub rather than mulAL.LUL in the series Urra XXII is based on that in a school text from Susa (see CAD A/1, 351-352). mulALLA (formerly ALLAx) is a first millennium Sumerian name for the constellation written with the sign NAGAR.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts (AL.LUL)'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115].
* (2) Urra XXII: mul''al-lub'' = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103].
* (3) Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki "Crab = Sippar" [MSL XVII, 229]. "
'''Lexical texts (ALLA)'''

* In monolingual Sumerian lists of stars: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27].

|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes). --- AL.LUL'''
* Astrolabe P.
** (1) The month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, 60;
** (2) the month of Ṭebetu, stars of Anu, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574-575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal "The red star that stands in the east after the Twins, alongside the asterism of d''Gula'', wearing the crown, (this is the) Crab, the asterism of Anu, the King" (B ii 24-27); for a likely parallel see [BPO 2, III, 33-33a; Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 181]; see also (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]].
** (2) List (3´12): [itiab ... mul''al-lu-ut-tum šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month Ṭebetu: ... Crab (in the path of) Anu" (C ii 10).
** (3) List (sunrise-sunset=6m): sunrise is Ṭebetu, sunset is Du'uzu [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]; for a parallel see. [BPO 2, III 28a].
* BM 82923.
** Month Ṭebetu, stars of Anu: mulAL.LUL // 1.10 // ''šu-bat'' An "Crab // 70 // Seat of Anu". [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014].
* BM 34713. múlalla (twice!), see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* '''"Round astrolabes."'''
** K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1.10 "(Stars of Anu, month Kislimu), Crab, 70". [CT 33, 12]. The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil. The list of 12 stars of Anu, no. 9: mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|"'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''" -- '''ALLA'''
*BM 34713. múlALLA (twice!):
** a) the month of Šabatu, the stars of Anu, see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]] [LBAT, 1499:4, 11].
**b) The misreading ALLA in the Path of Enlil in Du'uzu has been corrected to mulMUŠ [Horowitz 2014, 126]
|[[File:Cnc Hya KAKSISA stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map with additional label "KAK.SI.SA2"|thumb|The Crab, the MUŠ-Dragon and the Arrow in the Babylonian Uranography. Stellarium mapwith paintings by Jessica Gullberg. ]]
|-
|'''EAE'''
* '''AL.LUL''' See [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a-b, 28a-b, 33a, 35a, XV 11-13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5-7].
* '''ALLA''' See [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6].
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''MUL.APIN (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The list of the stars of Enlil (no. 7):
** mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat dA-nim''
** "Constellation Crab, the seat of Anu" (I i 7), parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 18).
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings:
** ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme
** "On the 5th of Du'uzu the Small Twins and Crab become visible" (I ii 41).
* (3) The list of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (4) Asterisms "in the path of the Moon":
** mulAL.LUL, after mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, before mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) [[Sîn]].
* (5) Astrological predictions: (II iii 25-27).
'''MUL.APIN (ALLA).'''
*Astrological predictions: U.RI.RI and ALLA (II iii 25-27), see (Kurtik u01) [[U.RI.RI]] .
|[[File:CNC Cancer Anu smh.jpg|alt=drawing of "Anu's Seat" in Cancer (star chart)|thumb|MUL.APIN lists "The Crab, The Seat of Anu" where "the seat" might be his throne or his temple. According to the reconstruction of the Anu-temple of Uruk by the German Archaeological Institute, this temple looks like a box. Here, we depict Anu sitting on his temple as his throne (drawing by Susanne M Hoffmann 2024, after Kay Elzner's drawing for Hoffmann 2021<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2021). Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam, Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart</ref>).]]
|-
|[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellania”'''
* (1) mulal.lul = ídidigna "Crab = Tigris River";
* (2) mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna "Front stars of Crab = Tigris River";
* (3) egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki "the rear (Crab stars) = Euphrates River";
* (4) See also Reynolds 2019: 297-298
* (5) astrological predictions:
** (a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 "(If) the front stars (of the Crab) have great brilliance and are red: the Tigris will overflow,"
** (b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im "(If) the middle ones (of the Crab star) are red: the wind will rise",
** (c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš "(If) the rear ones (of the Crab stars) are red: the Euphrates will overflow and the early (harvest) will be abundant";
* (6) 12 Amurru stars [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:145, 148, 149, 150-153, 219].
|
|-
|'''"Letters and Reports"'''
The name of the constellation occurs in 27 reports and 4 letters [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a].
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
(Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />: 121)

* Uranology "'''Simple Group'''" : Description in '''VAT 9428''', Obv. 13-15//NBC 7831. Obv. 12-14 )
** mulAL.LUL ''ap2-sa3-[m]a-ak-[ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina i-tu-ti-ša2 eṣ-ru / i-na li[b3-b]i-šu2-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi-i]n-nu-u2'' ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir.'' . mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI''-šu2 e-ṣir''
** "The crab (has the shape of) an ''apsamakku'' (trapezoid, rectangle or square). [4] stars are depicted on its circumference; within them [6 stars] follow [side by side] one after another; 1 star is depicted on its head. [Ju]piter is depicted in its front." [Weidner 1927,<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref> 73-76, 80-81; Beaulieu et al. 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 22-25].
*Hatinen JCS 75 ADD here
*12′. [¶ mul AL.LUL apsamakku erbet kakkabū ina i-tu-ti-šá e]ṣ-ru ina lìb-˹bi˺-[šú-nu šeššet kakkabū] 13′. [aḫennû aḫāmeš rakbū ištēn kakkabu ina rēšīšu e-ṣi]r ˹mul˺[SAG.ME.GAR (x x x)] (rest of the obverse broken
* Uranology "'''Expanded Version'''": Description in '''MLC 1866''' (col. ii 18-20) = Uranology Text D:
** mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺-''ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-u''ʼ ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a''-[''ḫ'']''a-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i-šu''2 mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu''
** "The crab is the seat of Anu. (It is shaped like) a quadrangle. 4 stars are depicted on its sides; 6 stars inside it side by side straddle one another. 1 star is depicted on its head. In front of it [Jupiter sta]nds." [Beaulieu et al, 2018,<ref name=":1" /> 36, 40].
** See (Kurtik a18) AL.LUL, (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
* In the diagram on the Sippar Planisphere, the Crab corresponds to 10 dots, of which the 4 outermost ones form a square with 6 smaller dots inside [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001,<ref name=":0" /> 176-177, Segment 2], see also "''ziqpu''" below.
* See also (Kurtik k09) [[KAK.BAN]].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu''-stars (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB. BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL "3[⅓] mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the rear Twin [Gemini] to the Crab [Cancer]",
** (b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA "3⅓ mina in weight, 2/3 ''bēru'' on earth, 36,000 ''bēru'' in the sky / From the Crab to the 2 stars on the head of the Lion" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:9-12; TU 21 r. 9-12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL]
** "2/3 ''bēru'' to Crab" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14].
* (3) VAT 16436: see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (4) BM 38369+:
** TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''...]
** "From the Greater Twins to the Cra[b...]". [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:11].
* (5) Sippar Planisphere (description, see above: Uranologies):
** a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL "⅔ miles (20°) to Crab" (rev. 19),
** b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 171-173:19, 177]; see also BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180].
'''Lists of ziqpu-stars (ALLA).'''

* VAT 16436:
** múlALLA // 10 // 14 ''lim'' 6 ''me'' KUŠ3
** "Crab // 10 (stars) // 14600 cubits". [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11].
|[[File:Cnc AlRawi2001 details 300dpi.jpg|alt=illustration from paper |thumb|Drawing of AL.LUL on the Sippar Planisphere (W. Horowitz and F. N. H. Al-Rawi 2001<ref name=":0" />), highlighting by Hoffmann 2024.]]
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (D)
** mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu
** "Crab (ε Cnc) or Snake (β Cnc), Bow (η CMa) and the left leg of the Arrow constellation (π Pup): rope". [Pingree-Walker 1988, 315:5-6].
* (E)
** 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu''-<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu
** "5 uš behind the Crab, or Jupiter, who stands behind the Crab before the Lion, and the constellation Arrow (ρ Pup): rope [ibid. 315:7-8];
|[[File:GU IV.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart for GU IV|thumb|star chart for GU IV (fourth GU, Kurtik GU D), published by Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy.]][[File:GU V (Kurtik- GU E).jpg|alt=star chart for GU V|thumb|map of the GU V in the GU-text (Kurtik GU E), published in Hoffmann (2022) in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy. ]]
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §O. mulal.lul "Crab" (δ, θ Cnc), see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
|[[File:Dalbanna O.jpg|alt=star chart for Dalbanna "O"|thumb|Dalbanna pattern "O"; for this line two versions are preserved and the patterns here distinguished with different colours (plot by Susanne M Hoffmann, 2024)]]
|-
|'''Text W22281a.'''
* [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB...] / [...mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 ...]
* "[On 1]5 [Ṭebetu] at sunrise, (the point) 5° east of the Cr[ab] [...] culminates(?) [...] Sir[us...]" [SpTU I, 95:15'-16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99].
|
|-
|'''Mathematical Astronomy (ALLA).'''
*ALLA is the zodiacal sign of the Crab [ACT I-III; LBAT, passim]; first as allax in the lunar tables of the late 5th century BCE. [Aaboe-Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989].
*(2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ''ar''2 <<ut>> ''ša''2 múlalla "Rear stars of the Crab" [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11].
*(3) BM 36609+:
**a) Anaphora.
***(1) А 3427: [...''ina''] itiziz2 ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI)
****"[...In] the month of Šabaṭu at noon(?) of the 29th day the Crab emits a ''mišḫu'' and ascends(?)" [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23].
***(2) A...] x ''a-na'' 4 ''ša''2 múl''lu-lim'' / [EN...] ''um-mu-lut'' KI ''ša''2 ALLA
****"[From ...] ... 4 stars of the Stag / [to...] the Dusky [stars]: in place of the Crab" [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15-16].
**(b)
***TA ''a-si-du'' / EN 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'' / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-''šu''2 EN TIL-''šu''2 KUR
***"From the Heel (of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth) / To (the point located) 5 UŠ behind the Dull Stars. / The Crab, from its beginning to its end, ascends." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23-25];
***rising time: 30° [ibid. 550].
|
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts." (ALLA)'''
*The constellation and zodiacal sign of the Crab [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III, passim]; first in [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, no. -567:10];
* As a designation of the constellation included in the names of the 4 "normal stars", see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]] and (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar (AL.LUL).'''
* (1) The Lunaries.
** (a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 "in the vicinity of the Crab" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258-259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Emelyanov 1999, 193-194].
** (b) BRM IV, 19, see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (2) Microzodiac. See (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]].
* (3) "Hypsomata." The Crab— Jupiter's hypsoma, see (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]].
* (4) W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU [...] "[If] he is born when the Crab (culminates),." [SpTU V, 265:3']
* (5) AO 6483: [...: múlal.lul] ''e''3-''a'' uš2 gištukul [...] "[If a child is born ..., (when) the Crab] appears: death by arms" [TU 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].
* (6) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the moon and the position of the moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* (7) In the "calendar" ritual texts of the Crab (ŠU/ALLA) corresponds to a recipe for an ointment: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') "The blood of a crab, and the crab’s fat you smear" [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; ingredients for medical treatment are derived from the animal seen in the zodiacal sign concerned, see Reiner 1995, 116f.
* (8) An extispicy including the correspondence between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars, see (Kurtik a21) ALLA.

'''Late Astrology, Magic and the Calendar (ALLA).'''
*(1) Horoscopes. ALLA is the sign of the zodiac "Crab"(= Cancer) [BH, passim].
*(2) "Lunaries." BRM IV, 19: ALLA is the designation of the zodiacal sign Crab (=Cancer) in the zodiacal scheme known as "dodecatemoria" [Ungnad 1941-44, 274-275: g, h, m, 23; Neugebauer-Sachs 1952-53].
*(3) Microzodiac.
**The division of the zodiac sign Hired Man (=Aries) into 12 parts:
**4-ni!-''tum'' ḫa.la múlalla šum3-''šu''2
**"4th part, its name is the Crab" [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66].
*(3) "Calendar-magical texts".
*(a) BM 34452+:**4 26 // 3 8 // ''Sin'' [''ina'' x x x] x múlALLA / [...] dNAMMU
**"Du'uzu 26 // Simanu 8 // Moon [in x x x] x Crab. / [...] Nammu."
**[LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15].
*(b) Recipe for making an ointment W 22619/9+:
**MIN(=APIN) 10 // ALLA 10 // UŠ2 ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u'' I3.UDU MIN(=''alluttu'') MIN(=''tapaššaš'')
** "Arahsamnu 10 // Cancer 10° // blood of a crab and fat of a crab you smear"
**[SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; for a parallel (abbreviation ŠU = ALLA) see [SpTU III, 104:13, 17, 26].
*(4) Zodiacal astrology.
** KI múlALLA UŠ2 ''a-ab-bu''
** "Area of Cancer: death in the ocean."
** [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; for a parallel see [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], see also [Emelyanov 1999, 192].
*(5) Predicting prices of grain based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to the zodiacal constellations and other phenomena (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim].
*(6) Predictions of lunar eclipses based on observations of the culmination of stars and positions of the Sun relative to constellations:
** ''ki-i'' múlNAGAR ''a-na ziq-pi'' ''izzazu''(GUB)zu-''m''[''a''...] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 [...] / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš'' múlNAGAR ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.[GI6)...]
**"If the Crab culminates and the [(lunar) eclipse should begin], the Crab, the Arrow... until the Sun has reached the Crab. It means: eclipse[s]..."
**(W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6-8].
*(7) between liver fragments, deities, months and stars:
**KAL d''Uraš''(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // ''da''-x[...] / d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a''
**"Strength of Urash; Du'uzu; Crab, Plow; [...] Shulpae";
**perhaps ''da-p''[''i-nu''] should be an extispicy including correspondences here [SpTU IV, 159:8-9; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

See also (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]], (Kurtik k31) [[KUŠU2|KUŠU2]].
[[File:Cnc Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Cancer constellation, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium, Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture.]]
[[File:ALUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 173653.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside AL.LUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Tarf]]
|HIP 40526
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.52
|-
|2
| κ Geminorum
|HIP 37740
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.57
|-
|3
|[[Asellus Australis]]
|HIP 42911
|Constellation lines
|3.94
|-
|4
|ι 1 Cancri
|HIP 43103
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.018
|-
| 5
|[[Acubens]]
|HIP 44066
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.249
|-
|6
|[[Asellus Borealis]]
|HIP 42806
|Constellation lines
|4.652
|-
| 7
|[[Tegmine]]
|HIP 40167
|Inside the Hull
|4.67
|-
|8
|μ 2 Cancri
|HIP 39780
|Inside the Hull
|5.3
|-
|9
| zet01 Cnc
|HIP 40167A
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|10
|η Cancri
|HIP 41909
|Constellation lines
|5.325
|-
|11
|θ Cancri
|HIP 41822
|Constellation lines
|5.337
|-
|12
|85 Gem
|HIP 38722
|Inside the Hull
|5.365
|-
| 13
|27 Cnc
|HIP 41400
|Inside the Hull
|5.5
|-
|14
|3 Cnc
|HIP 39177
|Inside the Hull
|5.588
|-
|15
| 45 Cnc
|HIP 42795
|Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|16
|υ 1 Cancri
|HIP 41816
|Inside the Hull
|5.694
|-
|17
|ψ Cancri
|HIP 40023
|Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 40167C
|Inside the Hull
|5.79
|-
|19
| -
|HIP 40866
|Inside the Hull
|5.798
|-
|20
|[AKS95] 73
|[AKS95] 73
|Inside the Hull
|5.832
|-
|21
| ω 1 Cancri
|HIP 39191
|Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
|22
|50 Cnc
|HIP 43121
|Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
|23
| Piautos
|HIP 40881
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|24
|20 Cnc
|HIP 41117
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 25
|29 Cnc
|HIP 41578
|Inside the Hull
|5.948
|-
|26
|5 Cnc
|HIP 39236
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|27
|μ 1 Cancri
|HIP 39659
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
| 28
| -
|HIP 40231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.047
|-
|29
| 28 Cnc
|HIP 41574
| Inside the Hull
|6.05
|-
|30
| 21 Cnc
|HIP 41163
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 41319
|Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
|32
| * phi02 Cnc A
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|33
| -
|HIP 40167B
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|34
|[AKS95] 69
|[AKS95] 69
|Inside the Hull
|6.176
|-
|35
|* phi02 Cnc B
|HIP 41404
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|36
| -
|HIP 40058
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|37
|82 Gem
|HIP 38106
|Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|38
| -
|HIP 39535
| Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|39
| 12 Cnc
|HIP 39874
|Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
|40
| -
|HIP 42010
|Inside the Hull
|6.247
|-
|41
| -
|HIP 39180
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|42
| [[Meleph]]
|HIP 42556
|Inside the Hull
|6.29
|-
|43
|ω 2 Cancri
|HIP 39263
|Inside the Hull
|6.297
|-
|44
| -
| HIP 39194
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
| 45
| -
|HIP 42187
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|46
|υ 2 Cancri
| HIP 41940
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|47
| -
|HIP 40354
|Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
|48
| 54 Cnc
|HIP 43454
|Inside the Hull
|6.361
|-
|49
|39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
|50
| -
|HIP 42549
|Inside the Hull
|6.39
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 40675
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|52
|ψ1 Cnc
|HIP 40007
| Inside the Hull
|6.413
|-
|53
| -
| HIP 43427
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|54
| -
|HIP 41833
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|55
| -
|HIP 40342
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|}

==== Deity. ====
The name was recorded, as a rule, without the determinative d; absent from the lists of gods. On its connection with Anu see MUL.APIN, I i 7 and BM 82923:29, and [BPO 2, III 33a]: ''dA-nim'' mulAL.LUL; see also MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. The connection with Ninurta is attested in VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) ''dnin-[g]ir2-su'' "The crab—the river of the god Ningirsu" [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, fn. 99; 1963 117, fn. 9]; for a parallel see [SpTU III, 101:5]. For the namburbi series, see [Ebeling 1954, 12-13:7; Maul 1994 = Stefan M. Maul, Zukunftsbewältigung. Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi). Baghdader Forschungen 18, Mainz 1994]. In astrological geography, the Crab correlates (a) with Sippar, (b) the Tigris River; stars in front of the Crab—with the Tigris, the stars in the back—with the Euphrates [Weidner 1963] (see below)

==== Symbol. ====
For astral images of the crab on seals from Uruk during the time of the Seleucids, see [Wallenfels 1994, 154, 154]. See [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994-1000; Kurtik 2007, fig. 22-27, 46]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlALLA (designation of the zodiacal sign Cancer) corresponds to A.MEŠ "waters". [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

==== Previous Identifications ====
Koch's identification of the stars in this equation: mul.al.lul is ε Cnc, mul.muš is 1 Hya, or 30 Mon, or 2 Hya, mul.ban is ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 is 11 CMa, or Pulk55 1121m, or Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; see Pingree's objections. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90-98].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL "Lyra Asterism = Crab" [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) = Goat-Fish; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 "The Crab is so said to denote the Goat-Fish, namely, ''suḫurmāšu''." [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = Entenabarhum; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 GUB-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL "The asterism that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulŠU.GI) is Entenabarhum. Entenabarhum = Crab" [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

===== Predictions: =====
(4) Lunar halo and Crab; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and the Crab stands in it: the life of the king of Akkad will last" [SAA 10, 113:6-7]; for parallels see. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1-3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) Saturn & the Crab (observations); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (gloss.: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL. LUL [xxxxxx] "Their position is stable, [(this) means that Saturn stands] in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:4-5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] "Saturn stands in the Crab" [SAA 8, 39:8-r.1 ].

(6) Jupiter & the Crab (observations); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma [0] it-ta-an-ta-ḫ[a] / a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' "Later it (Jupiter) continued to move and approached the Crab" [SAA 8, 84 r. 2-3]; see also [ibid. 323: 1-3].

(7) Mars approaches the Crab; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' "If the Strange Star (= Mars) approaches the Crab: the ruler will die. / If it had become stationary (and) stopped, that would have been [a bad sign]; this (now) is an evil (sign) for Akkad." [SAA 8, 101:7-9]; observations and warnings: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u''2 ''i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 "Mars reached the Crab; [the king should] know (about it) and be careful until it goes out." [SAA 8, 380:4-r.3]; for other examples, see [SAA 8, 28:4-r.3]. [SAA 8, 80 r. 3, 452:6-r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' [...] "If Mars approaches the Crab: the Elamites will attack, and the city will be captured [...]". [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) The Goat (=Venus) approaches the Crab; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ ... mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' "[If] the Goat approaches the Crab: there will be reconciliation and peace in the country; the gods will have mercy on the country; ... (because) Goat = Venus." [SAA 8, 175: r. 1-7]; for parallels see [SAA 8, 247:8-r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5-11].

(9) Heliacal rising of Mercury in the Crab: DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the Crab is dark: the spirit of a wronged man will possess the country, deaths will occur in the country". [SAA 8, 477:6-r. 1].

(10) ''Uriri'' and the Crab; DIŠ mul5.U.RI.RI ''ana'' mul5.ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme "If the star Uriri (= comet?) approaches the Crab, ḪUR AL will die" (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) The Lunar eclipse in the Crab; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR ídIdigna ...] "If the Moon eclipses in the area of the front stars of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the River Tiger" [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ina KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''...] "If the Moon eclipses in the hind region of the Crab: the decision (pertains) to the Euphrates river..." [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; for a parallel see [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′-6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47-48] as well as the “Great Star List.”

(12) Mercury in the Crab; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 GUB-''ma'' "If the front stars of the Crab are red: rising of the wind. (It means) that Mercury is standing in it." [BPO 2, III 7-b-c].

See also [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a21)
|
|-
|
=== (a21) ALLA ===
|
|-
|вар. чтения: mulNAGAR, mulKUŠU2, mulalla, mulallax, mulkušu2; = «Краб»(?). О чтении alla для NAGAR в не-астрономических текстах см. [Lambert 1969, 595; Nougayrol 1947, 30:4, note 3; CAD A/1, 354f.], о чтении allax в астрономических текстах см. [Neugebauer–Sachs 1967; Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11]. 1) Созвездие и знак зодиака, соответствующие современному Раку (Cancer), 2) = ziqpu XX в поздних астрономических и астрологических текстах [CAD A/1, 361b; Gössmann 1950, 294; MSL VIII/2, 90–93; Ungnad 1941–44, 256–7, Anm. 42].
I. Источники.

Лексич тексты. В одноязычных шумерских списках звезд: mulNAGAR [MSL XI, 143, col. x 27]. EAE. См. [SpTU I, 90:12; SpTU IV, 162 r. 6]. «Астролябии». BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!): a) месяц дуузу, звезды Энлиля (ошибка: д.б. múlmuš «Змея» симану, звезды Энлиля), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2; b) месяц шабату, звезды Ану, см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA [LBAT, 1499:4, 11]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания: U.RI.RI и ALLA (II iii 25–27), см. u01U.RI.RI [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110–111]. MLC 1866. См. a18AL.LUL, k09KAK.BAN. Списки ziqpu-звезд. VAT 16436: múlALLA // 10 // 14 IGI 6 ME KUŠ3 «Краб // 10 (звезд) // 14600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226:11]. «Дневники наблюдений». Созвездие и знак зодиака Краб [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; впервые в [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, No. -567:10]; как обозначение созвездия входило в названия 4 «нормальных звезд», см. a18AL.LUL и m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ. Математическая астрономия. ALLA – знак зодиака Краб [ACT I–III; LBAT, passim]; впервые как allax в лунных таблицах конца V в. до н.э. [Aaboe–Sachs 1969, 11; Britton 1989]. Анафора. (1) А 3427: [… ina] itiziz2 ina AN.NE ud 29 múlalla ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[…В] месяце шабату в полдень(?) 29-го дня Краб испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:23]. (2) Sp II 202+: mul.me ar2 <<ut>> ša2 múlalla «Задние звезды Краба» [Schaumberger 1955, 245:11]. (3) BM 36609+: a) [TA…] x x a-na 4 ša2 múllu-lim / [EN…] um-mu-lut KI ša2 ALLA «[От …] …4 звезд Оленя / [до…] Тусклых [звезд]: место Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 543, Section 4: obv. ii 15–16]. b) TA a-si-du / EN 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut / AL[LA] ˹TA SAG˺-šu2 EN TIL-šu2 KUR «От Пятки (Демона с Разинутой Пастью) / До (точки, расположенной) в 50 позади Тусклых звезд. / Краб, от его начала до его конца, восходит» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 548, Section 7: obv. iii 23–25]; время восхода: 300 [ibid. 550]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Гороскопы». ALLA — знак зодиака «Краб»(= Рак) [BH, passim]. (2) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 19: ALLA — обозначение знака зодиака Краб (=Рак) в зодиакальной схеме, известной под названием «додекатемория» [Ungnad 1941–44, 274–275: g, h, m, 23; Neugeb.–Sachs 1952–53]. (3) «Микрозодиак». Деление знака зодиака Наемник (=Овен) на 12 частей: 4-ni!-tum ḫa.la múlalla šum3-šu2 «4-я часть, ее имя Краб» [TU, 14:15; Sachs 1952, 66]. (3) «Календарно-магические тексты». a) BM 34452+: 4 26 // 3 8 // Sin [ina x x x] x múlALLA / […] dNAMMU «Дуузу 26 // симану 8 // Луна [в x x x] x Крабе. / […] Намму.» [LBAT, 1586 + 1567; Hunger 1975, 41:15]. b) Рецепт изготовления мази W 22619/9+: 10 MIN(=APIN) // 10 KUŠU2 // UŠ2 al-lut-tu2 u I3.UDU MIN(=alluttu) MIN(=tapaššaš) «Арахсамну 10 // Рак 100 // Кровь рака и жир рака ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 105:10, 23]; параллель (сокращение ŠU = KUŠU2) см. [SpTU III, 104]. (4) Зодиакальная астрология. KI múlALLA UŠ2 a-ab-bu «Область Рака: смерть от врага» [SpTU II, 43:20; Hunger 1996]; параллель см. [TU, 14: 23; Sachs 1952, 66, 68], см. также [Емельянов 1999, 192]. (5) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений (múlNAGAR) [SpTU I, 94, passim]. (6) Предсказания лунных затмений по наблюдениям кульминаций звезд и положений Солнца относительно созвездий: ki-i múlNAGAR a-na ziq-pi izzazu(GUB)zu-m[a…] / mulNAGAR múlGAG.SI.SA2 […] / a-di-i dŠamaš múlNAGAR ikaššad(KUR-ad2) pi-šer3-ša2 attalû(AN.[GI6)…] «Если Краб кульминирует и [(лунное) затмение должно начаться], Краб, Стрела… до тех пор пока Солнце Краба не достигнет. Его значение: затме[ние…]» (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:6–8]. (7) Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: KAL dUraš(IB) itiŠU mulNAGAR mulAPIN // da-x[…] / dŠul-pa-e3-a «‘Сила’ — Ураш; дуузу; Краб, Плуг; […] Шульпаэ»; возможно здесь должно быть da-p[i-nu] [SpTU IV, 159:8–9; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также [Hunger 1975, 41:15; Rochberg-Halton 1987, 214:19, 25; SpTU I, 96:4; SpTU II, 42:21; 43:21; SpTU III, 105:10, 23].

См. также a18AL.LUL, k31KUŠU2.
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|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL.
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!Kurtik (2022, a18 & a22)
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==== (a18) mulAL.LUL ====
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|вар. чтения: mulAL.LU5, mulAL.LUB, mulALLA; = mul''alluttu'' «Краб»; 1) созвездие в Раке (Canсer), 2) ''ziqpu'' XX, группа звезд в Раке [AHw 38; CAD A/1, 360–361; Gössmann 1950, 14; PSD A/3, 153; Salonen 1970, 156–158]. См. также a21ALLA, k31KUŠU2.
I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты.''''' '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulal.lu5 [Emar IV/4, 154:115]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Ura'' XXII: mulal-lub = ''al-lu-ut-tum'' [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:296′]; [mul]al.lul = ''al-lu-ut-tu''4 [SpTU III, 114 Rs. iv 103]. '''(3)''' Antagal G 310: mulal.lul = ''sip-par''ki «Краб=Сиппар» [MSL XVII, 229]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. '''(1)''' Месяц симану, звезды Энлиля, 60; '''(2)''' месяц тебету, звезды Ану, 70 [Pinches 1900, 574–575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul sa5 ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra egir / dmaš.tab.ba da d''Gu-la'' gub-''zu'' / aga ''ap-ru'' mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' / mul d''A-nim'' lugal «Красная звезда, которая стоит на востоке поcле Близнецов, Гула, несущая корону, (это) Краб, звезда Ану, вблизи Царя» (B ii 24–27); вероятная параллель см. [BPO 2, III, 33–33a; Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 181]; см. также u11UGA. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itiab … mul''al-lu-ut-tum'' ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «Месяц тебету: … Краб (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 10). '''(3)''' Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20; Horowitz 2014], см. g27GU.LA; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28a]. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану: mulAL.LUL // 1,10 // ''šu-bat'' ''An'' «Краб // 70 // Сидение Ану» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:29; Horowitz 2014]. BM 34713. múlalla (дважды!), см. a21ALLA. «Круглые астролябии». K.14943+: mulal.lul // 1,10 «Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Краб, 70» [CT 33, 12]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 9): mulal.lul [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''ЕАЕ'''.'' См. [Snake 219: BM 38164 Obv. col. ii 1, 3; BPO 2, III 7a–b, 28a–b, 33a, 35a, XV 11–13; Verderame2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:5–7]. '''''MUL.APIN'''.'' '''(1)''' Список звезд Энлиля (№ 7): mulAL.LUL ''šu-bat'' d''A-nim'' «Созвездие Краб, место Ану» (I i 7), параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18). '''(2)''' Список дат гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiŠU UD 5 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''u'' mulAL.LUL IGIme «5-го дуузу Малые Близнецы и Краб становятся видны» (I ii 41). '''(3)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). '''(4)''' Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulAL.LUL, после mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, перед mulUR.GU.LA (I iv 34), см. s20''Sîn''. '''(5)''' Астрологические предсказания: (II iii 25–27) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 20, 41, 59, 68, 110–111]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' mulal.lul = ídidigna «Краб = река Тигр»; '''(2)''' mul.meš igi.meš ''ša''2 mulal.lul = ídidigna «Передние звезды Краба = река Тигр»; '''(3)''' egir.meš-''tum'' = ídburanunki «Задние (звезды Краба) = река Евфрат»; '''(4)''' астрологические предсказания: a) igi.meš kur4.meš-''ma'' sa5.me-''ma'' ídidigna du-''kam''2 «(Если) передние звезды (Краба) имеют большой блеск и красные: Тигр разольется», b) murub4.meš sa5.me-''ma'' zi im «(Если) средние (звезды Краба) красные: поднимется ветер», c) egir.meš sa5.me-''ma'' ídburanunki du-''kam''2 nim.meš / si.sa2.meš «(Если) задние (звезды Краба) красные: Евфрат разольется и ранний (урожай) будет обильным»; '''(5)''' 12 звезд Амурру [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:145, 148, 149, 150–153, 219]. «'''''Письма''» ''и'' «''Рапорты''»''.''''' Название созвездия встречается в 27 рапортах и 4 письмах [SAA 10, 378a; SAA 8, 349a]. '''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.''''' См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. См. ниже «Символ», а также k09KAK.BAN. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''.'' '''(1)''' AO 6478: a) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' | EN mulAL.LUL «3[⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака», b) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN | ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulAL.LUL | EN 2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Краба до 2 звезд на голове Льва» [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:9–12; TU, 21 r. 9–12; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. '''(2)''' VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' mulAL.L[UL] «200 до Краба» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:14]. '''(3)''' VAT 16436: см. a21ALLA. '''(4)''' BM 38369+: TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum''…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:11]. '''(5''') Sippar Planisphere: a) ⅔ DANNA ''ana'' mulAL.LUL «⅔ мили (200) до Краба» (rev. 19), b) mul<AL.LUL> (obv., Segment 2) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:19, 177]; см. также BM 61677:11' [ibid. 180]. '''''GU-текст'''''. '''(D)''' mulal.[lu]l kimin mulmuš mul˹ban˺ / ''u'' gir3II ''šumēli''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 gu «Краб (ε Cnc) или Змея (β Cnc), Лук (η CMa) и левая нога созвездия Стрела (π Pup): веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, 315:5–6]. '''(E)''' 5 uš egir mula[l.l]ul kimin dsag.me.gar ''ša''2 egir mulal.lul / ''ina'' igi ˹mul˺ur.gu.˹la˺ gub ''u lu-''<''maš''> mulkak.si.sa2 gu «5 uš позади Краба, или Юпитер, который стоит позади Краба перед Львом, и созвездие Стрела (ρ Pup): веревка [ibid. 315:7–8]; отождествление Коха звезд в этом уравнивании: mulal.lul — ε Cnc, mulmuš — 1 Hya, или 30 Mon, или 2 Hya, mulban — ρ Pup, gir3II ''šumēlû''(150) ''ša lu-maš'' mulk]ak.si.sa2 — 11 CMa, или Pulk55 1121''m'', или Paris 8170 [Koch 1992, 56]; возражения Пингри см. [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 90–98]. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''.'' '''§O'''. mulal.lul «Краб» (δ, θ Cnc), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. '''''Текст''''' '''''W22281a'''''. [''ina''] i[tiDU6 UD 1]5 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) 5 UŠ EGIR mulA[L.L]UL? x ''ziq-pi'' G[UB…] / […mu]l[KA]K.SI.S[A2 …] «[1]5-го [тебету] при восходе Солнца (точка) в 50 к востоку от Кр[аб]а […] в кульминации […] Сири[ус…]» [SpTU I, 95:15'–16'; Hunger-Pingree 1999 99]. '''''Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь'''''. '''(1)''' «Лунарии». a) BRM IV, 20: ki mulal.lu5 «Область Краба» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258–259:12, 25; Reiner 1995, 108; Емельянов 1999, 193–194]. b) BRM IV, 19, см. a21ALLA. '''(2)''' «Микрозодиак». См. a21ALLA. '''(3)''' «Гипсома». Краб — гипсома Сатурна, см. s09SAG.ME.GAR. '''(4)''' W 23313/3: [DIŠ KI m]ulAL.LUL U3.TU […] «[Если] он, когда Краб (кульминирует), родился» [SpTU V, 265:3']. '''(5)''' AO 6483: […: múlal.lul] e3-''a'' uš2 gištukul […] «[Если ребенок родился, когда…, (когда) Краб] появляется: смерть от оружия» [TU, 14 r. 38; Sachs 1952, 67, 70]. '''(6)''' Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulAL.LUL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135 rev. 10], см. s20''Sîn''. '''(7)''' В «календарных» ритуальных текстах Крабу (ŠU/ALLA) соответствует рецепт мази: ''dām''(UŠ2) ''al-lut-tu''2 ''u lipî''(I3.UDU) ''al-lut-tu''2 MIN(= ''tapaššaš'') «Кровь краба, жир краба ты намазываешь» [SpTU III, 104: 4, 13, 17, 26, 30; 105:10, 23]; что при этом конкретно имеется в виду, остается неясным. '''(8)''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a21ALLA.

II. Божество.

Название записывалось, как правило, без детерминатива d; отсутствует в списках богов. О его связи с Ану см. MUL.APIN, I i 7 и BM 82923:29, а также [BPO 2, III 33a]: d''A''-''nim'' mulAL.LUL; см. также MLC 1866 col. ii 18: mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36]. Связь с Нинуртой засвидетельствована в VAT 9436, Vs. II, 8f: mulAL.LUL ''nār''(I7) d''nin''-[''g'']''ir2''-''su'' «Краб ― река бога Нингирсу» [Weidner 1927, 80; 1941 194, Anm. 99; 1963 117, Anm. 9]; параллель см. [SpTU III, 101:5]. В серии намбурби см. [Ebeling 1954, 12–13:7]. В астрологической географии Краб соотносится: a) c Сиппаром, b) рекой Тигр; передние звезды Краба — с Тигром, задние звезды — с Евфратом [Weidner 1963] (см. ниже).

III. Символ.

Описание в VAT 9428, Obv. 13–15: mulAL.LUL ''ap''2''-sa''3''-''[''m'']''a-ak''-[''ku'' 4] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' ''i-tu-ti-ša''2 ''eṣ-ru'' / ''i-na li''[''b''3''-b'']''i-šu''2''-nu'' [6 MUL.MEŠ ''a-ḫi''-''i'']''n-nu-u''2 ''a-ḫa-meš rak-bu'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu''2 ''e''-[''ṣir''... mulS]AG.ME.GAR ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 ''e-ṣir'' «Краб (имеет форму) ''apsamakku'' (трапеция, прямоугольник или квадрат) ([AHw 61; CAD A/2, 192]). [4] звезды изображены на его окружности; внутри их [6 звезд] следуют [рядом] друг за другом; 1 звезда на его голове изображена. [Ю]питер впереди его изображен» [Weidner 1927, 73–76, 80–81; CAD A/1, 361; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 22–25]. Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 18–20): mulALLA ''šu-bat'' d60 ''ap''2-''sa''3-˹''am-ma''˺''-ku'' 4 MUL ''ina'' A2.MEŠ-''šu''2 / ''e-ṣir-uʼ'' ''ina'' ''lib''3-''bi''-''šu''2 6 MUL ''a-ḫi-nu-u''2 ''a-''[''ḫ'']a''-meš'' U5 -''u''ʼ / ˹1+ ''en''˺ MUL ''ina'' SAG-''šu2'' ''e-ṣir ina pa-n''[''i''-''šu2'' mulSAG.ME.GAR GU]B-''zu'' «Краб — сидение Ану. (Он имеет форму) четырехугольника. 4 звезды изображены по его сторонам, внутри его 6 звезд рядом друг за другом следуют. 1 звезда на его голове изображена. Впереди [Юпитер сто]ит» [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Крабу соответствует 10 точек, из них 4 крайние образуют квадрат, внутри которого 6 более мелких точек [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2]. Астральные изображения краба на печатях из Урука селевкидского времени см. [Wallenfels 1994, 154, No. 994–1000; Куртик 2007, рис. 22–27, 46]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlALLA (обозначение знака зодиака Рак) соответствует A.MEŠ «воды» [SpTU II, 43:4, 21].

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= приблизительно Cancer, в особенности ι Cancri [Gössmann 1950, 14];

= α CМi, хотя признается, что в некоторых случаях al.lu5 обозначает знак зодиака Cancer [Waerden 1949, 21, note 21; 1974, 73, 76];

= Э.Вайднер рассматривает α CMi в качестве ведущей звезды созвездия [Weidner 1957–59, 77];

= Cancer [BPO 2, 7, 10; Hunger and Steele 2019, 137; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272; Horowitz 2014, 245; ibid. 2018, 71];

= γ δ ε (Praesepe) + η θ ι Cancri [Koch 1995, 58, Anm. 15]; см. также [Koch 1993, 187, Anm. 10].

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

Число звезд в múlALLA = 10, согласно, VAT 16436:11 [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

= Praesepe (Ясли) in Cancer (группа звезд) [Schaumberger 1952, 226];

''='' ε Cnc + Praesepe [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды:

(1) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Передняя звезда Краба к северу» (η Cancri);

(2) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Передняя звезда Краба к югу» (θ Cancri);

(3) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 SI «Задняя звезда Краба к северу» (γ Cancri);

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ALLA ''ša''2 ULU3 «Задняя звезда Краба к югу» (δ Cancri);

четыре указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ.

В «Большом списке звезд» подразделяется на три части:

(5) «Передние звезды...» (см. выше);

(6) murub4.meš «Cрединные (звезды)» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:151];

(7) «Задние (звезды)» (см. выше).

В астрологии подразделяется на две части:

(9) MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Передние звезды Краба» [BPO 2, III 7b], см. также [BPO 2, XV 13 + Parallels; Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 1'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 47].

(10) MUL.MEŠ EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL «Задние звезды Краба» [Snake 219, BM 38168: obv. ii 2'; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1849 rev. 48]; cм. также: MUL2 ''ar''2me ''ša''2 ALLA «Задние звезды Краба» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -381:4].

(11) Правая и левая стороны ALLA упоминаются в MUL.APIN II iii 26–27, см. u01U.RI.RI.

(12) MUL2?MEŠ IGI?.˹MEŠ˺ ''u ar''2.MEŠ ''ša''2 ALLA «передние и задние звезды Краба» [Roughton–Steele–Walker, Sect. 10: rev. v 2′].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) ''= Марс''; mulLUL.LA mulAL.LUL «Звезда Лжец = Краб» [BPO 2, III 7a].

(2) ''= Коза-Рыба''; mulAL.LUL ''a-na'' mulSUḪUR.MAŠ2 ''i-qab-bi ma-a suḫur-ma-šu-u''2 «Краб ― так говорят, чтобы обозначить Козу-Рыбу, а именно, ''suḫurmāšu''» [BPO 2, III 28b].

(3) = ''Энтенабархум''; MUL ''ša''2 EGIR-''šu''2 DU-''zu'' mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM / mulEN.TE.NA.BAR.ḪUM mulAL.LUL «Звезда, которая позади него (т.е. позади mulŠU.GI) стоит — Энтенабархум. Энтенабархум = Краб» [ACh Ištar, 25:75; BPO 2, III 35a].

Предсказания:

(4) ''Лунное гало и Краб''; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulAL.LUL ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu2'' GUB-''iz'' / LUGAL URI.KI DIN ''ur-rak'' «Если Луна окружена гало, и Краб стоит в нем: жизнь царя Аккада продлится» [SAA 10, 113:6–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 6:5, 20:5, 55:1, 124:1–3, 299:1, 301:1, 317:1, 428:2, 429:2, 460:1, 482:4, 494:3, 543 r. 5, 7, 549 r. 2; Koch-Westenholz 1999, 161:121].

(5) ''Сатурн и Краб'' (''наблюдения''); KI.GUB.BA-''sa''3 GI.NA (глосса: ''ma-za-as-sa ke-e-ne''2) [xxxx] / ''ina'' ŠA3 mulAL.LUL [xxxxx] «Их положения стабильны, [(это) означает, что Сатурн стоит] в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:4–5], [mu]lUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''ina'' [SA3 mulAL.LUL] / [''iz'']-''za-az''-[''ma''] «Сатурн стоит в Крабе» [SAA 8, 39:8–r.1].

(6) ''Юпитер и Краб'' (''наблюдение''); ''i-da-a-ti ki-ma'' [0] ''it-ta-an-ta-ḫ''[''a''] / ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL ''iq-ṭi-ri-ib'' «Позднее он (Юпитер) продолжил движение и приблизился к Крабу» [SAA 8, 84 r. 2–3]; см. также [ibid. 323: 1–3].

(7) ''Марс приближается к Крабу''; DIŠ mulMIN3-''ma'' ''ana'' mulAL.LUL TE NUN U[Š2] / ''ki-ma it-te-mid it-ti-ti-iz šu-u-tu''2 [''i-lap-pat''] / ''lum-nu ša'' KUR URIki ''šu-u'' «Если Странная Звезда (= Марс) приближается к Крабу: правитель умрет. / Если он останавливается (и) стоит, это [зловещий знак]; это злое (предзнаменование) для Аккада» [SAA 8, 101:7–9]; наблюдение и предупреждение: [mu]l''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / [mul]AL.LUL ''ik-ta-šad'' / [LUGAL ''lu'']-''u2 i-di'' / [0] ''lu la-ti-ik'' / ''a-di uṣ-ṣu-u''2 «Марс достиг Краба; [царь дол]жен знать (об этом) и быть осторожным, пока он не вышел» [SAA 8, 380:4–r.3]; другие примеры см. [SAA 8, 28:4, 80 r. 3, 452:6–r. 2, 462:1; SAA 10, 8 r.5]; DIŠ d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulAL.LUL TE NIM.MA ZI URU DIB-''bat'' […] «Если Марс к Крабу приближается: нападение Элама, город будет захвачен […]» [SpTU III, 101:6].

(8) ''Коза'' (=''Венера'') ''приближается к Крабу''; [DIŠ] mulUZ3 ''a-na'' mulAL.LUL TE-''ḫi'' / ''taš-mu-u''2 ''u sa-li-mu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' / DINGIR.MEŠ ''ana'' KUR ARḪUŠ TUK.MEŠ … mulUZ3 d''Dil-bat'' «[Если] Коза приближается в Крабу: в стране наступит примирение и мир; боги смилуются над страной; пустые закрома наполнятся; урожай страны будет обильным; беременные женщины будут вынашивать своих младенцев положенное время; великие боги покинут (временно) святилища страны; храмы великих богов будут восстановлены, (это произойдет, поскольку): Коза = Венера» [SAA 8, 175: r. 1–7]; параллели см. [SAA 8, 247:8–r. 6; SAA 10, 88 r. 5–11].

(9) ''Гелиакический восход Меркурия в Крабе'': DIŠ mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' / UDUG ''ḫab-lim'' KUR DIB-''bat-ma'' / NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если Краб темный: дух злого человека овладеет страной, смерти будут в стране» [SAA 8, 477:6–r. 1].

(10) ''Урири и Краб''; DIŠ U.RI.RI ''ana'' ALLA KU.NU ḪUR AL GAMme «Если звезда Урири (= комета?) приближается к Крабу, ḪUR AL умрут» (MUL.APIN II iii 25) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 110].

(11) ''Лунное затмения в Крабе''; [DIŠ 30 ''in'']''a'' ˹KI MUL˺.[MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Idigna'' …] «Если Луна затмилась в области передних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Тигр» [Snake 219, BM 38164:1]; [DIŠ 30] ''ina'' KI MUL.MEŠ [EGIR.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR íd''Pu-rat-tum''…] «Если Луна затмилась в области задних звезд Краба: решение (относится) к реке Евфрат…» [Snake 219, BM 38164:2]; параллель см. [Verderame2002, Texts IIa:4′–6′, IId:4′, IIg:3′; Weidner 1963 118, MNB 1848:47–48], а также «Большой список звезд».

(12) ''Меркурий в Крабе''; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ IGI.MEŠ ''ša''2 mulAL.LUL SA5.MEŠ-''ma'' ZI IM / dGUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 DU-''ma'' «Если передние звезды Краба красные: восход ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий стоит в нем» [BPO 2, III 7–b–c].

См. также [Rochberg-Halton 1987, TCL 6 13 col. ii obv. 19, 25; 1984, BM 36746+ rev. 2, 10; SpTU I, 96:4].
|
|-
|
==== (a22) mul''Alluttu'' ====
|
|-
|аккадская параллель для mulAL.LUL «Краб»; соответствует зодиакальному созвездию Рак (Cancer); в основном в лексических текстах и «астролябиях», см. a18AL.LUL||Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Cnc]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR

2026-03-27T06:47:46Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
mul / dMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒌉𒌉) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
= ''tū’amū ṣeḫ(ḫe)rūtu'' “small twins”. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA TUR.TUR (EN 7–8l).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

= mul''tū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu''; "Little Twins";

constellation in [[Gemini]] (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 269] or/and [[Canis Minor]]. See also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 36; BPO 3<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 284a].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 6): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dLAL3 ''u'' d''Nin''-EZEN´GUD "Little Twins: Alammush and ''Nin''-EZEN´GUD" (I i 6).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: 'on the 5th duuzu' (I ii 41), see (Kurtik a18) [[AL.LUL]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]] [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 19, 41, 51].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
7 Celestial Twins:

* mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:231]; for a parallel see. [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 142 i 27].
|
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:5-6.'''
* mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur.tur = dMUŠ3.LAL3 ''u'' dnin.EZEN´GUD = dIGI.DU ''u'' dnin.EZEN´GUD, see also [MA<ref name=":3" />, 125].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (C) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur "Little Twins" (λ Gem) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:4; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 91], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-''u''2 mu[l ... ... ... ... mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an. na ''mal''2-''ma-liš'' "The star in the front is the Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), [...] (ζ Hya), [star] in the upper part of Leo (μ Leo): 3 stars. Straight, tight rope. [2 intervals, i]nterval. Equal." [Walker 1995, 32; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 106]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 46, 58], mu[l ...] = mu[l murub4 muš]? "The middle part of the Serpent" (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] "The upper section of the stars of the Lion's head" (μ Leo).
* §O. mulmaš.tab.ba.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-''u''2˺ [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' mulal.lul ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu'' [...m]ul.˹meš˺ ''ḫe-pi''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-''u''2 [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] mulal.lul ''u'' mulsag muš ḫu ''ḫe-pi''2 "Rear (star) of Canis Minor (α CMi), lower [star of ...] Leo (ε Leo), Crab (δ Cnc), new damage: [ ...4] stars. Star in the front of Canis Minor (= β CMi), [Mai]n of the Li[on] (λ Leo), Crab (θ Cnc) and the head of the Snake (ε Hya), Bird(?). Damage." [Walker 1995, 32-33; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 106]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":4" />, 46, 58], [mul...] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum "Lower (star) of the Lion's head" (ε Leo), ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu'' = [...giš.kun ur.gu.la]? "[...the thigh of the Lion]" (θ Leo).
|
|-
|Uranology
'''MLC 1866.'''
* mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ d''tu-ma-mu''meš / ''ša''2 ''ina pa-na-at'' GUB-''zu'' "Canis Minor, Gemini, Gemini that stands ahead" (sol. iv 18'-19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42].
Hatinen JCS 75

8′. [¶ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR šina ṣalmū lubuštu (labšū?) ziq]-nu ˹za-qin˺ ina rēšī(SAG)-šú-nu šina(2)

kakkabū(˹MUL.MEŠ ˺) [eṣrū]

9′. [ṣalmu maḫrû ina (qāt) imittīšu iltaḫḫa na]-˹ši˺ ˹dir˺-tu₄ itti(KI) il-taḫ-ḫa [ṣabit]

10′. [ṣalmu arkû imittašu bir-q]u na-šat qāt(ŠU) šumēlī(GÙB)-šú

11′. [birqu ana šašalli ṣalmi maḫrî] ú-˹kal
|
|}
[[File:Mashtabba-turtur Screenshot 2025-11-16 202516.png|thumb|Mashtabba-turtur in Pingree's identification (CC BY Jessica Gullberg in Stellarium).]]
[[File:MASTABBA TURTUR CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172728.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alhena
| HIP 31681
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.92
|-
| 2
| Alzirr
| HIP 32362
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.36
|-
| 3
| λ Geminorum
| HIP 35350
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.559
|-
| 4
| Mekbuda
| HIP 34088
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.79
|-
| 5
| 51 Gem
| HIP 34909
| Inside the Hull
| 5
|-
| 6
| 45 Gem
| HIP 34440
| Inside the Hull
| 5.476
|-
| 7
| 41 Gem
| HIP 33715
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 8
| -
| HIP 33914
| Inside the Hull
| 5.75
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 33937
| Inside the Hull
| 5.848
|-
| 10
| 33 Gem
| HIP 32753
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 11
| NP Gem
| HIP 33929
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 32020
| Inside the Hull
| 6.272
|-
| 13
| -
| HIP 34763
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

=== Additional ===

==== II. Deities. ====
Two male deities, dLAL3 = d''Alammuš'' and d''Nin''-EZEN´GUD (= d''Nin-gublaga'', the deity of cattle), were associated with Sin. In the AN:d''Anum'' list of gods (III 30, 37) the following identities are given:

* (1) dNin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu den.zu.na.ke4 "Ningublaga = son of Zuen",
* (2) d(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL3 = sukkal den.zu.na.ke4 "Alamush = messenger of Zuen" [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 120-121]. Their names are given side by side in the lists of gods from the Old Babylonian periods [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:13-14]; see also the list of d''Anum'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 82:13-14]. The twin status of these gods is attested only in astronomical texts. For the spell associated with dmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, see. [Ebeling 1953a<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Sammlungen von Beschwörungsformeln // ArOr. 1953. Bd. 21. S. 357-423.</ref>, 391:1].

==== III. Symbol. ====
Description in the Neo-Assyrian text of VAT 9428:8-12: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ''ṣal-mu lu''-[''b'']''u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n''˹''u''˺ (C: ''ku-ur-ku-ra ša''2''-a''[''k-nu''] ...) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ''ina''˺ [SAG''-šu-nu''] ''eṣ-ru ṣal-mu'' IGI-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''2 ''il-tuḫ-a na-ši'' / x x x x ''d''[''ir-rat it-t'']''i il-tuḫ-a ṣa-bit'' / ''ṣal-m''[''u''] EGIR-[''u''2 ''ina'' ŠU ZAG-''šu''2] ''ana'' IGI-''šu''2 ''bir-qa na-šat'' / ŠU G[UB3-''šu''2 ''bir-qu ana ša''2-''ša'']''l-li'' [''ṣa'']''l-mi ši-i u''2-''kal'' "Canis Minor, 2 bearded figures in robes, (standing with kurkurru). / 2 stars are depicted [on their heads]. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand; / he holds [...a strap(?) with] a whip. / The rear figure carries an arrow in the form of a lightning bolt [in his right hand] in front of him. / [His] left [hand] holds the arrow in the form of a lightning bolt, held by its back part." [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 22, 24, Section III].

Parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 4-9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ d''tu-ma-mu''meš TUR.MEŠ / ''ša''2 ''ina pa-na-at'' d60 GUB-''zu-u''᾽ 2 ''ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''lab-šu-u''᾽ / ''ziq-nu zaq-na-a''᾽ ''ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a''᾽ ''ina'' SAG.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu'' 2 / MUL.MEŠ ''e-ṣir-u''᾽ ''ṣa-lam'' IGI-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2 ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''2 / ''dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam'' EGIR-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII / 15-''šu''2 ''bir-qu na-aš''2 ''ar''2-''ku'' mulSIPA. ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' "The Canis Minor, the Canis Minor deities, the Little Twins, / who stands in front of Anu. Two clothed human figures, / bearded, standing with kurkurru; on their heads 2 / stars are depicted. The front figure carries a whip in his right hand, / (and) holds a strap(?) along with the whip. The rear figure carries / an arrow in the form of lightning in his right hand; she stands behind the True Shepherd of Anu." [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 36, 40, Section D].

==== IV. Identification. ====
= ζ, λ or ζ, δ Geminorum; inference: contains stars from the constellation Gemini south of the ecliptic (except γ + ξ Gem), and possibly some stars from the constellations of the Lesser Dog (except Procyon) and Unicorn [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 269].

= ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 15; 1974, 76].

= ι + ν or ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 77a, 80b].

= probably ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13].

= ζ and λ Geminorum and the stars to the north, south, and west of them [MA<ref name=":3" />, 137].

= δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 63, 111].

= Procyon and β of the Lesser Dog (+ neighboring stars γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993<ref>''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.</ref>, 194].

= ζ, λ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":6" />, 74, note 10].

= Gemini [Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 247].

==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Front (star) of Canis Minor (β, γ CMi), see dbn text (§ N, O).

(2) Rear (star) of the Little Twins (α CMi), see dbn-text (§ O).

==== VI. Astrology. ====
(1) Identification of the Greater and Lesser Gemini; MUL ''Tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ ''a-na'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''i-qab-bi'' "The Great Twins are so said to (describe) the Lesser Gemini" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 36].

(2) The Greater and Lesser Gemini surround Venus, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 2.

(3) The identification of the Lesser Gemini with Mercury and Mars, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

(4) Venus, the two crowns and Canis Minor; [DIŠ ''Dil-bat'' 2] AGA ''ap-rat'' SAL.MEŠ ''ga-du ša''3 ŠA3-''ši-na'' BE.MEŠ [mulMAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ''ina'' A2-''ša''2: ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU.MEŠ-''ni'' "[If Venus] bears [two] crowns: women will die with their children in their wombs; (this will happen if) the Lesser Gemini stands on its sides, var: in front" [BPO 3<ref name=":2" />, 236, ND 4362:10].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m18)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)
|-
| = multū᾽amū ṣeḫrūtu; «Малые Близнецы»; созвездие в Близнецах (ζ, λ Geminorum?) [Gössmann 1950, 269]. См. также m21Māšū.
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 6): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dLAL3 u dNin-EZEN´GUD «Малые Близнецы: Аламмуш и Nin-EZEN´GUD» (I i 6). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «5-го дуузу» (I ii 41), см. a18AL.LUL. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 30), см. a04A2mušen [MA, 19, 41, 51]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:231]; параллель см. [KAR, 142 i 27]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:5–6. mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur = dMUŠ3.LAL3 u dnin.EZEN´GUD = dIGI.DU u dnin.EZEN´GUD, см. также [MA, 125]. GU-текст. (C) mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur «Малые Близнецы» (λ Gem) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. Dalbanna-текст. §N. mul maš.tab.ba.˹tur.tur˺ igi-u2 mu[l … … …mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba [2 dal.ba.an.na d]al.ba.an.na mal2-ma-liš «Передняя звезда Малых Близнецов (β, γ CMi), […] (ζ Hya), [звезда] в верхней части Льва (μ Leo): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка. [2 интервала, и]нтервал. Поровну.» [Walker 1995, 32; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], mu[l …] = mu[l murub4 muš]? «Средняя часть Змея» (ζ Hya), [mul] x ur.gu.la an.t[a] = [mul]˹sag˺ ur.gu.la an.t[a] «Верхняя из звезд головы Льва» (μ Leo). §O. mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur ˹egir-u2˺ [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum mulal.lul ḫe-pi2 eš-šu […m]ul.˹meš˺ ḫe-pi2 mulmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur igu-u2 [mul s]u6? ur.g[u.la] mulal.lul u mulsag muš ḫu ḫe-pi2 «Задняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (α CMi), нижняя [звезда …] Льва (ε Leo), Краб (δ Cnc), новое повреждение: [ …4] звезды. Передняя звезда Малых Близнецов (= β CMi), [боро]да Ль[ва] (λ Leo), Краб (θ Cnc) и голова Змеи (ε Hya), Птица(?). Повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 32–33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 58], [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum = [mul]˹sag˺? ur.gu.la ki.ta-tum «Нижняя (звезда) головы Льва» (ε Leo), ḫe-pi2 eš-šu = […giš.kun ur.gu.la]? «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo). MLC 1866. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ dtu-ma-mumeš / ša2 ina pa-na-at GUB-zu «Малые Близнецы, Близнецы, Близнецы, которые впереди стоят» (сol. iv 18'–19') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42].

II. Божества.

Два мужских божества: dLAL3 = dAlammuš и dNin-EZEN´GUD (= dNin-gublaga, божество крупного рогатого скота), были связаны с Сином. В списке богов AN:dAnum (III 30, 37) приводятся тождества: (1) dNin.EZEN´˹GUD˺ = dumu den.zu.na.ke4 «Нингублага = сын Зуэна», (2) d(a.la.˹xx˺)LAL3 = sukkal den.zu.na.ke4 «Аламуш = посланник Зуэна» [Litke 1998, 120–121]. Их имена приведены рядом в списках богов старовавилонского времени [Weidner 1924–25, 10:13–14]; см. также список dAnum [Cavigneaux 1981, 82:13–14]. Близнечный статус этих богов засвидетельствован только в астрономических текстах. Заклинание, связанное с dmaš.tab.ba.tur.tur, см. [Ebeling 1953a, 391:1].

III. Символ.

Описание в новоассирийском тексте VAT 9428:8–12: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.T[UR.TUR] ˹2˺ ṣal-mu lu-[b]u-uš-tum ziq-na zaq-n˹u˺ (C: ku-ur-ku-ra ša2-a[k-nu] …) / ˹2 MUL.MEŠ ina˺ [SAG-šu-nu] eṣ-ru ṣal-mu IGI-u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2 il-tuḫ-a na-ši / x x x d[ir-rat it-t]i il-tuḫ-a ṣa-bit / ṣal-m[u] EGIR-[u2 ina ŠU ZAG-šu2] ana IGI-šu2 bir-qa na-šat / ŠU G[UB3-šu2 bir-qu ana ša2-ša]l-li [ṣa]l-mi ši-i u2-kal «Малые Близнецы, 2 бородатые фигуры в одеянии, (стоящие с kurkurru). / 2 звезды [на их головах] изображены. Передняя фигура в правой руке несет кнут; / […ремешок(?) с] кнутом он держит. / Задняя фигура [в правой руке] перед собой стрелу в виде молнии несет. / [Его] л[евая] рука стрелу в виде молнии держит за ее заднюю часть» [Weidner 1927, 74; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 24, Section III]. Параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 4–9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR dMAŠ.MAŠ TUR.MEŠ dtu-ma-mumeš TUR.MEŠ / ša2 ina pa-na-at d60 GUB-zu-u᾽ 2 ṣa-lam lu-bu-uš-tu4 lab-šu-u᾽ / ziq-nu zaq-na-a᾽ ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-a᾽ ina SAG.MEŠ-šu2-nu 2 / MUL.MEŠ e-ṣir-u᾽ ṣa-lam IGI-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 / dir-rat it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit ṣa-lam EGIR-u2 ina ŠUII / 15-šu2 bir-qu na-aš2 ar2-ku mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu «Малые Близнецы, божества Малые Близнецы, Малые Близнецы, / которые стоят впереди Ану. Две одетые человеческие фигуры, / бородатые, стоящие с kurkurru; на их головах 2 / звезды изображены. Передняя фигура несет кнут в своей правой руке, / (и) держит ремешок(?) вместе с кнутом. Задняя фигура несет / стрелу в виде молнии в своей правой руке; она стоит позади Праведного Пастуха Ану» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section D].

IV. Отождествление.

= ζ, λ или ζ, δ Geminorum; вывод: содержит звезды из созвездия Близнецов к югу от эклиптики (за исключением γ + ξ Gem), а также, возможно, часть звезд из созвездий Малый Пес (за исключением Проциона) и Единорога [Gössmann 1950, 269].

= ι + ν Geminorum(?) [Waerden 1949, 15; 1974, 76].

= ι + ν или ζ + λ Geminorum [Weidner 1957–59, 77a, 80b].

= вероятно, ζ, λ Geminorum [BPO 2, 13].

= ζ и λ Geminorum и звезды к северу, югу и западу от них [MA, 137].

= δ + ζ Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111].

= Процион и β Малого Пса (+ соседние звезды γ, ε Canis Minoris) [Koch 1993, 194].

= ζ, λ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 10].

= Близнецы [Horowitz 2014, 247].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Передняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (β, γ CMi), см. dbn-текст (§ N, O).

(2) Задняя (звезда) Малых Близнецов (α CMi), см. dbn-текст (§ O).

V. Астрология.

(1) Отождествление Больших и Малых Близнецов; MUL Tu-a-mu GAL.MEŠ a-na mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR i-qab-bi «Большие Близнецы ― так говорят для (описания) Малых Близнецов» [BPO 2, III 36].

(2) Большие и Малые Близнецы окружают Венеру, см. m17, VI 2.

(3) Отождествление Малых Близнецов с Меркурием и Марсом, см. m17, VI 1.

(4) Венера, две короны и Малые Близнецы; [DIŠ Dil-bat 2] AGA ap-rat SAL.MEŠ ga-du ša3 ŠA3-ši-na BE.MEŠ [mulMAŠ.T]AB.BA.TUR.TUR ina A2-ša2: ina IGI-ša2 DU.MEŠ-ni «[Если Венера] несет [две] короны: женщины будут умирать со своими детьми в утробах; (это случится, если) Малые Близнецы стоят по ее сторонам, вар.: впереди» [BPO 3, 236, ND 4362:10].
| Example
|}

== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Gem]][[Category:CMi]]

MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL

2026-03-27T06:45:31Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃲𒃲), The Great Twins, is the Sumerian for the ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Gemini]], on the one hand referring to the constellation consisting of two human figures, but on the other hand pars-pro-toto used for the ''ziqpu-''stars (α, β Geminorum).
[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|The Great and Small Twins northeast of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster) as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
In examples with astronomical content mul[[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], 'The Twins,' may be assumed to refer to mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL which is the most important of the 'Twins' constellations as demonstrated by the fact that this is listed first of seven of 'Twins' asterisms in both the Great Star List and the compendium KAR 142. However, the multiplicity of 'Twins' constellations allows for uncertainty in modern identifications of the stars referred to in this category in all instances. This is not solely a modern quandry. For example see the ancient comentary from BPO 2 44-45: 36: MUL ''tu-a-mu'' GAL.MEŠ The Great Twins, it says for [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]]. The Akkadian for 'twins' is attested both by the loan word from Sumerian ''māšu'' and ''tu'amu'' which is cognate to terms for 'twins' in other semitic languages including Hebrew (''te'omim'') and Arabic ''(tawaa'im'')

== Concordance, History, Etymology<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
'''Variants'''
* = mul''tū᾽amū rabûtu'' (Akkadian) "Great Twins";<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
* = ''tū᾽amū, māšū'' (Akkadian)

* LB abbreviation: mul[[MAŠ.TAB.BA]] (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀).

'''Note:''' In the case of [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]], and Akkadian equivalents ''[[Tūʼamū|tū᾽amū]], [[māšū]]'' (Kurtik t07, m21)'','' especially in Dictionary entries, one cannot always be sure which of the multiple 'Twins' constellations may have been intended by the writers and readers in every case. The Great Star List has 7 ''māšū'' (Twin's asterisms), of which only three are labeled as mul[[MAŠ.TAB.BA]] (Kurtik m16): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, mul[[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]] (see Kurtik m18), and mul[[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 ina mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA]] (see Kurtik m19).

The term may be used in multiple meanings:

* 1) constellation in [[Gemini]]. See also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.
* 2) = ''ziqpu'' XVIII (α Gem),
*3) = ''ziqpu'' XIX (β Gem) [Gössmann 1950, 267; BPO 2, 13], see also (Kurtik m21) ''[[Māšū]]''.

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
==== (Kurtik m17) Sources mulMAŠ.TAB.BA GAL.GAL) ====
!Identifications
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."''' Horowitz 2014: 247 (Star Names and Constellations)
<s>'''''Astrolabe P. Month of Ab''''', stars of Anu, 100 ''[Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. - or do we want to use the Star-catalogue at the end of the Alb book???''</s>
* (1) List (12´3): mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ''ša''2 ''ina'' igi''-it'' d''A-nim'' gub / d''Šullat''(pa) ''u''3 d''Ḫaniš''(lugal) "The Great Twins that stands ahead of (the stars) Anu, Shullat and Hanish" (B ii 22-23).
* (2) List (3´12): itine ... mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' "The month of Ab: ... The Great Twins (rising in the path of) Anu " (C ii 5).
* (3) List: Rising and setting is shabat [KAV 218, C 21, 34]; see PAN for these lines (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]].

'''''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''''
* (a) List of the 12 stars of Enlil (no. 6): mulmaš.tab.b[a.gal.gal] [CT 33, 9 r. 3; Horowitz 1998, 176].
* (b) List of the 12 stars of An (no. 4): mulmaš.tab.<ba>.gal.gal.gal [TCL 6 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
|
|-
|'''BM 82923.'''
Month of Ab, stars of An: mulMAŠ.[TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] // 1,40 // d[''Sin u''3] d''Nergal''(U.GUR) "Grea[t Twins<s>er Gemini</s>] // 100 // [Sin and] Nergal" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 28, 30:14].
|
|-
|'''BM 34713.'''
Month of ulul, stars of Anu [LBAT, 1499:7], see (Kurtik b12) [[BIR]]. Text Nv. 10. [''ina''] ˹itikin maš.tab.ba.gal.gal˺ // mul.[... / ... mulAN.TA.GUB.BA] "[In] the month of ulul, the Great Twins [...] / [... — standing star above] (Rev. 41-42) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66].
|
|-
|'''Uranology'''
'''''other passages need to be added???'''''
To be included

* '''MLC 1866.'''
** mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dlugal-ir3-ra / ''u''3 d''mes-lam-ta-e''3 ˹''suk-kal-lum''˺ d60 "The Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, the vizier of Anu" (iv 16-17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], see also section III. Symbol
*———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Hatinen JCS 75
*3′. [¶ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL šina ṣalmū ṣalmu? maḫrû? ziq-n]a ˹za˺-qin ku-ur-˹ku˺-˹ru˺ šakin(GAR-in) 4′. [(…) …] x šaknat(GAR-át) ˹ina˺ rēšī(SAG)-šú ištēn(1) kakkabu(˹MUL˺) ˹e˺-ṣir 5′. [(…) ṣalmu? arkû? ziqna zaqin] kur-˹ku-ru˺ šakin(˹GAR-in˺) ištēnû(1-˹nu˺-ú) kakkabū(MUL.MEŠ) 6′. [ina rēšīšunu eṣrū ṣalmu maḫrû ša pān mulis lê ḫ]i-in-šú i[na] qāt(˹ŠU˺) imittī(˹ZAG˺)-šú na-ši (erasure) 7′. [ṣalmu arkû(EGIR-ú) uskāru(U4.SAKAR) pa-a-šu ina q]āt(Š]U) imittī(˹ZAG˺)-šú na-ši
|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285; BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU V, 264:14']. '''''need to be checked???'''''?
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN. ((everywhere we have to synchronize month-names???))'''
* (1) The stars of Enlil (no. 5): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dLugal-gir3-ra ''u''3 dMes-lam-ta-e3-a 'Great Twins, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea' (I i 5).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL IGIme "On the 10th day of siman the True Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins ascend" (I ii 40).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 30), see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) List of ziqpu stars: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, between mulGAM3 and mulAL.LUL (I iv 6).
* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: ''ina'' itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulŠU.PA ''u'' mulNUNki KURmeš-''ni'' "On the 15th day of ulul, the Great Twins stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and ŠU.PA and the asterism of Eridu rise" (I iv 22-24), see also [Horowitz 1989-90, 117, BM 73815:2′]; for an early parallel, see. BM 77054 [George 1991, 304-305: 13′-15′].
* (6) Stars "in the path of the moon": mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL after mulGAM3, before mulAL.LUL (I iv 34), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [MA, 19, 41, 51, 59, 59, 64, 68].
Text BM 77054.

* ''ina'' itikin ud.10.ka[m…] / mulma[š.tab.ba.gal.gal…] / mu[lnunki…] "On the 10th day of ulul [...] / Gre[at Gemini...] / St[ar of Eridu...]" [George 1991, 304-305, obv. 13′-15′].
|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|"Great Twins" in Stellarium as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:4.'''
* mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dLugal-ir9-ra ''u'' dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = d''Sîn''(30) ''u'' d''Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Twins = Lugalirra and Meslamtaea = Sin and Nergal" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3]; for a parallel see. [TU, 47:8-9]. '''''needs to be checked???'''''
|
|-
|'''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu.'''
See (Kurtik u28) ''[[Uṣurtu]]''. '''''Go to usurtu and needs to be checked - based completely on restoration apparently??? maybe boy in the moon????'''''
|
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8, 352b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) 12 stars of Amurru: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal;
* (2) 7 Celestial Twins: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.gal in first place [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:217, 231]; see also [KAR, 142 i 26].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
* (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ ''u''3 ˹šu˺II.meš˺ ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal igi-''u''2 "The front legs and arms of the Great Twins" (θ Gem - arm, ν Gem - leg), see also (Kurtik d04) [[DAR.LUGAL|DAR.LUGALmušen]].
* (C) ˹gir3˺[II] egir-''u''2 ''ša''2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal "The hind leg of the Great Twins" (ziqpu XIX: β Gem), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]] [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:2, 4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91].
|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png|thumb|"Great Twins" as Lugalirra+Meslamtaea in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY).]]
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
BM 38369+:

* (a) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] "From the Staff to the Greater Gemi[ni]...",
* (b) 5 UŠ ''bi-rit'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.G[AL.GAL] "50 between the Greater Twin[s],"
* (c) TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.GAL EN mul''a-lu-u''[''t-tum.''..] "From the Greater Twin to the Cra[b...]" [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:9-11].???what is Horowtiz 1994a ???
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §S. mulmaš.tab.ba gal.gal.la egir-u2 mu[lmaš.tab.b]a gal.gal.la egir-i mul ''ḫe-pi''2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim ''u''2 ˹2 dal˺.b[a.an.n]a dal.ba.an.na mul ''ḫe-pi''2 ''a-na ṣu-ub-bi-i ḫe-pi''2 "Back (star) of the Great Twins (χ Gem), back (star) of the Greater [Twins] (β Gem), damage (α SMa): 3 stars. Field ... 2 inter[rval]s, interval. Damage. To observe. Damage." [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 46, 60], mul ''ḫe-pi''2 = mul[gag.si.sa2]? "Arrow" (α CMa).
* §U. mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] "Left foot of the [Greater] Twins" (μ Gem), see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic, and the calendar.'''
* (1) Lunaries. BRM IV, 20: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal.gal, ki mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.[gal] "Region of the Great Twins" [Ungnad 1941-44, 258:10, 21], see (Kurtik m15) [[MAŠ.MAŠ]].
* (2) Prediction of cereal prices based on observations of the positions of the planets in relation to zodiacal constellations (among them múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL) and other phenomena [SpTU I, 94:8, 39].
* (3) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac. BM 36746+: KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. See also mulx/ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Verderame 2002, Ii, col. i 21; SpTU I, 93:8′; SpTU III, 102:4; SpTU V, 263:4, 5; 264:14; 270:1'-2′].
|
|-
!
==== (Kurtik m16) Sources mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ====
|
|-
|see (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]
|
|}
See also: [...] mul dmaš.tab.ba [...] (astrological commentary 81-7-27, 81 to EAE) [ACh Ištar, 39:9; Horowitz 1998, 175]; 4 UŠ ''ina'' IGI ˹MAŠ.T˺[AB.BA] [LBAT, 1502: ii 17; Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76].
[[File:MASTABBA GALGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 172448.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| [[Pollux]]
| HIP 37826
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.14
|-
| 2
| [[Castor]]
| HIP 36850
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 1.58
|-
| 3
| [[Mebsuta]]
| HIP 32246
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.98
|-
| 4
| [[Wasat]]
| HIP 35550
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.53
|-
| 5
| ι Geminorum
| HIP 36046
| Inside the Hull
| 3.79
|-
| 6
| υ Geminorum
| HIP 36962
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 7
| 65 Gem
| HIP 36429
| Inside the Hull
| 5.01
|-
| 8
| 57 Gem
| HIP 35846
| Inside the Hull
| 5.022
|-
| 9
| 64 Gem
| HIP 36393
| Inside the Hull
| 5.064
|-
| 10
| ω Geminorum
| HIP 33927
| Inside the Hull
| 5.181
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 36896
| Inside the Hull
| 5.347
|-
| 12
| 53 Gem
| HIP 35152
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 13
| 37 Gem
| HIP 33277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.748
|-
| 14
| 47 Gem
| HIP 34722
| Inside the Hull
| 5.75
|-
| 15
| 59 Gem
| HIP 35941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.759
|-
| 16
| 52 Gem
| HIP 35025
| Inside the Hull
| 5.82
|-
| 17
| 48 Gem
| HIP 34819
| Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
| 18
| 58 Gem
| HIP 35842
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 33595
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 36325
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 35253
| Inside the Hull
| 6.389
|-
| 22
| 40 Gem
| HIP 33650
| Inside the Hull
| 6.397
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 34367
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|}

=== Additional ===

==== Deities. ====
Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, see (Kurtik L16) [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA|LUGAL.GIR3.RA]] and (Kurtik m24) [[MES.LAM.TA.E3.A|MES.LAM.TA.E3.A]].

(Kurtik m16: the abbreviated term)

Gemini as a deity has been known since Old Akkadian times. In the AN:d''Anum'' list of gods (V 306): dMaš.tab.ba = DINGIR.MEŠ ''ki-la''2''-la-an'' "Gemini = two deities" [Litke 1998, 197]; in the d''A-nu-um'' list: [d]maš.tab.ba [Cavigneaux 1981, 96:207]. For Neo-Assyrian images in small plastic images with the inscription dmaš.maš maš.tab.ba see. [Green 1988; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. The earliest written evidence supporting the astral significance of Gemini is a list of stars from Emar, see above. The most common identification in astronomical texts is Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, i.e., the Great Twins; see also [Tallqvist 1938, 372]. According to [Foxvog 1993, 107], the text W 22646 contains a list of zodiacal constellation symbols in which múlSIPA ''u'' MAŠ.MAŠ (Orion and Gemini) corresponds to ''a-me-lu'' "people" [SpTU II, 43:3, 21].
===== Prayers and rituals.=====*(1) Neo-Assyrian Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see above.
*(2) Spell formula: [dmaš.tab.b]a dingir 2-na-bi... "[Twins], both deities..." [Ebeling 1953a, 391:5].
==== Symbol. ====
Description in the Neo-Assyrian text: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL 2 ''ṣal-mu zi-i''[''q-na zaq-nu kur-ku-r'']''a šak-nu'' / 1-''n''[''u'']-˹''u''2˺ MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' S[AG-''šu-nu e'']''ṣ-ru'' / ''ṣal-mu'' IGI-''u''2 ''ša''2 IGI mul''Is le-e ḫ''[''i'']-''in-ši ina'' ˹ŠU˺ G[UB3]-˹''šu''2˺ ''na-ši'' / ''ṣal-mu'' EGIR-''u''2 U4.SAKAR ''pa-a-ša ina'' ŠU GUB3-''šu''2 [''n'']''a-ši'' "Great Twins, 2 human figures, with beards, (they) have [kurkurr]a. 1 star [dep]icted [on] their hea[ds]. The front figure, which (stands) in front of the Bull's Jaw, carries in his [right/left(?)] hand a ḫinšu (whip, arrow?), and the rear figure carries in his left hand a sickle-shaped axe (lit. month = axe)" [Weidner 1927, VAT, 1927, VAT = VAT]. [Weidner 1927, VAT 9428:4-7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 21, 24, 27], see also [CAD Ḫ, 195; CAD M/1, 402; Wallenfels 1994, 154a]. The parallel in MLC 1866 (col. ii 1-3), the extant part is as follows: ''ḫi-''˹''in''˺-''šu''2: ''ku-ut-ta-u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2 ''na-aš''2-''ši'' [''ina'' ŠUII] ˹2˺,30-''šu''2 / ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''2 ''bir-qu it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit'' / ''ṣa-lam'' EGIR-''u''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 15-''šu''2 ''pa-a-šu''2 ''na-aš''2 ''ina'' ŠUII 2,30-''šu''2 ''il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš''2 "(The front human figure of the Great Twin) carries a ḫinšu: a large jug(?) in his right hand; in his left hand / he carries a whip; he holds a lightning arrow together with the whip. / The rear human figure carries a sickle-shaped axe in its right hand, in its left hand (it holds) a whip"" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section C]. For depictions of Gemini on a Late Assyrian pendant amulet, see. [Green 1988; Black-Green 1992, 124, Fig. 104; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. For astral images on Seleucid seals, see (Kurtik m39) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA|MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-''it'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]. [Wallenfels 1994, 33-34, Nos. 144-152; Wallenfels 1993; Kurtik 2007, Figs. 17-21]. In the diagram from the Sippar Planisphere, Gemini corresponds to 2 points [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 176-177, Segment 2], see (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].

==== Previous Identification. ====
= Castor and Pollux (α, β Geminorum) [Gössmann 1950, 267, 268].

= Gemini [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952-53,219; 1974, 70; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

= α + β Geminorum [Weidner 1957-59, 77a, 80b; BPO 2, 13].

= α and β Geminorum and stars north and south of them [MA, 137].

= Castor and Pollux (α, β Geminorum) [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

(Kurtik m16) - the abbreviated term

Constellation:

= α, β Geminorum, where the identity is assumed: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA = [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]] (see Kurtik m17, IV).

= Gemini [Horowitz 2014, 247].

Ziqpu XVIII, XIX:

2) = α, β Geminorum (Castor and Pollux) [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XVIII-XIX; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86]. According to VAT 16436:10, múlMAŠ.MAŠ contain 2 stars [Schaumberger 1952, 226].
==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) MAŠ.MAŠ IGI "The front (star) of the Twins" (α Geminorum).

(2) MAŠ.MAŠ ''ar''2 "The back (star) of Gemini" (β Geminorum).

(3) MUL2 IGI ''ša''2 ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ "The front star on the feet of Gemini" (η Geminorum),

(4) MUL2 ''ar''2 ''ša''2 ''še-pit'' MAŠ.MAŠ "The back star at the feet of Gemini" (μ Geminorum).

The 4 stars above were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ]], nos. 8-9, 11-12.

Mentioned also:

(5) "The front legs and arms of the Great Twins," see GU-text (B),

(6) "The hind leg of the Great Twins," see GU text (C).

(7) MAŠ.QA ''ša''2 múlMAŠ EGIR-''i'' "The shoulder on the posterior side of the Gemini," see (Kurtik m13) [[MAŠ]].

See also section III.

(8) múlMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (β Geminorum), see above ziqpu-text.

==== Astrology. ====

===== (Kurtik m17) =====
(1) Correspondences “Gemini — planets"; (a) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ''aš''2''-šu''2 dSAG.ME.GAR dSAG.UŠ ''u'' dGUD.UD d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Great Twins and Lesser Gemini relate (respectively) to Jupiter, Saturn and Mercury, Mars" [BPO 3, 132, K.2907 +: II 13]; (b) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dSAG.ME.GAR ''u'' dSAG.UŠ ... dLUGAL.GIR3.RA dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD / dMES.LAM.TA.E3.[A? d]''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "The Great Twins is Jupiter and Saturn ... Lugalirra is Mercury, Meslamtae[a] is Mars" [BPO 3, 134, K.2907+: VII 8, VIII 4].

(2) Great Twins and Lesser Gemini surround Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGUD MIN KUR-''ma'' ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.GAL ''u'' ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR / 4-''šu''2''-nu'' NIGIN.ME-''ši-ma u ši-i ad-rat'' LUGAL NIM.MAki GIG-''ma'' NU TI-uv "If Venus rises in the month of ayyar, in the same place (i.e. in the east), and the Great Twins and the Lesser Gemini, all 4 of them, surround Venus and Venus is dim: the king of Elam will fall ill and will not recover [BPO 3, 115:13].

(3) The Great Twins and Venus; (a) mul''Dil-bat ana'' EGIR-''ša''2 m[ulMAŠ.TAB.BA...] / [....] ˹mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL˺ UD.3.K[AM GUB.MEŠ ...] "If Venus — the ˹Great Twins˺ [stands] behind Venus for the duration? of 3 days: the Gutians will experience hard times for three years." [BPO 3, 118: IV 6], (b) mul''Dil-bat ina'' 2.30-''ša''2 KI.MIN [...] / [...] mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UD.1.K[AM DU.MEŠ ...] "If Venus also (rises in the month of duuzu) (and) the Great Twins [stand] on the left side of Venus for the duration? of 1 day (var.: 2 days, 3 days)..." [BPO 3, 118: iv 7-9], (c) DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' dUTU.E3 [...UD].DU mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UGU-[...] NIGIN.MEŠ-''ši-ma'' DU.M[EŠ] "If Venus is in the east (rising), and the Great Twins surrounds Venus and stands[s] above it..." [BPO 3, 118: IV 10].

(4) Venus, Jupiter and the Great Twins in neomeny; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' dUD.AL.TAR ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ina'' / UD.NA2.AM3 ''ša'' itiDU6 [...] / 30 d''Dil-bat'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ana'' dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ / dUD.AL.TAR ''ana'' dUTU.ŠU2 A D[IB-''šu''2''-nu-ti''] ... "If Venus, Jupiter, and the Great Twins, on the day when the Moon disappears in the month of tashrit [...], the Moon, Venus and the Great Twins stands to the east, (and) Jupiter pass[es] them all and goes towards the west: there will be tranquility in the dwelling places, beautiful peace, var.: pacification in the country..." [BPO 3, 124: VII 6].

(5) Venus, two crowns and the Great Twins; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 2] AGA ''ap-rat'' ... mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''ina'' A2-''šu''2: ''ina'' IGI-[''šu''2] DU.ME-[''zu-ma''] "If Venus bears two crowns: women will die with their children in their wombs; (this will happen if) the Great Twins stand near Venus, var: in front of Venus" [BPO 3, 215, K.3601+:26].

(6) Lunar eclipse in the Great Twins; DIŠ ''ina'' itiZIZ2 UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' <<''ina''>> KA´MI-''su'' TU DINGIR KU2 / ''ina'' KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL BE.MEŠ "If there is a lunar eclipse on the 14th of Shabbat, and it (Sin) sits in the eclipse: the god will devour. (If it occurs) in the region of the Great Twins: plague" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 27-28]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR GU2.DU8.Aki "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Great Twins: a solution for the city of Kutu" [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:41].

(7) Gemini and the lunar halo; (a) [DIŠ mu]l[MA]Š.TAB.B[A].GA[L].GA[L].L[A ''ina'' ŠA3 TUR3 d3]0 GUB.[MEŠ-''z'']''u-nu'' [...] "[If the Greater Twi]ns stands [within the halo of the Mo]on and [...]" [SAA 8, 112 r. 8]; (b) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mul''u''2''-ṣur''-[''ti ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB] / ''šaḫ-ḫu-uq-t''[''i''...] / mul''u''2-''ṣur-ti'' mulM[AŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] "If the Moon is surrounded by a halo and the fig[ure stands in it]: destruction [...]. Figure (means) the Greater Tw[ins]." [SAA 8, 124:6-8]. Observations made for astrological purposes: a) [''mu'']-''šu''2 ''an-ni-u''2 d30 TUR3 NIGIN-''bi'' mulŠ[U.GI] / [mu]lMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' GUB.[MEŠ] "This [nig]ht the Moon was surrounded by a halo, and the Old M[an] and the Great Twins were standing in it." [SAA 8, 112 r. 1-2]; (b) [MI ''an-ni-u''] 30 TUR3 NIGIN2 / [mulAL.LU]L mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' GUB.MEŠ "[This night] the Moon was surrounded by a halo; and the [Canc]er and the Great Twins stood in it" [SAA 8, 124:1-3].

(8) Mars and the Twins (observation?); mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' 7 ITI.MEŠ ''ina'' ŠA3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / [...] "Mars for 7 months [stood] in the Great Twins" [SAA 8, 469:1].

(9) For the identification of the Greater and Little Twins, see (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]], V 1.

(10) Venus rises in the month of arahsamnu; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiAPIN d''Sin'' d''Lugal''-GIR3-''ra u'' dMES.LAM.TA.E3 ''ina bi''-[''rit'' SI mulGIR2.TAB] KI.MIN mulUZ3 IGI.LA2-''ma'' UD.3.KAM DU-''iz'' KI.MIN [...] SU.KU2 ŠE ''u'' IN.NU ''ina'' [KUR GAL2] "If Venus (rises) in the month of Arahsamnu, the Moon, Lugalirra and Meslamtaea (are seen) between [the horns of Scorpius], var: The Goat appears and stands for 3 days (there), var: [...]: there will be a scarcity of barley and straw in the country." [BPO 3, 124-125, VIII 4].

===== (Kurtik m16) =====

=====Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see below (2), (3).
=====Predictions:=====
(2) Gemini and Nergal (=Mars); mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''ana u''2-''kul-ti'' dU+GUR "Gemini to (predict) eating by Nergal" [BPO 2, III 12], for parallels see. [ibid., I 14, VII 2].

(3) Gemini (= Nergal?) and Scorpius; DIŠ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''a-na'' <mul>GIR2.TAB MU dU<+GUR> d''Ṣa''[''l-bat-a-nu.''..] / dLugal-GIR3-''ra u'' ''Mes-lam-ta''-[''e''3-''a'' ...] "If Gemini (approaches) Scorpius, viz. i.e. Nergal, which is Ma[rs...]/ Lugalirra and Mes-lamta[ea...]"" [Horowitz 1994b, 129:4].

(4) The Strange Star (=Mars) and Gemini, see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma]], II 4.

(5) Venus between the Twins; [DIŠ ''Dil-bat ina bi'']-''rit'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA GUB... "[If Venus] stands [between] the Twins: the whole earth will become hostile" [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:20], for parallels see [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:20]. [ibid., 217, K.3601 r.13; 251, Rm.2,565:6].

(6) Gemini ahead of Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiŠU KUR-''ma'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ''ana'' IGI-''š''[''a''2 GUB.ME]... "If Venus rises in the month of duuzu and Gemini [stands] in front of it: the king of Akkad will die" [BPO 3, 118, EAE 59-60 iv 2].

(7) Venus stands on the right side of Gemini; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR ''ina'' ZAG-[''ša''2 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA UD.1.KAM GUB].MEŠ... "If Venus [stands] on the right side [of Gemini for 1 day]: the land of the Gutians will see misfortunes in the same year. If Venus stands there for 2 days: the land of the Gutians will see misfortunes in the course of 2 years. If Venus stands there for three days: the land of the Gutians will see misfortunes in the course of 3 years." [BPO 3, 178, K.229+7935 r. 26-28].

(8) Jupiter and the Twins; DIŠ mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ana'' EGIR [mulMAŠ.TAB.BA DIB-''iq''] ... "If Jupiter [passes] behind [the Twins]: in Elam [...] desolation will come and calamity will consume (it)" [SAA 8, 84:5-7].

== Historical Dictionaries ==
{| class="wikitable"
!
=== Kurtik (2022, m16) ===
!Gössmann (1950), 267
|-
|= tū᾽amū, māšū «Близнецы»; 1) = созвездие в Близнецах, как правило, сокращение от MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL(m17), 2) = ziqpu XVIII (α Gem), 3) = ziqpu XIX (β Gem) [Gössmann 1950, 267; BPO 2, 13], см. также m21Māšū.
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: mulmaš.tab.ba = tu-᾽u3-u2-mu [Emar VI/4, 151:170], [mul]maš.tab.ba = tu-a-mu [SpTU III, 114A v 38; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:295ʹ]. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA [Oppenheim 1959, 283:18]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану, 110 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): a) mul[maš.tab.ba ša ina igi-it] dA-nim gub / dLugal-gir3-˹ra u˺ dMes-lam-ta-e3 «[Близнецы, которые] стоят [перед] Ану, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа» (B ii 20–21), восстановлено согласно [Oelsner–Horowitz, Anu 8–9], b) (B ii 24–28), см. a18AL.LUL. (2) Список (3´12): itišu … mulmaš.tab.ba šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц дуузу: Близнецы (на пути) Ану (восходят)» (C ii 4). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — дуузу, заход — тебету [KAV 218, C 19, 32; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; параллель см. [BPO 2, III 28], см. k10KAK.SI.SA2. BM 82923. Месяц дуузу, звезды Ану: mulM[AŠ.TAB.BA // 1,50 // xx] x [x] d50-ma «Б[лизнецы // 110 // …] Энлиля(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:11]. BM 34713. Месяц абу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:5], см. b06BAN. Текст 82, 5–22,512. В списке 12 звезд Энлиля: mulMAŠ.TAB.B[A] [CT 33 9 r.3; HBA, 104]. Список 30 звезд. Anu 8–9. mul˹MAŠ˺.[TAB.BA…] (A.22), mulMAŠ.TAB.[BA…] dTu-᾽a-[mu…] (A.23), [mulMAŠ.TAB.BA (…) dLugal-g]ir3-ra u dMes-l[am-ta-e3-a] «[Близнецы, (которые стоят перед Ану), Лугаль]ирра и Месл[амтаэа]» (B. 23) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178–179 + comment.]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, I 14, III 12–12a, 28, IV 2, VII 2; BPO 3, 284a; Horowitz 1994b]; см. также mulmaš.tab.ba в астрологических предсказаниях из Эмара [Emar VI/4, 655:17′, 20′ 24′, 32′, 47′]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 64 r. 7, 84:5, 341:5]. «Большой список звезд». 12 звезд Элама: [mulmaš.tab.ba] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 202]. Dalbanna-текст. §R. mulmaš.tab.b[a …] 3 [mul.meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min «Близне[цы …] 3 [звезды…]. 2 интервала, ditto» [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107; Koch 1995, 46]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [5 MA.NA MIN(=šuqultu)] | 1 DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 54 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) / TA MUL KIŠIB GAM3 | EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «[5 мин веса], 300 на земле, 54000 миль на небе / От Ладони на Посохе до Близнецов», b) [5/6 MA.NA MIN] | 5 UŠ i-na KI.MIN | 9 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / bi-rit | mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «[5/6 мины веса], 50 на земле, 9000 миль на небе, между Близнецами», с) 3 MA.˹NA˺ [⅓ MA] MIN | ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN / EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i | TA mulAL.LUL «3 [⅓ ми]ны веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От Заднего Близнеца до Рака» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:5–10; TU, 21 r. 5–10; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: [1 DANNA] a-na mulma-a-[ši] «1 миля (300) до Близнец[ов]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:13]. (3) VAT 16436: см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) ˹1˺ DANNA ana mulma-a-š[u] «1 миля(300) до Близнец[ов]» (rev. 18), b) ˹ma-a˺-šu2 (obv., Segment 1) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:18, 176–177]; см. также BM 61677: […] ma-a-[šu…] [ibid. 180:10']. Текст W22281a. ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ½ DANNA EGIR MUL RIT GAM3.A ziq-pi GUB?-az-ma MU[L…] / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA šit-qu-lu ina itiŠE UD 15 K[AM2] / ina li-la-a-ti KI ŠU2 ša2 dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го улулу при восходе Солнца (точка), которая находится в 150 к востоку от Руки на Посохе, кульминирует, звез[да…], Близнецы (и) Праведный Пастух Ану в равновесии (= кульминируют). 15-го аддару вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое.» [SpTU I, 95:12'–14'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99]. Поздняя астрология. AO 6483: […: bi-rit múlmaš.tab.ba] e3-a uš2 ki[-li(?)] «(Если ребенок родился, когда) [… промежуток между Близнецами] появляется: смерть в тю[рьме](?)» [TU, 14 r. 37; Sachs 1952, 67, 70].

См. также: […] mul dmaš.tab.ba […] (астрологический комментарий 81-7-27, 81 к EAE) [ACh Ištar, 39:9; Horowitz 1998, 175]; 4 UŠ ina IGI ˹MAŠ.T˺[AB.BA] [LBAT, 1502: ii 17; Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76].

II. Божество.

Близнецы, как божество, известны со староаккадского времени. В списке богов AN:dAnum (V 306): dMaš.tab.ba = DINGIR.MEŠ ki-la2-la-an «Близнецы = два божества» [Litke 1998, 197]; в списке dA-nu-um: [d]maš.tab.ba [Cavigneaux 1981, 96:207]. Новоассирийские изображения в мелкой пластике с надписью dmaš.maš maš.tab.ba см. [Green 1988; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. Самое раннее письменное свидетельство, подтверждающее астральное значение Близнецов ― список звезд из Эмара, см. выше. Наиболее часто встречающееся отождествление в астрономических текстах ― Лугальирра и Месламтаэа, т.е. Большие Близнецы; cм. также [Tallqvist 1938, 372]. Согласно [Foxvog 1993, 107], текст W 22646 содержит список символов зодиакальных созвездий, в котором múlSIPA u MAŠ.MAŠ (Орион и Близнецы) соответствует a-me-lu «люди» [SpTU II, 43:3, 21]. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Новоассирийская молитва ночным богам, см. выше. (2) Формула заклинания: [dmaš.tab.b]a dingir 2-na-bi… «[Близнец]ы, оба божества…» [Ebeling 1953a, 391:5].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия Большие Близнецы в новоассирийском тексте, см. m17MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, III.

IV. Отождествление.

Созвездие:

= α, β Geminorum, когда предполагается тождество: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA = mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL (cм. m17, IV).

= Близнецы [Horowitz 2014, 247].

Ziqpu XVIII, XIX:

2) = α, β Geminorum (Кастоp и Поллукс) [Schaumberger 1952, 229:XVIII–XIX; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 86]. Cогласно VAT 16436:10, múlMAŠ.MAŠ cодержат 2 звезды [Schaumberger 1952, 226].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (β Geminorum), см. выше ziqpu-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. ниже (2), (3).

Предсказания:

(2) Близнецы и Нергал (=Марс); mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ana u2-kul-ti dU+GUR «Близнецы для (предсказания) поедания Нергалом» [BPO 2, III 12], параллели см. [ibid., I 14, VII 2].

(3) Близнецы (= Нергал?) и Скорпион; DIŠ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA a-na <mul>GIR2.TAB MU dU<+GUR> dṢa[l-bat-a-nu…] / dLugal-GIR3-ra u Mes-lam-ta-[e3-a …] «Если Близнецы (приближаются) к Скорпиону, т.е. Нергал, который есть Ма[рс…] / Лугальирра и Месламта[эа…]» [Horowitz 1994b, 129:4].

(4) Странная звезда (=Марс) и Близнецы, см. m05MAN-ma, II 4.

(5) Венера между Близнецами; [DIŠ Dil-bat ina bi]-rit mulMAŠ.TAB.BA GUB… «[Если Венера] стоит [меж]ду Близнецами: земля целиком станет враждебной» [BPO 3, 104, K.3632:20], параллели см. [ibid., 217, K.3601 r.13; 251, Rm.2,565:6].

(6) Близнецы впереди Венеры; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiŠU KUR-ma mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ana IGI-š[a2 GUB.ME]… «Если Венера восходит в месяце дуузу и Близнецы [стоят] перед н[ей]: царь Аккада умрет» [BPO 3, 118, EAE 59–60 iv 2].

(7) Венера стоит справа от Близнецов; DIŠ EŠ4.DAR ina ZAG-[ša2 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA UD.1.KAM GUB].MEŠ… «Если Венера с правой стороны [Близнецов стоит в течение 1 дня]: земля гутиев увидит несчастья в тот же год. Если Венера стоит там же в течение двух дней: земля гутиев увидит несчастья в течение двух лет. Если Венера стоит там же в течение трех дней: земля гутиев увидит несчастья в течение трех лет» [BPO 3, 178, K.229+7935 r. 26–28].

(8) Юпитер и Близнецы; DIŠ mulSAGössmann 1950,ME.GAR ana EGIR [mulMAŠ.TAB.BA DIB-iq] … «Если Юпитер [проходит] позади [Близнецов]: в Элам […] придет в запустение и бедс[твие поглотит] (его)» [SAA 8, 84:5–7].
|
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, m17) ===
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950), 268
|-
| = multū᾽amū rabûtu «Большие Близнецы»; созвездие в Близнецах (α, β Geminorum) [Gössmann 1950, 268]. См. также m21māšū
I. Источники.

«Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц абу, звезды Ану, 100 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal ša2 ina igi-it dA-nim gub / dŠullat(pa) u3 dḪaniš(lugal) «Большие Близнецы, которые стоят впереди (звезд) Ану, Шуллат и Ханиш» (B ii 22–23). (2) Список (3´12): itine … mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц абу: … Большие Близнецы (на пути) Ану (восходят)» (C ii 5). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — абу, заход — шабату [KAV 218, C 21, 34; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]; см. b06BAN. BM 82923. Месяц абу, звезды Ану: mulMAŠ.[TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] // 1,40 // d[Sin u3] dNergal(U.GUR) «Боль[шие Близнецы] // 100 // [Син и] Нергал» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 28, 30:14]. BM 34713. Месяц улулу, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:7], см. b12BIR. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 6): mulmaš.tab.b[a.gal.gal] [CT 33, 9 r. 3; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 4): mulmaš.tab.<ba>.gal.gal [TCL 6 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285; BPO 2, III 36; BPO 3, 284a; Verderame 2002, 249; SpTU V, 264:14']. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Энлиля (№ 5): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dLugal-gir3-ra u3 dMes-lam-ta-e3-a «Большие Близнецы, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа» (I i 5). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: ina itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL IGIme «10-го симану Праведный Пастух Ану и Большие Близнецы восходят» (I ii 40). (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 30), см. a04A2mušen. (4) Список ziqpu-звезд: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL, между mulGAM3 и mulAL.LUL (I iv 6). (5) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ina itiKIN UD 15 KAM mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ina MURUB4 AN-e IGI-it GABA-ka GUB-ma mulŠU.PA u mulNUNki KURmeš-ni «15-го улулу Большие Близнецы стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и ŠU.PA и звезда Эриду восходят» (I iv 22–24), см. также [Horowitz 1989–90, 117, BM 73815:2′]; раннюю параллель см. BM 77054 [George 1991, 304–305: 13′–15′]. (6) Звезды «на пути Луны»: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL после mulGAM3, перед mulAL.LUL (I iv 34), см. s20Sîn [MA, 19, 41, 51, 59, 64, 68]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:4. mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal.la = dLugal-ir9-ra u dMes-lam-ta-e3-a = dSîn(30) u dNergal(u.gur) «Большие Близнецы = Лугальирра и Месламтаэа = Син и Нергал» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]; параллель см. [TU, 47:8–9]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. u28Uṣurtu. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 352b]. Текст BM 77054. ina itikin ud.10.ka[m…] / mulma[š.tab.ba.gal.gal…] / mu[lnunki…] «10-го улулу […] / Бо[льшие Близнецы…] / Зве[зда Эриду…]» [George 1991, 304–305, obv. 13′–15′]. «Большой список звезд». (1) 12 звезд Амурру: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal; (2) 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal на первом месте [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:217, 231]; см. также [KAR, 142 i 26]. GU-текст. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš˺ ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal igi-u2 «Передние ноги и руки Больших Близнецов» (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), см. также d04DAR.LUGALmušen. (C) ˹gir3˺[II] egir-u2 ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.gal «Задняя нога Больших Близнецов» (ziqpu XIX: β Gem), см. k10KAK.SI.SA2 [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2, 4; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. BM 38369+: a) TA mulGAM3 EN mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.[GAL...] «От Посоха до Больших Близне[цов...]», b) 5 UŠ bi-rit mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.G[AL.GAL] «50 между Большими Близн[ецами]», c) TA mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL EN mula-lu-u[t-tum…] «От Больших Близнецов до Кра[ба…] [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:9–11]. Dalbanna-текст. §S. mulmaš.tab.ba gal.gal.la egir-u2 mu[lmaš.tab.b]a gal.gal.la egir-i mul ḫe-pi2 3 mul.meš gan2 gim u2 ˹2 dal˺.b[a.an.n]a dal.ba.an.na mul ḫe-pi2 a-na ṣu-ub-bi-i ḫe-pi2 «Задняя (звезда) Больших Близнецов (χ Gem), задняя (звезда) Больших [Близнецов] (β Gem), повреждение (α СMa): 3 звезды. Поле … 2 инте[рвал]а, интервал. Повреждение. Для наблюдения. Повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 107]; согласно [Koch 1995, 46, 60], mul ḫe-pi2 = mul[gag.si.sa2]? «Стрела» (α CMa). §U. mulgir3 gub3 ˹maš.tab.ba˺ [gal.gal] «Левая нога [Больших] Близнецов» (μ Gem), см. g06GAM3. Текст Nv. 10. [ina] ˹itikin maš.tab.ba.gal.gal˺ // mul.[… / … mulAN.TA.GUB.BA] «[В] месяце улулу Большие Близнецы […] / [… — Наверху стоящая звезда] (Rev. 41–42) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66]. MLC 1866. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dlugal-ir3-ra / u3 dmes-lam-ta-e3 ˹suk-kal-lum˺ d60 «Большие Близнецы, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа, визирь Ану» (iv 16–17) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], см. также раздел III. Символ. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. (1) «Лунарии». BRM IV, 20: ki mul<maš>.tab.ba.gal.gal, ki mulmaš.tab.ba.gal.[gal] «Область Больших Близнецов» [Ungnad 1941–44, 258:10, 21], см. m15MAŠ.MAŠ. (2) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий (среди них múlMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL) и других явлений [SpTU I, 94:8, 39]. (3) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 134:17′], см. s20Sîn. См. также mulx/ mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL [Verderame 2002, Ii, col. i 21; SpTU I, 93:8'; SpTU III, 102:4; SpTU V, 263:4, 5; 264:14; 270:1'–2'].

II. Божества.

Лугальирра и Месламтаэа, см. L16 и m24.

III. Символ.

Описание в новоассирийском тексте: mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL 2 ṣal-mu zi-i[q-na zaq-nu kur-ku-r]a šak-nu / 1-n[u]-˹u2˺ MUL.MEŠ ina S[AG-šu-nu e]ṣ-ru / ṣal-mu IGI-u2 ša2 IGI mulIs le-e ḫ[i]-in-ši ina ˹ŠU˺ G[UB3]-˹šu2˺ na-ši / ṣal-mu EGIR-u2 U4.SAKAR pa-a-ša ina ŠU GUB3-šu2 [n]a-ši «Большие Близнецы, 2 человеческие фигуры, с бородами, (у них) имеются [kurkurr]a. По 1 звезде [на] их голо[вах изо]бражены. Передняя фигура, которая впереди Челюсти Быка (стоит), в своей [правой/левой(?)] руке несет ḫinšu (кнут, стрекало?), задняя фигура в левой руке несет серповидный топор (букв. месяц = секира)» [Weidner 1927, VAT 9428:4–7; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 21, 24, 27], см. также [CAD Ḫ, 195; CAD M/1, 402; Wallenfels 1994, 154a]. Параллель в MLC 1866 (col. ii 1–3), сохранившаяся часть выглядит следующим образом: ḫi-˹in˺-šu2: ku-ut-ta-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 na-aš2-ši [ina ŠUII] ˹2˺,30-šu2 / il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 bir-qu it-ti il-tuḫ-ḫu ṣa-bit / ṣa-lam EGIR-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2 pa-a-šu2 na-aš2 ina ŠUII 2,30-šu2 il-tuḫ-ḫu na-aš2 «(Передняя человеческая фигура Больших Близнецов) несет ḫinšu: большой кувшин(?) в своей правой руке; в своей левой руке / он несет кнут; он держит молниевидную стрелу вместе с кнутом. / Задняя человеческая фигура несет серповидный топор в своей правой руке, в своей левой руке (она держит) кнут» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, Section C]. Изображения Близнецов на позднеассирийском подвесном амулете см. [Green 1988; Black–Green 1992, 124, Fig. 104; Wiggermann 1992, 38]. Астральные изображения на селевкидских печатях см. [Wallenfels 1994, 33–34, Nos. 144–152; Wallenfels 1993; Куртик 2007, рис. 17–21]. На диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere Близнецам соответствуют 2 точки [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 176–177, Segment 2], см. m16MAŠ.TAB.BA.

IV. Отождествление.

= Кастор и Поллукс (α, β Geminorum) [Gössmann 1950, 267, 268].

= Gemini [Waerden 1949, 13; 1952–53 219; 1974, 70; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

= α + β Geminorum [Weidner 1957–59, 77a, 80b; BPO 2, 13].

= α и β Geminorum и звезды к северу и к югу от них [MA, 137].

= Кастор и Поллукс (α, β Geminorum) [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MAŠ.MAŠ IGI «Передняя (звезда) Близнецов» (α Geminorum).

(2) MAŠ.MAŠ ar2 «Задняя (звезда) Близнецов» (β Geminorum).

(3) MUL2 IGI ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Передняя звезда на ногах Близнецов» (η Geminorum),

(4) MUL2 ar2 ša2 še-pit MAŠ.MAŠ «Задняя звезда на ногах Близнецов» (μ Geminorum).

4 указанные звезды входили в число «нормальных звезд», см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 8–9, 11–12.

Упоминаются также:

(5) «Передние ноги и руки Больших Близнецов», см. GU-текст (B),

(6) «Задняя нога Больших Близнецов», см. GU-текст (C).

(7) MAŠ.QA ša2 múlMAŠ EGIR-i «Плечо заднего из Близнецов», см. m13MAŠ.

См. также раздел III.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Соответствие «Близнецы – планеты»; a) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR aš2-šu2 dSAG.ME.GAR dSAG.UŠ u dGUD.UD dṢal-bat-a-nu «Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы относятся (соответственно) к Юпитеру, Сатурну и Меркурию, Марсу» [BPO 3, 132, K.2907+: II 13]; b) mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL dSAG.ME.GAR u dSAG.UŠ … dLUGAL.GIR3.RA dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD / dMES.LAM.TA.E3.[A? d]Ṣal-bat-a-nu «Большие Близнецы ― Юпитер и Сатурн … Лугальирра ― Меркурий, Месламтаэ[а] ― Марс» [BPO 3, 134, K.2907+: VII 8, VIII 4].

(2) Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы окружают Венеру; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGUD MIN KUR-ma ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u ulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR / 4-šu2-nu NIGIN.ME-ši-ma u ši-i ad-rat LUGAL NIM.MAki GIG-ma NU TI-uv «Если Венера в месяце айяру восходит там же (т.е. на востоке) и Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы, все 4 из них, окружают ее и она тусклая: царь Элама заболеет и не выздоровеет» [BPO 3, 115:13].

(3) Большие Близнецы и Венера; a) mulDil-bat ana EGIR-ša2 m[ulMAŠ.TAB.BA…] / [….] ˹mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL˺ UD.3.K[AM GUB.MEŠ …] «Если Венера ― ˹Большие Близнецы˺ [стоят] позади нее в течение? 3 дней: гутии испытают тяжелые времена в течение трех лет» [BPO 3, 118: IV 6], b) mulDil-bat ina 2,30-ša2 KI.MIN […] / […] mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UD.1.K[AM DU.MEŠ …] «Если Венера также (восходит в месяце дуузу) (и) Большие Близнецы [стоят] с ее левой стороны в течение? 1 дня (вар.: 2 дней, 3 дней)…» [BPO 3, 118: IV 7–9], c) DIŠ mulDil-bat ina dUTU.E3 [… UD].DU mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL UGU-[…] NIGIN.MEŠ-ši-ma DU.M[EŠ] «Если Венера на востоке (восходит) и Большие Близнецы окружают ее и сто[ят] выше нее…» [BPO 3, 118: IV 10].

(4) Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в неомению; DIŠ mulDil-bat dUD.AL.TAR u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ina / UD.NA2.AM3 ša itiDU6 […] / 30 dDil-bat mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ana dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ / dUD.AL.TAR ana dUTU.ŠU2A D[IB-šu2-nu-ti] … «Если Венера, Юпитер и Большие Близнецы в день исчезновения Луны в месяце ташриту […], Луна, Венера и Большие Близнецы на востоке стоят, (и) Юпитер про[ходит их] к западу: спокойствие в жилище, прекрасный мир, вар.: умиротворение в стране…» [BPO 3, 124: VII 6].

(5) Венера, две короны и Большие Близнецы; [DIŠ mulDil-bat 2] AGA ap-rat … mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ina A2-šu2: ina IGI-[šu2] DU.ME-[zu-ma] «Если Венера несет 2 короны: женщины будут умирать со своими детьми в утробах; (это произойдет, если) Большие Близнецы стоят около нее, вар.: впереди нее» [BPO 3, 215, K.3601+:26].

(6) Лунное затмение в Больших Близнецах; DIŠ ina itiZIZ2 UD.14.KAM AN.MI 30 GAR-ma <<ina>> KA´MI-su TU DINGIR KU2 / ina KI mulхMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL BE.MEŠ «Если в месяце шабату в 14-й день произошло лунное затмение, и он (Син) садится затмившимся: бог пожрет. (Если это произойдет) в области Больших Близнецов: чума» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 287, App. 2.4, BM 47447 r. 27–28]. DIŠ ina KI mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA a-dir EŠ.BAR GU2.DU8.Aki «Если (Луна) в пределах Больших Близнецов затмилась: решение для города Куту» [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849:41].

(7) Близнецы и лунное гало; a) [DIŠ mu]l[MA]Š.TAB.B[A].GA[L].GA[L].L[A ina ŠA3 TUR3 d3]0 GUB.[MEŠ-z]u-nu […] «[Если Большие Близ]нецы стоят [в гало Лу]ны и […]» [SAA 8, 112 r. 8]; b) DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulu2-ṣur-[ti ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB] / šaḫ-ḫu-uq-t[i…] / mulu2-ṣur-ti mulM[AŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL] «Если Луна окружена гало и Рису[нок стоит в нем]: разрушение […]. Рисунок (означает) Большие Б[лизнецы]» [SAA 8, 124:6–8]. Наблюдения, производившиеся в астрологических целях: a) [mu]-šu2 an-ni-u2 d30 TUR3 NIGIN-bi mulŠ[U.GI] / [mu]lMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL.LA ina ŠA3-bi GUB.[MEŠ] «Этой [ноч]ью Луна была окружена гало, Ста[рик] и Большие Близнецы сто[яли] в нем» [SAA 8, 112 r. 1–2]; b) [MI an-ni-u] 30 TUR3 NIGIN2 / [mulAL.LU]L mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / ina ŠA3-bi GUB.MEŠ «[Этой ночью] Луна была окружена гало; [Ра]к и Большие Близнецы стояли в нем» [SAA 8, 124:1–3].

(8) Марс и Близнецы (наблюдение?); mulṢal-bat-a-nu 7 ITI.MEŠ ina ŠA3 mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL / […] «Марс в течение 7 месяцев [стоял] в Больших Близнецах» [SAA 8, 469:1].

(9) Отождествление Больших и Малых Близнецов, см. m18, V 1.

(10) Венера восходит в месяце арахсамну; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiAPIN dSin dLugal-GIR3-ra u dMES.LAM.TA.E3 ina bi-[rit SI mulGIR2.TAB] KI.MIN mulUZ3 IGI.LA2-ma UD.3.KAM DU-iz KI.MIN […] SU.KU2 ŠE u IN.NU ina [KUR GAL2] «Если Венера (восходит) в месяце арахсамну, Луна, Лугальирра и Месламтаэа (видны) меж[ду рогами Скорпиона], вар.: Коза появляется и стоит в течение 3 дней (там), вар.: […]: будет недостаток ячменя и соломы в стране» [BPO 3, 124–125, VIII 4].
| Example
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== References ==
* [[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

[[Category:Gem]]

U8

2026-03-26T13:56:49Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:U8}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Bab Ewe stellarium txt.jpg|thumb|area of the Babylonian constellation of the Ewe (U8) in Stellarium ]]
mulU8 (𒀯𒇇) = ''immertu'', 'the Ewe (female sheep)' is an asterism in the vicinity of 'the Wagon' (in [[Ursa Major]]). The syllabic Akkadian writing ''im-mer-tu''4 indicates that this is the Akkadian name of the constellation rather than the previously assumed ''lahru''. The fact that the asterism is seen as a ewe rather than a male sheep is part of the background of its identification with the goddess Aya, and so explains its identify with this same goddess among 'the 6 palace-women' in KAR 142 .

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
= ''mullaḫru, mulimmertu'' "sheep." [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>]. where in BPO 2???, check Gossman ???

= ''laḫru'' “ewe”. mulU8 (EN 18r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
[WE NEED TO CHECK THE READING IN URANOLOGY GROUP FOR BY COLLATING THE ORIGINAL IN URANOLOGY BOOK PHOTO AND LOOKING AT BEAULIEU'S COPY TO KAR 142 - THE COPY READ MUL U8 dA-A but check POMGRATZ-LEISTEN
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Enlil (no. 17): M
** UL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-''zu'' mulU8 d''A-a''
** "The asterism that stands at the front of the Wagon, the Sheep of Ay" (I i 18) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 23].
|
|-
|'''The Uranology Group'''
'''MLC 1866 col. iii 20-21 (Text D)'''
* MUL ''ša''2 ''ina'' SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-''zu''] / mul''im-mer-tu''4 [...] "The asterism that [stands] in front of the Wagon . . [ . . . ]/ 'The Ewe,' Aya? (Aya
* Sheep [...]" (col. iii 20-21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41, with commentary 55-56], see also (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]].
|
|-
|'''List of "6 palace women". = KAR 142?? = Pongratz Leisten???'''
* mulU8 d''A-a'' "Sheep of Ay," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
|
|}
[[File:U CH Screenshot 2025-11-29 154518.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside U8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
|1
| 24 UMa
|HIP 46977
|Constellation lines
|4.57
|-
|2
|ρ Ursae Majoris
|HIP 44390
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.76
|-
|3
|σ 2 Ursae Majoris
|HIP 45038
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.8
|-
|4
|* sig02 UMa A
|HIP 45038
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.813
|-
|5
|ET UMa
|HIP 50933
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|-
|6
| -
| HIP 52425
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.992
|-
|7
| -
| HIP 52353
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.12
|-
|8
|27 UMa
| HIP 47654
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.142
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 47594
|Inside the Hull
|5.717
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 52338
|Inside the Hull
|5.729
|-
|11
|EN UMa
|HIP 50685
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 47401
| Inside the Hull
|5.947
|-
|13
|35 UMa
|HIP 51401
|Inside the Hull
|6.309
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Akkadian goddess Ay (Sum. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), regarded as the "bride" (''kallātum'') or wife (''ḫīrtum'') of Shamash, the sun-god. She was honored along with Shamash at Sippar and Larsa. Her astral character as "goddess of light" or "sky goddess" is emphasized in the AN:d''Anum'' series (III 126-134) and AN:''Anu ša amēli'' (46) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 131-132, 231; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 245; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 14b 68], see also (Kurtik n38) [[NIN.MUL.SI4.A|dNIN.MUL.SI4.A]]. Ay's sheep is mentioned as an independent deity in one of the lists of gods associated with the AN:d''Anum'' series: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 20:4], no explicit reference to Ay, however.

==== Symbol. ====
If the assumption that we are dealing with a constellation is correct, its figure was undoubtedly the image of a sheep.

==== Previous Identification. ====
= η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 232; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 81a].

= northeastern part of the Herdsman (Bootes) (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 272].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u03)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mullaḫru, mulimmertu «Овца» [Gössmann 1950, 232; BPO 2]; звезда или группа звезд в северо-восточной части Волопаса (Bootes) (?).
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Энлиля (№ 17): MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA GUB-zu mulU8 dA-a «Звезда, которая стоит на передке Повозки, Овца Айи» (I i 18) [MA, 23]. MLC 1866. MUL ša2 ina SAG.KI mulMAR.GID2.DA [GUB-zu] / mulim-mer-tu4 […] «Звезда, которая на передке Повозки [стоит] / Овца […]» (col. iii 20–21) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41], см. также m08MAR.GID2.DA. Список «6 дворцовых женщин». mulU8 dA-a «Овца Айи», см. a02A.EDIN.

II. Божество.

Аккадская богиня Айа (шум. dŠe3.ri.da, dŠe3.ri5.da), считалась «невестой» (kallātum) или женой (ḫīrtum) Шамаша, бога Солнца. Почиталась вместе с Шамашем в Сиппаре и Ларсе. Ее астральный характер «богини света» или «небесной богини» подчеркивается в серии AN:dAnum (III 126–134) и AN:Anu ša amēli (46) [Litke 1998, 131–132, 231; Tallqvist 1938, 245; Roberts 1972, 14б 68], см. также n38dNIN.MUL.SI4.A. Овца Айи упоминается как самостоятельное божество в одном из списков богов, связанных с серией AN:dAnum: d la-ḫarU8 = ŠU [CT 25, 20:4], явная ссылка на Айю, впрочем, отсутствует.

III. Символ.

Если верно предположение о том, что мы имеем дело с созвездием, то его фигурой, несомненно, было изображение овцы.

III. Отождествление.

= η Ursae Majoris (?) [Gössmann 1950, 232; Weidner 1957–59, 81a].

= северо-восточная часть Волопаса (Bootes) (?) [MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ummulūtu

2026-03-26T11:55:26Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ummulūtu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----(MUL.MEŠ) ''ummulūtu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒌝𒈬𒇻𒌈). 'the scintillating stars,' is a category of star clusters of groups of faint stars (like a group of stars in the tail of 'The Lion') that form part of larger asterisms. The term comes from the root (''w'')''amālu'', ' to be nervous agitated ' (CAD U/W 133-134, 401) and is a synonym of Akkadian ''râbu'' 'to shake.' In the context of stars, this must be understood as something like 'twinkling' as in 'twinkle twinkle litter star.'

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Lit. "dim/ misty/ twinkling/ flitting about" stars;

Var. designations:

* 1) = ziqpu XIII, a group of stars in [[Perseus]] (Perseus),
* 2) groups of stars in some constellations.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of Enlil's stars (No. 10):
** (a) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tum ša''2 ''ina'' KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-''zu'' "The dim stars that stands on the tail of the Lion" (I i 10-11) (5, 21 Leonis? ),
** (b) MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 ''ina'' GABA mul''lu-lim'' "The dim stars on the chest of the Stag" (I i 32) (18, 31 and 32 Andromedae?).
* (2) List of dates of heliacal risings with simultaneous culminations:
** MULmeš ''um-mu-lu-tu''4 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI "The dim stars of the Old Man" (I iv 22) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 21, 27, 64, 137-138].
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of Enlil's stars (No. 10):
** (a) [[Coma Berenices]] star cluster
** (b) some stars in [[Andromeda]] or M31
* (2)
** Alpha Persei Star Cluster (around [[Mirfak]] in [[Perseus]])
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
* (1) AO 6478:
** (a)
*** [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') | 27 IGI DANNA [''ina'' KI.MIN] (=''ina šamê'') | TA IV ''ša''2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL ''um-mu-lu-lu''-[''ti'']
*** "[2½ mi]n of weight, 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From 4 stars of the Stag to the dim stars,"
** (b)
*** [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ''ina'' [KI.MIN] / TA MUL ''um-mu-lu-ti'' | EN MUL ''ni-bi-i ša''2 [mulŠU.GI]
*** "[2½ min. of weight], 150 on earth, 27,000 miles [in the sky] / From the Dim stars to the star with great brilliance on the [Old Man]" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:27-30; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:27-30; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
* (2) VAT 16437:
** ½ DANNA ''a-na'' mul''um-mu-lu-tu''2
** "150 to the dim stars" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 224-225:8].
* (3) VAT 16436:
** múl''um-mu-nu-tu''2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3
** "dim (stars) // 5 (stars) // 8200 cubits [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 226-227:5].
* (4) Sippar Planisphere:
** ½ DANNA ''ana'' mul''um-mu-lu-ti''
** "½ mile(=150) to the Faint (stars)" [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 171-173:13].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
* BM 36609+:
** 5 UŠ ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik a21) [[ALLA]];
** 5 [U]Š ''ar''2 ''um-mu-lut'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
|
|-
|'''Calendar of the daily risings and settings of the ziqpu-stars.'''
* See. [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 247-251].

* See also: ''um-mu-lut'' [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].
|
|}
===Additional===

==== Previous Identification. ====
Ziqpu XIII:

= a group of 5 stars in the h and χ Persei region [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":0" />, 221, 229:XIII].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u14)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|букв. «Тусклые (туманные, мерцающие) звезды»; 1) = ziqpu XIII, группа звезд в Персее (Perseus), 2) группы звезд в некоторых созвездиях.
I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 10): a) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tum ša2 ina KUN mulUR.GU.LA GUB-zu «Тусклые звезды, которые стоят на хвосте Льва» (I i 10–11) (5, 21 Leonis?), b) MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 ina GABA mullu-lim «Тусклые звезды на груди Оленя» (I i 32) (18, 31 и 32 Andromedae?). (2) Список дат гелиакических восходов с одновременными кульминациями: MULmeš um-mu-lu-tu4 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Тусклые звезды Старика» (I iv 22) [MA, 21, 27, 64, 137–138]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) [2½ M]A.NA MIN(=šuqultu) | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) | 27 IGI DANNA [ina KI.MIN] (=ina šamê) | TA IV ša2 mulLU.LIM | EN MUL um-mu-lu-[ti] «[2½ ми]ны веса, 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От 4 звезд Оленя до Тускл[ых] звезд», b) [2½ MA.NA MIN] | ½ DANNA i-na KI.MIN | 27 IGI DANNA ina [KI.MIN] / TA MUL um-mu-lu-ti | EN MUL ni-bi-i ša2 [mulŠU.GI] «[2½ мины веса], 150 на земле, 27000 миль [на небе] / От Тусклых звезд до звезды с большим блеском [Старика]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:27–30; TU, 21:27–30; HBA, 132; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ½ DANNA a-na mulum-mu-lu-tu2 «150 до Тусклых звезд» [Schaumberger 1952, 224–225:8]. (3) VAT 16436: múlum-mu-nu-tu2 // 5 // 8 IGI 2ME KUŠ3 «Тусклые (звезды) // 5 (звезд) // 8200 локтей [Schaumberger 1952, 226–227:5]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: ½ DANNA ana mulum-mu-lu-ti «½ мили(=150) до Тусклых (звезд)» [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 171–173:13]. Анафора. BM 36609+: 5 UŠ ar2 um-mu-lut, см. a21ALLA; 5 [U]Š ar2 um-mu-lut, см. u17UR.A. Kалендарь ежедневных восходов и заходов ziqpu-звезд. См. [Schaumberger 1955, 247–251]. См. также: um-mu-lut [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, BM 36609+: obv. ii 16].

II. Отождествление.

Ziqpu XIII:

= группа из 5 звезд в области h и χ Persei [hunger-Pingree 1999, 88; Schaumberger 1952, 221, 229:XIII].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UMBIN

2026-03-26T10:12:43Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
UMBIN (𒌢) = ''kakkabu''. Sumerian UMBIN (GAD.TAK4.GIŠ) is equated with Akkadian ''kakkabu'' which is the standard Akkadian term for star/asterism in a number of lexical lists. However ''kakkabu'' also has related meanings for 'star-shaped objects or formations' (CAD K 49). Given that the simple meaning of UMBIN is wheel ''(șumdu'', ''magarru''), and that UMBIN is never used as a star-name, nor in astronomical texts as a generic term for stars, it seems certain that the equation UMBIN = ''kakkabu'' is in reference to the shape of a wheel and its spokes which match the shape of drawings of stars, for example the three star-shapes that form the original pictogram of the MUL-sign.

.
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* DUBBIN [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> Nachträge].
* For UMBIN = ''kak-ka-bu'' see now MSL XIV 303, Ea III 10 (with cross-references to Aa III/1), see also [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 421b; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 45-46]. There are no recognizable star-groups that might match the items wagon-wheel and/or chariot-wheel in the sky indicating some relationship between the entries for UMBIN with [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]] and [[GIGIR]].
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u13)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: DUBBIN [G. Nachträge]. В лексическом тексте тождество: UMBIN = kak-ka-bu [CT 18, 49 ii 3; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:5]; см. также [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45–46].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

UGA

2026-03-26T10:09:30Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:MUSh stellarium.jpg|thumb|UGAmušen at the tail of MUŠ in Mesopotamian uranography]]
mulUGAmušen (𒀯𒌑𒉀𒂵𒄷) = ''āribu''/''ēribu'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the form of a bird that forms a super-constellation with [[MUŠ]] for which an ancient image dating to ca. 4th century BCE is found in the drawings relating to the Uranology group (see e.g. Weidner 1967:<ref name=":17" /> tf. 5-6, 9-10, Beaulieu et al. 2018:<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 99. The bird could be a raven or a crow, as these two birds are not at all times and all places distinguished lexigraphically from one another.<ref name=":16">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> Two near homonyms are sometimes substituted for mulUGAmušen and/or mulUGA''.'' These being mul[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]]. 'The Dead Star' and mul[[U2-ge-e|u2-ge-e]]. A syllabic writing ''ug-ga'' for mulUG5.GA occurs in the Astrolabe list of Rising Stars manuscript BM 59573: 6, 11 (Horowitz 2014:<ref name=":8" /> 164). mulUGAmušen and mul[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]] can be for two different configurations of stars in the same part of the sky, but this is not the case for mulu2-ge-e which occurs as Ea V in CT 33 9 rev. and Nv. 10: 38' and so clearly not in the same location as mulUGAmušen, which occurs in the Anu 8 position in both tablets.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulU2.NAG2.GAmušen,

var. writing of the name:

* mul[[UG5.GA|UG5.GA]] (= mulU9.GA),
* mul[[U2-ge-e|u2.ge.e]],
* mulUG.GA,
* mulDUG2.GA;
* = ''āribu'' "Raven";

A constellation corresponding to the modern Raven ([[Corvus]]) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 132, 133; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 266b; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 131, 282-3].

Krebernik<ref name=":16" /> elaborates that the sumerogram can also be written mulUG5.GA “dead”, see, e.g., Horowitz 2014, 148. mulUGAmušen (AN 14l ). ''a-ri-bu'' (AN 12r).

==== Sources and Idenitification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists:
** mulugamušen [MSL XI, 108:401],
** muluga [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5].
* (2) Urra XXII series:
** mulugamušen = ''e-ri-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:172],
** [mulugamušen] = ''a-ri-bu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Gap j: f; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:30],
** [mulu]ga[mušen] = [...] [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 35].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, I 6, III 3, XVII 8-11; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref name=":5">''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 20′, 23′-27′; Largement 1957<ref name=":6">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 254:114; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101, passim]. See also [SpTU I<ref name=":7">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 49:28; 85:4′,6′; 90 r. 8′].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe P.

* Month of ulul, stars of Anu, 90 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].

Astrolabe B.

* (1) List (12´3):
** mul ''ša'' egir-''šu''(bi) gub muluga
** "The constellation which stands after it (i.e. Crab), the Raven" (B ii 28).
* (2) List (3´12):
** itikin ... muluga ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim''
** "The month of ulul: Raven (on the way) of Anu (rises)" (C ii 6).
* (3) List (rising-sunset=6m):
** rising — ulul,
** setting — adar [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]].

<s>BM 82923.</s>

* <s>Month of ulul, stars of Anu:</s>
** <s>mulUG5.GA // 1.30 // dEN BE</s>
** <s>"Raven // 90 // Lord of Death(?)" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:17].</s>

BM 34713.

* Month of Tashrit, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:7], see (Kurtik n35) [[NIN.MAḪ]].

Text Nv. 10.

* mulugamušen in the month of Ayar as the asterism AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA(?), see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]].
|
|-
|'''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
* (a) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulugamušen [CT<ref name=":9">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 11; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
* (b) List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 5): mul˹uga˺ [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 14): mulUGAmušen ''a-ri-bu'' MUL dIM "Raven, constellation of Adad" (I ii 9).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings: '10th ululu' (I ii 45), see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]].
* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrisings and sunsets: (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) [[NUNki|NUNki]].
* <s>(4) Astrological predictions:</s>
** <s>a)</s>
*** <s>DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ''ana id'' IM.1 KI.TA ''ina-pal'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2</s>
*** <s>"If the Raven slips down(?) towards the south: sesame will be abundant" (II iii 28), see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 23:5, 24:6; BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 83, K.800:11],</s>
** <s>b)</s>
*** <s>DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ''ana id'' IM.2 AN.TA ''ina-pal'' AB.SIN2 ŠE NU SI.SA2</s>
*** <s>"If the Raven rises up(?) towards the north: barley harvest will not be abundant" (II iii 29), see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:6, 24:8],</s>
** c) Marduk's Star reaches the Raven (II Gap B 3), see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 4 [MA<ref name=":11">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 32, 42, 49, 111, 117].
|[[File:MUSh stellarium.jpg|thumb|UGAmušen at the tail of MUŠ in Mesopotamian uranography]]
|-
|'''"Reports."'''
See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349b].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
* (1) <s>List of names of Mars: mulug5.ga = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Raven = Mars";</s>
* (2) 12 asterisms of Elam: [muluga] [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:105, 203].
|
|-
|'''GU text.'''
* (I)
** kun muluga
** "Raven's tail" (α Crt).
* (J)
** murub4 muluga
** "the middle part of the Raven" (γ Crv).
* (K)
** muludu.idim.gu4.ud ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ''ina'' igi muluga gub-''zu''
** "Mercury, which stands with the Furrow before the Raven" [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14, 16-18], see also (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]], (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a.
** mulkun ug[amušen]
** "the tail of the Cro[w]" (Pi 140), see (Kurtik z07) [[ZI.BA.AN.NA]].
|
|-
|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
* Sector 5: mušen "Bird" (four times) [Koch 1989<ref name=":13">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56, Abb. 2; 59; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":14">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
* Extispicy involving correspondences between liver fragments, deities, months, and stars:
** SILIM dAdad(IŠKUR) itiKIN mulUGAmušen
** “Bubble” — Adad; month of ulul; the Raven" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 159:12; Reiner 1995, 78].
|
|}
See also:

* [mul]UGA d''En''-[''lil''2 ...]
** "The Raven — En[lil]..." [CT<ref name=":9" /> 26, 48, K.11306:4],
* muluga ''kakkab'' d''adad ik-šu-du ḫar-ra-an'' d''šamši''
** "Raven, the constellation of Adad, reaches the path of the Sun" [Weidner 1967<ref name=":17">''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, 11, K 3753:6],
* GURUN: NUNUZ: ''ḫa-aḫ-ḫ-ḫu-ru š''[''a''2 ''iqbû''(E?]-''u''2) / ''ina'' ŠA3 ''ša''2 mulUGAmušen
** "The fruit = egg = raven, so they say, (referring to the place?) the middle of the Raven constellation" [SpTU I, 49:27-28],
* DIŠ mulUGAmušen ''it-ta-nab-la-kat''3 ''ina'' [...]
** "If the Raven passes into [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:4].
[[File:UGAmusen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 171301.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside UGA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Gienah]]
|HIP 59803
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.58
|-
|2
|[[Kraz]]
|HIP 61359
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.64
|-
|3
|[[Algorab]]
|HIP 60965
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.94
|-
|4
|ϵ Corvi
|HIP 59316
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.98
|-
|5
|[[Alchiba]]
|HIP 59199
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.01
|-
|6
| ζ Corvi
|HIP 60189
|Inside the Hull
|5.21
|-
|7
|3 Crv
|HIP 59394
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|8
| -
|HIP 59728
|Inside the Hull
|5.807
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 60157
|Inside the Hull
|5.97
|-
| 10
| -
|HIP 61208
| Inside the Hull
|6.39
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
In astronomical texts, Raven is associated with Adad, the god of thunderstorms. In one of the predictions (see VI 13 below) he is also characterized as "Messenger of Lamma".

==== Symbol. ====
The image of a bird with the inscription ˹mulUGA˺mušen pecking the end of the tail of the serpent dragon mulMUŠ (a prototype of the Greek Hydra) is given in Seleucid astrological tablet AO 6448 rev. [TU<ref name=":15">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 12 rev.; Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 78, Taf. V 3; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":14" />, fig. 12].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Raven's tail, see GU-text, dbn-text.

(2) The middle part of the Raven, see GU-text.

(3) Foreparts (or Head) of the Raven, see VI 10 below.

==== Identification. ====
= Raven (Corvus) [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 132; Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8" />, 249].

= Raven (Corvus) and Bowl (Crater) [MA<ref name=":11" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275].

= Corvus [Koch 1989<ref name=":13" />, 80-85, 111; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":12" />, 207, App. C].

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Mars; see the "Great Star List and Miscellenia" and other texts.

(2) = Saturn; see below (13), (14).

(3) = Mercury; DIŠ MIN mulUGAmušen IGI: GU4.UD ''ina'' mulxAB.S[IN2 KUR4-''ma''] "If (the brilliance of) the Raven becomes conspicuous, (it means): Mercury [emits great brilliance] in the Furr[ow]" [TU<ref name=":15" />, 18:4; Weidner 1925<ref>''Weidner E.'' Ein astrologischer Kommentar aus Uruk // Studia Orientalia. 1925. Vol. 1. P. 347-358.</ref>, 349:4], see also below (12), (14).

(4) = Goat-Fish; see below (17), (18).

(5) = Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(6) = Pleiades; see below (11).

===== Predictions: =====
(7) General astrological meaning; mulUGA ''a-na'' KI.LAM GI.NA "Raven (to predict) normal business activity" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, I 6, III 3].

(8) The various colors of the Raven (red, not red, yellow-green);

* DIŠ mulUGA MUL.BI ''ma-diš'' S[A5] EBUR ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.S[A2] "If the constellation of the Raven is extremely re[d]: the crops of sesame will be in abundance." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 8 + Parallels; ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:7];
* DIŠ mulUGA MUL.BI NU SA5 GIG.MEŠ ''ina'' [KUR GAL2.MEŠ] "If the constellation of the Raven is not red: there will be difficulties in [the country]." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:8];
* DIŠ mulUGA MUL.BI SIG7 A.KAL ''ina'' IDIM [...] "If the constellation of the Raven is yellow-green: high water in the spring [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:9];
* DIŠ mulUGAmušen MUL BI AN.IZI.GA2 GIM I3.GAL2 A.ZI.GA DU "If the constellation of the Raven is like fire: a flood will come" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:12].

(9) The constellation of the Raven have great brilliance;

* [DIŠ] mulUGA MUL.MEŠ-<''šu''2> ''ba-ʼ''-[''lu''] dIM ŠEG3 ''ṭaḫ-du-tum u''2''-šeš-š''[''ir''] "[If] the constellation of the Raven are brilliant: Adad will bring abundant rain" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 11].

(10) The frontal features of the Raven face the sky or the ground;

* DIŠ mulUGA ''ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 SAG.MEŠ-''šu''2 AN ''i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU BI ŠEG3 SUR "If the Raven (is) in its place (relative to the horizon) and its foreparts face the sky: it will rain this year";
* DIŠ mulUGA ''ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 SAG.MEŠ-''šu''2 KI ''i-na-ṭa-la ina'' MU BI ŠEG3 DU-[x] "If the Raven is in its place (and) its foreparts look to the ground: this year the rain will come" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XVII 9-10], in another variant SAG-šu2, lit. "his head" or "his front part", cf. [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:10-11].

(11) Erua (= Saturn) reaches the Raven (= Pleiades); see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]], V 2.

(12) The Star of Marduk (=Jupiter) reaches the Raven (=Mercury?); see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 4.

(13) Kidney(=Mercury) stands near the Raven (=Saturn); see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]], V 11.

(14) The Raven (=Saturn, Mercury or Mars) reaches the Path of the Sun (= Jupiter);

* DIŠ mulUG5.GA KASKAL dUTU KUR-''ud'' KI.LAM TUR dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD d''Šul-pa-e''3-[''a'' KUR-''ud''] "If the Raven reaches the path of the Sun: business activity will decrease, (meaning): Saturn or Mercury [reaches] Jupite[r]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":10" />, 50:17], for a parallel see. [Borger 1973<ref name=":5" />, 41:23′; ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":10" />, 88:17-18]; the commentary suggests the identities: 'Raven = Saturn or Mercury', 'Path of the Sun = Jupiter'. However, in similar predictions in [SAA 8, 82:5-6], the context implies: "Raven = Mars" and "Path of the Sun = Saturn" in accordance with the common interpretation of Saturn as the star of the Sun (see Kurtik u09) [[UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ]]), and in [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 20:104] "Raven = Mars", see in this connection also [Largement 1957<ref name=":6" />, 254:114; SpTU I<ref name=":7" />, 90 r. 8′; SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:29].

(15) The raven approaches the asterism of Eridu;

* DIŠ ulug5.ga sukkal ulKAL ''ana'' ulNUNki TE GAN2.Z[I ''ina'' kur] ˹du3.a. bi˺ [...] "The raven, the messenger of Lamma, approaches the asterism of Eridu: all the cultivated fields [in the country] [...] [Borger 1973<ref name=":5" />, 41 r. 26′; ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:14; AAT, 43:14].

(16) The Raven approaches Shulpae (= Jupiter);

* DIŠ mulUGAmušen ''ana'' d''Šul-pa-e''3-''a'' TE [...] "If the Raven approaches Jupiter [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":10" />, 23:3];
* DIŠ mulUG5.GA ''ana'' d''Šul-pa-e''3 KUR-''ud'' [...] "If the Raven reaches Jupiter [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101:30].

(17) The Bow (=Mercury?) stands near the Raven (Goat-Fish?); see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 11.

(18) The Fish (=Mercury or Saturn) stands near the Raven (= Goat-Fish, Swallow or Anunitu); see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(19) Raven and the star KAL.NE; see (Kurtik k15) [[KAL.NE]].

(20) The Raven inclines towards the Furrow;

* [DIŠ mul]UG5.GA ''ana'' mulAB.SIN2 ''šu-ur'' BURU5 ḪI.A ZI.A "[If] the Raven inclines towards the Furrow: numerous crows will attack" [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":10" />, 81:1, 80:4].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulU2.NAG2.GAmušen, вар. записи названия: mulUG5.GA (= mulU9.GA), mulUG5, mulUG.GA, mulDUG2.GA; = āribu «Ворон»; созвездие, соответствующее современному Ворону (Corvus) [G. 132, 133; BPO 2, 15; CAD A/2, 266b; Salonen 1973, 131, 282–3].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: mulugamušen [MSL XI, 108:401], muluga [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: mulugamušen = e-ri-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:172], [mulugamušen] = a-ri-bu [MSL XI, 31, Gap j: f; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:30], [mulu]ga[mušen] = […] [SpTU III, 114A v 35]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, I 6, III 3, XVII 8–11; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 20′, 23′–27′; Largement 1957, 254:114; SpTU III, 101, passim]. См. также [SpTU I, 49:28; 85:4',6'; 90 r. 8']. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц улулу, звезды Ану, 90 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): mul ša egir-šu(bi) gub muluga «Созвездие, которое после него (т.е. Краба) стоит, Ворон» (B ii 28). (2) Cписок (3´12): itikin … muluga šu-ut dA-nim «Месяц улулу: Ворон (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 6). (3) Cписок (восход–заход=6m): восход — улулу, заход — аддару [KAV 218, C 23, 36; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40], см. b11BIR. BM 82923. Месяц улулу, звезды Ану: mulUG5.GA // 1,30 // dEN BE «Ворон // 90 // Господин смерти(?)» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:17]. BM 34713. Месяц ташриту, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:7], см. n35NIN.MAḪ. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulugamušen [CT 33, 9 r. 11; Horowitz 1998, 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 5): mul˹uga˺ [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 14): mulUGAmušen a-ri-bu MUL dIM «Ворон, звезда Адада» (I ii 9). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов: «10-го улулу» (I ii 45), см. n50NUNki. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki. (4) Астрологические предсказания: a) DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ana id IM.1 KI.TA ina-pal ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 «Если Ворон соскальзывает вниз(?) по направлении к югу: сезам будет обильным» (II iii 28), см. также [ACh Ištar, 23:5, 24:6; BPO 3, 83, K.800:11], b) DIŠ mul4UG5.GA ana id IM.2 AN.TA ina-pal AB.SIN2 ŠE NU SI.SA2 «Если Ворон поднимается вверх(?) по направлению к северу: урожай ячменя не будет обильным» (II iii 29), см. также [ACh Ištar, 23:6, 24:8], c) Звезда Мардука достигает Ворона (II Gap B 3), см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 4 [MA, 32, 42, 49, 111, 117]. «Рапорты». См. [SAA 8, 349b]. «Большой список звезд». (1) Список имен Марса: mulug5.ga = dmin(= dṣal-bat-a-nu) «Ворон = Марс»; (2) 12 звезд Элама: [muluga] [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:105, 203]. GU-текст. (I) kun muluga «Хвост Ворона» (α Crt). (J) murub4 muluga «средняя часть Ворона» (γ Crv). (K) muludu.idim.gu4.ud ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu «Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14, 16–18], см. также u17UR.A, a06AB.SIN2. Dalbanna-текст. §a. mulkun ug[amušen] «хвост Воро[на]» (Pi 140), см. z07ZI.BA.AN.NA. Текст Nv. 10. mulugamušen в месяце айяру как звезда AN.TA.ŠU2.UR.RA(?), см. a48AŠ.GAN2. «Планисфера К 8538». Сектор 5: mušen «Птица» (четырежды) [Koch 1989, 56, Abb. 2; 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: SILIM dAdad(IŠKUR) itiKIN mulUGAmušen «“Пузырек” — Адад; месяц улулу; Ворон» [SpTU III, 159:12; Reiner 1995, 78].

См. также: [mul]UGA dEn-[lil2 …] «Ворон — Эн[лиль…]» [CT 26, 48, K.11306:4], muluga kakkab dadad ik-šu-du ḫar-ra-an dšamši «Ворон, звезда Адада, пути Солнца достигает» [Weidner 1967, 11, K 3753:6], GURUN : NUNUZ : ḫa-aḫ-ḫu-ru š[a2 iqbû(E?]-u2) / ina ŠA3 ša2 mulUGAmušen «Плод = яйцо = ворон, так говорят, (имея в виду место?) середину созвездия Ворон» [SpTU I, 49:27–28], DIŠ mulUGAmušen it-ta-nab-la-kat3 ina […] «Если Ворон переходит в […]» [ACh Ištar, 23:4].

II. Божество.

В астрономических текстах Ворон связан с богом грозы Ададом. В одном из предсказаний (см. ниже VI 13) он характеризуется также как «Посланник Ламмы».

III. Символ.

Изображение птицы с надписью ˹mulUGA˺mušen, клюющей конец хвоста змеиного дракона mulMUŠ (прообраз греческой Гидры), приводится в селевкидской астрологической табличке AO 6448 rev. [TU, 12 rev.; Weidner 1927, 78, Taf. V 3; Куртик 2007, рис. 12].

IV. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Хвост Ворона, см. GU-текст, dbn-текст.

(2) Средняя часть Ворона, см. GU-текст.

(3) Передние части (или Голова) Ворона, см. ниже VI 10.

V. Отождествление.

= Ворон (Corvus) [G. 132; Waerden 1949, 13; 1974, 73; Weidner 1957–59, 73; BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 249].

= Ворон (Corvus) и Чаша (Crater) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275].

= Corvus [Koch 1989, 80–85, 111; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Марс; см. «Большой список звезд» и др. тексты.

(2) = Сатурн; см. ниже (13), (14).

(3) = Меркурий; DIŠ MIN mulUGAmušen IGI : GU4.UD ina mulxAB.S[IN2 KUR4-ma] «Если (блеск) Ворона становится заметным, (это означает): Меркурий в Бороз[де имеет большой блеск]» [TU, 18:4; Weidner 1925, 349:4], см. также ниже (12), (14).

(4) = Коза-Рыба; см. ниже (17), (18).

(5) = Ласточка или Ануниту; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(6) = Плеяды; см. ниже (11).

Предсказания:

(7) Общее астрологическое значение; mulUGA a-na KI.LAM GI.NA «Ворон (для предсказания) нормальной деловой активности» [BPO 2, I 6, III 3].

(8) Различные цвета Ворона (красный, не красный, желто-зеленый); DIŠ mulUGA MUL.BI ma-diš S[A5] EBUR ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.S[A2] «Если Ворон, звезда эта, очень крас[ная]: урожай сезама будет обиль[ным]» [BPO 2, XVII 8 + Parallels; ACh Ištar, 23:7]; DIŠ mulUGA MUL.BI NU SA5 GIG.MEŠ ina [KUR GAL2.MEŠ] «Если Ворон, звезда эта, не красная: трудности в [стране будут]» [ACh Ištar, 23:8]; DIŠ mulUGA MUL.BI SIG7 A.KAL ina IDIM […] «Если Ворон, звезда эта, желто-зеленая: высокая вода в источнике […]» [ACh Ištar, 23:9]; DIŠ mulUGAmušen MUL BI AN.IZI.GA2 GIM I3.GAL2 A.ZI.GA DU «Если Ворон, звезда его, подобна огню: наводнение придет» [ACh Ištar, 23:12].

(9) Звезды Ворона имеют большой блеск; [DIŠ] mulUGA MUL.MEŠ-<šu2> ba-ʼ-[lu] dIM ŠEG3 ṭaḫ-du-tum u2-šeš-š[ir] «[Если] звезды Ворона очень блестя[щие]: Адад принес[ет] обильные дожди» [BPO 2, XVII 11].

(10) Передние части Ворона обращены в небо или в землю; DIŠ mulUGA ina KI.GUB-šu2 SAG.MEŠ-šu2 AN i-na-ṭa-la ina MU BI ŠEG3 SUR «Если Ворон (находится) на своем месте (относительно линии горизонта) и его передние части в небо смотрят: в этом году будет дождить»; DIŠ mulUGA ina KI.GUB-šu2 SAG.MEŠ-šu2 KI i-na-ṭa-la ina MU BI ŠEG3 DU-[x] «Если Ворон на своем месте (и) его передние части в землю смотрят: в этом году дождь придет» [BPO 2, XVII 9–10], в другом варианте стоит SAG-šu2, букв. «его голова» или «его передняя часть», см. [ACh Ištar, 23:10–11].

(11) Эруа (= Сатурн) достигает Ворона (= Плеяды); см. a02A.EDIN, V 2.

(12) Звезда Мардука (=Юпитер) достигает Ворона (=Меркурий?); см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 4.

(13) Почка(= Меркурий) стоит вблизи Ворона (= Сатурн); см. b11BIR, V 11.

(14) Ворон (=Сатурн, Меркурий или Марс) достигает Пути Солнца (= Юпитер); DIŠ mulUG5.GA KASKAL dUTU KUR-ud KI.LAM TUR dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ : dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD dŠul-pa-e3-[a KUR-ud] «Если Ворон достигает пути Солнца: деловая активность уменьшится, (это означает): Сатурн или Меркурий [достигает] Юпитер[а]» [ACh Suppl., 50:17], параллель см. [Borger 1973, 41:23′; ACh Suppl. 2, 88:17–18]; комментарий предполагает тождества: «Ворон = Сатурн или Меркурий», «Путь Солнца = Юпитер». Однако в аналогичных предсказаниях в [SAA 8, 82:5–6] из контекста следует: «Ворон = Марс» и «Путь Солнца = Сатурн» в соответствии с распространенной трактовкой Сатурна как звезды Солнца (см. u09UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ), а в [ACh Ištar, 20:104] «Ворон = Марс», см. в связи с этим также [Largement 1957, 254:114; SpTU I, 90 r. 8′; SpTU III, 101:29].

(15) Ворон приближается к звезде Эриду; DIŠ ulug5.ga sukkal ulKAL ana ulNUNki TE GAN2.Z[I ina kur] ˹du3.a.bi˺ […] «Ворон, посланник Ламмы, к звезде Эриду приближается: все воздела[нные] поля [в стране] […] [Borger 1973, 41 r. 26′; ACh Ištar, 23:14; AAT, 43:14].

(16) Ворон приближается к Шульпаэ (= Юпитер); DIŠ mulUGAmušen ana dŠul-pa-e3-a TE […] «Если Ворон приближается к Юпитеру […]» [ACh Ištar, 23:3]; DIŠ mulUG5.GA ana dŠul-pa-e3 KUR-ud […] «Если Ворон достигает Юпитера […]» [SpTU III, 101:30].

(17) Лук (= Меркурий?) стоит вблизи Ворона (Коза-Рыба?); см. b06BAN, V 11.

(18) Рыба (=Меркурий или Сатурн) стоит вблизи Ворона (=Коза-Рыба, Ласточка или Ануниту); см. k24KU6, V 10.

(19) Ворон и звезда KAL.NE; см. k15KAL.NE.

(20) Ворон к Борозде наклонен; [DIŠ mul]UG5.GA ana mulAB.SIN2 šu-ur BURU5 ḪI.A ZI.A «[Если] Ворон к Борозде наклонен: вороны многочисленные нападут» [ACh Suppl. 2, 81:1, 80:4].
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Crv]]

UDU.NITA2

2026-03-26T10:06:26Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UDU.NITA2}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
mulUDU.NITA2 (𒀯𒇻𒀴), The Ram, is the star at the head of the staff in mul[[GAM3|gam3]] = ''gamlu'', 'The Crook,' ([[Auriga]]) as identified in Uranology Texts and the star-list VR 46: muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3, 'The Ram' = the head of 'The Crook.' In VR 46 'The Ram' must be the very bright star (α Aurigae = [[Capella]]), making it one of a select single-stars in larger asterisms that has its own individual Sumerian-Akkadian name. This also seems to be case in Uranalogy Text E rev. 7'-8') which makes a explicit reference to one single ''(išten'') star with reference to the head of a ram, although line 9 places multiple stars in the head of the crook in 'The Crook' asterism. This uncertainty cannot be resolved as the start of rev. 8'-9' are too damaged to allow for certain reading. It is also possible that two separate ideas have been merged here: the single-star referring to the very bright star Capella, and the reference to 2 or 3 stars comprising the 'The Ram' in 'The Crook' (Capella and neighboring dimmer star(s). For multiple ideas presented side-by-side in the Uranology group compare the view of [[ḪUN.GA2|lu2ḪUN.GA2]] as alternately in human form but also sheep-form.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
"Star-Lamb" [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 142].

{| class="wikitable"
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''list of stars''' '''VR 46, 1:49: <nowiki>[[should be in the GSL category??]]</nowiki> VR 46 + duplicates - how to write this everywhere???'''
* muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 "
* Star-Lamb = head of the Staff" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; group of stars in the Charioteer ([[Auriga]]), see also (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3|GAM3]]
|
|-
|'''Uranology Text E [MLC 1884 rev. 6-8, Beaulieu et al. 2018: 63]'''
* 6' ina ŠUII 15-šú GÀM na-ši
* 7' i[na?](erased?) GÀM DIŠ+en mulGÀM GUB-zu
* 8' SAG.DU GÀM SAG.DU UDU.NÍTA
* 9' ⌈2(or 3)⌉ MUL ina SAG.DU GÀM e-ṣir.MEŠ

translation:

* 6' In its right hand it carries a crook,
* 7' In the crook one (star called) “The Crook” stands.
* 8' The head of the crook is the head of a ram. 2 (or 3) stars in the head of the crook are drawn.
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u10)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|«Звезда-Баран» [G. 142]. Только в списке звезд VR 46, 1:49: muludu.nita2 = sag.du mulgam3 «Звезда-Баран = голова Посоха» [HBA 52; Wee 2016, 162–3]; группа звезд в Возничем (Auriga), см. также g06GAM3.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Aur]]

UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD

2026-03-26T10:00:32Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----

mul / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD (𒀯𒇻𒁁𒄞𒌓) is the standard Sumerian name for the planet [[:Category:Mercury|Mercury]]. Assyriological consensus holds that this name is equivalent to Akkadian ''šihtu''. This is nearly certain although as yet no direct surviving equation mul / dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD = ''šihtu,'' is attested. See CAD ŠII 417, SAA 8 p. 352).

For UDU.IDIM read UTU.TIL see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD}}

==Concordance, History, Etymology<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>==
Var. reading: All readings with GUD can be taken as short GU4. Likewise UD can be read UTU, the name of the Sumerian Sun-god. In any case, any of these readings yield Sumerian 'The Bull of the Sun' with reference to the planet Mercury which is only visible just before sunrise and just after sunset.

* mul/dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD,
* mul/dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD;
* mul/dUDU.BAD.GUD.TIL
* = planet Mercury [Gössmann 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 139bis; BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15]; abbreviated GU4.UD = ''šiḫṭu'', lit. "Leap."

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) add:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>= ''šiḫṭu'' “Mercury”. The sumerogram literally means “leaping wild sheep”, the Akk. equivalent means “leap, jump”. mulUDU.IDIM. GU4.UD (AN 23l)</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* Antagal series (Table G 308): d''bi-ib-bu'' = dudu.idim.gu4.ud "Planet = Mercury" [MSL XVII<ref>Cavigneaux, A. ''The Series Erim-ḫuš = anantu and An-ta-gál = šaqû''. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. 1985.</ref>, 229].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 6a; BPO 3<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 8′, 13′, 23′; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 249; SpTU I<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 92:2; 93:5'].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) List of the stars of Anu (no. 23): mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU.NI ''lu-u''2 ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A / ''lu-u''2 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU.A ''e-ma'' ITI IGI.LA2-''ma e-ma'' ITI TUM3 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, rises or sets in the east or west within a month" (I ii 16-17).
* (2) Planets "in the path of the Moon": KASKAL d''Sin'' DU-''ku'' dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 d''Nin-urta'' MU-''šu''2 D[U-''ak''] "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, pass[es] the (same) path that the Moon passes" (II i 5).
* (3) List and definition of the planets: mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU-''šu''2 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta" in third place after Jupiter and Venus, see (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]].
* (4) Planetary theory:
** (a) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU-''šu''2 ''lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-''ma'' / 7 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN 14 ''u''4-''mi'' KIMIN UD 21 KAM KI.4 ITI KI.5 ITI 15 ''u''4-''mi ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''ma'' / ''ki-m''a TUM3 ''ma-la u''4-''mi ša''2 ''ina'' AN-''e'' GUB-''zu uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ''ina'' KASKAL dUTU SAR-''ḫa'' IGI.LA2 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, becomes visible either in the east or in the west and stands in the sky for 7 days, var.: 14 days, var.: 21 days, fourthly, one month, fifthly, a month and 15 days, and when it disappears it remains (invisible) for as many days as it stood in the sky, and rises and becomes visible either in the east or in the west in the path of the Sun" (II i 54-57), this fragment is from MUL. APIN and is also quoted in [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 38-43; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 252:99-104],
** (b) MUL BI BE-''ma'' SA5 ''u ba-il''3 BE-''ma'' SIG7 ''u'' GI6 "This star is either red and of great brilliance or yellow-green and dark" (II i 59),
** (c) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 d''Nin-urta'' MU-''šu''2 ''lu ina'' dUTU.E3 ''lu ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / ''e-ma'' ITI IGI.LA2-''ma e-ma'' ITI TUM3 "Mercury, whose name is Ninurta, becomes visible and disappears within a month either in the east or in the west." (II i 66) [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 34, 71, 80, 83-84].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 380-381; SAA 8<ref name=":5">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 352b].
|
|-
|'''''Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu''.'''
See. [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. The Astrological Commentary ''Šumma'' ''Sîn ina tāmartīšu'' Tablet 1 // Res Orientales. 1999. Vol. XII. P.149-165.</ref>, 157:52-53].
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|-
|'''Text K.4339'''
* rev. col. iv 1-6. Identities: mulgan2.ur3 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud / mulamar.utu = min / mulAŠ.GAN2 = min / mulkak.si.sa2 = min / mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min / mulgi6 ''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 = min "Harrow = Mercury, Marduk = ditto, Field = ditto, Arrow = ditto, Entenabarhum = ditto, dark star, Libra = ditto" [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13].
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|'''GU text.'''
* (K) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ''ša''2 ''ana''(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ''ina'' igi muluga gub-''zu'' "Mercury, which stands with the Furrow before the Raven" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:17-18]; see also (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]].
|
|-
|'''Late Astrology.'''
* (1) The passage above, from the GU text, probably represents a description of the position of the zodiac of the ašar niṣirti (= hypsoma) of Mercury, in this correlation see [Koch 1999<ref>''Koch J.'' Die Planeten-Hypsomata in einen babylonischen Sternenkatalog // JNES. 1999. Vol. 58, no. 1. P. 19-31.</ref>, 25ff.].
* (2) Predictions based on observations of eclipses of the Moon and the positions of the Moon and planets relative to the signs of the zodiac.
BM 36746+:

* mulKAK.SI.SA2 (= UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD) (?) [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' New Evidence for the History of Astrology // JNES. 1984. Vol. 43, № 2. P. 115-140.</ref>, 135:25′, rev. 2], see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''.
* See also: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''iz-za-az-ma'': ulUDU.IDIM "Mercury stands: (this means) the planet..." [SpTU I<ref name=":2" />, 84:6], ''šil-ta-ḫu'': dUDU.IDIM.dGU4.UD: ulA2mušen "Arrow = Mercury = Eagle"(?) [SpTU I<ref name=":2" />, 84:10], [...d]UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' KI KUR NIM.MAki IGI.LA2-ma d[...] "[...] Mercury becomes visible in the region of Elam [...] [SpTU I<ref name=":2" />, 93:5′].
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|}

===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
Nabu, and also Ninurta, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) The ritual of "washing of the mouth." In the list of astral gods: mulUDU.IDIM.[GU4.UD] [Mayer 1978<ref>''Mayer W.R.'' Seleukidische Rituale aus Warka mit Emesal-Gebeten // Or. 1978. Vol. 47, № 3. P. 431-458.</ref>, 445:5; Van Dijk 1980<ref>''Texte aus dem Rēs-Heiligtum in Uruk-Warka'' / Kopien von Jan van Dijk. Zur Veröff. vorbereitet u. eingeleitet von Werner R.Mayer. — Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 1980 (BaM, Beiheft 2).</ref>, Taf. 1].
* (2) The deities are witnesses to the treaty, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]].
* (3) List of the 12 city gods of Babylon(?): dudu.idim.gu4.ud (in third place) [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 54:1].

==== Symbol. ====
On the Seleucid plate AO 6448 Mercury is depicted as an 8-rayed star, next to which is inscribed: dGU4.UD [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V 3; Weidner 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 10-11; SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, Fig. 15; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 12]. This image should be considered exceptional, as the 8-rayed star is a standard symbol of Venus on kudurra and seals.

==== Astrology. ====

===== Identifications: =====
(1) = Yoke; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠUDUN]], IV 1.

(2) = Fish; see (Kurtik k20) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(3) = Marduk's star; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|AMAR.UTU]], and also (19).

(4) = Kidney; see below (11).

(5) = Numushda; see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]], IV 2.

(6) = Evil star (?); see (Kurtik h08) [[ḪUL]], III 1.

(7) = Libra; see K.4339 above, and also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', VI 4.

For other examples of astrological identifications of Mercury, see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], III.

===== Predictions: =====
(8) Mercury and the heir to the throne; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD DUMU-LUGAL / ''šu-u''2 ''ba-ʼi-i''[''l''] / ''ša''2-''ru''-[''ri''] ''na-a''-[''ši''] / TA IGI ''mi''3-˹''i''˺-''ni la i''[''l''-''la-ka''] "Mercury (denotes) the heir to the throne. He (now) has great brillian[ce], and bear[s] radianc[e]. Taking (this) into consideration, he (= the heir) should not come (to the palace)" [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 52 r. 9-12], see also [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 73 r. 7-8; 74 r. 5-6].

(9) Sunrisings in different seasons; MUL BI ''ina'' EN.TE.NA IGI.LA2-''ma'' A.AN ''u'' A.KAL / ''ina'' BURU14 IGI.LA2-''ma zi-me-šu''2 ''ri-is-ni-šu''2 KI IGI.LA2 ''u''3 IM ''ša''2 DU-''ku'' ŠEŠ-''ar''2 "If this star (=Mercury) becomes visible in winter, (there will be) rain and flood; if it becomes visible at the time of harvest, and its brilliance is observed, ri-is-ni-šu2, the place, where it became visible and the place where the wind blows (will be the place to make a prediction)" (MUL.APIN II i 57-58) [MA<ref name=":3" /> 84].

(10) Rising in the month of nisan; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 5.

(11) Rising in the month of ulul; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiKIN KUR-''ḫa'' / ''ša''2-''qe''2-''e'' (KI.LAM) ''na-pa-aš''2 dNISABA / DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulBIR IGI-''ir'' / GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 / mulBIR dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD "If the planet (= Mercury) rises in the month of ulul: business activity rises, grain booms. If the Kidney becomes visible in the month of ulul: the plow of the country will prosper; Kidney = Mercury" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 325 r. 1-5].

(12) Sunrise in Hired Man (= Aries); see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]], VI 4.

(13) Sunrise in the Furrow (= Virgo); see (Kurtik b06) [[BAN]], V 4.

(14) Evening appearance in the Pleiades; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / [''it-t'']''i'' MUL.MUL ''it-tan-mar'' / ''a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulŠU.GI [xxx] / ''iš-ta-naq-qa-a'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "[Me]rcury becomes visible in the west [with] the Star Cluster. It becomes higher [...] in the Old Man: rain and flood." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 486:1-5].

(15) Mercury in Scorpius, which is dark; see (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], V 11.

(16) Mercury disappears on its first appearance in the west; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A T[UM3] / ˹IGI.LAL?˺-''ma'' A.AN ŠUR-''nun'' TUM3-''ma'' A.AN ŠUR-''ma'' "[If] Mercury dis[appears] in the west during its (first) appearance: it will rain, when it disappears, it will rain" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 274 r. 1-2].

(17) The connection between Jupiter and Mercury during heliacal risings; see (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], IV 6.

(18) Mercury behind Venus; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.[A] / [''ina'' EGI]R? mul''Dil-bat iz-za-az''-[''ma''] / [DIŠ mu]l''Dil-bat'' AGA GI6 (glossa: ''a-gu-u ṣa-al-mu'') ''ap''-[''rat'' MI2.(PEŠ4).MEŠ] / [NITA.ME]Š U3.TU.M[EŠ] (glossa: ''u''2-''la-a-da'') "Mercury stands west[ward] and [behind] Venus. [If] Venus we[ars] a black crown: [(pregnant) women] will produce [male babies]." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 51:7-r. 2].

(19) Marduk's star emits ''mišḫu''; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU ''me-iš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ'' / KUR NINDA ''nap-ša''2 ''ik-kal'' "If Marduk's star emits mišḫu: the country will eat bread in abudance" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 93 r. 1-5].

(20) Mercury and Antasurra; mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ''ana'' IM ZI.GA dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''i-ba-il''3-''ma'' KI.MIN dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG DU-''ma'' "Antasurra for (predicting) the rising of the wind. (It means): Mercury has great brilliance, var: Mercury stands in Pabilsaga" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 6a]; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / ''mi-ši-iḫ'' dPA.BIL.SAG / M[UL!.UDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-''ma'' "Antasurra is the ''mišiḫ'' of Pabilsaga. (It means): [Mercu]ry stands in Pabilsaga" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 381:1-7].

(21) Mars approaches Mercury, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 30.

(22) Regulus is dark — Mercury stands with Regulus; see (Kurtik L14) [[LUGAL]], IV 2.

(23) Venus brings the Moon's crown — Mercury stands in front of it; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' AGA d''Sin ap-rat u''2-''ru-ba-a-tum ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ: MU NIG2.SI.SA2 KUR SIG5 /: MU.4.KAM NIG2.SI.SA2 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-''ma'' dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If Venus carries the Moon's crown: will there be wailing in the land?", var.: a year of remission of debts, the country will become well, var.: 4 years of remission of debts, (this means): she becomes visible in the west and Mercury stands in front of her." [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 42, VAT 10218:20; 94, K.2226+:23; 215, K. 3601:27].

(24) Mercury approaches Venus; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-''ši'' KUR BI ḪA.A dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD KI-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "If a star, not considered in the 'counting stars', comes close to Venus: the country will perish, (meaning): Mercury stands with it " [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 215, K.3601+:36; 237, ND 4362:28; 253, Text 81-2-4,239:3]

(25) Mercury stands over Venus; see (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 6.

(26) Darkening of Venus in the month of Shabbat and Mercury; dMIN (=DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'') ''ina'' itiZIZ2 MIN (= ''a-dir ina'' MU.BI) KI.LAM ''ina-pu-uš'': LA2 mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD [...] "If Venus darkens in the month of Shabbat: business activity will increase this year, var: will be insufficient. (This means): Mercury [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":1" />, 149, K.137:11; Labat 1965<ref>''Labat R.'' Un calendrier babylonien des travaux des signes et des mois. Paris, 1965.</ref>, 170, § 86:12].

(27) Venus or Mercury in Tails; see (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš|KUNmeš]], III 2-3.

(28) Mercury standing with the Moon or with the True Shepherd of Anu; ša ud.14.kam dingir ki dingir igi kimin dudu.idim.gu4.ud ki 30 gub / kimin 30 ki mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-''ma'' ki ''ša''2 muludu.idim.gu4.ud ki muludu.idim.sag.uš gub-''ma'' "Regarding (the situation) when a god is seen with a god (viz. i.e. the Moon and the Sun are simultaneously present in the sky in opposite parts of the horizon) on the 14th day (of the month), (possible) var.: Mercury stands with the Moon, var.: the Moon stands with the True Shepherd of Anu, like Mercury standing with Saturn" (note 60: Mercury = Moon, as Saturn = Sun) [Koch-Westenholz 1999<ref name=":6" />, 157:51-53].

(29) Mercury is visible in Goat-Fish; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6|KU6]], V 10.

(30) Visibility of Mercury (theoretical reflection): DIŠ MIN(=dUDU.IDIM ''bi-ib-bu'') ''e-ma'' ITI IGI-''ma e-ma'' ITI TUM3 "The planet (= Mercury) is visible for a month and disappears for a month" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 53:26]. UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-''ma'' ŠU2-''ma'' NU GUR-''ma ina'' 2-''i'' <ITI> (in text: ''u''4-''mi'') NU IGI /: IGI-''ma'' UD.MEŠ-''šu''2 BAD-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 ''ša''2 2-''i'' ITI NU IGI "Mercury rises, sets, and does not return, after 2 <months> it is not visible; (it happens) to be visible and completes its days, but it is not visible at the fixed time after 2 months" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":7" />, 28:10-11].

(31) Current observations; [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD UD.16.KAM2 / [''ša''2 itiSI]G4 ''it-tan-mar'' "[Mer]cury becomes visible on the 16th day of [sima]nu" [SAA 8, 50 r. 3-4]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-''ma'' "Mercury stands within the Swallow", mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''it-tan-ma''[''r-ma''] "Mercury becomes visib[le] in the East" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 253:5′, 8′]. [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD / [''in'']''a ta-mar-ti'' d30 / [''in'']-''na''!-''mar-ma'' "[Mercury [becomes] visible [during] the appearance of the moon" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 259 r. 3]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' GIŠ.NIM / [''it-tan-mar''] ˹x˺ ''a-dan-šu''2 ''ul it-ti-iq'' ... "Mercury [becomes visible] in the east, its period has not yet passed..." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 381 r. 1-2]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulGU4.AN.NA / [''it'']-''tan-mar a-di'' mulŠU.GI / [''ik'']-''tal-du'' "Mercury [be]comes visible in the Heavenly Bull, it [en]ters the Old Man" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 503 r. 1-3]. ''ina mu-ši an''!-''n''[''i''!-''e''] / mulUDU.IDIM.G[UD.UD] / ''u''2-''de-šu''2! ''ne''2-[''em-mar''] / mul''Dil-bat la n''[''e''2''-em-mar''] "Thi[s] night, we sa[we] only Mercur[y]; we did not s[ee] Venus." [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 51 r. 1-4]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / ''u''2-''di-na'' / ''la i-na-mar'' "Mercury has not yet appeared." [SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 81 r. 1-3]; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GU4.UD ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A / [''it-t'']''i'' MUL.MUL ''it-tan-mar'' / ''a-na'' ŠA3-''bi'' mulŠU.GI [x x x x] / ''iš-ta-naq-qa-a'' / A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "[Me]rcury has become visible in the west [with] the Pleiades. It will shift higher [...] into the region of the Old Man: rain and flood." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 486:1-5]. MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / ''a-na man-za-zi-šu''2 ''u''2''-ša''2-''tar-ma'' / ''i-ša''2-''qa-qa-am-ma'' "Marduk's star, (i.e.) Mercury, goes away from its (usual) position and rises" [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 93 r. 1-5]. See also [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 73 r. 3; 74; 6-8; 83:4-r.3; 190 e.6′; 281:1; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 50:9ff.].

See also (Kurtik g34) [[GU4.UD|GU4.UD]], (Kurtik u07) [[UDU.IDIM]], (Kurtik a28) [[AMAR.UD|dAMAR.UTU]], (Kurtik m47) [[Muštarīlu|d''Muštarīlu'']], (Kurtik n43) [[NIN.URTA|dNIN.URTA]], (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku|d''Nusku'']], (Kurtik s08) [[SAG.KUD|dSAG.KUD]], (Kurtik sh09) ''[[Šiḫṭu]]''.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u08)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mul/dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD, mul/dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD; = планета Меркурий [Gössmann 1950, 139bis; BPO 2, 15]; сокращенное обозначение: GU4.UD = šiḫṭu, букв. «Прыжок».
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. Серия Antagal (Table G 308): dbi-ib-bu = dudu.idim.gu4.ud «Планета = Меркурий» [MSL XVII, 229]. ЕАЕ. См. [BPO 2, III 6a; BPO 3, 289; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 8′, 13′, 23′; NSAM 2, 249; SpTU I, 92:2; 93:5']. MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Ану (№ 23): mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU.NI lu-u2 ina dUTU.E3.A / lu-u2 ina dUTU.ŠU.A e-ma ITI IGI.LA2-ma e-ma ITI TUM3 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, восходит или заходит на востоке или на западе в пределах месяца» (I ii 16–17). (2) Планеты «на пути Луны»: KASKAL dSin DU-ku dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dNin-urta MU-šu2 D[U-ak] «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, проход[ит] (тот же) путь, что Луна проходит» (II i 5). (3) Список и определение планет: mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU-šu2 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта» на третьем месте после Юпитера и Венеры, см. u07UDU.IDIM. (4) Планетная теория: a) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU-šu2 lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI.LA2-ma / 7 u4-mi KIMIN 14 u4-mi KIMIN UD 21 KAM KI.4 ITI KI.5 ITI 15 u4-mi ina AN-e GUB-ma / ki-ma TUM3 ma-la u4-mi ša2 ina AN-e GUB-zu uḫ-ḫa-ram-ma lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A ina KASKAL dUTU SAR-ḫa IGI.LA2 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, становится виден либо на востоке, либо на западе и стоит на небе 7 дней, вар.: 14 дней, вар.: 21 день, в четвертых, один месяц, в-пятых, месяц и 15 дней, и когда он исчезает, то остается (невидимым) столько же дней, сколько он стоял на небе, и восходит и становится виден либо на востоке, либо на западе на пути Солнца» (II i 54–57), данный фрагмент из MUL.APIN цитируется также в [TU, 16 r. 38–43; Largement 1957, 252:99–104], b) MUL BI BE-ma SA5 u ba-il3 BE-ma SIG7 u GI6 «Эта звезда либо красная и имеет большой блеск, либо желто-зеленая и темная» (II i 59), c) mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ša2 dNin-urta MU-šu2 lu ina dUTU.E3 lu ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / e-ma ITI IGI.LA2-ma e-ma ITI TUM3 «Меркурий, чье имя Нинурта, становится виден и исчезает в пределах месяца либо на востоке, либо на западе.» (II i 66) [MA, 34, 71, 80, 83–84]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». Cм. [SAA 10, 380–381; SAA 8, 352b]. Šumma Sîn ina tāmartīšu. См. [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:52–53]. Текст K.4339, rev. col. iv 1–6. Тождества: mulgan2.ur3 = muludu.idim.gu4.ud / mulamar.utu = min / mulAŠ.GAN2 = min / mulkak.si.sa2 = min / mulen.te.na.bar.ḫum = min / mulgi6 zi-ba-ni-tu4 = min «Борона = Меркурий, Мардук = ditto, Поле = ditto, Стрела = ditto, Энтенабархум = ditto, темная звезда, Весы = ditto» [CT 25, 13]. GU-текст. (K) muludu.idim.gu4.ud / ša2 ana(ŠE3) mu[l]ab.sin2 ina igi muluga gub-zu «Меркурий, который с Бороздой перед Вороном стоит» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:17–18]; см. также a06AB.SIN2. Поздняя астрология. (1) Приведенный отрывок из GU-текста, возможно, представляет описание положения на зодиаке ašar niṣirti (= гипсомы) Меркурия, см. в этой связи [Koch 1999, 25ff.]. (2) Предсказания, основанные на наблюдениях затмений Луны и положений Луны и планет относительно знаков зодиака. BM 36746+: mulKAK.SI.SA2 (= UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD) (?) [Rochberg-Halton 1984, 135:25′, rev. 2], см. s20Sîn. См. также: dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD iz-za-az-ma: ulUDU.IDIM «Меркурий стоит: (это означает) планета…» [SpTU I, 84:6], šil-ta-ḫu: dUDU.IDIM.dGU4.UD: ulA2mušen «Стрела = Меркурий = Орел»(?) [SpTU I, 84:10], […d]UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina KI KUR NIM.MAki IGI.LA2-ma d[…] «[…] Меркурий в области Элама стал виден […] [SpTU I, 93:5′].

II. Божество.

Набу, а также Нинурта, см. g34GU4.UD. Молитвы и ритуалы. (1) Ритуал «омовения рта». В списке астральных богов: mulUDU.IDIM.[GU4.UD] [Mayer 1978, 445:5; Van Dijk 1980, Taf. 1]. (2) Божества — свидетели договора, см. g34GU4.UD. (3) Список 12 городских богов Вавилона(?): dudu.idim.gu4.ud (на третьем месте) [Livingstone 1986, 54:1].

III. Символ.

На селевкидской табличке AO 6448 Меркурий изображен в виде 8-лучевой звезды, рядом с которой надпись: dGU4.UD [Weidner 1927, Taf. V 3; Weidner 1967, Taf. 10–11; SAA 8, Fig. 15; Куртик 2007, рис. 12]. Данное изображение следует считать исключительным, поскольку 8-лучевая звезда — это стандартный символ Венеры на кудурру и печатях.

IV. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Ярмо; см. sh16ŠUDUN, IV 1.

(2) = Рыба; см. k20KU6, V 10.

(3) = звезда Мардука; см. a28AMAR.UTU, а также (19).

(4) = Почка; см. ниже (11).

(5) = Нумушда; см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA, IV 2.

(6) = Злая звезда (?); см. h08ḪUL, III 1.

(7) = Весы; см. выше K.4339, а также z10Zibānītum, VI 4.

Другие примеры астрологических отождествлений Меркурия см.g34GU4.UD, III.

Предсказания:

(8) Меркурий и наследник престола; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD DUMU–LUGAL / šu-u2 ba-ʼi-i[l] / ša2-ru-[ri] na-a-[ši] / TA IGI mi3-˹i˺-ni la i[l-la-ka] «Меркурий (обозначает) наследника престола. Он (сейчас) имеет большой бле[ск], сияни[е] нес[ет]. Принимая (это) во внимание, он (= наследник) не должен пр[иходить] (во дворец)» [SAA 10, 52 r. 9–12], см. также [ibid., 73 r. 7–8; 74 r. 5–6].

(9) Восходы в различные сезоны; MUL BI ina EN.TE.NA IGI.LA2-ma A.AN u A.KAL / ina BURU14 IGI.LA2-ma zi-me-šu2 ri-is-ni-šu2 KI IGI.LA2 u3 IM ša2 DU-ku ŠEŠ-ar2 «Если эта звезда (=Меркурий) становится видна зимой, (будут) дождь и наводнение; если она становится видна во время сбора урожая, наблюдай ее блеск, ri-is-ni-šu2, место, где она становится видна, и ветер, который дует, (чтобы сделать предсказание)» (MUL.APIN II i 57–58) [MA 84].

(10) Восход в нисану; см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 5.

(11) Восход в месяце улулу; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiKIN KUR-ḫa / ša2-qe2-e (KI.LAM) na-pa-aš2 dNISABA / DIŠ ina itiKIN mulBIR IGI-ir / GIŠ!.APIN KUR! SI.SA2 / mulBIR dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD «Если планета (= Меркурий) восходит в месяце улулу: подъем деловой активности, бурный рост зерна. Если Почка становится видна в месяце улулу: плуг страны будет благоденствовать; Почка = Меркурий» [SAA 8, 325 r. 1–5].

(12) Восход в Наемнике (= Овен); см. h12lúḪUN.GA2, VI 4.

(13) Восход в Борозде (= Дева); см. b06BAN, V 4.

(14) Вечернее появление в Плеядах; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / [it-t]i MUL.MUL it-tan-mar / a-na ŠA3-bi mulŠU.GI [xxx] / iš-ta-naq-qa-a / A.AN u A.KAL «[Ме]ркурий стал виден на западе [с]о Звездами. Он становится выше […] в Старике: дождь и наводнение» [SAA 8, 486:1–5].

(15) Меркурий в Скорпионе, который темный; см. g34GU4.UD, V 11.

(16) Меркурий исчезает при своем первом появлении на западе; [DIŠ] mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A T[UM3] / ˹IGI.LAL?˺-ma A.AN ŠUR-nun TUM3-ma A.AN ŠUR-ma «[Если] Меркурий ис[чезает] на западе при своем (первом) появлении: будет дождь, когда он исчезает, будет дождь» [SAA 8, 274 r. 1–2].

(17) Соединение Юпитера и Меркурия при гелиакическом восходе; см. a28dAMAR.UTU, IV 6.

(18) Меркурий позади Венеры; mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.[A] / [ina EGI]R? mulDil-bat iz-za-az-[ma] / [DIŠ mu]lDil-bat AGA GI6 (глосса: a-gu-u ṣa-al-mu) ap-[rat MI2.(PEŠ4).MEŠ] / [NITA.ME]Š U3.TU.M[EŠ] (глосса: u2-la-a-da) «Меркурий стоит на запад[е] [позад]и Венеры. [Если] Венера не[сет] черную корону: [(беременные) женщины] буд[ут] производить на свет [младенце]в [мужского пола]» [SAA 8, 51:7–r. 2].

(19) Звезда Мардука производит mišḫu; DIŠ MUL dAMAR.UTU me-iš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ / KUR NINDA nap-ša2 ik-kal «Если звезда Мардука произвела mišḫu: страна будет есть обильный хлеб» [SAA 8, 93 r. 1–5].

(20) Меркурий и Антасурра; mulAN.TA.SUR.RA ana IM ZI.GA dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD i-ba-il3-ma KI.MIN dUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG DU-ma «Антасурра для (предсказания) восхода ветра. (Это означает): Меркурий имеет большой блеск, вар.: Меркурий стоит в Пабилсаге» [BPO 2, III 6a]; [mu]lAN.TA.SUR.RA / mi-ši-iḫ dPA.BIL.SAG / M[UL!.UDU.IDIM].GUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulPA.BIL.SAG / GUB-ma «Антасурра — mišiḫ Пабилсага. (Это означает): [Мерку]рий стоит в Пабилсаге» [SAA 8, 381:1–7].

(21) Марс приближается к Меркурию, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 30.

(22) Регул темный — Меркурий стоит с Регулом; см. L14LUGAL, IV 2.

(23) Венера несет корону Луны – Меркурий стоит впереди нее; DIŠ mulDil-bat AGA dSin ap-rat u2-ru-ba-a-tum ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ: MU NIG2.SI.SA2 KUR SIG5 /: MU.4.KAM NIG2.SI.SA2 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A IGI-ma dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD ina IGI-ša2 DU-ma «Если Венера несет корону Луны: в стране будут стенания?, вар.: год отпущения долгов, стране хорошо станет, вар.: 4 года отпущения долгов, (это означает): она становится видна на западе и Меркурий перед ней стоит» [BPO 3, 42, VAT 10218:20; 94, K.2226+:23; 215, K. 3601:27].

(24) Меркурий приближается к Венере; DIŠ mulDil-bat MUL NU ŠID.MEŠ TE-ši KUR BI ḪA.A dUDU.BAD.GUD.UD KI-ša2 DU-ma «Если звезда, не входящая в число “звезд для счета” подходит близко к Венере: страна эта погибнет, (это означает): Меркурий с нею стоит «[BPO 3, 215, K.3601+:36; 237, ND 4362:28; 253, Text 81-2-4,239:3]

(25) Меркурий над Венерой стоит; см. m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 6.

(26) Потемнение Венеры в месяце шабату и Меркурий; dMIN (=DIŠ mulDil-bat) ina itiZIZ2 MIN (= a-dir ina MU.BI) KI.LAM ina-pu-uš: LA2 mulUDU.BAD.GUD.UD […] «Если в месяце шабату Венера потемнела: в этом году деловая активность возрастет, вар.: будет недостаточной. (Это означает): Меркурий […]» [BPO 3, 149, K.137:11; Labat 1965, 170, § 86:12].

(27) Венера или Меркурий в Хвостах; см. k27KUNmeš, III 2–3.

(28) Меркурий стоит с Луной или с Праведным Пастухом Ану; ša ud.14.kam dingir ki dingir igi kimin dudu.idim.gu4.ud ki 30 gub / kimin 30 ki mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-ma ki ša2 muludu.idim.gu4.ud ki muludu.idim.sag.uš gub-ma «Относительно (ситуации), когда бог видится с богом (т.е. Луна и Солнце одновременно присутствуют на небе в противоположных частях горизонта) в 14-й день (месяца), (возможен) вар.: Меркурий стоит с Луной, вар.: Луна стоит с Праведным Пастухом Ану, подобно стоянию Меркурия с Сатурном» (note 60: Меркурий = Луна, как Сатурн = Солнце) [Koch-Westenholz 1999, 157:51–53].

(29) Меркурий виден в Козе-Рыбе; см. k24KU6, V 10.

(30) Видимость Меркурия (теоретическое осмысление): DIŠ MIN(=dUDU.IDIM bi-ib-bu) e-ma ITI IGI-ma e-ma ITI TUM3 «Планета (= Меркурий) видна в течение месяца и на месяц исчезает» [ACh Suppl., 53:26]. UDU.IDIM.GU4.UD IGI-ma ŠU2-ma NU GUR-ma ina 2-i <ITI> (в тексте: u4-mi) NU IGI /: IGI-ma UD.MEŠ-šu2 BAD-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 ša2 2-i ITI NU IGI «Меркурий восходит, заходит и не возвращается, через 2 <месяца> не виден; (он бывает) виден и завершает свои дни, но в установленный срок через 2 месяца не виден» [ACh Ištar, 28:10–11].

(31) Текущие наблюдения; [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD UD.16.KAM2 / [ša2 itiSI]G4 it-tan-mar «[Мер]курий стал виден 16-го [сима]ну» [SAA 8, 50 r. 3–4]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina ŠA3 mulSIM.MAḪ GUB-ma «Меркурий стоит внутри Ласточки», mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina dUTU.E3 it-tan-ma[r-ma] «Меркурий стал виде[н] на востоке» [SAA 8, 253:5′, 8′]. [mulUDU.IDIM].GUD.UD / [in]a ta-mar-ti d30 / [in]-na!-mar-ma «[Мерку]рий [ст]ал виден [п]ри появлении Луны» [SAA 8, 259 r. 3]. [mul]UDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina GIŠ.NIM / [it-tan-mar] ˹x˺ a-dan-šu2 ul it-ti-iq … «Меркурий [стал виден] на востоке, его период еще не прошел…» [SAA 8, 381 r. 1–2]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD ina ŠA3-bi mulGU4.AN.NA / [it]-tan-mar a-di mulŠU.GI / [ik]-tal-du «Меркурий [ст]ал виден в Небесном Быке, он [до]стиг Старика» [SAA 8, 503 r. 1–3]. ina mu-ši an!-n[i!-e] / mulUDU.IDIM.G[UD.UD] / u2-de-šu2! ne2-[em-mar] / mulDil-bat la n[e2-em-mar] «Это[й] ночью мы ви[дели] только Меркур[ий]; мы не в[идели] Венеры» [SAA 10, 51 r. 1–4]. mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / u2-di-na / la i-na-mar «Меркурий еще не появился» [SAA 10, 81 r. 1–3]; [mulUD]U.IDIM.GU4.UD ina dUTU.ŠU2.A / [it-t]i MUL.MUL it-tan-mar / a-na ŠA3-bi mulŠU.GI [x x x] / iš-ta-naq-qa-a / A.AN u A.KAL «[Ме]ркурий стал виден на западе [с] Плеядами. Он сместится выше […] в область Старика: дождь и наводнение» [SAA 8, 486:1–5]. MUL dAMAR.UTU mulUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD / a-na man-za-zi-šu2 u2-ša2-tar-ma / i-ša2-qa-am-ma «Звезда Мардука, (т.е.) Меркурий, идет в стороне от его (обычного) положения и восходит» [SAA 8, 93 r. 1–5]. См. также [SAA 8, 73 r. 3; 74; 6–8; 83:4–r.3; 190 e.6′; 281:1; SAA 10, 50:9ff.].

См. также g34GU4.UD, u07UDU.IDIM, a28dAMAR.UTU, m47dMuštarīlu, n43dNIN.URTA, n55dNusku, s08dSAG.KUD, sh09Šiḫṭu.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Planet]]
[[Category:Mercury]]

UD.KA.DU8.A

2026-03-26T09:58:10Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:UD.KA.DU8.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀)}}
{{distinguish|Udkadua}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Layard plate5 ukadua nimrud.PNG|alt=drawing of a Nimrud relief by Layard (1853)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A Henry Austin Layard's drawing of the storm demon between two male gods (the god of war and the weather god) in Nimrud, published in Layard (1853). [https://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/library/3ADD60G8/pageimg&start=11&pn=19&mode=imagepath Digital Source (MPIWG Berlin)]. ]]
mulUD.KA.DU8.A. (Akkadian reading uncertain), loanword from Sumerian ''kaduhhu'' at Boghazkoi.

A Mesopotamian constellation in the region of [[Cygnus]] and [[Cepheus]]. The Sumerian term UD.KA.DU8.A (𒌓𒅗𒂃𒀀) is a compound which is translated into Akkadian literally meaning "the demon with the gaping mouth" which is translated into Akkadian as ''u4-mu na-ᵓ-ri'', 'raging storm,' in the star-list VR 46 1: 41 (and dupl.). In lists of animals, UD.KA.DU8.A is equated with the Akkadian ''nimru'', "panther", suggesting that the asterism is a panther-demon, perhaps a panther griffin. However, there is no attested ancient equation between the star-name mulU4.KA.DU8.A and ''nimru''. The Boghazkoi (Hittite) Prayer to the Gods of the Night gives a syllabic writing for a loan-word from the Sumerian: ''kaduḫḫû''. This, and the absence of an attested Akkadian star-name, suggests that this asterism was either not part of any native Akkadian or Indo-European name repertoire of constellations that was known or remembered in Ancient Mesopotamia.

A relief sequence in Nimrud shows the depiction of a panther-griffin with a gaping mouth in the middle between the weather god and the god of war. Both, weather and war, can be associated with storm in the way of thunderstorm and "to be up in arms", respectively.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A,
* mulU4.KA.DU8.A,
* PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A;
* = mul''kaduḫḫû'',
* (mul)[[nimru|''nimru'']],
Constellation in [[Cygnus]], The Swan and parts of [[Cepheus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 144; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 35, N/2, 234-235; LAS 2<ref name=":2">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref>, 93; MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 76].

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023):<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>The sumerogram means “day/storm demon (U4) with open (DU8.A) mouth (KA)”. The Akk. reading ''nimru'' “panther” (normal logogram PIRIG.TUR) is uncertain, cf. CAD N/2, 235 s.v. ''nimru'' 2. Note, however, the equation mulKA. AN.DU8 = ''pa-ti-rù'' between mulUDU.IDIM = ''bi-i-bu'' and mulMAR.TU = ''a''-˹''mu''˺-''ru'' in a MB forerunner to Hh from Emar (Msk 74155 rev. iii’ 27’, see Arnaud 1985<ref>Arnaud D. (1985): Textes sumériens et accadiens, planches (= Emar 6/1–2).</ref>, VI.1, 288, and Gantzert 2011<ref>Gantzert, M. (2011). The Emar Lexical Texts. <nowiki>https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/17707/</nowiki></ref>, I 211, II 127). Gantzert transliterates mulQÀ.AN.DU8 and considers this as a variant spelling for GI.DU8 = ''paṭīru'' “altar” (AHw<ref name=":5">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>: “Tragaltärchen”), which would be based on GI = ''qanû'' “reed”. Alternatively, ''pati-rù'' could represent a hitherto unattested Akkadian word corresponding to Greek πάνθηρ “panther” (which is considered to be a loanword from an ancient Near Eastern language, cf. also Sanskrit ''puṇḍarīka'' “tiger”). mulU4.KA.DU8.A (EN 27l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Sources
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* ''Nabnītu'' Series XXII, 265:
** U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' "Dem[on] with the Open Mouth = Panther," quoted in [LAS 2<ref name=":2" />, 93], see also [CT<ref name=":6">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 12, 48 iv 14].
|'''''panther griffin?'''''
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''
* mul''Ka4-ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 46; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:46; Soden 1987<ref>''Soden W. von.'' // AfO. 1987. Bd. 34. S. 71.</ref>, 71].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
* See. [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 289; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:8, 10], and also [Biggs 1987<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' Babylonian Prophecies, Astrology, and A New Source for "Prophecy Text B" / Fs. Reiner. P. 1-14.</ref>, 10 r. 30].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
* Astrolabe P. Month of Kislim, stars of Anu, 60 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 575].
* Astrolabe B.
** (1) List (12´3):
*** ''mul ša igi-šu gub kap-pi u rit-te gar-nu / mulud.ka.du8.a dNergal(u.gur)''
*** "The constellation which stands before it (i.e. Libra), possessing wings and arms, (is) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (B ii 12-13); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref name=":7">''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 4].
** (2) List (3´12):
*** [itigan] ... mul''ud.ka.du8.a šu-ut dA-nim''
*** "[Kislim]: ... The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (rising) (in the path of) Anu " (C ii 9).
** (3) List (rising-sunset=6m): rising — kislim, setting — simanu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40].
* BM 82923.
** Kislimu, stars of Anu: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu''
** "Demon with the Gaping Mouth // 60 // Mars" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:26].
* BM 34713.
** Month of tebet, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref name=":9">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:10], see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]].
* "Round astrolabes." Sm. 162.
** mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1
** "(Stars of Anu, month of Kislim), Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 60" [CT<ref name=":6" /> 33, 11].
* Text Nv. 10.
** Intercalation scheme: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ like the constellation of Ea — asterism AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of adar, see (Kurtik L04) Lammu.
** Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Anu (no. 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A.png|alt=UD.KA.DU.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021)]]
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars".'''
* Anu 4.
** [MUL ša2] ˹''ana'' IGI''-it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR]
** "[The star that] stands opposite it (i.e., . Scorpius), wearing a crown (on its head), equipped with wings and arms, (it is) the 'Demon with the Op[en] Mouth', [Nergal]" (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, <ref name=":7" />178].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Stars of Enlil (no. 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR "Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal" (I i 27).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings:
** ina itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš
** "On the 15th day of kislim, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Eagle and Pabilsag become visible" (I iii 5-6).
* (3) Simultaneous daily sunrisings and sunsets:
** a) (I iii 20), see (Kurtik n50) NUNki,
** b) (I iii 29), see (Kurtik a04) [[TE8.mušen|A2mušen]].
* (4) Intervals between dates of heliacal sunrisings:
** TA KUR ša2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša2'' mulSIM.MAḪ
** "30 days from the rising of the Goat to the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth. 30 days from the rising of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth to the rising of the Swallow" (I iii 39-40).
* (5) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5).
* (6) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
** (a)
*** BE-''ma zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina šer3-ti la-am'' dUTU KUR''-ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG''-ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-ka imKUR.RA ni-iš IGI-ka imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e / ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR''-ḫa''
*** "If you wish to observe the ziqpu-(stars) in the 20th day of nisan, you should stand in the morning before sunrise, place the west on your right, the east on your left, with your face facing south; (at that time) the shoulder of the Demon with the open Mouth will stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest and the Staff will rise" (I iv 10-14),
** (b) on the 1st day of Ayar, the chest of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth culminates, the Star Cluster rise, cf. (Kurtik m35) MUL.MUL,
** (c) on the 20th day of ayar, the knee of the Demon with the Split Mouth culminates, the Bull's Jaw rises, see (Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10|Is lê]]'',
** (d)
*** ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du ša2'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR''-ḫa''
*** "On the 10th day of siman, the heel of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the True Shepherd of Anu rises" (I iv 19-20), (for a parallel see BM 77054:1′-4′ [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>]),
** (e) Shupa culminates, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth rises (I iv 27), see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]] [MA<ref name=":3" />, 26, 44-45, 49, 51, 54, 59-63, 66].
|[[File:UD.KA.DU.A stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|UD.KA.DU8.A in Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021), left is Cassiopeia, below Andromeda, above Vega, right Altair]]
|-
|'''Text BM 77054.'''
* See (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":9" />, 149 r. 2-3; SAA 8<ref name=":10">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List"'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: mul''ud.ka.duḫ.a'' = d''min''(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars";
* (2) 12 stars of Elam: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:108, 205, 226].
|
|-
|'''Star List VR 46,'''
* 1:43. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = u4-mu na-ʼi-ri "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Roaring Demon" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:43; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3; AHw<ref name=":5" />, 709a].
|
|-
|'''Uranologies'''
* MLC 1866.
** mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR: SAG.KAL ''a-lik ˹maḫ-ri˺ / ˹ṣa-lam˺ šu-u2 lu-bu-uš-tu4 la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ''˹2˺ pa-ni-šu2 pa-ni maḫ-ru-˹tu2˺ pa-ni ṣa-lam / ˹pa˺-ni ar2-ku-˹tu4 pa˺-ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin / pi-i pi-˹ti kap˺-pi ra-aš2-ši kin-ṣi 15-šu2 / ˹ki-ṣal˺-šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du 15-šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x a-si-d]u KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam''
** "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth, Nergal, is the first in line, it goes ahead. / Here is a description of (his) human figure: he is clothed, he carries a crown. / He has two faces. The front face is that of a human figure, / the rear face is that of a lion, bearded, / mouth open, has wings; his right shin (and) / his ankle (repeated) three times(?); a star on his right heel (and) lower limbs / [(these are) ... the heel] and lower limbs of a human figure" (col. i 17-23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4" />, 36, 39-40, Section B].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu-stars.'''
See
* (Kurtik k25) ''[[Kumāru]]'',
* (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ni-bu-u2 ša2'' GABA-''šu''2]],
* (Kurtik k18) ''[[Kinṣu]]'',
* (Kurtik a47) ''[[Asidu|Asīdu]]''.
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* С.
** [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […]
** "Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cyg),
** mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / [...2 in]ter[va]ls, interval [...]" [Walker 1995, 29; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[...] = mul˹gu2.mur ''u''4?-''ka''?˺-[''duḫ-a'']?
** "The throat of the Demon? with the [Open?] Mouth?", according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>].
* F. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? "The rig[ht] foot [of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth]" (ι Cyg), see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* G. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
* H.
** mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru''
** "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). Ra[inbow (β Cas). sta]r with great brilliance from the Old Man (θ Per). 3 stars. Loosely stained rope. [2 inter]vals, inter[val]. Right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth — first." [Walker 1995, 30-31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57].
* I.
** mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ [...m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš tak2-si
** "The right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (ι Cyg). [...] PA SI of Stag (δ Cas). 3 stars. tak2-si" [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 104-105]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57],
** ˹mul˺ [...] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] "[Tail of the Pig]"(β Lac),
** PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim "Leaf(?) of the Stag".
* J.
** [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba
** "The toe on the right foot of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (π Peg), the st[ar with great brilliance] of Anunitu (γ Peg), the head of the Hired Man (α Ari): 3 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106; Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 45, 57].
* §m. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §w. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2
** "The Shoulder of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (κ Cyg? ), Crown of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (α Cep), left arm, new damage, Zababa (ζ Oph): 4 stars. Cow Pasture. Leg of the Goat, damage." [Walker 1995, 40-41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110-111]; according to J. Koch,
** mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? "Left hand [of the Bison]" (Ser d), mulgir3 uz3 "Leg of the Goat" (= δ Her) [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 50, 63].
* §x.
** mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2
** "The base of the left leg of the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (μ Cyg), the star with great brilliance Anunitu (γ Peg), and the hand, damage." [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; according to [Koch 1995<ref name=":12" />, 51, 64],
** mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? "[The left] hand [of the Goat]" (θ Lyr).
|
|-
|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
* ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ša2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša2'' dŠamaš(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ. AM3
* "On the 15th day of siman, during sunrise in the morning, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Field, and the Swallow are in equilibrium (= in climax). In the month of kislimu, in the evening at sunset, the same thing takes place." [SpTU I,<ref name=":13">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 95:5'-6'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99], see also [SpTU I<ref name=":13" />, 27 r.20].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora.'''
А 3427
* [... ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min (= ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) "[In] the month of tebet at noon(?) on the 29th day, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu and rises" [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 239:22]. See also (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|lúḪUN.GA2]].
|Example
|}

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Deneb]]
| HIP 102098
|within constellation lines
| 1.25
|-
|2
| [[Sadr]]
| HIP 100453
|within constellation lines
|2.23
|-
| 3
|[[Aljanah]]
|HIP 102488
|within constellation lines
|2.48
|-
|4
|ζ Cygni
|HIP 104732
|within constellation lines
|3.21
|-
|5
|ζ Cephei
|HIP 109492
|within constellation lines
|3.35
|-
|6
|[[Alfarasalkamil]]
|HIP 113726
|within constellation lines
| 3.62
|-
|7
|ξ Cygni
|HIP 104060
|Inside the Hull
|3.73
|-
|8
|τ Cygni
| HIP 104887
|Inside the Hull
|3.73
|-
|9
|[[Stellio]]
|HIP 111169
|Inside the Hull
|3.77
|-
|10
|[[Udkadua]]
|HIP 116584
|within constellation lines
|3.82
|-
| 11
|η Cygni
|HIP 98110
|within constellation lines
|3.88
|-
|12
|ν Cygni
|HIP 103413
|Inside the Hull
|3.94
|-
|13
|41 Cyg
| HIP 101076
|within constellation lines
|4.01
|-
|14
|ρ Cygni
|HIP 106481
|within constellation lines
|4.02
|-
|15
|1 Lac
|HIP 109937
|within constellation lines
|4.15
|-
|16
|π 2 Cygni
|HIP 107533
|Inside the Hull
|4.18
|-
|17
|ϵ Cephei
|HIP 109857
|Inside the Hull
| 4.18
|-
|18
| 52 Cyg
|HIP 102453
|Inside the Hull
|4.23
|-
|19
|σ Cygni
|HIP 105102
| Inside the Hull
| 4.24
|-
|20
| 5 Lac
|HIP 111022
|Inside the Hull
|4.37
|-
|21
|υ Cygni
|HIP 105138
|Inside the Hull
|4.42
|-
|22
|39 Cyg
|HIP 100587
|within constellation lines
|4.44
|-
|23
|β Lacertae
|HIP 110538
|Inside the Hull
| 4.44
|-
|24
|11 Lac
|HIP 111944
|Inside the Hull
|4.46
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 109754
|within constellation lines
| 4.49
|-
|26
|6 Lac
|HIP 111104
| Inside the Hull
|4.511
|-
|27
|63 Cyg
|HIP 104194
|Inside the Hull
| 4.514
|-
|28
|[[Honores]]
|HIP 114570
|Inside the Hull
|4.52
|-
|29
|λ Cygni
| HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
|4.54
|-
|30
|2 Lac
|HIP 110351
| Inside the Hull
| 4.54
|-
|31
|4 Lac
|HIP 110609
|Inside the Hull
|4.58
|-
|32
|9 Lac
|HIP 111674
|Inside the Hull
|4.63
|-
|33
|47 Cyg A
|HIP 101474
|Inside the Hull
|4.636
|-
|34
| 3 And
|HIP 113919
|Inside the Hull
|4.64
|-
| 35
|15 Vul
|HIP 98543
|within constellation lines
|4.651
|-
|36
|[[Azelfafage]]
|HIP 107136
|Inside the Hull
|4.66
|-
|37
|59 Cyg
|HIP 103632
|Inside the Hull
|4.75
|-
| 38
|* lam Cyg A
|HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
|4.76
|-
|39
| 57 Cyg
| HIP 103089
|Inside the Hull
|4.77
|-
|40
|P Cyg
|HIP 100044
|Inside the Hull
|4.82
|-
|41
| 55 Cyg
|HIP 102724
|Inside the Hull
|4.86
|-
|42
|8 And
|HIP 115022
|Inside the Hull
|4.86
|-
|43
|72 Cyg
|HIP 106551
| Inside the Hull
|4.91
|-
| 44
|28 Cyg
|HIP 99303
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|45
| T Cyg
|HIP 102571
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|46
| 15 Lac
|HIP 112917
|Inside the Hull
|4.938
|-
|47
|[[Tengshe]]
|HIP 113288
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|48
|29 Cyg
|HIP 99770
|Inside the Hull
| 4.99
|-
|49
|68 Cyg
| HIP 105186
| Inside the Hull
|5
|-
|50
| 74 Cyg
|HIP 106711
| Inside the Hull
|5.035
|-
| 51
| -
|HIP 102843
|Inside the Hull
|5.05
|-
| 52
| -
| HIP 109102
|Inside the Hull
| 5.07
|-
|53
|13 Lac
|HIP 112242
|Inside the Hull
|5.08
|-
|54
|75 Cyg
|HIP 106999
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
|55
| 35 Cyg
| HIP 100122
| Inside the Hull
|5.162
|-
|56
|* 2 And A
|HIP 113788
|Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
|57
| 21 Vul
|HIP 99738
|Inside the Hull
| 5.189
|-
|58
|NGC 6871
| NGC 6871
|Inside the Hull
|5.2
|-
|59
|61 Cyg A
|HIP 104214
|Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
|60
|71 Cyg
|HIP 106093
|Inside the Hull
|5.217
|-
|61
|12 Lac
|HIP 112031
|Inside the Hull
|5.229
|-
|62
| -
|HIP 109572
|Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
|63
|70 Cyg
|HIP 105942
|Inside the Hull
|5.293
|-
|64
| 4 And
| HIP 114200
|Inside the Hull
| 5.294
|-
|65
| -
|HIP 105898
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|66
| -
|HIP 99031
|Inside the Hull
|5.37
|-
|67
| -
|HIP 109521
|Inside the Hull
| 5.377
|-
|68
|W Cyg
|HIP 106642
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|69
|EW Lac
|HIP 113327
|Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
|70
| 60 Cyg
|HIP 103732
|Inside the Hull
|5.432
|-
|71
|11 And
|HIP 115152
|Inside the Hull
|5.44
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 103094
| Inside the Hull
|5.462
|-
|73
| -
|HIP 103145
|Inside the Hull
|5.47
|-
|74
| -
|HIP 107235
| Inside the Hull
| 5.505
|-
| 75
| -
|HIP 109745
|Inside the Hull
|5.53
|-
|76
| -
| HIP 103519
|Inside the Hull
|5.547
|-
|77
|36 Cyg
|HIP 100108
| Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 105769
| Inside the Hull
|5.58
|-
|79
|V1942 Cyg
|HIP 108845
|Inside the Hull
|5.596
|-
|80
|40 Cyg
|HIP 100907
|Inside the Hull
|5.62
|-
|81
|49 Cyg
|HIP 102066
| Inside the Hull
|5.638
|-
|82
|V1768 Cyg
|HIP 98863
| Inside the Hull
|5.65
|-
|83
| -
|HIP 102155
|Inside the Hull
|5.664
|-
|84
| -
|HIP 111544
|Inside the Hull
|5.67
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 105497
|Inside the Hull
|5.671
|-
| 86
| -
|HIP 101899
|Inside the Hull
| 5.673
|-
|87
| -
|HIP 105390
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
| 88
|8 Lac A
|HIP 111546
| Inside the Hull
|5.69
|-
|89
|79 Cyg
| HIP 107253
|Inside the Hull
|5.695
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99841
|Inside the Hull
|5.698
|-
|91
| -
|HIP 104371A
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 109831
| Inside the Hull
|5.72
|-
|93
|77 Cyg
|HIP 107162
|Inside the Hull
| 5.726
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 98767
|Inside the Hull
|5.73
|-
|95
| -
|HIP 105282
| Inside the Hull
|5.74
|-
|96
| -
|HIP 106393
|Inside the Hull
|5.755
|-
|97
| -
|HIP 108758
|Inside the Hull
|5.776
|-
|98
|DT Cyg
|HIP 104185
|Inside the Hull
|5.82
|-
|99
|V460 Cyg
|HIP 107129
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|100
| -
|HIP 112417
|Inside the Hull
|5.84
|-
|101
| -
|HIP 111259
|Inside the Hull
|5.88
|-
|102
|V1334 Cyg
|HIP 105269
|Inside the Hull
|5.882
|-
|103
| -
| HIP 109972
|Inside the Hull
|5.882
|-
|104
|42 Cyg
|HIP 101067
|Inside the Hull
| 5.899
|-
|105
|V2119 Cyg
|HIP 100574
|Inside the Hull
|5.9
|-
|106
|14 Lac
|HIP 112778
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|107
| -
|HIP 111925
|Inside the Hull
|5.92
|-
|108
| -
|HIP 100501
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
|109
|69 Cyg
|HIP 105811
| Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|110
| -
|HR 8708
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
| 111
| -
|HIP 112041
|Inside the Hull
|5.94
|-
|112
| -
|HIP 103371
|Inside the Hull
|5.96
|-
|113
| -
|HIP 101986
| Inside the Hull
|5.965
|-
|114
| -
| HIP 113048
|Inside the Hull
|5.98
|-
|115
| -
|HIP 103734
| Inside the Hull
|5.997
|-
|116
| -
|HIP 102033
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|117
|61 Cyg B
|HIP 104217
| Inside the Hull
|6.03
|-
|118
| -
|HIP 105432
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
|119
| -
|HIP 104765
|Inside the Hull
|6.071
|-
|120
| -
|HIP 100486
| Inside the Hull
|6.072
|-
|121
| 76 Cyg
|HIP 107097
|Inside the Hull
|6.075
|-
|122
| -
| HIP 107186
|Inside the Hull
|6.089
|-
|123
| -
|HIP 107664
|Inside the Hull
|6.091
|-
|124
| -
|HIP 103894
| Inside the Hull
|6.097
|-
|125
| -
|HIP 112098
|Inside the Hull
|6.106
|-
|126
|AR Lac
|HIP 109303
| Inside the Hull
|6.11
|-
|127
| -
|HIP 109033
|Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
|128
| -
|HIP 115171
|Inside the Hull
|6.13
|-
|129
| -
|HIP 99145
|Inside the Hull
|6.141
|-
|130
| -
|HIP 105229
|Inside the Hull
|6.15
|-
|131
| -
|HIP 103532
|Inside the Hull
|6.156
|-
|132
| -
|HIP 105101
|Inside the Hull
|6.159
|-
|133
| -
| HIP 110849
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|134
| -
|HIP 110566
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|135
| -
| HIP 106518
|Inside the Hull
|6.163
|-
|136
|V399 Lac
|HIP 109205
| Inside the Hull
|6.171
|-
|137
| -
|HIP 110171
|Inside the Hull
|6.179
|-
|138
| -
|HIP 109121
|Inside the Hull
|6.181
|-
|139
|V1619 Cyg
|HIP 107856
|Inside the Hull
|6.193
|-
|140
|CP Cyg
|HIP 106752
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|141
| -
|HIP 101756
|Inside the Hull
|6.202
|-
|142
| -
| HIP 106420
|Inside the Hull
|6.209
|-
| 143
| -
| HIP 105034
|Inside the Hull
|6.21
|-
|144
|44 Cyg
| HIP 101214
|Inside the Hull
|6.216
|-
|145
| -
|HIP 100018
|Inside the Hull
|6.22
|-
|146
|V1981 Cyg
|HIP 103828
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|147
|V1339 Cyg
|HIP 107140
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
| 148
| -
|HIP 112761
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|149
|* lam Cyg B
|HIP 102589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
|150
| -
|HIP 109082
| Inside the Hull
|6.254
|-
|151
| -
|HIP 107637
|Inside the Hull
|6.26
|-
|152
| -
|HIP 99893
|Inside the Hull
|6.275
|-
| 153
| -
|HIP 111550
|Inside the Hull
|6.275
|-
|154
|48 Cyg
|HIP 101765
|Inside the Hull
|6.304
|-
|155
| -
|HIP 103949
|Inside the Hull
|6.31
|-
|156
| -
|HIP 103963
|Inside the Hull
|6.324
|-
|157
|NAME HD 193702AB
|HIP 100268
|Inside the Hull
|6.33
|-
|158
| -
|HIP 103079
|Inside the Hull
|6.355
|-
|159
| -
|HIP 100155
|Inside the Hull
|6.36
|-
| 160
| -
|HIP 107398
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|161
| V405 Lac
|HIP 110408
|Inside the Hull
|6.369
|-
|162
| -
| HIP 105017
|Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
| 163
| -
|HIP 110316
| Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|164
| -
|HIP 111247
| Inside the Hull
|6.37
|-
|165
| -
| HIP 111753
|Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
|166
| -
|HIP 98701
|Inside the Hull
|6.378
|-
| 167
| -
| HIP 105406
|Inside the Hull
|6.38
|-
|168
| V444 Cep
|HIP 109124
|Inside the Hull
|6.382
|-
|169
| -
|HIP 100866
|Inside the Hull
|6.398
|-
|170
| -
|HIP 109272
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|171
|NGC 7243
|NGC 7243
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|-
|172
| -
|HIP 112300
|Inside the Hull
|6.41
|-
|173
| -
| HIP 102585
|Inside the Hull
|6.411
|-
|174
|V350 Lac
|HIP 111072
| Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
| 175
|LN And
|HIP 113802
|Inside the Hull
|6.42
|-
|176
| -
|HIP 105637
|Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
|177
| -
|HIP 107445
| Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|178
| -
|HIP 113750
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
| 179
|5 And
|HIP 114210
|Inside the Hull
|6.43
|-
|180
| -
|HIP 102993
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
| 181
| -
|HIP 103822
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|182
| -
|HIP 104962
|Inside the Hull
|6.441
|-
|183
| -
|HIP 99929
|Inside the Hull
|6.448
|-
|184
| -
| HIP 110055
|Inside the Hull
|6.45
|-
|185
| -
|HIP 114981
|Inside the Hull
|6.455
|-
|186
| -
|HIP 112986
|Inside the Hull
|6.463
|-
|187
| -
|HIP 99719
|Inside the Hull
|6.464
|-
|188
| -
|HIP 103596
| Inside the Hull
|6.465
|-
|189
| -
|HIP 101268
|Inside the Hull
|6.467
|-
| 190
|X Cyg
|HIP 102276
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|191
|ET And
|HIP 115036
|Inside the Hull
|6.479
|-
|192
| -
| HIP 107749
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|193
| -
|HIP 103871
|Inside the Hull
|6.486
|-
|194
| -
|HIP 113603
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
| 195
| -
|HIP 109079
|Inside the Hull
|6.494
|-
| 196
| -
| HIP 101768
|Inside the Hull
|6.496
|-
|197
| -
|HIP 102062
|Inside the Hull
|6.497
|-
|198
| -
|HIP 99653
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== Deity. ====
[[Nergal|dNergal]] (see Kurtik n18).

===== Prayers and rituals. =====
* (1) At a lunar eclipse: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin''-ma'' .... [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ "If in the month of kislim (an eclipse occurrs)... he casts himself down (before) the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (and) the Scorpius; (his) life will be prolonged" [Koch-Westenholz 2001<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Babylonian Views of Eclipses // Res Orientales. 2001. Vol. XIII. P.71-84.</ref>, 77:33].
* (2) Calendar and mythological text BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923<ref>''Landsberger B.'' Ein astralmythologischer Kommentar aus der Spätzeit babylonischer Gelehrsamkeit // AfK. 1923. Bd. 1. S. 69-82.</ref>; STC I<ref name=":14">''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 213; II<ref name=":14" />, Pl. 71:17].
* (3) Wishes for the welfare of the Assyrian king: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka'' ''lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / [...] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''? ''bi''?˺ "[The Demon with the Op]en [Mouth], Nergal, may he strengthen your foundation, all your enemies / [...] may he throw you into discontent!" [Watanabe 1992<ref>''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331: 9′-10′].

==== Symbol. ====
For a description of the figure of the constellation see. MLC 1866 (col. i 17-24). The figure resembles that of a monster-like creature with features resembling a panther, a lion, and a bird; it has arms, wings, and two faces — one apparently that of a human and the other like a lion. The presence of a crown indicates the figure's divine status. Mesopotamian glyptics contain many images of different kinds of bird-lions, lion-griffins, but we do not know an image that exactly corresponds to the description given above. Thus, on kudurru and in glyptics there are images of a "dragon-lion" or "lion-griffin", whose front part of the body is like a lion (head, paws, and the trunk), and the hind part is bird-like (legs with claws and a tail), it also has wings, and the mouth is always viciously open [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 181ff.; 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 489a; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 48]. There is no evidence, however, that these images were actually associated with the constellation mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

==== Previous Identification. ====
[[File:Udkadua.jpg|thumb|Udkadua according to Roland Laffitte (2009); star names assembled from different sources, cf [https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF on Uranos].]]
= Cygnus + nearby constellations: Cepheus, Lacerta; + parts of Pegasus and Andromeda(?) [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13].

= Cygnus + part of Cephei [Waerden 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 75a].

= Swan (Cygnus) and part of Cepheus (Cepheus) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 15; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":8" />, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":4" />, 76].

= Swan, Lizard, and parts of Cassiopeia and Cepheus [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= Swan (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":11" />, 207, App. C].

==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
(1) Crown (α Cep), see dbn text (§§C, m, w), '''Laffitte:''' ''α Cep''

(2) Throat(?), see dbn-text (§C), '''Laffitte''': la Trachée artère ''ο2 Cyg''

(3) Shoulder (= ziqpu VIII), see (Kurtik k25) ''[[Kumāru]]'', '''Laffitte:''' ''β Cyg''

(4) Chest (= ziqpu IX), see (Kurtik n20) [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]], ''α Cyg''

(5) Arms, see Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 stars."

(6) Wings, see MLC 1866, Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars."

(7) Right leg (ι Cyg), see dbn text (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) The base of the left foot (μ Cyg), see dbn-text (§x).

(9) Toe on the right foot (π Peg), see dbn-text (§ J), '''Laffitte:''' ''α Sge''

(10) Knee (= ziqpu X), see (Kurtik k18) ''[[Kinṣu]]''., '''Laffitte:''' ''α Lac''

(11) Heel (= ziqpu XI), see (Kurtik a47) [[Asidu|''Asīdu'']].

'''Laffitte:''' la Patte droite du Démon tempête: ''δ Cyg''

==== Astrology. ====
Identifications:

(1) = Mars; see above BM 82923, "Great Star List," and also predictions (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = Nergal; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 [...] "The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is) Nergal, who [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 282:2], see also Astrl. B, "Catalog of 30 Stars," MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Šimut''; see (Kurtik sh12) [[Šimut|d''Šimut'']], II 1-2, and also prediction (14).

(4) = Jupiter(?); see prediction (11).

Predictions:

(5) Rising in its own time and not in its own time; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 "The [D]emon with the Open Mouth sets in the month of duuzu, it rises in the month of [...]; if the star rises early: the king of the country will smite his enemy; if the star [rises] late: [the king of the country] will be smitten by his enemy (and) will gain knowledge?" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IX 11].

(6) Risings in the month of Nisan; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (= Mars?) rises heliacally in the month of nisan: (within) 5 years, there will be a plague in Akkad at the command of Erra, but it will not affect livestock." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) approaches the Fish (=Mercury); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8.A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' [...] "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth approaches the Fish, (it means): Mars appraoches Mercury [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 30:15], see also [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) The Wolf approaches the Demon with the Gaping Mouth; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 5.

(9) Eclipse of the Moon in Scorpius, when the Shoulder culminates; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]], VI 10.

(10) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth and the Stag; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI '''(check)''' ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-aḫ "If the Demon with the Op[en] Mouth 'waters'(?) the right leg of the Stag: cattle will fall; council in the country will shine forth" [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":15" />, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU...] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' [...] ... "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth emits mišḫu: the king of Amur[ru (will die) ...], (it means): Jupiter is very [....]..." [ACh Suppl. 2<ref name=":15" />, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; this prediction allows for the identity, "Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Jupiter," but we cannot assert this with complete certainty..

(12) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth darkens; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "[If] the Demon with the Gaping Mouth becomes dark: an eclipse of the Moon will occur during the evening watch" (AO 6455:1) [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 11:1].

(13) The Demon with the Gaping Mouth (=Mars) is very white or very red when it appears; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-''e'' ''sip''2-''du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth (is observed) durings its appearance in the sky: sorrow, Mars' day [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very white: horses will die because of si-nu-tu and [...], (if) [at] its [appearance] it is very red: pregnant women and their intrauterine babies will die because of ..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 30:8-10], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 24:1].

(14) The colors of Shemut (= the Demon with the Gaping Mouth = Mars); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (var.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) ... "If Shemut, its star is black (var.: white, green, red) ..." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":15" />, 24:4-5].

See also: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI ...[...] "If the Demon with the Gaping Mouth appears...[...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":10" />, 415 r. 1-2].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
!Kurtik (2007)
!Gössmann (1950)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/som_fr_01/
|-
| scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
=== Kurtik (2022, u06) ===
| scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
| scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
=== Laffitte (Uranos 2009) ===
|-
|вар. чтения: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A, mulU4.KA.DU8.A, PIRIG2.KA.DU8.A; = mul''kaduḫḫû'', (mul)''nimru'', шум. «Демон с Разинутой Пастью», акк. «Пантера, Леопард»; созвездие в Лебеде и части Цефея (Cygnus + Cepheus) [Gössmann 1950, 144; BPO 2, 15; CAD K, 35, N/2, 234–235; LAS 2, 93; MA, 126; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].||Example
|U4.KA.DUḪ.A ([https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C24.pdf PDF])
«le Démon Tempête à la Gueule béante»

= ''Nemru'', «la Panthère»
|-
|I. Источники.
'''''Лексич. тексты''.''' Серия ''Nabnītu'' XXII, 265: U[D].KA.DU8.˹A˺ = ''nim-ru'' «Дем[он] с Разинутой Пастью = Пантера», цит. по [LAS 2, 93], см. также [CT 12, 48 iv 14]. '''''Хеттская молитва ночным богам'''''. mul''Ka''4-''ad-du-uḫ-ḫa'' [KUB IV, 47 r. 46; BPO 2, 2:15; Van der Toorn 1985, 130:46; Soden 1987, 71]. '''''ЕАЕ'''''. См. [BPO 2, IX 11, XIII 5, XIV 4; BPO 3, 289; SpTU III, 101:8, 10], а также [Biggs 1987, 10 r. 30]. '''''«Астролябии».''''' Astrolabe P. Месяц кислиму, звезды Ану, 60 [Pinches 1900, 575]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): mul ''ša'' igi-''šu'' gub ''kap-pi u rit-te'' gar-''nu'' / mulud.ka.du8.a d''Nergal''(u.gur) «Созвездие, которое перед ними (т.е. Весами) стоит, обладающее крыльями и руками, (это) Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (B ii 12–13); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Anu'' 4]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): [itigan] … mulud.ka.du8.a ''šu-ut'' d''A-nim'' «[Кислиму]: … Демон с Разинутой Пастью (на пути) Ану (восходит)» (C ii 9). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6m): восход — кислиму, заход — симану [KAV 218, C 18, 29; Horowitz 2014, 38, 40]. BM 82923. Кислиму, звезды Ану: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A // 1 // d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью // 60 // Марс» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:26]. BM 34713. Месяц тебету, звезды Ану [LBAT, 1499:10], см. g27GU.LA. «Круглые астролябии». Sm. 162. mulud.ka.[du8.a] // 1 «(Звезды Ану, месяц кислиму), Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 60» [CT 33, 11]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ану (№ 8): mulud.ka.<du8>.a [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. «'''''Каталог 30 звезд'''''». ''Anu'' 4. [MUL ''ša''2] ˹''ana'' IGI-''it''˺ (<x x x>) GUB-''zu a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-''nu'' múlUD.KA.D[UḪ.A dU.GUR] «[Звезда, которая] напротив него (т.е. Скорпиона) стоит, несущая корону (на своей голове), снабженная крыльями и руками, (это) “Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью”, [Нергал]» (A. 18, B. 19) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 178]. '''''Текст BM 77054'''''. См. sh17ŠU.PA. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 27): mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A dU.GUR «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал» (I i 27). '''(2)''' Даты гелиакических восходов: ''ina'' itiGAN UD 15 KAM mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulTI8mušen ''u'' mul''Pa-bil-sag'' IGImeš «15-го кислиму Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Орел и Пабилсаг становятся видны» (I iii 5–6). '''(3)''' Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) (I iii 20), см. n50NUNki, b) (I iii 29), см. a04A2mušen. '''(4)''' Интервалы между датами гелиакических восходов: TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUZ3 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A / TA KUR ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A 30 UDmeš ''ana'' KUR ''ša''2 mulSIM.MAḪ «30 дней от восхода Козы до восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью. 30 дней от восхода Демона с Разинутой Пастью до восхода Ласточки» (I iii 39–40). '''(5)''' Список ''ziqpu''-звезд: mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A (I iv 5). '''(6)''' Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: '''a)''' BE-''ma'' ''zi-iq-pa a-na a-ma-ri-ka'' ''ina'' itiBAR2 UD 20 KAM / ''ina'' ''šer''3-''ti la-am'' dUTU KUR-''ḫa'' GUB-''ma'' ZAG-''ka'' imMAR.TU / GUB3-''ka'' imKUR.RA ''ni-iš'' IGI-''ka'' imU18.LU / ''ku-ma-ru ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulGAM3 KUR-''ḫa'' «Если ты хочешь наблюдать ''ziqpu''-(звезды) 20-го нисану, ты должен стать утром перед восходом Солнца, запад справа от тебя, восток слева от тебя, лицо твое обращено к югу; (в это время) плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди и Посох восходит» (I iv 10–14), '''b)''' 1-го айяру грудь Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Звезды восходят, см. m35MUL.MUL, '''c)''' 20-го айяру колено Демона с Разинутой Пастью кульминирует, Челюсть Быка восходит, см. i15''Is lê'', '''d)''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 10 KAM ''a-si-du'' ''ša''2 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA KUR-''ḫa'' «10-го симану пятка Демона с Разинутой Пастью стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и Праведный Пастух Ану восходит» (I iv 19–20), (параллель см. BM 77054:1′–4′ [George 1991]), '''e)''' Шупа кульминирует, Демон с Разинутой Пастью восходит (I iv 27), см. sh17ŠU.PA [MA, 26, 44–45, 49, 51, 54, 59–63, 66]. «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 149 r. 2–3; SAA 8, 284:2, 415 r. 1, 507 r. 5]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: mulud.ka.duḫ.a = dmin(= d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Элама: [mulud.ka.duḫ.a]; '''(3)''' 7 ''lumāšu''-звезд: mulud.ka.duḫ.a [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:108, 205, 226]. '''''Список звезд VR 46, 1:43'''''. mulud.ka.duḫ.a = ''u''4-''mu'' ''na''-ʼ''i-ri'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Ревущий демон» [HBA, 52:43; Wee 2016, 162–3; AHw, 709a]. '''''MLC 1866'''''. mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR : SAG.KAL ''a-lik'' ˹''maḫ-ri''˺ / ˹''ṣa-lam''˺ ''šu-u''2 ''lu-bu-uš-tu''4 ''la-biš'' AGA ''a-pir'' / ˹2˺ ''pa-ni''-''šu2'' ''pa-ni maḫ-ru''-˹''tu''2˺ ''pa-ni ṣa-lam'' / ˹''pa''˺''-ni ar''2-''ku-''˹''tu''4 ''pa''˺-''ni'' ˹UR.˺MAḪ ''ziq-nu za-qin'' / ''pi-i'' ''pi-''˹''ti'' ''kap''˺''-pi ra''-''aš''2-''ši kin-ṣi'' 15-''šu2'' / ˹''ki-ṣal''˺-''šu2'' 3.˹TA.˺AM3 MUL ''a-si-du'' 15-''šu2'' KI.UR2 / [x x x ''a-si-d'']''u'' KI.˹UR2˺ ''ṣa-lam'' «Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Нергал, самый первый, идущий впереди. / Вот (его) человеческая фигура: он в одеянии, он несет корону. / У него два лица. Переднее лицо — лицо человеческой фигуры, / заднее лицо — лицо льва, бородат, / рот открыт, имеет крылья; его правая голень (и) / его лодыжка (повторены) трижды(?); звезда на его правой пятке (и) нижних конечностях / [(это) … пятк]а и нижние конечности человеческой фигуры» (col. i 17–23) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 39–40, Section B]. '''''Списки ziqpu-звезд'''''. См. k25''Kumāru'', n20''ni''-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2, k18''Kinṣu'', a47''Asīdu''. '''''Dalbanna-текст'''''. '''С.''' [mu]laga ud.ka.du8.a mulud.ka.du8.a mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] / [2 da]l.ba.a[n.n]a dal.ba.an.na […] «Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), Демон с Разинутой Пастью (α Cyg), mul˹GU2.MUR˺ (ο1 Cyg) / […2 ин]тер[ва]ла, интервал […]» [Walker 1995, 29; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105]; mul˹GU2.MUR˺ xx[…] = mul˹gu2.mur u4?-ka?˺-[duḫ-a]? «Горло Демона? с [Разинутой?] Пастью?», согласно [Koch 1995]. '''F'''. mulgir3 za[g u4.ka.duḫ.a]? «Прав[ая] нога [Демона с Разинутой Пастью]» (ι Cyg), см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''G'''. mulgir3 zag ud.k[a.du8.a], см. sh02ŠAḪ. '''H'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.a multir.[an.na mu]l dil.bat šu.gi 3 mul.meš gu tu.lu [2 dal.ba].an.na dal.b[a.an.na] mulgir3 zag ud.ka.du8.a ''maḫ-ru'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). Ра[дуга (β Cas). Звез]да с большим блеском Старика (θ Per). 3 звезды. Слабо натянутая веревка. [2 интер]вала, интер[вал]. Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью — первая.» [Walker 1995, 30–31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 105; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''I'''. mulgir3 ˹zag˺ ud.ka.du8.˹a mul˺ […m]ul PA SI lu.lim 3 mul.meš ''tak''2-''si'' «Правая нога Демона с Разинутой Пастью (ι Cyg). […] PA SI Оленя (δ Cas). 3 звезды. ''tak''2-''si''» [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 104–105]; согласно [Koch 1995, 45, 57], ˹mul˺ […] = ˹mul˺[kun? šaḫ] «[Хвост Свиньи]»(β Lac), PA SI lu.lim = ''pa-si'' lu.lim «Лист(?) Оленя». '''J'''. [mu]lšu.si ˹gir3˺ gub3 ud.ka.du8.˹a˺ m[ul dil.bat ''ša''2] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'' mulsag lúḫun.ga2 3 mul.meš gu si.sa2 dub2.ba «Носок правой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (π Peg), зве[зда с большим блеском] Ануниту (γ Peg), голова Наемника (α Ari): 3 звезды. Прямая туго натянутая веревка.» [Walker 1995, 31; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106; Koch 1995, 45, 57]. '''§m'''. mulaga ud.ka.du8.a (α Cep), см. u31UZ3. '''§w'''. mul''ku-ma-ru'' ud.ka.du8.a mulaga ud.ka.du8.a mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 mulza.ba4.ba4 4 mul.meš gan2 ab2 mulgir3 uz3 ''ḫe-pi''2 «Плечо Демона с Разинутой Пастью (κ Cyg?), Корона Демона с Разинутой Пастью (α Cep), левая рука, новое повреждение, Забаба (ζ Oph): 4 звезды. Коровье пастбище. Нога Козы, повреждение» [Walker 1995, 40–41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 110–111]; согласно Й. Коху, mulšu gub3 ''ḫe-pi''2 ''eš-šu''2 = mulšu gub3 [gu4.alim]? «Левая рука [Зубра]» (Ser ''d''), mulgir3 uz3 «Нога Козы» (= δ Her) [Koch 1995, 50, 63]. '''§x'''. mulur2 gir3 gub3 ud.ka.du8.a muldil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti u''3 mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 «Основание левой ноги Демона с Разинутой Пастью (μ Cyg), звезда с большим блеском Ануниту (γ Peg) и рука, повреждение.» [Walker 1995, 41; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; согласно [Koch 1995, 51, 64], mulšu ''ḫe-pi''2 = mulšu [gub3 uz3]? «[Левая] рука [Козы]» (θ Lyr). '''''Текст Nv. 10.''''' Схема интеркаляции: mulu4.˹ka.duḫ.ḫa˺ как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04''Lammu''. '''''Текст W. 22281a.''''' ''ina'' itiSIG4 UD 15 KAM2 KI KUR ''ša''2 dUTU ''še-re-e-ti'' mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mulAŠ.GAN2 ''u'' / mulSIM.MAḪ ''šit-qu-lu ina'' itiGAN ''ina li-la-a-ti'' KI ŠU2 ''ša''2 d''Šamaš''(UTU) ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «15-го симану при восходе Солнца утром Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Поле и Ласточка в равновесии (= в кульминации). В месяце кислиму вечером при заходе Солнца имеет место то же самое» [SpTU I, 95:5'–6'; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99], см. также [SpTU I, 27 r.20]. '''''Анафора'''''. А 3427: [… ''ina''] itiab ''ina'' AN.NE ud 29 múlud.ka.du8.a ki.min(=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ZI) «[В] месяце тебету в полдень(?) 29-го дня Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'' и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 239:22]. См. также h12lúḪUN.GA2.

II. Божество.

Нергал (см. n18). '''''Молитвы и ритуалы'''''. '''(1)''' При лунном затмении: diš ''ina'' itikan kimin-''ma'' …. [igi] mulud.ka.du8.a mulgir2.tab ''uš-kin'' ti.la taḫ «Если в месяце кислиму (затмение произошло)… он повергает себя ниц (перед) Демоном с Разинутой Пастью (и) Скорпионом; (его) жизнь продлится» [Koch-Westenholz 2001, 77:33]. '''(2)''' Календарно-мифологический текст BM 55466+(r. 17): múlud.ka.du8.a [Landsberger 1923; STC I, 213; II, Pl. 71:17]. '''(3)''' Пожелания благополучия ассирийскому царю: [mulUD.KA.D]U8.A dU+GUR ''iš-de-ka lu-dan-nin nap-ḫar a-a-bi-ka'' / […] ˹''lu''˺-''ter a-na la'' DUG3-˹''ub''? ''lib''?-''bi''?˺ «[Демон с Рази]нутой [Пастью], Нергал, да укрепит твои основания, всех врагов твоих / […] да ввергнет в недовольство!» [Watanabe 1992, 370, K. 6331: 9′–10′].

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия см. MLC 1866 (col. i 17–24). Это монстрообразное существо, имеющее черты сходства с пантерой, но также со львом и птицей, у него есть руки, крылья и два лица, одно, по-видимому, человеческое, а второе — львиное. Наличие короны указывает на божественный статус фигуры. Месопотамская глиптика содержит немало изображений различного рода птице-львов, львов-грифонов, однако нам неизвестно изображение, точно соответствующее приведенному описанию. Так, на кудурру и в глиптике встречаются изображения «льва-дракона», или «льва-грифона», у которого передняя часть тела — львиная (голова, лапы и туловище), а задняя часть — птичья (ноги с когтями и хвост), у него имеются также крылья, и пасть всегда злобно разинута [Seidl 1968, 181ff.; 1969, 489a; Black–Green 1992, 121; Wiggermann 1992, 185, 187, 188 Fig. 11; Куртик 2007, рис. 48]. Нет, однако, доказательств того, что эти изображения были на самом деле связаны с созвездием mulUD.KA.DU8.A.

IV. Отождествление.

= Сygnus + близлежащие созвездия: Cepheus, Lacerta; + части Пегаса и Андромеды(?) [Gössmann 1950, 144, I].

= Cygnus + αξιδζμ Cephei [Waerden 1949, 13].

= Cygnus + часть Cephei [Waerden 1974, 73].

= Cygnus + Cepheus [Weidner 1957–59, 75a].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) и часть Цефея (Сepheus) [BPO 2, 15; Horowitz 2014, 248; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].

= Лебедь, Ящерица и части Кассиопеи и Цефея [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

= Лебедь (Cygnus) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) Корона (α Cep), см. dbn-текст (§§С, m, w).

(2) Горло(?), см dbn-текст (§С).

(3) Плечо (= ''ziqpu'' VIII), см. k25''Kumāru''.

(4) Грудь (= ''ziqpu'' IX), см. n20''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2

(5) Руки, см. Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(6) Крылья, см. MLC 1866, Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''».

(7) Правая нога (ι Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§§ F, G, H, I).

(8) Основание левой ноги (μ Cyg), см. dbn-текст (§x).

(9) Носок правой ноги (π Peg), см. dbn-текст (§ J).

(10) Колено (= ''ziqpu'' X), см. k18''Kinṣu''.

(11) Пятка (= ''ziqpu'' XI), см. a47''Asīdu''.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = ''Марс''; см. выше ''BM 82923'', «''Большой список звезд»'', а также предсказания (6), (7), (13), (14).

(2) = ''Нергал''; mulUD.KA.DU8.A dU.GUR ''ša''2 […] «Демон с Разинутой Пастью (есть) Нергал, который […]» [SAA 8, 282:2], см. также Astrl. B, «''Каталог 30 звезд''», MUL.APIN I i 27.

(3) = ''Шимут''; см. sh12d''Šimut'', II 1–2, а также предсказание (14).

(4) = ''Юпитер''(?); см. предсказание (11).

Предсказания:

(5) ''Восход в свое и не в свое время''; m[ulU]D.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' itiŠU ŠU2 ''ina'' ITI […] IGI-''mar'' BE-''ma'' MUL BI NIM-''ma'' IGI LUGAL KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' / BE-''ma'' MUL BI UD.ZAL-''ma'' [IGI LUGAL KUR BI] ŠI.ŠI-''šu''2 KUR2-''šu''2 GAR-''an'' IDIM.ME KUR-''ad''2 «[Д]емон с Разинутой Пастью заходит в месяце дуузу, он восходит в месяце […]; если эта звезда восходит рано: царь страны поразит своего врага; еcли эта звезда [восходит] поздно: [царя той страны] поразит его враг (и) захватит знать?» [BPO 2, IX 11].

(6) ''Восход в месяце нисану''; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI MU.5.KAM KUR.URIki ''ina'' KA d''Ir''3-''ra'' BE.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ''ana'' MAŠ2.ANŠE NU TE «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (= Марс?) восходит гелиакически в месяце нисану: (в течение) 5 лет в Аккаде по велению Эрры будет чума, но она не коснется скота» [BPO 2, XIII 5, XIV 4].

(7) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''приближается к Рыбе'' (=''Меркурий''); [DIŠ mul]UD.KA.DU8A ''a-na'' mulKU6 TE d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu ana'' dGU4.UD TE-''ma'' […] «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью к Рыбе приближается, (это означает): Марс к Меркурию приближается […]» [ACh Ištar, 30:15], см. также [SpTU III, 101:8].

(8) ''Волк к Демону с Разинутой Пастью приближается''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 5.

(9) ''Затмение Луны в Скорпионе, когда Плечо кульминирует''; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 10.

(10) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Олень''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.[DU8.A] GIR3 15 ˹mul˺LU.LIM ''ir-ḫi'' RI.RI (проверить) ''bu-lim'' GALGA KUR SAR-''aḫ'' «Если Демон с Рази[нутой] Пастью «поливает»(?) правую ногу Оленя: падеж скота; совет в стране воссияет» [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 col. ii 17].

(11) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает'' ''mišḫu''; DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A MIN (=''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'') MAN MA[R.TU…] / dSAG.ME.GAR ''ma-diš'' […] … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью испускает ''mišḫu'': царь Амур[ру (умрет) …], (это означает): Юпитер очень [….]…» [ACh Suppl. 2, 64 col. ii 13ff.]; данное предсказание допускает тождество: “Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Юпитер”, однако полной уверенности быть не может.

(12) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью потемнел''; múlUD.KA.DU8.A ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN.USAN AN.MI GAR-''ma'' «[Если] Демон с Разинутой Пастью стал темным: затмение Луны в вечернюю стражу произойдет» (AO 6455:1) [TU, 11:1].

(13) ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью'' (=''Марс'') ''при своем появлении очень белый или'' ''очень красный''; [DIŠ] mulUD.KA.DU8.A ''ina'' GU4.UD-''šu''2 AN-e ''sip''2''-du''(?) ''u''4-''mu'' d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' BABBAR ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 ''si-nu-tu u''3 […] / [''ina'' IGI.D]U8.A-''šu''2 ''ma-gal'' SA5 SAL.PEŠ4.MEŠ EN ''lip''3-''lip''3-''ši-na'' UŠ2.MEŠ ''aš''2-''šu''2 … «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью (наблюдается) при своем появлении на небе: печаль, день Марса […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень белый: лошади будут умирать из-за ''si-nu-tu'' и […], (если) [при] своем [появ]лении он очень красный: беременные женщины и их внутриутробные младенцы будут умирать из-за …» [ACh Ištar, 30:8–10], см. также [ACh Ištar, 24:1].

(14) ''Цвета Шимута'' (= ''Демон с Разинутой Пастью = Марс''); DIŠ d''Si-mu-ut'' MUL.BI MI (вар.: BABBAR, SIG7, SA5) … «Если Шимут, звезда его черная (вар.: белая, зеленая, красная) …» [ACh Ištar, 24:4–5].

См. также: DIŠ mulUD.KA.DU8.A IGI … […] «Если Демон с Разинутой Пастью появляется … […]» [SAA 8, 415 r. 1–2]
|Example
|* Le nom de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », est attesté dans les ''Tables calendaires'' dites « astrolabes » datées de la fin du 1er millénaire av. J.-C. o il correspond à ''α Cyg''.
<nowiki>*</nowiki> On trouve ce nom pour une constellation désormais développée tant plusieurs documents datés entre l’an mil et 650 av. J.-C., notamment les ''Listes d’étoiles culminantes'' et le ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'', de même époque, soit ver où elle apparaît comme un des plus riches d’étoiles de la voûte céleste mésopotamienne.

Neuf étoiles apparaissent dans ces documents pour la constellation U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », que l’on nomme ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », en akkadien. Le tableau ci-dessous découle d’une série d’hypothèses qui ont conduit à modifier les identifications faites pour les rendre cohérente avec la figure la plus plausible, le changement le plus substantiel consistant à faire passer le « Pied gauche » du segment ''μ Cyg''‒''π Peg'' à ''γ Sge''‒''α Sge''. Il n’est cependant pas certain que les Mésopotamiens n’avaient pas, en des lieux différents, imaginé des iconographies différentes pour cette figure qui se présente de toute façon sans doute possible comme un démon/panthère ailé.

'''Les noms des étoiles UD.KA.DUḪ.A'''
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nom'''
|'''Transcription'''
|'''Traduction'''
|-
|''α Cep''
|mul.AGA U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Couronne du Démon tempête
|-
|''α Cyg''
|mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A

mul.GABA U4.KA.DUḪ.A

MUL ''nibu šá'' mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Démon tempête

la Poitrine du Démon Tempête

(l’étoile) brillante (de la Poitrine) du Démon…°
|-
|''δ Cyg''
|mul.GÌR ZAG U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Patte droite du Démon tempête
|-
|''β Cyg''
|mul.''kumaru'' (''šá'') U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Épaule du Démon tempête
|-
|''γ Sge''
|mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Hanche gauche du Démon tempête
|-
|''ο2 Cyg''
|mul.GÚ.MUR
|la Trachée artère
|-
|''α Sge''
|mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|l’Orteil de Patte gauche du Démon
|-
|''α Lac''
|''Kinṣu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|-
|''λ Andr''
|''Asidu šá'' mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante)
|}
'''II. La mythologie liée à la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'''''

Comme l’indiquent sans équivoque les textes classiques, U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », ou ''Nemru'' = « la Panthère » en akkadien, est l’emblème de Nergal qui possède, ans la mythologie mésopotamienne, le statut de dieu des Enfers, maître du Monde d’En-bas. Placé d’abord sous l’autorité d’Éreškigal, le Monde des morts est devenu son royaume à la suite de son mariage avec la déesse, ainsi que le raconte le mythe ''Nergal et Éreškigal''.

La personnalité de Nergal est complexe. Ainsi apparaît-il sur le monder terrestre commun dieu redoutable, maître des épidémies mortelles et des inondations. Ce pouvoir de mort explique son assimilation, effectuée à la fin du IIe millénaire, avec Erra, le dieu de la Guerre, dont il hérite l’épithète de « Vaillant ». C’est à ce titre qu’il devient d’ailleurs le patron de la planète ''Ṣabaltānu'' (= ''Mars''), dont le rougeoiement était conçu comme un phénomène funeste dans les textes astrologiques.

Il est représenté sur les kudurrus d’époque qassite par son animal emblématique, le Démon/Panthère ailé accompagné d’une masse à double tête de panthère.

Les Mésopotamiens avaient une représentation assez réaliste des figures célestes, comme cela est prouvé par la mise au point des figures de UR.GU.LA, « le Lion », ou de SIPA.ZI.AN.NA, « le Fidèle Berger d’Anu » à partir des noms d’étoiles, les figures représentations fournies par les kudurrus ou par le document astrologique dont témoignent les tablettes VAT 7847 & 7851 et AO 6448.

Or les Mésopotamiens donnèrent des noms aux étoiles de la région centrée sur ''Cygnus'' des appellations s’expliquant par la place des étoiles dans la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », qui est, selon V R 46, l. 43, UD-''mu na-i-ri'', soit « la Tempête rugissante », et dont l’équivalent akkadien est ''Nemru'', « la Panthère », lié à Nergal.

En effet, ainsi que cela ressort tant de la tablette babylonienne tardive BM 5502, l. 19, qui est une copie de la tablette médiobabylonienne HS 1897, que de la ''Table des Douze fois Trois'', CT 250, ii, l.12, ou encore du ''Texte MUL.APIN'', c’est-à-dire de la tablette BM 86378, I, i, l. 28 : U4.KA.DUḪ.A d.UGUR, soit « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante est Nergal ».

Nous apprenons par ce mêmes tablettes que U4.KA.DUḪ.A, « le Démon tempête à la Gueule béante », se présente ''a-ga-a ap-ru kap-pi u rit-ti'' GAR-nu, « coiffé d’une couronne [et] muni d’ailes et de mains », HS 1897, l. 18 & BM 5502, l. 19. Nous possédons une représentation de la panthère/démon tempête comme symbole de Nergal sur le kudurru du roi qassite Mellishipak II, 1188-1174 av. J.-C. (voir ci-contre).

Nous possédons deux types de listes d’étoiles de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A. La première fait partie des étoiles culminantes canoniques, que nous trouvons dans divers documents, notamment dans AO 6478, dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Hermann Hunger et David Pingree, ''Astral sciences'', 86-87. La seconde est extraite du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' (K 6490), dont j’utiliserai l’identification faite par Johannes Koch, ''WO'', XXVI, 27-42, par ailleurs indiqué par les auteurs précédents, ''ibid.'', 105-111.

'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A''' '''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A''' '''à partir des identifications de H. Hunger et D. Pingree'''
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="4" |AO 6478: identification H & P, 87
|-
|8
|''Kumaru šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|l’Épaule (du Démon à la gueule béante

= la Panthère)
|''β Cyg''
|-
|9
|GABA (= ''Irtu'')

''šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')

MUL ''nibu''

''šá'' (GABA = ''Irtu'') mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A
|la Poitrine

(du Démon à la gueule béante

la (l’étoile) brillante

(de la Poitrine du Démon…)°
|

''α Cyg''
|-
|10
|''Kinṣu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|la Jambe (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''α Lac''
|-
|11
|''Asidu šá'' (mul.UD.KA.DUḪ.A = ''Nemru'')
|le Talon (du Démon à la gueule béante
|''λ And''
|}
'''Essai de représentation de la figure de U4.KA.DUḪ.A à partir des identifications de J. Koch'''

Le passage des deux identifications au prisme de la localisation dans les figures reconstituées à partir des noms d’étoiles, conduit aux constatations suivantes :

1. les deux identifications induisent des formes différentes pour la figure de mul.U4.KA.DUḪ.A ;

2. dans les deux cas, une représentation anthropomorphique s’avère impraticable. Dans le cas A, le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / Kamaru, « l’Épaule », étant plus long que le segment GABA, « la Poitrine » / ''Asidu'', « le Talon », cela entraînerait un torse complètement disproportionné puisque le rapport du premier ne saurait dépasser le quart dans un figure humaine trapue et aux jambes courtes. Dans le cas B, GABA, « la Poitrine », se trouverait exactement entre un GÌR GÙB, « Pied gauche » et un GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit », de taille différente, même si l’on admet avec Koch que le terme ''kumaru'' doit être compris non comme « épaule », mais comme « limite », et la distance entre GABA, « la Poitrine » et GÌR ZAG, « le Pied droit », serait quatre ou cinq fois plus petite que celle qui séparerait GABA, « la Poitrine », et AGA, « la Couronne ».

3. dans le cas A, nous avons un figure du Démon / Panthère complexe, soumise à une torsion assez grande entre un buste disposé de face avec une tête tournée vers la droite et une croupe quasiment de profil. Mais elle peut rester proportionnée, même en tenant faisant figurer AGA, « la Couronne », qui appartient à la seconde liste. Une seule remarque pour cette hypothèse : si le terme ''kumaru'' comme « épaule », ainsi que le pensent Hunger et Pingree, c’est ''γ Cyg'' qui conviendrait mieux dans la figure que ''β Cyg''. Si nous prenons l’acception proposée par Koch, ''β Cyg'' est parfaitement à sa place sur la représentation proposée.

4. Dans le cas B, nous ne pouvons admettre une figure de l’animal emblème de Nergal que de dos avec une tête tournée vers la gauche, ce qui obligerait à localiser GÌR ZAG, « Pied droit » sur une épaule de fait cachée par la figure. Cela paraît bien peu vraisemblable.

5. il n’est pas totalement impossible que nous soyons en présence de deux figures composée de façon indépendante impliquant donc des noms d’étoiles que le regroupement dans un figure unique rendrait incohérent. Je ferai toutefois l’hypothèse d’une figure unique. Le problème se pose alors de localiser les étoiles du ''Catalogue de Dalbanna'' sur cette figure en modifiant leur identification. Dans ce cas GÌR GÙB, « le Pied gauche », correspondrait à l’espace de ''Sagitta''. C’est ainsi que mul.ÙR GÌR GÙB, « la Base du Pied gauche » pourrait être identifiée à ''γ Sge'' et mul.ŠU-SI GÌR GÙB, « le Doigt du Pied gauche », à ''γ Sge''. Le fait que la tablette V R 46 nous parle des ''bras'' de U4.KA.DUḪ.A et non ce ses ''pieds'' (GÌR) comme cela est indiqué dans la liste B, ou de ''jambe'' (''kinṣu'') et de ''talon'' (''asidu'') invite cependant à pencher pour l’hypothèse d’une pluralité de figures.

|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]

UDU.IDIM

2026-03-26T09:53:58Z

WayneHorowitz:

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
mul / dUDU.IDIM (𒀯𒇻𒁁) = ''bibbu,'' wild-sheep, is a generic term for the seven ancient planets of Mesopotamian astronomy: [[:Category:Mercury|Mercury]], [[:Category:Venus|Venus]], [[:Category:Mars|Mars]], [[:Category:Jupiter|Jupiter]], [[:Category:Saturn|Saturn]], the [[:Category:Sun|Sun]] and the [[:Category:Moon|Moon]] (see e.g. the list of the seven planets in The Great Star List). Other readings for Sumerian UDU.IDIM have been proposed, with UDU.TIL now given in the on-line Sumerian dictionary EPSD2.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. reading:

* UDU.BAD;
* UDU.TIL;
* = ''bibbu''; lit. "Wild sheep"; general name for "planet," often used in relation to Mars, Mercury, and Saturn [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 139; BPO 2<ref name=":1">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 15].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Unilingual Sumerian lists: mulUDU.BAD [MSL XI<ref name=":2">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:400, 143 col. x 22].
* (2) Urra XXII series: muludu.idim = ''bi-i-bu'' [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 151:174], [mulUDU.BA]D = ''bi-ib-bi'', [mulU]DU.BAD = d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Planet = Wild Sheep, planet = Mars" [MSL XI<ref name=":2" />, 31, Section 10:9-10], [mu]lUDU.BAD = ''bi-i''[''b'']-''b''[''u''] [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 132, 17:14], muludu.idim = [''b'']''i-ib-bi'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref> 105, 79.B.1 /5 iv 5], m[ul]udu.idim = [...], mu[l]udu.idim = [...], muludu.idim = [...] [SpTU III<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 23-25], muludu-''til'' = ''bi-ib-bi'', muludu-''til'' = d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 106:280ʹ, 281ʹ].
* (3) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = ''bi-ib-bi'' = dGU4.UD "Planet = Wild Sheep = Mercury" [MSL XI, 40:42], muludu.idim = ''bi-ib-bu'' = mu[l...] [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 116 iii 11].
* (4) muludu.idim = d''Nin-urta'' "Planet = Ninurta" [CT<ref name=":4">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 7].
|
|-
|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)."'''
Astrolabe B.

* List (12´3): muludu.idim d''zi-ba-ni-tum'' (=Saturn), see (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.'''
* List of the 12 asterisms of Ea (no. 2): muludu.idim ''ša''2 ''ina'' kunmeš "The planet that is in the Tail" [CT<ref name=":4" /> 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998, 176].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 20:1-80; Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6">''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Elements of the Babylonian Contribution to Hellenistic Astrology // JAOS. 1988. Vol. 108. P. 51-62.</ref>, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7-8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 6a, III 14b, 16a, 18a, 19a, 19a, 20a, IV 4b, 10a, 12a, 13a, V 2b, VI 2b, XVI 14; BPO 3<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 280a; Largement 1957<ref name=":8">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>; Leibovici 1957<ref>''M. Leibovici'', Un Texte Astrologique d'Uruk, Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 21-27, 1957.</ref>, 23: 33; Verderame<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 246; SpTU I<ref name=":10">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 90-93, passim; SpTU II<ref name=":11">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 40:18; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:4, r. 3, 16; SpTU V<ref name=":12">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 262: 3].
|
|-
|'''"Catalog of 30 stars."'''
* Ea. 10, see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'';
* Anu 3, see (Kurtik s10) [[SAG.UŠ]] [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 177-178].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* (1) Planets 'in the path of the Moon': PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ''ša''2 1-''en'' NAmeš-''su-nu'' MULme AN-''e'' / TAGmeš NAmeš-''su-nu'' KUR2.KUR2-''ru'' 'The 6 gods, together, who have the same position (in the sky), (and) those that touch upon (the same) asterisms in the heavens (as the Moon), changing their positions' (II i 7-8).
* (2) List and definition of the planets: mul''Sag-me-gar'' mul''Dili-bat'' mul[UDU.ID]IM.GU4.UD ''ša''2 dMAŠ MU-''šu''2 mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mul''zi-ba-ni-tu''4 MUL dUTU / [...N]Ameš-''šu''2-''nu u zi-me-šu''2-''nu'' KUR2.KUR2-''ru'' / [MULmeš AN]-''e'' TAGmeš "Jupiter, Venus, [Mer]cury, whose name is Ninurta, Mars, Saturn, [also called] 'Libra' (or) 'Star of the Sun.' [(These are deities(?) who)] change their positions (relative to the stars) and their brilliance (and) touch upon [the stars in the sky]' (II i 38-41) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 71, 80-81]."
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* (1) ulsa5 = dudu.idim "Red (star) = planet (= Mars)";
* (2) list of 7 planets: d30 ''u'' dutu dšul.pa.e3 muldil.bat / muludu.idim.sag.uš dudu. idim.gu4.ud / ul''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / 7 mul udu.idim.meš "Moon and Sun, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, Mars: 7 stars, planets" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:170, 241-244].
Star List VR 46, 1:41.

* muludu.idim = ''muš-mit bu-lim'' "Planet = he who kills cattle" (= Mars) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:41; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
|
|-
|'''"Letters" and "Reports."'''
See. [SAA 10<ref name=":13">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 23:8; SAA 8<ref name=":14">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 349b].
|
|-
|'''MLC 1866.'''
* List of planets: mulSAG.ME.GAR mul''dil-bat'' mulG[U4.UD mulGENN]A / mulUDU.IDIM mul''ṣal-bat-an-nu'' d30 ''u'' dUTU / 7 DINGIR.MEŠ DUMU.MEŠ d''a-num ša''2 ''ina ri''-˹''ḫa''˺-''tu''2 d60 / ''re-ḫu-u''2 ''di-gi''4-''gi''4 "Jupiter, Venus, Mer[cury, Satur]n, / the planet Mars, the Moon and the Sun: / the seven gods, the sons of Anu, who from Anu's seed / sprang, the deities-Igigi" (col. iv 8'-11') [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 38, 42, Section O].
|
|-
|'''Temple ritual at Uruk.'''
* (a) ''u''4''-mi-šam kal'' MU.AN.NA 10 UDU.NITA2 ''ma-ru-tu ebbūtu''(DADAG.GA) ''ša''2 ''qarnu''(SI) ''u''3 ''ṣupru''(UMBIN) ''šuk-lu-lu'' / ''a-na'' d''Anu''(60) ''u''3 ''An-tu''4 ''ša''2 AN-''e'' dSAG.ME.GAR d''Dil-bat'' dGU4.UD dGENNA d''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' / KUR-''ḫa'' dUTU ''u''3 IGI.DU8. A d''Sin'' ... ''in-ni-ip-pu-uš'' "Daily (sacrifices consisting of) 10 fat, ritually clean sheep with horns and toenails intact, must be offered to Anu and Antu, the celestials, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturn, Mars, the rising Sun, and the Moon before (its) first appearance throughout the year" [RAcc.<ref name=":15">''Thureau-Dansin F''. Rittuels accadiens. Paris, 1921.</ref> 79:29-31; Linssen 2004<ref name=":16">''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Vol. 25. Cuneiform Monographs. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 175, 179].
* (b) UD.16.KAM ''arḫu''(ITI)-''us-su'' 10 UDU.NITA2 SAG-''u''2-''tu''2 ''ebbūtu''(DADAG.GA) ''ša''2 ''qarnu''(SI) ''u ṣupru''(UMBIN) ''šuk-lu-lu'' / ''a-na'' d''Anu''(60) ''u''3 ''An-tu''4 ''ša''2 AN-''e u''3 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ 7-''šu''2-''nu'' ... DU3-''uš'' "On the 16th day of each month, a sacrifice (consisting of) 10 first-class, fat, ritually clean sheep, whose horn and toenails are intact, to Anu and Antu of the heavens and the 7 planets ... shall be offered" [RAcc.<ref name=":15" /> 79:32-34; Linssen 2004<ref name=":16" />, 175, 179].
* (c) ''ina muḫ-ḫi'' 7 ''paššūrmaḫ''(gišBANŠUR.MAḪ) ''ḫurāṣ''i(KU3.GI) / ''a-na'' dSAG.ME.GAR d''Dil-bat'' dGU4.UD dGENNA d''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' d''Sin'' / ''u''3 dUTU ''ki-ma ša''2 ''in-nam-mar'' A.MEŠ ŠUII ''tanaš''(IL2)-''ši-ma'' "On 7 large golden tables for Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturn, Mars, the Moon, and the Sun, when they appear, with washed hands you shall bring" [RAcc.<ref name=":15" /> 119:22-24; Linssen 2004<ref name=":16" />, 245, 247].
|
|-
|'''Astral deities, witnesses to the treaty.'''
* (a) ''ina'' IGI mulSAG.ME.GAR mul''Dil-bat'' / mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / mul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulGAG.SI.SA2 ... "Before Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, Mars (and) the Arrow ..." [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":17">''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 29, 6 iv 13-15].
* (b) 7 MUL.UDU.IDIM.MEŠ AN-''e ša''2 ''a-na ma-mit'' LUGA[L] "The 7 planets of the heavens which (testify to) the oath of the kin[g]" [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":17" />, 77, 14 i 4]; for a parallel see. [Wiseman 1958<ref>''Wiseman D.J.'' The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon // Iraq. 1958. Vol. 20, № 1. P.1- 99.</ref>, 41:13-15, 60-61:419-432], see also [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 18]. See also the invocation of astral gods as witnesses to the truthfulness of the speaker in [SAA 10<ref name=":13" />, 8:10-13].

'''Astral deities, including planets, on invoking the blessing of the gods upon the king.'''

* d''aš-šur'' d30 dUTU dIM dP[A.TUG2] / dSAG.ME.GAR d''dil-bat'' dAMAR.UTU ˹d˺[''zar-pa-ni-tum''] / dAG d''taš-me-tum'' dUDU.[IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD d''šar-ra''[''t'' URU.NINAki] / d''šar-rat kid-mu-ri'' d[''šar-rat''] / URU.arba-''il''3 dNIN.URTA ˹d˺[''gu-la''] / dU.GUR d''la-aṣ'' DINGIR.MEŠ GA[L.MEŠ] / ''ša'' AN-''e u'' KI.TIM DINGIR.[MEŠ] ''a-ši-bu-ti'' KUR ''daš-šur''[''ki'' DINGIR.MEŠ] / ''a-ši-bu-ti'' KUR ''ak-ka-''[''di-i''] / DINGIR.MEŠ KUR.KUR.MEŠ ''ka-li-i-šu''2-[''nu''] / [''a-na'' LU]˹GAL˺ [''be-li''2-''ia''] / [''a-dan-niš a-dan-niš lik-ru-bu''] "May Ashur, Sin, Shamash, Adad, Nu[sku], Jupiter, Venus, Marduk, [Zarpanitu], Nabu, Tashmetu, Sa[turn], Mercury, Lady [of Nineveh], Lady Kidmuri, [Lady] Arbela, Ninurta, [Gula], Nergal, and Laṣ, the great gods of heaven and earth, the god[s] who dwell in Assyria, the [gods] who dwell in Akka[d], (and) the gods of all the countries [(may) the king of my lord be blessed with all power]" [SAA 10<ref name=":13" />, 197:7-19], see also [ibid.<ref name=":13" />, 365 r. 5-6].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) The astrological influence of the planets. See. [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13 obv. ii 1-6; 14 obv. 27-36; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>; 1988b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' Benefic and Malefic Planets in Babylonian Astrology / Fs. Sachs. P. 323-328.</ref>; Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 66] and related articles for each of the planets.
* (2) "Hypsoma of the planets." MUL2 BABBAR ''ina'' ALLA IGI ''Dil-bat ina'' ZIB.ME IGI / ˹GU4˺.UD ''ina'' ABSIN IGI GENNA ''ina'' ERIN2 IGI / [AN] ''ina'' MAŠ2 IGI "Jupiter 'rises' in Cancer, Venus 'rises' in Pisces, Mercury 'rises' in Virgo, Saturn 'rises' in Libra, [Mars] 'rises' in Capricorn" [LBAT<ref name=":13" />, 1591:5-7]. Here the "risings" of the planets are apparently identical with the ''bīt''(E2) or ''ašar''(KI) ''niṣirti'' of the planets, and the text as a whole is interpreted as an indirect confirmation that the bīt niṣirti positions adopted in Mesopotamian astrology correspond to the "hypsomas" of Greek astrology [Rochberg-Halton 1988a<ref name=":6" />, 56].
* (3) Prediction of grain prices on the basis of observations of the positions of the planets relative to zodiacal constellations and other phenomena: ''alāk''(DU) ''bibbī''(dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ) "the course of the planets" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 94:2].
|
|}
For colors of the planets, see (Kurtik m03) [[Makrû|d''Makrû'']], III 2.

See also: [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 84:6; SpTU II<ref name=":11" />, 42 r. 8; SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 161; SpTU V<ref name=":12" />, 261:19'- r. 7].

===Additional===

==== Deities. ====
See (Kurtik b10) ''[[Bibbu]]'', II.

==== Previous Identification. ====
(1) = Mars;

(2) = Mercury;

(3) = Saturn;

For textual evidence, see above, as well as (Kurtik b10) ''[[Bibbu]]'', (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]'', and the corresponding articles for each of the planets.

The name mulUDU.IDIM = ''bibbu'' "Wild Sheep" does not generally apply to Jupiter and Venus (with few exceptions, see, e.g., [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 30:32; SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:1; Verderame<ref name=":9" />, 137, Vg:20′, 27′]), but only to Mars, Mercury, and Saturn. However, in the lists of planets that include the Moon and the Sun (see above), the term was also used to refer to Jupiter and Venus.

==== Astrology. ====
(1) Planets and fixed stars; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''u'' MUL.ME AN-''e'' UD.SUR.MEŠ-''šu''2-''nu'' DIB-''ma ḫa-an-ṭiš'' NU IGI.MEŠ "The planets and stars of the heavens miss their fixed dates and are not immediately visible (i.e., rise heliacally late)" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 42, III 19a], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, IV 12a]; MUL.MEŠ AN-''e ma-gal'' SUR.MEŠ-''ma u''2-''lu'' dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ UD.MEŠ-''ši-na'' NU DIRI.MEŠ-''ma ḫa-an-ṭiš'' ŠU2.MEŠ "The stars of the heavens sparkle (strongly) or the planets do not complete their days and set (heliacally) quickly" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 42, III 20a]. The comments made above make distinctions between planets and fixed stars, not often found in astrological literature.

(2) Visibility of the planets in the sky; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' AN''-e'' NU GAL2.MEŠ dUDU.BAD.MEŠ ''u''2-''tan-na-tum'': ''ina'' AN-''e uḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' NU IGI.MEŠ "If the stars in the sky are absent, (it means): the planets have become dim (or) they are outside the sky and cannot be seen" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 248, K.2346 :53]; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ ''i-ba-il''3-''u-ma'' "The planets have great brilliance" [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 16a, IV 10a]; [dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ] ''u''2-''tan-na-tu-ma'' "[The planets] are dim" [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, III 18a, IV 13a]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''a'']-''dir'' ANŠE.KUR.RA IDIM.MEŠ ''ana mu-šu-ud'' ŠA3 IZI.GAR "[If a planet dar]kens: horses will become frantic, fear fills the heart" [TU<ref name=":18">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 2; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:63a], variant apodosis: A.GA ZI-''ma'' BURU14 SIG5 ''E''3-''it'' URU KUR2 TUM3-[''šu''] "The water will rise, the harvest will be good; (someone) will rise and an enemy city will be captured" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 3; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:64]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''meš-ḫa im-šuḫ'' ... "If a planet emits ''mišḫu'' ..." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 4; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:65].

(3) The appearance (= heliacal rising) of a planet (= Mercury) in various months; ˹DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2˺ mulUDU.IDIM IGI ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 ˹KI.LAM˺ ''ina-pu-uš'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of nisan: the harvest of grain and sesame will be good, trade will expand" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:1; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:1], late commentary: ''Sag''3-''me-gar'': ''ša''2-''niš'' GU4.UD ''ina'' itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-''ma'' "(First), Jupiter, secondly, Mercury in the month of nisan become visible" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 9:1]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiBAR2 IGI ''u''2-''kul-ti'' dU.GUR ''a-bu-bu'' "If a planet becomes visible in the beginning of the month of nisan: doom (due to) Nergal, flood" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:2; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:2a], late commentary: AN ''ina'' itiBAR2 ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' IGI-''ma'' "Mars appears in the month of nisan with extraordinary brilliance" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:2-3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiKIN.2.K[AM IGI] ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If a planet [becomes visible] in the 2[nd] month of ulul: ditto" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:2; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:2b], comment: AN ''ina'' UR.A IGI-''ma'' "Mars becomes visible in Leo" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiKIN ''it-tan-mar u''2-''kul-ti'' dU.GUR GAR-''kan'' "If a planet becomes visible in the beginning of the month of ulul: doom (due to) Nergal" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:3; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:3a], comment: dGENNA ''ina'' SAG itiKIN... "Saturn, during the beginning of the month of ulul..." [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiDU6 IGI-''ir ina'' GIŠ.NIM ''u'' GIŠ.ŠU2 ME3 GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of tashrit: in the east and west a battle will take place" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:3; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:3b], comment: dGENNA ''ina'' itiDU6 ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' IGI-''ma'' ... "Saturn in the month of tashrit appears with extraordinary brilliance..." [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:5-6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiDU6 ''it-tan-mar'' ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If a planet becomes visible at the beginning of the month of tashrit: ditto" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:4; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ITI.6.KAM IGI ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A ''u'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAL GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes visible in the month of ulul(VI): in the east and west, a great battle will take place" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:5; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:5], comment: dGENNA ''ina'' itiKIN IGI-''ma'' "Saturn becomes visible in the month of ulul" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:7]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiAPIN IGI lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ "If the planet becomes visible in the month of arahsamnu: robbers will appear" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:6; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:6a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiAPIN IGI... "If the planet becomes visible in the beginning of the month of arahsamnu: (the apodosis is the same)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:6; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:6b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiGAN IGI... "If a planet (= Mercury) becomes visible in the month of kislimu: (apodosis the same)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:7; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:7a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 249:3-4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SAG itiGAN I[GI-''i'']''r'' lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ BAD5.BAD5 GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes [visible] at the beginning of the month of kislimu: robbers will appear; there will be defeat." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:7; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 236:7b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiGAN ''iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma'' MU2.MU2 DINGIR.MEŠ UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.MEŠ "If a planet in the month of kislimu shimmers and has great brilliance: the gods of the four regions (of the earth) will darken" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:8; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:8], comment: AN ''i''-[''na''] mulxPA.BIL.SAG ''ša''2-''ru-ru'' IL2-''ma'' "Mars bears radiance [in] Pabilsag" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:7-8]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiAB IGI DE5.DE5.GA AB2.GU4ḫá ''u'' U8.UDUḫá "If a planet becomes visible in the month of Tebet: the downfall of cows and small cattle" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:9; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:9]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiŠE IGI-''ir'' NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If a planet becomes visible in the month of adar: there will be death (due to epidemics)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:11 Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:11a], comment: AN ''ina'' IL2 ''ša''2-''ru-ru ina'' [...] IGI-''ir'' "Mars becomes visible in radiance in [...]" [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 90:10-11]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM ''šum-ma'' [''ina''] itiGU4 / ''šum-ma ina'' itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-''ma'' A.ŠA3 A.QAR ''i-ma-kir'' "If a planet (= Mercury) becomes visible either [in] the month of ayar or siman: a flood will come and irrigate the fields" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 157:4-6, 407:5-8, 454:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiŠU IGI.LAL / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If the planet (=Mercury) becomes visible in the month of duuzu: there will be death" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 158 r. 6, 337:1-2, 477:4-5]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' itiNE / KUR-''ḫa'' / KI.NA2 ''qu-ra-du'' DAGAL "If a planet (= Saturn) rises in the month of ab: the cemetery of warriors will expand" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 324 r. 1-3]; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 "If a planet (= Mercury) rises in the month of arahsamnu: the country's harvest will be good" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 504:1-2]. See also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:1-16].

(4) Visibility of the planet (= Mercury) in different months; DIŠ ''ina'' itiBAR2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 "If in the month of nisan the planet sparkles: the country's harvest will be good" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:13; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:13a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGU4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR BI SAL.KUR2 IGI-''mar'' "If in the month of ayar the planet sparkles: the country will see hostility" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:13; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:13b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiSIG4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR KI.LAM LAL-''a'' KU2 "If in the month of siman, the planet sparkles: the country will see a lack of business activity" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:14a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If in the month of duuzu the planet sparkles: there will be death." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:14b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiNE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa ne-ru-ba-a-tu''2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If in the month of ab the planet sparkles:people will flee the country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:14c]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiKIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' DUL.DU KI.LAM ''na-pa-aš''2 dNISABA "If in the month of ulul the planet sparkles: increase in business activity, abundance of grain" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:15; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:15a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 325 r. 1-2; 437:1-2]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDU6 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' LUGAL KUR KUR KUR2 NU UR5-''tu''2 NU TE-''ḫi-šu''2 "If in the month of tashrit the planet sparkles: the king, a hostile country, is not his, will not come near him." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:15; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:15b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR ''kar-mu-tu''2 DU-''ak'' "If in the month of arahsamnu the planet sparkles: desolation will befall the country." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:16; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:16a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiGAN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' dIM KUR KU2 "If in the month of kislim the planet sparkles: Adad will devour the country." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:16; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:16b], cf: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ITI IGI.LAL A.AN ''u'' A.KAL "If a planet (= Mercury) in the month (of kislimu?) becomes visible: rain and flood" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 113 r. 1; 157:2-3; 281:34]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiAB mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' ŠUB-''ti'' GIG.MEŠ "If in the month tebet, the planet sparkles: extermination due to disease" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:16; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:16c]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiZIZ2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' ŠA3 KUR DUG3.GA KUR DAGAL-''iš'' "If in the month of shabbat the planet sparkles: the heart of the country will be content, the country will expand" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:17; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:17a]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' ŠUB-''ti''3 MAŠ2.ANŠE "If in the month of adar the planet sparkles: fall of cattle" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:17; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:17b]; DIŠ ''ina'' itiDIRI.ŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-''ḫa'' KUR ''me-sir'' IGI "If in the month of the adar a planet sparkles: the country will experience a blockade" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:17; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 238:17c].

(5) Planets in the east and the west; [DIŠ] MUL.MEŠ ''ina'' dUTU.E3 ''nen-mu-ru ša''2 ulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ul''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' mulSAG.ME.GAR ''ša''2 ''ina'' dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ-''ma'' SIG5 ''ša''2 ''ina'' dUTU.ŠU2.A DU.MEŠ-''ma'' BAR-''tum'' "[If] the stars in the east (one after another) become visible, (viz:) Mercury, Saturn, Mars, Jupiter, if they stand in the east — a favorable (sign), if they stand in the west — an unfavorable (sign)" (VAT 9436 ii 5) [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 42, Parallels to III 14a].

(6) If 2, 3 or 4 planets appear in the east; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''lu'' 2 ''lu'' 3 ''lu-u''2 4 ''ina'' dUTU.E3.A EGIR ''a-ḫa-meš E''3-''im ina'' MU BI ŠEG3.MEŠ ''u'' A.KAL.MEŠ ZAL. ZAL-[u...] "If 1 planet, or 2, 3, and or 4, appear together in the east, one after another: raining and flooding will be extended this year ..." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 15; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:76], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, III 14b]. The four planets in question are apparently Mercury, Saturn, Mars, and Jupiter, see (5).

(7) A planet in the north, south, east, and west; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.U18.LU GUB ZI-''ut'' NIM.MAki ''u gu-ti-i'' "If the planet stands in the south: an attack by Elam and the Gutians," DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.SI.SA2 GUB UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ ZI-''ut'' KUR URIki ''ana'' KUR KUR2 "If the planet stands in the north: there will be death in the country; an Akkadian attack on an enemy country," DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.KUR.RA GUB ZI-''ut'' SU.BIR4ki ''u kaš-ši-i'' "If the planet stands in the east: attack by Subartu and the Kassites", DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IM.MAR.TU GUB MAR.TUki ''u'' SU.BIR4ki "If the planet stands in the west: an attack of the West Country and Subartu" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 29-31; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250: 90a-92], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:99-102; BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, II 6a + Parallels; SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 39:6-7; 157:7-9; 341:3-4; 541:10′].

(8) A planet in Enlil's path; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' dEN.LIL2.LA2 DU KUR2 KUR URIki SIG3-''ar'' KUR LUGAL URIki KIN-''šu''2 NU <''i''>-''k''[''aš-šad''] "If a planet goes into Enlil's path: the enemy of Akkad will strike the country; the king of Akkad will not reach [his] goal." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:45; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 244:45], see also [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 92:1].

(9) Planet (=Mercury) and the Moon; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 d30 GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI DINGIR ''ina'' KUR KU2 "If a planet stands in the middle of the Moon: god will bring destruction (lit. devour) this year in the country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:23a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI 15 d30 GUB-''iz ina'' KUR MAR.TUki U2.GUG GAL2.MEŠ "If a planet stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be famine in the Western country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:23b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' SI 150 d30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2-''tu''2 DU3-''uš'' "If a planet stands on the left horn of the Moon: the king will attain power" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:24; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:24a], see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 311:3; 350:1-2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' MAŠ.QA d30 GUB-''iz'' MAŠ2.ANŠE KUR ŠUB-''ut'' KI.MIN EN KUR ''muš-ke-nu-tu''2 DU "If a planet stands on the 'shoulder' of the Moon: the cattle of the country will perish, var.: to the lord of the country, impoverishment will come" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:24; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:24b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IGI d30 GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ "If a planet stands in front of the Moon: there will be death" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:25; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:25a], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20: 27-32; SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 91:6′-10′]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' ŠA3 d30 TU KUR.E.NE LAL2.[DU?...] "[If a planet] flares up and enters the middle of the Moon; countries will be im[poverished…]" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:55; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:55]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' d30 TE TUR.MEŠ [...] "[If a planet] flares up and approaches the Moon: small [...]" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:56; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:56]; DIŠ 30 ''ina'' IGI-''šu''2 mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' KUR DU3.A.BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAR.MEŠ ''me-reš'' KUR [...] "If the planet stands in the middle of the moon during its appearance (in neomenia): there will be death throughout the country this year (due to epidemics), the cultivated fields of the country [(will fall into disrepair) (?)]" [Verderame<ref name=":9" />, 172, Tav. VI: §29].

(10) A planet in front of or above the Moon; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' IGI d30 GUB UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-''ma'' A.RA2 KUD-''as'' "If a planet is in front of the Moon: wild lions will become furious and cut the paths of communication" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 32; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:93]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' UGU d30 GUN3-''ma'' GUB ... "If the planet stands above the Moon and is multicolored: (apodosis the same)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 33; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 252:94]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' UGU d30 GUN3-''ma'' GUB ''ana'' ŠA3 d30 TU UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-''ma'' MAŠ2.ANŠE GAZ.MEŠ "If the planet (= Saturn) stands above the Moon is multi-colored, (and then) it enters into the Moon: lions will become ferocious and cattle will be exterminated" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 34; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 252: 95]; see also [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 166:4-6].

(11) The moon is surrounded by a halo and in it a planet (= Saturn or Mars) stands; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''bi-šu''2 GUB-''iz'' / LU2.SA.GAZ (glossa: ''ḫab-ba-a-tu''2!) ''in-na-an-du-ru'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and in it a planet stands: robbers will be rampant" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 49:6-7; 82 r. 1-2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-''ma'' mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3-''šu''2 GUB LUGAL ERIM-''šu''2 ''u''2-''tas-sar'' "If the moon is surrounded by a halo and in it a planet (= Mars? ) stands: the king's armies will be surrounded" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 412:5-6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫar-u''2-''ma'' / ''iz-zi-zu'' Z[I-''u'']''t''! LU2.KUR2 "If a planet (=Saturn) (and) Mars stand in opposition to each other (i.e. inside the lunar halo): a[ttac]k of the enemy" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 49 r. 7-8].

(12) Planet and Sun (= Saturn?); DIŠ dUTU ŠU2-''ma ina'' KI.GUB-''šu''2 mulUDU.IDIM GUB-''iz kiš-šu-tu''2 KI.MIN ḪI.GAR GAL2-''ma'' BALA KUR2-''ir'' "If the Sun has set and a planet stands in its place: domination, var.: rebellion will occur and the dynasty will change" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 16:22; TU<ref name=":18" />, 49 r. 7-8] [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:22; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:22], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:26]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' IGI dUTU GUB-''iz ina'' MU BI GAN2.BA TUR "If the planet ahead of the Sun stands this year business activity will decrease" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:25; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:25b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' KUR-''šu''2 ''ina'' [KASKAL] dUTU ŠU2-''u''2 E3.A AB.SIN2 ''pa-ni-ša''2 ''ip-te-te-te'' KI.MIN AB.SIN2 IGI-''šu''2 BAD-''ma kiš-šu-tu''2 GAL2-''ma'' EGIR AŠ.TE NU TUŠ-''ab'' KI.MIN IBILA-''šu''2 [NU] TUŠ-''ab a-mur-ru-u''2 ''a-a-um-ma'' KI.MIN ''a-ḫu-u''2 ZI-''ma''! AŠ.TE TUŠ-''ab'' "If a planet at its appearance in [the path of?] the Sun sets, (and then reappears): the furrow in front of it will open (i.e., the fields will be plowed), var: (when) the furrow in front of it opens, a powerful (someone) will appear and then will not sit on the throne, var: his heir (on the throne) [will not] sit, a certain Amorei; var: a stranger will attack (and) will sit on the throne." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:20-21; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240:20-21], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20: 23-25]. These predictions apparently refer to Saturn, which was regarded as the "star of the Sun".

(13) Planet (=Mars) and Jupiter; see (Kurtik a19) [[UD.AL.TAR|AL.TAR]], II 1, (Kurtik s09) [[SAG.ME.GAR]], III 19-20, 24, (Kurtik sh25) [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]], III 11, (Kurtik u05) [[UD.AL.TAR]], II 19.

(14) Planet and the Big Star (Jupiter?); [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-''ma ana'' MUL.GAL TE GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ "[If a planet] flares up and approaches the Big Star (= Jupiter?): high-born (people) will die" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16: 57; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:57a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' MUL.GAL ''im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma'' GUB.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ "If the planet and the Big Star stand opposite each other and maintain its positions: high-born people will die" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 14; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 248:75].

(15) Planet and Venus; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' mul''Dil-bat it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 UŠ2.MEŠ ''ina'' KUR GAL2.MEŠ "If the planet and Venus closely follow each other: there will be death in the land"; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' mul''Dil-bat'' KUR-''ma it-ten''2-''tu-u''2 UŠ2 ''dan-nu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If the planet and Venus reach each other and follow each other closely: severe pestilence will occur in the country"; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mul''Dil-bat'' KUR-''ma'' DIB-''ši'' gišTUKUL d''Er''3-''ra dan-nu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "If the planet reaches and (further) bypasses Venus: a strong Erra weapon (= epidemic) will occur in the country" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:26-27; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 240-242:26-27], see also [SpTU I<ref name=":10" />, 91:12′-14′], cf. below point (30); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-''ma ana'' IGI mul''Dil-bat'' GUB-''iz ina'' KEŠDA-''tu''2 KUR2 URU NIGIN2-''ma'' KUR-''ad''2 "If the planet shines and stands opposite Venus: the enemy will surround the city with fortifications and capture (it)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 20; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:81]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' mul''Dil-bat in-ne''2-''tu-ma ina'' KI.TA-''šu''2-''nu'' d30 IGI ''ina'' ITI BI AN.MI LUGAL NIM.MAki GAR-''ma'' TUR3 KUR ZAḪ3 "If the planet and Venus follow each other closely and the moon appears under them: an eclipse (concerning) the king of Elam will take place this month; the country's cattle-pen will fall desolate." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 21; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250: 82].

(16) The planets surround Venus; [DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' MUL.MEŠ NIGIN]-''ši'' KUR ''iš-šal-lal'' KI.MIN ''iš-lim'' LUGAL LA2-''mu'' dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN-''ši-ma'' "[If the stars surround Venus]: the country will be plundered, var.: intact, (but) the king will be taken captive, (this means): the planets surround it" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 46, VAT, 46]. [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 46, VAT 10218:75], see also [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 70, BM 75228:17; 194, K.42+:1; 225, K.9573 r. 5′]; DIŠ d''Dil-bat ina'' UD.NA2.AM3 MUL.MEŠ ''ni-su-ši'' AN.MI ''mit-ḫur-ti'' / DINGIR.ME AN-''e'' SAL.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ŠEG3.ME LA2.ME dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN.ME-''ši-ma'' "If in neomenia the stars recede from Venus: universal eclipse, the heavenly gods will become hostile, there will be a lack of rain, (it means): the planets surround her" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 219, K.3601+: r. 44], see also [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 84, K.6021+:11-12; 86, Text 82-3-23,133:3; 98, K.10688: ii 1].

(17) Venus carries 2 crowns; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat'' 2 AGA.ME [''ap-ra'']''t'' 2 mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2 [DU-''z'']''u-ma'' "If Venus [carrie]s 2 crowns, (it means): 2 planets [stan]d ahead of it." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, 58, K. 148+:17], see also [ibid.<ref name=":1" />, 132, K.2907, IV 12].

(18) Venus "wears the Furrow"; dMIN (= mul''Dil-bat'') ''ina'' itiNE MIN (= SU6 ''zaq-na-at'') SU.KU2 ''ina'' KUR GAL2 mulUDU.BAD ''ina'' IGI-''ša''2: ''ina A''2-''ša''2 DU-''ma'' "(If) Venus 'wears the Furrow' in the month of Ab: there will be famine in the country, (this means): the planet stands ahead of it, var.: stands away from it" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 149, K.137:17]; for a similar prediction for the month of tebet see. [ibid.<ref name=":7" />, 150, K. 137:22].

(19) Venus, Star Cluster and Planets; DIŠ mul''Dil-bat ina'' itiGAN ''ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL UD.3.KAM D[U-''ma''] / DIB-''iq-šu-nu-ti'' GALGA KUR MAN-[''ni''] / MUL.MUL ''ana'' mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ [...] "If Venus stand[s] in the Star Cluster for 3 days and passes them in the month of kislimu: the counsel of the country will change, the Star Cluster (relates?) to the planets [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 194, K.42+:3].

(20) Venus, Jupiter, and a planet surround the Moon in neomenia; (Kurtik sh25) [[ŠUL.PA.E3|ŠUL.PA.E3]], III 10.

(21) (add.)

(22) A planet (=Mercury) and the constellation Tigris; see (Kurtik i03) [[IDIGNA]], V.

(23) The planet (=Mercury?) passes near Anzu (=Mars?); see (Kurtik i07) [[IM.DUGUDmušen|dIM.DUGUDmušen]], VI 4.

(24) Kidney (=Mercury) and planet (=Saturn); see (Kurtik b11) [[BIR]], V 9, 12.

(25) The red planet (=Mars); see c04SA5, II, (Kurtik m03) ''[[Makrû]]'', III 2.

(26) A planet (= Mars) turns black or forms a cross; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM LAL GAR LUGAL KUR GAL ARAD.MEŠ-''šu''2 E2.GAL ''i-maš-ša''2-ʼ''u-u''2 ''u šu''2-''nu'' EGIR EN-''šu''2-''nu'' UŠ2.MEŠ ZAḪ3.MEŠ "If the planet becomes black: the palace of the king of a great country will be plundered by his slaves, and they will be scattered following the death of their lord." [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 27; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:88]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''iš-pa-ḫu-ur-ta'' GAR LUGAL ARAD.MEŠ-''šu''2 GAZ.MEŠ-''šu''2 E2.GAL-''šu''2 ''i-maš-ša''2-ʼ''u-u''2 EGIR MU NU SI.SA2 "If a planet forms a cross (its radiation appears to be cross-shaped): slaves will kill their king (and) rob his palace, the end of the year will not be prosperous" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 28; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250: 89], for similar predictions concerning Venus see. [BPO 3<ref name=":7" />, 14, § 7.3].

(27) Planet (= Mars?) and Star Cluster; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL GUB-''iz'' ŠUB-''ti''3 MAŠ2.ANŠE "If a planet stands in the middle of the Star Cluster: death of cattle" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:83a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ina'' MURUB4 MUL.MUL GUB-''iz'' AN.MI "If a planet stands in the middle of the Star Cluster: eclipse" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:83b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM KI MUL.MUL ''in-ne''2-''tu id-ra-nu'' GAL2-''ši'' "If a planet is seen with the Star Cluster: potash will be (in abundance)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:84]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''u'' MUL.MUL TE.MEŠ ... "If the planet and the Star Cluster draw near: potash will be (in abundance)" [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 250:85]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE (var.: KUR-''ud'') dIMIN.BI KUR KU2.MEŠ "If the planet approaches the Star Cluster (var.: reaches the Star Cluster): Seven gods will devour the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":1" />, IV 4b, V 2b, VI 2b], see also [TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:59-60; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 246:59-60, 62].

(28) The rising/setting of Mars and the grazing of cattle; see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 14.

(29) The planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

(30) A planet approaches another planet; DIŠ mulUDU.UDIM ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE AB.SIN2 IGI-''šu''2 ''ip-te-te-te kiš-šu''2-''tu''2 GAL2 ''ṭar-du'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat'' PAD.dINNIN DINGIR.MEŠ ''i-šak-kan'' E2.KUR.MEŠ DIŠ-''niš i-za-na-an'' "If a planet approaches another planet: the furrow of one’s face will open, there will be mighty rule, (nevertheless), an exile will seize the throne; (lest this should happen), a bread sacrifice must be offered to the gods and it must be distributed evenly amidst the shrines." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":5" />, 49: 1-2; TU<ref name=":18" />, 16:34; Largement 1957<ref name=":8" />, 242:34], see also [ibid.<ref name=":8" />, 35-36]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulU]DU.IDIM KUR-''ma i-ti-iq'' / [gišTUKUL dIR3.RA] ''dan-nu ina'' KUR GAL2-''ši'' "[If a planet] reaches the [pl]anet and passes it: a strong [epidemic (lit. Erra weapon)] will be in the country" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 491 r. 1-2], the latter prediction, judging from the context, refers to the conjunction of Mars and Saturn.

(31) Mars moves around the planet (=Saturn); see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 29.

(32) The planet (=Saturn) and the Strange Star; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN-''ma'']], II 3, 9.

(33) The planet and Mars stand opposite to each other; (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 31.

(34) The planet approaches Regulus; see (Kurtik L14) [[LUGAL]], IV 7.

(35) The old man, the lunar halo and the planets; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 10.

(36) The planet and the Eagle; see (Kurtik a04) [[A2.mušen|A2mušen]], VI 6-7.

(37) The Planet approaches the Arrow; see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2|KAK.SI.SA2]], VI 10.

(38) The Planet and the Wagon; (Kurtik m08) [[MAR.GID2.DA|MAR.GID2.DA]], VI 8.

(39) The Planet and Haniš; (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]'', IV 1.

(40) Tzalummû and the planet; (Kurtik ts03) ''[[Ṣallummû]]'', II 1.

(41) The Field and the planet; see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN|AŠ.GAN2]], VI 13.

(42) The Planet and Scorpius; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB|GIR2.TAB]], VI 27.

(43) The Planet and Nundim; (Kurtik n51) [[NUN.DIM4|NUN.DIM4]], II.

(44) The planet and the Bull's Jaw; (Kurtik i15) [[Is le10|Is lê]], VI 3.

(45) The planet stands in the sky for 6 months; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM 6 ITU ''ina'' AN-''e uš''!-''tab-ri-ma'' [...] "If a planet remains in the sky for 6 months [...]" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101 r. 3].

(46) A planet (= Mars) stands in the sky for 3 years; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM IGI-''ma'' MU.3.KAM2 GUB-''iz ina'' dUTU.E3 ''u'' dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAR-''an'' "If a planet becomes visible and stands (in the sky) for 3 years: a battle will take place in the east and west" [SpTU III<ref name=":3" />, 101 r. 3] [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:18]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM MU.1.KAM2 MU.2.KAM2 ''ina'' AN-''e uš-tab-ri-ma la ir-bi'': NU IGI ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 "If a planet continues to be observed in the sky for 1 (or) 2 year(s) and does not set, var.: does not rise: the same thing will happen" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":5" />, 20:19].

(47) Current observations; mulUDU.IDIM ''it-ti'' mul[''Dil-bat'' GUB-''ma''] / ''lum-nu ša'' UN.MEŠ KUR [...] "The planet (= Mercury) [stands] together with [Venus]. It is evil for the people of the country [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 51 r. 3-4]; dUDU.IDIM ''iṣ-ru-ur-ma'' dUTU NIGIN [...] "The planet (= Mars) has erupted and moves around (the star) Sun (= Saturn) [...]" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 102 r. 6]; [mulUDU].IDIM.MEŠ ''ina'' TUR3 [30] / [GUB.ME]Š-''ma'' "[Pla]nets [stan]d in the [lunar] halo" [SAA 8<ref name=":14" />, 429: 7-8].

For other examples, see also [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0" />, 139, II].

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, u01)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: UDU.BAD; UDU.TIL; = bibbu; букв. «Дикая овца»; общее название «планета», в особенности часто употребляемое по отношению к Марсу, Меркурию и Сатурну [Gössmann 1950, 139; BPO 2, 15].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычные шумерские списки: mulUDU.BAD [MSL XI, 108:400, 143 col. x 22]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: muludu.idim = bi-i-bu [Emar VI/4, 151:174], [mulUDU.BA]D = bi-ib-bi, [mulU]DU.BAD = dṣal-bat-a-nu «Планета = Дикая овца, планета = Марс» [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:9–10], [mu]lUDU.BAD = bi-i[b]-b[u] [Cavigneaux 1979 132, 17:14], muludu.idim = [b]i-ib-bi [Cavigneaux 1981 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 5], m[ul]udu.idim = […], mu[l]udu.idim = […], muludu.idim = […] [SpTU III, 114A v 23–25], muludu-til = bi-ib-bi, muludu-til = dṢal-bat-a-nu [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:280ʹ, 281ʹ]. (3) Cерия Ḫg. B VI: mulUDU.BAD = bi-ib-bi = dGU4.UD «Планета = Дикая овца = Меркурий» [MSL XI, 40:42], muludu.idim = bi-ib-bu = mu[l…] [SpTU III, 116 iii 11]. (4) muludu.idim = dNin-urta «Планета = Нинурта» [CT 25, 13, K.4339 rev. col. iv 7]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe B. Список (12´3): muludu.idim dzi-ba-ni-tum (=Сатурн), см. z10Zibānītum. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 2): muludu.idim ša2 ina kunmeš «Планета, которая в Хвостах» [CT 33, 9 r. 15; Horowitz 1998, 176]. ЕАЕ. См. [ACh Ištar, 20:1–80; Rochberg-Halton 1988, 62, 125 D ii 5, 187 §II 7–8, 235 §II 2 D 8' + note 2; BPO 2, II 6a, III 14b, 16a, 18a, 19a, 20a, IV 4b, 10a, 12a, 13a, V 2b, VI 2b, XVI 14; BPO 3, 280a; Largement 1957; Leibovici 1957, 23:33; Verderame, 246; SpTU I, 90–93, passim; SpTU II, 40:18; SpTU III, 101:4, r. 3, 16; SpTU V, 262: 3]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Еа. 10, см. ts02Ṣalbatānu; Anu 3, см. s10SAG.UŠ [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177–178]. MUL.APIN. (1) Планеты «на пути Луны»: PAP 6 DINGIRmeš ša2 1-en NAmeš-su-nu MULme AN-e / TAGmeš NAmeš-su-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru «Вместе 6 богов, у которых одинаковые положения (на небе), (и) которые касаются (тех же) звезд небесных (что и Луна), изменяя свои положения» (II i 7–8). (2) Список и определение планет: mulSag-me-gar mulDili-bat mul[UDU.ID]IM.GU4.UD ša2 dMAŠ MU-šu2 mulṢal-bat-a-nu mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ / [KIMIN] mulzi-ba-ni-tu4 MUL dUTU / […N]Ameš-šu2-nu u zi-me-šu2-nu KUR2.KUR2-ru / [MULmeš AN]-e TAGmeš «Юпитер, Венера, [Мер]курий, чье имя Нинурта, Марс, Сатурн, [называемый также] ‘Весы’ (или) ‘Звезда Солнца’. [(Это божества(?), которые)] изменяют свои положения (относительно звезд) и свой блеск (и) касаются [звезд на небе]» (II i 38–41) [MA, 71, 80–81]. «Большой список звезд». (1) ulsa5 = dudu.idim «Красная (звезда) = планета (= Марс)»; (2) список 7 планет: d30 u dutu dšul.pa.e3 muldil.bat / muludu.idim.sag.uš dudu.idim.gu4.ud / ulṣal-bat-a-nu / 7 mul udu.idim.meš «Луна и Солнце, Юпитер, Венера, Сатурн, Меркурий, Марс: 7 звезд, планеты» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:170, 241–244]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:41. muludu.idim = muš-mit bu-lim «Планета = тот, кто убивает скот» (= Марс) [HBA 52:41; Wee 2016, 162–3]. «Письма» и «Рапорты». См. [SAA 10, 23:8; SAA 8, 349b]. MLC 1866. Список планет: mulSAG.ME.GAR muldil-bat mulG[U4.UD mulGENN]A / mulUDU.IDIM mulṣal-bat-an-nu d30 u dUTU / 7 DINGIR.MEŠ DUMU.MEŠ da-num ša2 ina ri-˹ḫa˺-tu2 d60 / re-ḫu-u2 di-gi4-gi4 «Юпитер, Венера, Мер[курий, Сатур]н, / планета Марс, Луна и Солнце: / Семь богов, сыновья Ану, которые от семени Ану / произошли, божества-Игиги» (col. iv 8'–11') [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42, Section O]. Храмовый ритуал в Уруке. a) u4-mi-šam kal MU.AN.NA 10 UDU.NITA2 ma-ru-tu ebbūtu(DADAG.GA) ša2 qarnu(SI) u3 ṣupru(UMBIN) šuk-lu-lu / a-na dAnu(60) u3 An-tu4 ša2 AN-e dSAG.ME.GAR dDil-bat dGU4.UD dGENNA dṣal-bat-a-nu / KUR-ḫa dUTU u3 IGI.DU8.A dSin … in-ni-ip-pu-uš «Ежедневно в течение всего года (жертвоприношения, состоящие из) 10 жирных, ритуально чистых овец, у которых рог и ноготь не повреждены, приносятся Ану и Анту небесным, Юпитеру, Венере, Меркурию, Сатурну, Марсу, восходящему Солнцу и Луне при (ее) первом появлении» [RAcc. 79:29–31; Linssen 2004, 175, 179]. b) UD.16.KAM arḫu(ITI)-us-su 10 UDU.NITA2 SAG-u2-tu2 ebbūtu(DADAG.GA) ša2 qarnu(SI) u ṣupru(UMBIN) šuk-lu-lu / a-na dAnu(60) u3 An-tu4 ša2 AN-e u3 dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ 7-šu2-nu … DU3-uš «16-го числа каждого месяца жертвоприношение (состоящее из) 10 первосортных, жирных, ритуально чистых овец, у которых рог и ноготь не повреждены, Ану и Анту небесным и 7 планетам … приносятся» [RAcc. 79:32–34; Linssen 2004, 175, 179]. с) ina muḫ-ḫi 7 paššūrmaḫ(gišBANŠUR.MAḪ) ḫurāṣi(KU3.GI) / a-na dSAG.ME.GAR dDil-bat dGU4.UD dGENNA dṢal-bat-a-nu dSin / u3 dUTU ki-ma ša2 in-nam-mar A.MEŠ ŠUII tanaš(IL2)-ši-ma «На 7 больших золотых столах для Юпитера, Венеры, Меркурия, Сатурна, Марса, Луны и Солнца, когда они появляются, вымытыми руками ты приносишь» [RAcc. 119:22–24; Linssen 2004, 245, 247]. Астральные божества, свидетели договора. a) ina IGI mulSAG.ME.GAR mulDil-bat / mulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ mulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD / mulṢal-bat-a-nu mulGAG.SI.SA2 … «Перед Юпитером, Венерой, Сатурном, Меркурием, Марсом (и) Стрелой …» [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 29, 6 iv 13–15]. b) 7 MUL.UDU.IDIM.MEŠ AN-e ša2 a-na ma-mit LUGA[L] «7 планет небесных, которые (свидетельствуют) клятву цар[я]» [Parpola–Watanabe 1988, 77, 14 i 4]; параллель см. [Wiseman 1958, 41:13–15, 60–61:419–432], см. также [Reiner 1995, 18]. См. также призывание астральных богов как свидетелей правдивости говорящего в [SAA 10, 8:10–13]. Астральные божества, в том числе планеты, в призывании благословения богов на царя. daš-šur d30 dUTU dIM dP[A.TUG2] / dSAG.ME.GAR ddil-bat dAMAR.UTU ˹d˺[zar-pa-ni-tum] / dAG dtaš-me-tum dUDU.[IDIM.SAG.UŠ] / dUDU.IDIM.GUD.UD dšar-ra[t URU.NINAki] / dšar-rat kid-mu-ri d[šar-rat] / URU.arba-il3 dNIN.URTA ˹d˺[gu-la] / dU.GUR dla-aṣ DINGIR.MEŠ GA[L.MEŠ] / ša AN-e u KI.TIM DINGIR.[MEŠ] a-ši-bu-ti KUR daš-šur[ki DINGIR.MEŠ] / a-ši-bu-ti KUR ak-ka-[di-i] / DINGIR.MEŠ KUR.KUR.MEŠ ka-li-šu2-[nu] / [a-na LU]˹GAL˺ [be-li2-ia] / [a-dan-niš a-dan-niš lik-ru-bu] «Пусть Ашшур, Син, Шамаш, Адад, Ну[ску], Юпитер, Венера, Мардук, [Зарпаниту], Набу, Ташмету, Са[турн], Меркурий, Госпожа [Ниневии], Госпожа Кидмури, [Госпожа] Арбелы, Нинурта, [Гула], Нергал и Laṣ, велик[ие] боги неба и земли, бог[и], живущие в Ассирии, [боги], живущие в Акка[де], (и) боги всех стран [(пусть) всею силою благословят царя моего господина]» [SAA 10, 197:7–19], см. также [ibid., 365 r. 5–6]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Астрологическое воздействие планет. См. [TCL 6, 13 obv. ii 1–6; 14 obv. 27–36; Rochberg-Halton 1987b; 1988b; Sachs 1952, 66] и соответствующие статьи для каждой из планет. (2) «Гипсомы планет». MUL2 BABBAR ina ALLA IGI Dil-bat ina ZIB.ME IGI / ˹GU4˺.UD ina ABSIN IGI GENNA ina ERIN2 IGI / [AN] ina MAŠ2 IGI «Юпитер “восходит” в Раке, Венера “восходит” в Рыбах, Меркурий “восходит” в Деве, Сатурн “восходит” в Весах, [Марс] “восходит” в Козероге» [LBAT, 1591:5–7]. Здесь «восходы» планет тождественны, по-видимому, bīt(E2) или ašar(KI) niṣirti планет, и весь текст в целом интерпретируется как косвенное подтверждение того, что принятые в месопотамской астрологии положения bīt niṣirti соответствовали «гипсомам» греческой астрологии [Rochberg-Halton 1988a, 56]. (3) Предсказание цен на злаки на основе наблюдений положений планет относительно зодиакальных созвездий и других явлений: alāk(DU) bibbī(dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ) «ход планет» [SpTU I, 94:2].

Цвета планет, см. m03 dMakrû, III 2.

См. также: [SpTU I, 84:6; SpTU II, 42 r. 8; SpTU IV, 161; SpTU V, 261:19'– r. 7].

II. Божества.

См. b10Bibbu, II.

III. Отождествление.

(1) = Марс;

(2) = Меркурий;

(3) = Сатурн;

Текстовые свидетельства см. выше, а также b10Bibbu, z10Zibānītum и соответствующие статьи для каждой из планет.

Название mulUDU.IDIM = bibbu «Дикая овца» не применялось обычно по отношению к Юпитеру и Венере (за редким исключением, см., например, [ACh Ištar, 30:32; SpTU I, 90:1; Verderame, 137, Vg:20′, 27′]), а только для обозначения Марса, Меркурия и Сатурна. Однако в списках планет, включавших Луну и Солнце (см. выше), этот термин употреблялся также для обозначения Юпитера и Венеры.

IV. Астрология.

(1) Планеты и неподвижные звезды; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ u MUL.ME AN-e UD.SUR.MEŠ-šu2-nu DIB-ma ḫa-an-ṭiš NU IGI.MEŠ «Планеты и звезды небесные пропускают свои установленные сроки и не видны сразу (т.е. восходят гелиакически с опозданием)» [BPO 2, 42, III 19a], см. также [ibid., IV 12a]; MUL.MEŠ AN-e ma-gal SUR.MEŠ-ma u2-lu dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ UD.MEŠ-ši-na NU DIRI.MEŠ-ma ḫa-an-ṭiš ŠU2.MEŠ «Звезды небесные сверкают очень (сильно) или планеты не завершают своих дней и заходят (гелиакически) быстро» [BPO 2, 42, III 20a]. В приведенных комментариях проводится различие между планетами и неподвижными звездами, не часто встречающееся в астрологической литературе.

(2) Видимость планет на небе; DIŠ MUL.MEŠ ina AN-e NU GAL2.MEŠ dUDU.BAD.MEŠ u2-tan-na-tum: ina AN-e uḫ-ḫa-ru-ma NU IGI.MEŠ «Если звезды на небе отсутствуют, (это означает): планеты стали тусклыми (или) они находятся за пределами неба и не видны» [BPO 3, 248, K.2346:53]; dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ i-ba-il3-u-ma «Планеты имеют большой блеск» [BPO 2, III 16a, IV 10a]; [dUDU.IDIM.MEŠ] u2-tan-na-tu-ma «[Планеты] тусклые» [ibid., III 18a, IV 13a]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM a]-dir ANŠE.KUR.RA IDIM.MEŠ ana mu-šu-ud ŠA3 IZI.GAR «[Если планета по]темнеет: лошади станут бешеными, страхом сердце наполнится» [TU, 16 r. 2; Largement 1957, 248:63a], вариант аподосиса: A.GA ZI-ma BURU14 SIG5 E3-it URU KUR2 TUM3-[šu] «Вода поднимется, урожай будет хорошим; (некто) поднимется и вражеский город захватит» [TU, 16 r. 3; Largement 1957, 248:64]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM meš-ḫa im-šuḫ … «Если планета испускает mišḫu …» [TU, 16 r. 4; Largement 1957, 248:65].

(3) Появление (= гелиакический восход) планеты (= Меркурий) в различные месяцы; ˹DIŠ ina itiBAR2˺ mulUDU.IDIM IGI ŠE u ŠE.GIŠ.I3 SI.SA2 ˹KI.LAM˺ ina-pu-uš «Если планета становится видна в месяце нисану: урожай зерна и сезама будет хорошим, торговля расширится» [TU, 16:1; Largement 1957, 236:1], поздний комментарий: Sag3-me-gar: ša2-niš GU4.UD ina itiBAR2 IGI.MEŠ-ma «(Во-первых), Юпитер, во-вторых, Меркурий в месяце нисану становятся видны» [SpTU I, 9:1]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiBAR2 IGI u2-kul-ti dU.GUR a-bu-bu «Если планета становится видна в начале месяца нисану: гибель (из-за) Нергала, наводнение» [TU, 16:2; Largement 1957, 236:2a], поздний комментарий: AN ina itiBAR2 ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru IGI-ma «Марс в месяце нисану с особенным блеском появляется» [SpTU I, 90:2–3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiKIN.2.K[AM IGI] ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если планета [становится видна] во 2-[м] улулу: ditto» [TU, 16:2; Largement 1957, 236:2b], коммент.: AN ina UR.A IGI-ma «Марс во Льве становится виден» [SpTU I, 90:3]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiKIN it-tan-mar u2-kul-ti dU.GUR GAR-kan «Если планета в начале месяца улулу становится видна: гибель (из-за) Нергала» [TU, 16:3; Largement 1957, 236:3a], коммент.: dGENNA ina SAG itiKIN… «Сатурн в начале месяца улулу…» [SpTU I, 90:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiDU6 IGI-ir ina GIŠ.NIM u GIŠ.ŠU2 ME3 GAR-an «Если планета становится видна в месяце ташриту: на востоке и западе битва произойдет» [TU, 16:3; Largement 1957, 236:3b], коммент.: dGENNA ina itiDU6 ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru IGI-ma … «Сатурн в месяце ташриту с особенным блеском появляется…» [SpTU I, 90:5–6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiDU6 it-tan-mar ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если планета становится видна в начале месяца ташриту: ditto» [TU, 16:4; Largement 1957, 236:4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ITI.6.KAM IGI ina dUTU.E3.A u dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAL GAR-an «Если планета становится видна в месяце улулу(VI): на востоке и западе великая битва произойдет» [TU, 16:5; Largement 1957, 236:5], коммент.: dGENNA ina itiKIN IGI-ma «Сатурн в месяце улулу становится виден» [SpTU I, 90:7]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiAPIN IGI lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета становится видна в месяце арахсамну: разбойники появятся» [TU, 16:6; Largement 1957, 236:6a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiAPIN IGI… «Если планета становится видна в начале месяца арахсамну: (аподосис тот же)» [TU, 16:6; Largement 1957, 236:6b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiGAN IGI… «Если планета (= Меркурий) становится видна в месяце кислиму: (аподосис то же)» [TU, 16:7; Largement 1957, 236:7a], см. также [SAA 8, 249:3–4]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SAG itiGAN I[GI-i]r lúSA.GAZ GAL2.MEŠ BAD5.BAD5 GAR-an «Если планета стано[вится вид]на в начале месяца кислиму: разбойники появятся; будет поражение» [TU, 16:7; Largement 1957, 236:7b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiGAN iṣ-ru-uḫ-ma MU2.MU2 DINGIR.MEŠ UB.DA.LIMMU2.BA LU3.MEŠ «Если планета в месяце кислиму мерцала и имела большой блеск: боги четыре региона (земли) омрачат» [TU, 16:8; Largement 1957, 238:8], коммент.: AN i-[na] mulxPA.BIL.SAG ša2-ru-ru IL2-ma «Марс [в] Пабилсаге сияние несет» [SpTU I, 90:7–8]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiAB IGI DE5.DE5.GA AB2.GU4ḫá u U8.UDUḫá «Если планета становится видна в месяце тебету: падеж коров и мелкого рогатого скота» [TU, 16:9; Largement 1957, 238:9]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiŠE IGI-ir NAM.UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета становится видна в месяце аддару: будут смерти (из-за эпидемии)» [TU, 16:11 Largement 1957, 238:11а], коммент.: AN ina IL2 ša2-ru-ru ina […] IGI-ir «Марс в сиянии в […] становится виден» [SpTU I, 90:10–11]; DIŠ dUDU.IDIM šum-ma [ina] itiGU4 / šum-ma ina itiSIG4 IGI.LAL / A.KAL DU-ma A.ŠA3 A.QAR i-ma-kir «Если планета (= Меркурий) становится видна либо [в] айяру, либо в симану: наводнение придет и оросит поля» [SAA 8, 157:4–6, 407:5–8, 454:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiŠU IGI.LAL / UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета (=Меркурий) становится видна в месяце дуузу: будут смерти» [SAA 8, 158 r. 6, 337:1–2, 477:4–5]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina itiNE / KUR-ḫa / KI.NA2 qu-ra-du DAGAL «Если планета (= Сатурн) восходит в месяце абу: кладбище воинов расширится» [SAA 8, 324 r. 1–3]; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR–ḫa / BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 «Если планета (= Меркурий) восходит в месяце арахсамну: урожай страны будет хорошим» [SAA 8, 504:1–2]. См. также [ACh Ištar, 20:1–16].

(4) Видимость планеты (= Меркурий) в различные месяцы; DIŠ ina itiBAR2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa BURU14 KUR SI.SA2 «Если в месяце нисану планета сверкает: урожай страны будет хорошим» [TU, 16:13; Largement 1957, 238:13а]; DIŠ ina itiGU4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR BI SAL.KUR2 IGI-mar «Если в месяце айяру планета сверкает: страна эта враждебность увидит» [TU, 16:13; Largement 1957, 238:13b]; DIŠ ina itiSIG4 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR KI.LAM LAL-a KU2 «Если в месяце симану планета сверкает: в стране будет недостаток деловой активности» [TU, 16:14; Largement 1957, 238:14а]; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если в месяце дуузу планета сверкает: будут смерти» [TU, 16:14; Largement 1957, 238:14b]; DIŠ ina itiNE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ne-ru-ba-a-tu2 ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если в месяце абу планета сверкает: бегства в стране будут» [TU, 16:14; Largement 1957, 238:14с]; DIŠ ina itiKIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa DUL.DU KI.LAM na-pa-aš2 dNISABA «Если в месяце улулу планета сверкает: повышение деловой активности, изобилие зерна» [TU, 16:15; Largement 1957, 238:15а], см. также [SAA 8, 325 r. 1–2; 437:1–2]; DIŠ ina itiDU6 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa LUGAL KUR KUR2 NU UR5-tu2 NU TE-ḫi-šu2 «Если в месяце ташриту планета сверкает: царь, страна враждебная, не его, не приблизится к нему» [TU, 16:15; Largement 1957, 238:15b]; DIŠ ina itiAPIN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR kar-mu-tu2 DU-ak «Если в месяце арахсамну планета сверкает: опустошение в страну придет» [TU, 16:16; Largement 1957, 238:16a]; DIŠ ina itiGAN mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa dIM KUR KU2 «Если в месяце кислиму планета сверкает: Адад страну пожрет» [TU, 16:16; Largement 1957, 238:16b], ср.: DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ITI IGI.LAL A.AN u A.KAL «Если планета (= Меркурий) в месяце (кислиму?) становится видна: дождь и наводнение» [SAA 8, 113 r. 1; 157:2–3; 281:34]; DIŠ ina itiAB mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ŠUB-ti GIG.MEŠ «Если в месяце тебету планета сверкает: истребление вследствие болезней» [TU, 16:16; Largement 1957, 238:16c]; DIŠ ina itiZIZ2 mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ŠA3 KUR DUG3.GA KUR DAGAL-iš «Если в месяце шабату планета сверкает: сердце страны будет довольно, страна расширилась» [TU, 16:17; Largement 1957, 238:17a]; DIŠ ina itiŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa ŠUB-ti3 MAŠ2.ANŠE «Если в месяце аддару планета сверкает: падеж скота» [TU, 16:17; Largement 1957, 238:17b]; DIŠ ina itiDIRI.ŠE mulUDU.IDIM KUR-ḫa KUR me-sir IGI «Если в месяце вставной аддару планета сверкает: страна блокаду увидит» [TU, 16:17; Largement 1957, 238:17c].

(5) Планеты на востоке и на западе; [DIŠ] MUL.MEŠ ina dUTU.E3 nen-mu-ru ša2 ulUDU.IDIM.GU4.UD ulUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ulṢal-bat-a-nu mulSAG.ME.GAR ša2 ina dUTU.E3 DU.MEŠ-ma SIG5 ša2 ina dUTU.ŠU2.A DU.MEŠ-ma BAR-tum «[Если] звезды на востоке (друг за другом) становятся видны, (а именно): Меркурий, Сатурн, Марс, Юпитер, если они на востоке стоят — благоприятный (знак), если они на западе стоят — неблагоприятный (знак)» (VAT 9436 ii 5) [BPO 2, 42, Parallels to III 14a].

(6) Если 2 или 3, или 4 планеты на востоке появляются; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM lu 2 lu 3 lu-u2 4 ina dUTU.E3.A EGIR a-ḫa-meš E3-im ina MU BI ŠEG3.MEŠ u A.KAL.MEŠ ZAL.ZAL-[u…] «Если планета или 2, или 3, или 4 на востоке друг за другом вместе появились: в этом году дожди и наводнения продл[ятся …]» [TU, 16 r. 15; Largement 1957, 248:76], см. также [BPO 2, III 14b]. Четыре планеты, о которых идет речь, это, по-видимому, Меркурий, Сатурн, Марс и Юпитер, см. (5).

(7) Планета на севере, юге, востоке и западе; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.U18.LU GUB ZI-ut NIM.MAki u gu-ti-i «Если планета стоит на юге: нападение Элама и гутеев», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.SI.SA2 GUB UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ ZI-ut KUR URIki ana KUR KUR2 «Если планета стоит на севере: в стране будут смерти; нападение Аккада на вражескую страну», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.KUR.RA GUB ZI-ut SU.BIR4ki u kaš-ši-i «Если планета стоит на востоке: нападение Субарту и касситов», DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IM.MAR.TU GUB MAR.TUki u SU.BIR4ki «Если планета стоит на западе: нападение Западной страны и Субарту» [TU, 16 r. 29-31; Largement 1957, 250: 90a–92], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:99–102; BPO 2, II 6a + Parallels; SAA 8, 39:6–7; 157:7–9; 341:3–4; 541:10′].

(8) Планета на пути Энлиля; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina KASKAL šu-ut dEN.LIL2.LA2 DU KUR2 KUR URIki SIG3-ar KUR LUGAL URIki KIN-šu2 NU <nowiki>-k[aš-šad] «Если планета на пути Энлиля идет: враг Аккада нанесет удар стране; царь Аккада не дос[тигнет] своей цели» [TU, 16:45; Largement 1957, 244:45], см. также [SpTU I, 92:1].</nowiki>

(9) Планета (=Меркурий) и Луна; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 d30 GUB-iz ina MU BI DINGIR ina KUR KU2 «Если планета в середине Луны стоит: в этом году бог произведет разрушение (букв. пожрёт) в стране» [TU, 16:23; Largement 1957, 240:23a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI 15 d30 GUB-iz ina KUR MAR.TUki U2.GUG GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета на правом роге Луны стоит: в Западной стране будет голод» [TU, 16:23; Largement 1957, 240:23b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina SI 150 d30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2-tu2 DU3-uš «Если планета стоит на левом роге Луны: царь достигнет могущества» [TU, 16:24; Largement 1957, 240:24a], см. также [SAA 8, 311:3; 350:1–2]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina MAŠ.QA d30 GUB-iz MAŠ2.ANŠE KUR ŠUB-ut KI.MIN EN KUR muš-ke-nu-tu2 DU «Если планета стоит на “плече” Луны: скот страны погибнет, вар.: к господину страны обнищание придет» [TU, 16:24; Largement 1957, 240:24b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IGI d30 GUB-iz ina MU BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета впереди Луны стоит: будут смерти» [TU, 16:25; Largement 1957, 240:25a], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20: 27–32; SpTU I, 91:6′–10′]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-ma ana ŠA3 d30 TU KUR.E.NE LAL2.[DU?…] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и в середину Луны входит; страны обед[неют …]» [TU, 16:55; Largement 1957, 246:55]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-ma ana d30 TE TUR.MEŠ […] «[Если планета] вспыхивает и к Луне приближается: маленькие […]» [TU, 16:56; Largement 1957, 246:56]; DIŠ 30 ina IGI-šu2 mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB ina MU BI ina KUR DU3.A.BI UŠ2.MEŠ GAR.MEŠ me-reš KUR […] «Если при появлении Луны (в неомению) планета в середине нее стоит: в этом году по всей стране будут смерти (из-за эпидемии), обработанные поля страны [(придут в запустение) (?)]» [Verderame, 172, Tav. VI: §29].

(10) Планета перед или над Луной; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana IGI d30 GUB UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-ma A.RA2 KUD-as «Если планета перед Луной стоит: дикие львы рассвирепеют и перережут пути сообщения» [TU, 16 r. 32; Largement 1957, 250:93]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana UGU d30 GUN3-ma GUB … «Если планета выше Луны многоцветная и стоит: (аподосис тот же)» [TU, 16 r. 33; Largement 1957, 252:94]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana UGU d30 GUN3-ma GUB ana ŠA3 d30 TU UR.MAḪ.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ-ma MAŠ2.ANŠE GAZ.MEŠ «Если планета (= Сатурн) выше Луны многоцветная и стоит, (а затем) входит внутрь Луны: львы станут свирепыми и скот истребят» [TU, 16 r. 34; Largement 1957, 252: 95]; см. также [SAA 8, 166:4–6].

(11) Луна окружена гало и в нем планета (= Сатурн или Марс) стоит; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-bi-šu2 GUB-iz / LU2.SA.GAZ (глосса: ḫab-ba-a-tu2!) in-na-an-du-ru «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем планета стоит: грабители будут свирепствовать» [SAA 8, 49:6–7; 82 r. 1–2]; DIŠ 30 TUR3 NIGIN2-ma mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3-šu2 GUB LUGAL ERIM-šu2 u2-tas-sar «Если Луна окружена гало и в нем планета (= Марс?) стоит: царские войска будут окружены» [SAA 8, 412:5–6]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulṣal-bat-a-nu im-taḫ-ḫar-u2-ma / iz-zi-zu Z[I-u]t! LU2.KUR2 «Если планета (=Сатурн) (и) Марс противостоят друг другу и стоят там (т.е. внутри лунного гало): а[та]ка врага» [SAA 8, 49 r. 7–8].

(12) Планета и Солнце (= Сатурн?); DIŠ dUTU ŠU2-ma ina KI.GUB-šu2 mulUDU.IDIM GUB-iz kiš-šu-tu2 KI.MIN ḪI.GAR GAL2-ma BALA KUR2-ir «Если Солнце зашло и на его месте планета стоит: господство, вар.: мятеж будет и династия сменится» [TU, 16:22; Largement 1957, 240:22], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20:26]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina IGI dUTU GUB-iz ina MU BI GAN2.BA TUR «Если планета впереди Солнца стоит в этом году деловая активность снизится» [TU, 16:25; Largement 1957, 240:25b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina KUR-šu2 ina [KASKAL] dUTU ŠU2-u2 E3.A AB.SIN2 pa-ni-ša2 ip-te-te KI.MIN AB.SIN2 IGI-šu2 BAD-ma kiš-šu-tu2 GAL2-ma EGIR AŠ.TE NU TUŠ-ab KI.MIN IBILA-šu2 [NU] TUŠ-ab a-mur-ru-u2 a-a-um-ma KI.MIN a-ḫu-u2 ZI-ma! AŠ.TE TUŠ-ab «Если планета при своем появлении на [пути?] Солнца заходит, (а затем вновь) появляется: борозда перед ней откроется (т.е. поля будут вспаханы), вар.: (когда) борозда перед ним откроется, появится могущественный (некто) и затем на троне не усидит, вар.: наследник его (на троне) [не] усидит, некий аморей; вар.: чужак атакует (и) на трон усядется» [TU, 16:20–21; Largement 1957, 240:20–21], см. также [ACh Ištar, 20: 23–25]. В этих предсказаниях речь идет, по-видимому, о Сатурне, который считался «звездой Солнца».

(13) Планета (=Марс) и Юпитер; см. a19AL.TAR, II 1, s09SAG.ME.GAR, III 19–20, 24, sh25ŠUL.PA.E3, III 11, u05UD.AL.TAR, II 19.

(14) Планета и Большая звезда (Юпитер?); [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM] SUR-ma ana MUL.GAL TE GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ «[Если планета] вспыхивает и к Большой звезде (= Юпитер?) приближается: высокородные (люди) умирать будут» [TU, 16: 57; Largement 1957, 246:57a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u MUL.GAL im-taḫ-ḫa-ru-ma GUB.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ UŠ2.MEŠ «Если планета и Большая звезда напротив друг друга стоят и сохраняют положения: высокородные люди умирать будут» [TU, 16 r. 14; Largement 1957, 248:75].

(15) Планета и Венера; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u mulDil-bat it-ten2-tu-u2 UŠ2.MEŠ ina KUR GAL2.MEŠ «Если планета и Венера близко следуют друг за другом: в стране будут смерти»; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u mulDil-bat KUR-ma it-ten2-tu-u2 UŠ2 dan-nu ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если планета и Венера достигают друг друга и следуют друг за другом близко: сильный мор в стране случится»; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulDil-bat KUR-ma DIB-ši gišTUKUL dEr3-ra dan-nu ina KUR GAL2-ši «Если планета достигает Венеры и (дальше) проходит: оружие Эрры сильное (= эпидемия) будет в стране» [TU, 16:26–27; Largement 1957, 240–242:26–27], см. также [SpTU I, 91:12′–14′], ср. ниже пункт (30); DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM SUR-ma ana IGI mulDil-bat GUB-iz ina KEŠDA-tu2 KUR2 URU NIGIN2-ma KUR-ad2 «Если планета сверкает и напротив Венеры стоит: враг окружит город фортификационными укреплениями и захватит (его)» [TU, 16 r. 20; Largement 1957, 250:81]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u mulDil-bat in-ne2-tu-ma ina KI.TA-šu2-nu d30 IGI ina ITI BI AN.MI LUGAL NIM.MAki GAR-ma TUR3 KUR ZAḪ3 «Если планета и Венера друг за другом следуют близко и под ними Луна становится видна: в этом месяце затмение, (касающееся) царя Элама, произойдет; загон для скота страны придет в запустение» [TU, 16 r. 21; Largement 1957, 250: 82].

(16) Планеты окружают Венеру; [DIŠ mulDil-bat MUL.MEŠ NIGIN]-ši KUR iš-šal-lal KI.MIN iš-lim LUGAL LA2-mu dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN-ši-ma «[Если звезды окружают Венеру]: страна будет разграблена, вар.: цела, (зато) царь будет взят в плен, (это означает): планеты окружают ее» [BPO 3, 46, VAT 10218:75], см. также [ibid., 70, BM 75228:17; 194, K.42+:1; 225, K.9573 r. 5′]; DIŠ dDil-bat ina UD.NA2.AM3 MUL.MEŠ ni-su-ši AN.MI mit-ḫur-ti / DINGIR.ME AN-e SAL.KUR2.MEŠ GAL2.MEŠ ŠEG3.ME LA2.ME dUDU.BAD.MEŠ NIGIN.ME-ši-ma «Если в неомению звезды отступают от Венеры: универсальное затмение, небесные боги станут враждебными, будет недостаток дождей, (это означает): планеты окружают ее» [BPO 3, 219, K.3601+: r. 44], см. также [ibid., 84, K.6021+:11–12; 86, Text 82-3-23,133:3; 98, K.10688: ii 1].

(17) Венера несет 2 короны; DIŠ mulDil-bat 2 AGA.ME [ap-ra]t 2 mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ ina IGI-ša2 [DU-z]u-ma «Если Венера [несе]т 2 короны, (это означает): 2 планеты впереди нее [стоя]т» [BPO 2, 58, K. 148+:17], см. также [ibid., 132, K.2907, IV 12].

(18) Венера “несет бороду”; dMIN (= mulDil-bat) ina itiNE MIN (= SU6 zaq-na-at) SU.KU2 ina KUR GAL2 mulUDU.BAD ina IGI-ša2: ina A2-ša2 DU-ma «(Если) Венера в месяце абу “несет бороду”: в стране будет голод, (это означает): планета впереди нее, вар.: в стороне от нее стоит» [BPO 3, 149, K.137:17]; аналогичное предсказание для месяца тебету см. [ibid., 150, K. 137:22].

(19) Венера, Звезды и планеты; DIŠ mulDil-bat ina itiGAN ina ŠA3 MUL.MUL UD.3.KAM D[U-ma] / DIB-iq-šu-nu-ti GALGA KUR MAN-[ni] / MUL.MUL ana mulUDU.BAD.MEŠ […] «Если Венера в месяце кислиму в Звездах в течение 3 дней ст[оит] и проходит их: совет страны изменится, Звезды к планетам (относятся?) […]» [BPO 3, 194, K.42+:3].

(20) Венера, Юпитер и планета окружают Луну в неомению; sh25ŠUL.PA.E3, III 10.

(21) (добавить)

(22) Планета (= Меркурий) и созвездие Тигра; см. i03IDIGNA, V.

(23) Планета (=Меркурий?) проходит рядом с Анзу (=Марс?); см. i07dIM.DUGUDmušen, VI 4.

(24) Почка (=Меркурий) и планета (= Сатурн); см. b11BIR, V 9, 12.

(25) Красная планета (= Марс); см. см. s04SA5, II, m03Makrû, III 2.

(26) Планета (= Марс) чернеет или образует крест; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM LAL GAR LUGAL KUR GAL ARAD.MEŠ-šu2 E2.GAL i-maš-ša2-ʼu-u2 u šu2-nu EGIR EN-šu2-nu UŠ2.MEŠ ZAḪ3.MEŠ «Если планета приобрела черноту: дворец царя великой страны будет разграблен его рабами, и они разбегутся после гибели своего господина» [TU, 16 r. 27; Largement 1957, 250:88]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM iš-pa-ḫu-ur-ta GAR LUGAL ARAD.MEŠ-šu2 GAZ.MEŠ-šu2 E2.GAL-šu2 i-maš-ša2-ʼu-u2 EGIR MU NU SI.SA2 «Если планета образует крест (ее излучение, по-видимому, имеет форму креста): рабы убьют своего царя (и) ограбят его дворец, завершение года не будет благополучным» [TU, 16 r. 28; Largement 1957, 250: 89], аналогичные предсказания, касающиеся Венеры, см. [BPO 3, 14, § 7.3].

(27) Планета (= Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina ŠA3 MUL.MUL GUB-iz ŠUB-ti3 MAŠ2.ANŠE «Если планета в середине Звезд стоит: гибель скота» [TU, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957, 250:83a]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ina MURUB4 MUL.MUL GUB-iz AN.MI «Если планета в середине Звезд стоит: затмение» [TU, 16 r. 22; Largement 1957, 250:83b]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM KI MUL.MUL in-ne2-tu id-ra-nu GAL2-ši «Если планета со Звездами видна: поташ будет (в изобилии)» [TU, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957, 250:84]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM u MUL.MUL TE.MEŠ … «Если планета и Звезды сближаются: поташ будет (в изобилии)» [TU, 16 r. 23; Largement 1957, 250:85]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM ana MUL.MUL TE (вар.: KUR-ud) dIMIN.BI KUR KU2.MEŠ «Если планета приближается к Звездам (вар.: достигает Звезд): Семеро богов пожрут страну» [BPO 2, IV 4b, V 2b, VI 2b], см. также [TU, 16:59–60; Largement 1957, 246:59–60, 62].

(28) Восход/заход Марса и падеж скота; см. ts0Ṣalbatānu, III 14.

(29) Планета (=Марс) и Эруа (=Венера); см. a15Aḫû, II 1.

(30) Планета к планете приближается; DIŠ mulUDU.UDIM ana mulUDU.IDIM TE AB.SIN2 IGI-šu2 ip-te-te kiš-šu2-tu2 GAL2 ṭar-du AŠ.TE DIB-bat PAD.dINNIN DINGIR.MEŠ i-šak-kan E2.KUR.MEŠ DIŠ-niš i-za-na-an «Если планета приближается к планете: борозда лицо свое откроет, могущественное правление будет, (тем не менее), изгнанник захватит трон; (чтобы этого не произошло), хлебное жертвоприношение принеси богам, распредели равномерно святилищам» [ACh Suppl., 49: 1–2; TU, 16:34; Largement 1957, 242:34], см. также [ibid., 35–36]; [DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM mulU]DU.IDIM KUR-ma i-ti-iq / [gišTUKUL dIR3.RA] dan-nu ina KUR GAL2-ši «[Если планета] достигает [пл]анеты и проходит ее: сильная [эпидемия (букв. оружие Эрры)] будет в стране» [SAA 8, 491 r. 1–2], в последнем предсказании, судя по контексту, речь идет о соединении Марса и Сатурна.

(31) Марс движется вокруг планеты (=Сатурн); см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 29.

(32) Планета (=Сатурн) и Странная звезда; см. m05MAN-ma, II 3, 9.

(33) Планета и Марс стоят напротив; ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 31.

(34) Планета подходит к Регулу; см. L14LUGAL, IV 7.

(35) Старик, лунное гало и планеты; см. sh16ŠU.GI, VI 10.

(36) Планета и Орел; см. a04A2mušen, VI 6–7.

(37) Планета подходит к Стреле; см. k10KAK.SI.SA2, VI 10.

(38) Планета и Повозка; m08MAR.GID2.DA, VI 8.

(39) Планета и Ханиш; h03Ḫaniš, IV 1.

(40) Цалумму и планета; ts03Ṣallummû, II 1.

(41) Поле и планета; см. a48AŠ.GAN2, VI 13.

(42) Планета и Скорпион; см. g19GIR2.TAB, VI 27.

(43) Планета и Нундим; n51NUN.DIM4, II.

(44) Планета и Челюсть Быка; i15Is lê, VI 3.

(45) Планета присутствует на небе в течение 6 месяцев; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM 6 ITU ina AN-e uš!-tab-ri-ma […] «Если планета остается на небе в течение 6 месяцев […]» [SpTU III, 101 r. 3].

(46) Планета (= Марс) в течение 3 лет на небе стоит; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM IGI-ma MU.3.KAM2 GUB-iz ina dUTU.E3 u dUTU.ŠU2.A ME3 GAR-an «Если планета становится видна и в течение 3 лет стоит (на небе): на востоке и западе сражение произойдет» [ACh Ištar, 20:18]; DIŠ mulUDU.IDIM MU.1.KAM2 MU.2.KAM2 ina AN-e uš-tab-ri-ma la ir-bi: NU IGI ŠU.BI.AŠ.AM3 «Если планета 1 год (или) 2 года продолжает наблюдаться на небе, не заходит, вар.: не восходит: будет то же самое» [ACh Ištar, 20:19].

(47) Текущие наблюдения; mulUDU.IDIM it-ti mul[Dil-bat GUB-ma] / lum-nu ša UN.MEŠ KUR […] «Планета (= Меркурий) [стоит] вместе с [Венерой]. Это зло для людей страны […]» [SAA 8, 51 r. 3–4]; dUDU.IDIM iṣ-ru-ur-ma dUTU NIGIN […] «Планета (= Марс) вспыхнула и движется вокруг (звезды) Солнца (= Сатурн) […]» [SAA 8, 102 r. 6]; [mulUDU].IDIM.MEŠ ina TUR3 [30] / [GUB.ME]Š-ma «[Пла]неты [стоя]т в [лунном] гало» [SAA 8, 429: 7–8].

Другие примеры см. также [G. 139, II].
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
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TE8.mušen

2026-03-25T21:28:44Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
66Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.
The sign A2 as a bird-name has ample evidence for readings both te8 and ti8 in Sumerian, translated into Akkadian with both opening a- and e- vowels.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different bird of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû''. “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) Urra XXII: 308: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Amongst the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group) - need to decide on title for this???'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
'''"Astrolabes"'''
* <s>thṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].</s>
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 91-95): Astrolabe B:
** itiziz2 lmulte8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 multe8[mušen . . .] "Šabaṭu month, Eagle, Zababa" <s>(A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].</s>
** (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105, Enlil 8): Astrolabe B: mul ''ša ina igi-it'' mul[uz3] / gub-''zu'' multe8m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) Month-Star list (Horowitz 2014: 195)
** <s>(3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].</s>
** (4) Lists of Rising and Settings Stars (Sunrise in Tebetu, Month X), Sunset in Du'uzu (Month IV), Horowitz 2014: 160-166).
** <s>-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].</s>
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' m // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Horowitz 2014: 142-143, Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]</s>.
* CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).
* See previously Horowitz 2014: 220, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64, 66, 69.
*
*
* The sta<s>rs of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>(a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].</s>
** <s>(b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].</s>
**
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Arrow, Snake and Lion rise, and the Giant and Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and Little Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* S<s>cheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.</s>
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagle; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planet; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle approaches closely to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle approaches closely the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moon; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be revolt in the country" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*'''(11) The Eagle and mišḫu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits mišḫu: the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].'''
*'''(12) The dark Eagle; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].'''
*'''(13) The Bow and the Eagle; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ḫar-pu SIG5-iq "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5: mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.'''
*(14) Arrow and Eagle; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month of Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*('''15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?); ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On''' the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and ascended" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*'''(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in his set time and not in his set time; ''ina'' itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]'''

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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=== Kurtik (2007) ===
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=== Laffitte (2009) ===
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=== Gössmann (1950) ===
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!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
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|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
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== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]

[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

TE8.mušen

2026-03-25T21:23:17Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
66Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.
The sign A2 as a bird-name has ample evidence for readings both te8 and ti8 in Sumerian, translated into Akkadian with both opening a- and e- vowels.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different bird of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû''. “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) Urra XXII: 308: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Amongst the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group) - need to decide on title for this???'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
'''"Astrolabes"'''
* <s>thṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].</s>
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 91-95): Astrolabe B:
** itiziz2 lmulte8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 multe8[mušen . . .] "Šabaṭu month, Eagle, Zababa" <s>(A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].</s>
** (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105, Enlil 8): Astrolabe B: mul ''ša ina igi-it'' mul[uz3] / gub-''zu'' multe8m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) Month-Star list (Horowitz 2014: 195)
** <s>(3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].</s>
** (4) Lists of Rising and Settings Stars (Sunrise in Tebetu, Month X), Sunset in Du'uzu (Month IV), Horowitz 2014: 160-166).
** <s>-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].</s>
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' m // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Horowitz 2014: 142-143, Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]</s>.
* CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).
* See previously Horowitz 2014: 220, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 66, 69.
*
*
* The sta<s>rs of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>(a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].</s>
** <s>(b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].</s>
**
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Arrow, Snake and Lion rise, and the Giant and Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and Little Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* S<s>cheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.</s>
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagle; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planet; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle approaches closely to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle approaches closely the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moon; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be revolt in the country" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*'''(11) The Eagle and mišḫu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits mišḫu: the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].'''
*'''(12) The dark Eagle; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].'''
*'''(13) The Bow and the Eagle; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ḫar-pu SIG5-iq "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5: mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.'''
*(14) Arrow and Eagle; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month of Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*('''15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?); ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On''' the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and ascended" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*'''(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in his set time and not in his set time; ''ina'' itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]'''

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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=== Kurtik (2007) ===
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=== Laffitte (2009) ===
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=== Gössmann (1950) ===
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!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
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|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
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!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
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|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
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== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]

[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

TE8.mušen

2026-03-25T21:16:25Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.
The sign A2 as a bird-name has ample evidence for readings both te8 and ti8 in Sumerian, translated into Akkadian with both opening a- and e- vowels.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different bird of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû''. “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) Urra XXII: 308: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Amongst the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group) - need to decide on title for this???'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
'''"Astrolabes"'''
* <s>thṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].</s>
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 91-95): Astrolabe B:
** itiziz2 lmulte8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 multe8[mušen . . .] "Šabaṭu month, Eagle, Zababa" <s>(A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].</s>
** (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105, Enlil 8): Astrolabe B: mul ''ša ina igi-it'' mul[uz3] / gub-''zu'' multe8m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) Month-Star list (Horowitz 2014: 195)
** <s>(3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].</s>
** (4) Lists of Rising and Settings Stars (Sunrise in Tebetu, Month X), Sunset in Du'uzu (Month IV), Horowitz 2014: 160-166).
** <s>-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].</s>
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' m // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Horowitz 2014: 142-143, Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]</s>.
* CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).
* See previously Horowitz 2014: 220, Donbaz and Koch 1995: ???.
*
*
* The sta<s>rs of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>(a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].</s>
** <s>(b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].</s>
**
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Arrow, Snake and Lion rise, and the Giant and Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and Little Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* S<s>cheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.</s>
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagle; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planet; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle approaches closely to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle approaches closely the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moon; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be revolt in the country" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*'''(11) The Eagle and mišḫu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits mišḫu: the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].'''
*'''(12) The dark Eagle; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].'''
*'''(13) The Bow and the Eagle; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ḫar-pu SIG5-iq "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5: mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.'''
*(14) Arrow and Eagle; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month of Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*('''15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?); ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On''' the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and ascended" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*'''(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in his set time and not in his set time; ''ina'' itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]'''

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
|-
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=== Kurtik (2007) ===
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=== Laffitte (2009) ===
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=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
|
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
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== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]

[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T21:13:16Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
[[Authors]]: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
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|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246'''
CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels.

* NV 10: 5', rev. 31' '''Janet add entry???''' (Fincke 2025: 66-68), LBAT 1502: 11'
*
*
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025: 72).
* See previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69.
* T<s>he stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>

*<s>Intercalation scheme:</s>
*'''<s>[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR</s>'''
*<s>"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"</s>
*<s>(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
** BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T21:11:16Z

WayneHorowitz: Here I redid the Astrolabe piece - and re-organize NV10 and parallels only based on the new readings by Jeanette. Using Koch's old readings is very very problematic - I added a section of previous editions for NV 10 etc.

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
[[Authors]]: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246'''
CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels.

* NV 10: 5', rev. 31' '''Janet add entry???''' (Fincke 2025: 66-68), LBAT 1502: 11'
*
*
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71), LBAT 1508: 5 (Fincke 2025: 72).
* T<s>he stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>

*<s>Intercalation scheme:</s>
*'''<s>[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR</s>'''
*<s>"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"</s>
*<s>(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.</s>
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
** BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T20:59:56Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
[[Authors]]: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes) Horowitz 2014: 246'''
CT 33 9, NV 10 and parallels.

*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
** BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

TE8.mušen

2026-03-25T20:49:03Z

WayneHorowitz: I redid the Astrolabes - please check the way I did it - this is a sort of template for what I think is needed.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.
The sign A2 as a bird-name has ample evidence for readings both te8 and ti8 in Sumerian, translated into Akkadian with both opening a- and e- vowels.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different bird of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû''. “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) Urra XXII: 308: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Amongst the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group) - need to decide on title for this???'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
'''"Astrolabes"'''
* <s>thṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].</s>
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 91-95): Astrolabe B:
** itiziz2 lmulte8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 multe8[mušen . . .] "Šabaṭu month, Eagle, Zababa" <s>(A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].</s>
** (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105, Enlil 8): Astrolabe B: mul ''ša ina igi-it'' mul[uz3] / gub-''zu'' multe8m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) Month-Star list (Horowitz 2014: 195)
** <s>(3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].</s>
** (4) Lists of Rising and Settings Stars (Sunrise in Tebetu, Month X), Sunset in Du'uzu (Month IV), Horowitz 2014: 160-166).
** <s>-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].</s>
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' m // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Horowitz 2014: 142-143, Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]</s>.
* CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).
*
*
* The sta<s>rs of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>(a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].</s>
** <s>(b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].</s>
**
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Arrow, Snake and Lion rise, and the Giant and Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and Little Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* S<s>cheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.</s>
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagle; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planet; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle approaches closely to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle approaches closely the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moon; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be revolt in the country" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*'''(11) The Eagle and mišḫu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits mišḫu: the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].'''
*'''(12) The dark Eagle; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].'''
*'''(13) The Bow and the Eagle; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ḫar-pu SIG5-iq "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5: mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.'''
*(14) Arrow and Eagle; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month of Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*('''15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?); ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On''' the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and ascended" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*'''(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in his set time and not in his set time; ''ina'' itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]'''

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Laffitte (2009) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
|
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
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== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]

[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

TE8.mušen

2026-03-25T20:47:08Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:TE8mušen, mul''Erû''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
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[[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse, drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium, cf. Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
mulTE8 / TI8mušen (𒀯𒀉𒄷) are Sumerian names for The Eagle, referring to the constellation of [[Aquila]] (Latin), The Eagle. mul''Erû'' or mul''Arû'' is the Akkadian equivalent. Both the Sumerian and Akkadian terms may refer to a wider range of birds rather than just Eagles, perhaps even any large generic predator bird, for example, a vulture. This constellation is typically identified with the Greek and the modern constellation of [[Aquila]], The Eagle.

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
Var. readings:

*mulA2mušen,
* multi8mušen;
* = ''erû, arû'' "Eagle", Akkadian parallel with mulTI8mušen "Eagle"; a syllabic entry is found in the texts of the Urra XXII series.
The sign A2 as a bird-name has ample evidence for readings both te8 and ti8 in Sumerian, translated into Akkadian with both opening a- and e- vowels.

[Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 2; Borger 1978<ref>''Borger R''. Assyrish-babylonische Zeichenliste. Kevelaer: Butzon und Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.</ref> 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; constellation within the modern Eagle (Aquila).

Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref name=":8">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> mention that the translation "eagle" is not certain for all times, as historical languages might not have distinguished between different bird of prey. Hence, it could also be a vulture, at least in some variants:<blockquote>'''TI8mušen''' = ''erû''. “eagle” (also “vulture”?). mulTI8mušen (AN 18–19r).</blockquote>This option is in particular interesting with regard to the deity associated with TI8 in MUL.APIN, the warlike god Zababa:<ref name=":8" /><blockquote>'''''Zababa''.''' Warlike god, city god of Kish, identified with Ninurta. MUL d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 (AN 18–19l).</blockquote>

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identification
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) A monolingual Sumerian list: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1">''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref> 154: 117].
* (2) Urra XXII: 308: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' (Horowitz and Bloch 2015: 109)
* multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' [Emar VI/4<ref name=":1" /> 151:173],

* [multe8mu]šen = ''a-ru-u'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 133-4, 17:21]
|
|-
|'''Hittite prayer to the night gods.'''
* Amongst the astral gods: mulA2mušen [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, p. 2:12; Toorn<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref> 130: 45].
|
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, K 3124: 9′, K2346: 46; Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref> 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I<ref name=":3">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref> 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III<ref name=":4">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101:21, 22].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group) - need to decide on title for this???'''
Horowitz 2014: 248
'''"Astrolabes"'''
* <s>thṬebetu, the stars of Enlil, 35 [Pinches<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref> 575].</s>
* Menology (Horowitz 2014: 91-95): Astrolabe B:
** itiziz2 lmulte8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' dZa.b[a4.ba4]: itiziz2 multe8[mušen . . .] "Šabaṭu month, Eagle, Zababa" <s>(A iii 25, 30); for a parallel see. [Çağirgan<ref>''Çağirgan G''. Three More Duplicates to Astrolabe B // Belleten. 1985. Vol. XLVIII, № 191-192. Р. 399-416.</ref> 407:58], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 82; Emelyanov 1999<ref>''Емельянов В.В''. Ниппурский календарь и ранняя история Зодиака. СПб: "Петербургское Востоковедение", 1999.</ref> 129].</s>
** (2) Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105, Enlil 8): Astrolabe B: mul ''ša ina igi-it'' mul[uz3] / gub-''zu'' multe8m[ušen] "The constellation that stands ahead of it (i.e., ahead of muluz3 "the Goat"), the Eagle" (B iii 17-18).
** (3) Month-Star list (Horowitz 2014: 195)
** <s>(3´12): [itiab] ... mulA2mušen ''šu''[-''ut'' d''En-lil''2] "[The month of Ṭebetu:] the Eagle (rises in the path of) [Enlil] ()" (C iii 10); parallel: ''ina'' itiab mulA2mušen ''e-ru''-[''u''2] "In the month of Ṭebetu, the Eagle [rises]" [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, XI 7].</s>
** (4) Lists of Rising and Settings Stars (Sunrise in Tebetu, Month X), Sunset in Du'uzu (Month IV), Horowitz 2014: 160-166).
** <s>-sunset=6m): sunrise is Tebetu, sunset is Duuzu [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 31, 20], see (g27) [[GU.LA]].</s>
* BM 82923. The month Ṭebetu, the stars of Enlil: multe8mušen = ''e-ru-u'' m // 35 // UR.SAG d''I''2-''gi''3-''gi''3 "Eagle // 35 // Hero among the Igigi". [Horowitz 2014: 142-143, Walker and Hunger<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref> 30:30].
* <s>BM 34713. The month of Šabaṭu, the stars of Enlil [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:11], see (Kurtik n49) [[NU.MUŠ.DA]]</s>.
* CT 33 9, NV 10, and parallels
* CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).
*
*
* The sta<s>rs of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
** <s>(a) List of the 12 stars of Anu: (no. 12) multi8mušen [CT<ref name=":5">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 176].</s>
** <s>(b) List of 12 stars of Enlil: (no. 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see. TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref> 212].</s>
**
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN'''.

* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12).
* (2) Dates of heliacal risings, see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A|UD.KA.DU8.A]].
* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
** a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ ''u'' mulUR.GU.LA KURme-''nim-ma'' / mulGU.LA ''u'' mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Arrow, Snake and Lion rise, and the Giant and Eagle set" (I iii 17-18),
** b) mulUD. KA.DUḪ.A ''u'' mulTI8mušen KURmeš-''ma'' / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL ''u'' mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "The Demon with the Gaping mouth and the Eagle rise, and the Great Twins and Little Twins set" (I iii 29-30) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> 33, 44-45, 48, 51].
|The Eagle and The Corpse are listed together, and in one line (opened with DIŠ) with the asterism of the god Zababa. They are three separate asterisms, each one determined with "mul", but they appear to be considered a unit of sense here.
While the image of Zababa roughly matches the modern constellation Oph, The Corpse could be placed in Aql, in Del, or in between them and Oph.

'''Identifications''' [[File:Eagle+Corpse MULAPIN-jessica2022.jpg|alt=Babylonian constellations The Eagle and The Corpse in MUL.APIN on a Stellarium map.|thumb|The Eagle and The Corpse (identification by Pingree 1999, painting by Gullberg 2022)]]

* Hunger and Pingree 1999: 271 "Eagle"<ref>Hunger, H. and Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden</ref>
* in Stellarium by Hoffmann (2019)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2020): Babylonian Constellations in Stellarium 0.19.*, in: Draxler, Lippitsch, Wolfschmidt (eds.), Harmony and Symmetry – Proceedings of SEAC Annual Meeting 2018 (held at Graz), Hamburg 2020, 156-172</ref>
* Painting: Gullberg, Hoffmann, Gullberg (2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin: 171-191</ref>
|-
|'''"The Great Star List.'''
* (1) List of names of Mars: multi8mušen = dmin(= ''ṣal-bat-a-nu'');
* (2) 12 stars of Akkad: multi8mušen;
* (3) 7 ''lumāšu''-stars: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App.B:97, 212, 228].
|
|-
| '''GU-text'''.

* (T) sa4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant Star of the Eagle (α Aql)" [Pingree and Walker<ref>''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:31], see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
|The identification found in MUL.APIN still applies<ref>Pingree, D. & Walker, C. (1988), A Babylonian Star-Catalogue:BM 78161, Vol. 9, Occasional Publications of the Samuel Noah Kramer Fund, Philadelphia (USA), pp. 313--322.</ref><ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Astronomical Information in the GU-Text, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 193-204</ref>
|-
| '''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §r. mulA2mušen mulsuḫur.maš2 ''u'' mul''zi-qit'' mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš...
** "Eagle, Goat-Fish and the sting of Pabilsag, 3 stars ..."
* §y.
** a) mulA2mušen Eagle,
** b) mulA2mušen ''maḫ-ru'' "Eagle, the first", see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §z. mulA2mušen,

See (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7|UR.GI7]] and (Kurtik h03) [[Ḫaniš|d''Ḫaniš'']]

[Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref> 50, 62; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref> 110].

|
|-
|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
* Scheme of intercalation: multi8mušen like the star of Anu – star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Addaru, see (Kurtik L04) [[Lammu]]''[[Lammu]]''.
|
|}
See also [SpTU I<ref name=":3" />, 84:10; SpTU III<ref name=":4" />, 102 r.4;].
[[File:TEmushen CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172700.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside TE8 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Altair]]
| HIP 97649
|Constellation lines
|0.76
|-
| 2
|[[Tarazed]]
| HIP 97278
|Constellation lines
|2.72
|-
|3
|[[Okab]]
|HIP 93747
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.99
|-
|4
|[[Antinous]]
|HIP 99473
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.22
|-
|5
| δ Aquilae
|HIP 95501
|Constellation lines
|3.36
|-
|6
|λ Aquilae
|HIP 93805
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.43
|-
|7
|[[Rotanev]]
| HIP 101769
|Constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
|8
|[[Alshain]]
|HIP 98036
|Constellation lines
|3.71
|-
|9
|[[Sualocin]]
|HIP 101958
|Constellation lines
|3.8
|-
|10
| η Aquilae
|HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
|11
| [[Aldulfin]]
|HIP 101421
|Constellation lines
|4.03
|-
|12
|β Scuti
|HIP 92175
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.22
|-
| 13
|γ 2 Delphini
|HIP 102532
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.25
|-
|14
|ι Aquilae
|HIP 96468
|Inside the Hull
|4.36
|-
|15
|δ Delphini
|HIP 102281
| Constellation lines
|4.417
|-
| 16
|μ Aquilae
|HIP 96229
|Inside the Hull
|4.45
|-
|17
|[[Alya]]
|HIP 92946
|Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
|18
|ζ Delphini
|HIP 101589
|Inside the Hull
|4.647
|-
|19
|[[Libertas]]
|HIP 97938
|Inside the Hull
|4.707
|-
|20
|ν Aquilae
|HIP 95585
|Inside the Hull
|4.72
|-
| 21
|ρ Aquilae
|HIP 99742
|Inside the Hull
|4.946
|-
|22
|θ 2 Serpentis
|HIP 92951
|Inside the Hull
|4.98
|-
|23
|36 Aql
|HIP 95937
|Inside the Hull
|5.03
|-
|24
|18 Aql
|HIP 93867
|Inside the Hull
|5.086
|-
| 25
|ο Aquilae
|HIP 97675
|Inside the Hull
|5.1
|-
|26
|21 Aql
|HIP 94477
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|27
| -
| HIP 95447
|Inside the Hull
|5.15
|-
|28
|σ Aquilae
|HIP 96665
|Inside the Hull
|5.17
|-
|29
|19 Aql
|HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
|5.23
|-
|30
|ϕ Aquilae
|HIP 98103
|Inside the Hull
| 5.278
|-
| 31
|23 Aql
| HIP 94885
|Inside the Hull
|5.28
|-
|32
|ω 1 Aquilae
|HIP 94834
|Inside the Hull
|5.283
|-
|33
| 132 G. Aql
|HIP 100541
|Inside the Hull
|5.301
|-
|34
|χ Aquilae
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|35
|η Delphini
|HIP 101483
|Inside the Hull
|5.38
|-
|36
|15 Aql
|HIP 93717
|Inside the Hull
|5.394
|-
| 37
|14 Aql
|HIP 93526
| Inside the Hull
|5.4
|-
|38
|27 Aql
|HIP 95073
|Inside the Hull
|5.451
|-
|39
| [[Tianfu]]
|HIP 98823
|Inside the Hull
|5.508
|-
| 40
| 28 Aql
|HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
|41
| 64 Ser
|HIP 93051
|Inside the Hull
|5.551
|-
|42
|22 Aql
|HIP 94727
|Inside the Hull
|5.569
|-
| 43
|58 Aql
|HIP 97980
|Inside the Hull
|5.631
|-
|44
|45 Aql
|HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
|5.637
|-
|45
|* chi Aql A
|HIP 96957
|Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 46
|62 Aql
|HIP 98844
|Inside the Hull
|5.68
|-
|47
|θ Delphini
|HIP 101882
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
| 48
|π Aquilae
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
|49
| -
|HIP 95572
|Inside the Hull
|5.754
|-
|50
|35 Aql
|HIP 95793
|Inside the Hull
|5.783
|-
|51
|42 G. Aql
|HIP 95222
|Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
|52
|13 G. Aql
|HIP 93580
|Inside the Hull
|5.815
|-
| 53
|49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
|Inside the Hull
|5.839
|-
|54
|υ Aquilae
|HIP 97229
|Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|55
|103 G. Aql
|HIP 98526
| Inside the Hull
|5.91
|-
|56
| -
|HIP 100256
|Inside the Hull
| 5.938
|-
|57
| 64 Aql
|HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
|5.968
|-
|58
| -
|HIP 96481
|Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
|59
| -
|HIP 101909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
|60
|QS Aql
|HIP 96840
|Inside the Hull
|5.99
|-
|61
|10 Del
| HIP 102080
| Inside the Hull
|5.998
|-
|62
|ω 2 Aquilae
|HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
|6.012
|-
|63
| -
|HIP 95898
|Inside the Hull
|6.042
|-
|64
|8 Aql
|HIP 92524
|Inside the Hull
|6.056
|-
|65
|1 Del
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
| 66
|V923 Aql
|HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
|6.082
|-
|67
|R Aql
| HIP 93820
|Inside the Hull
|6.09
|-
|68
| -
|HIP 97970
|Inside the Hull
|6.127
|-
|69
|73 G. Ser Cau
|HIP 92968
|Inside the Hull
|6.132
|-
|70
| -
|HIP 97767
|Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
|71
| -
|HIP 100511
|Inside the Hull
|6.152
|-
|72
| -
|HIP 100274
|Inside the Hull
|6.17
|-
|73
|34 G. Aql
|HIP 94833
|Inside the Hull
|6.174
|-
|74
|101 G. Aql
|HIP 98385
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|75
|6 G. Aql
|HIP 92963
|Inside the Hull
|6.196
|-
|76
| * 1 Del A
|HIP 101160
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|77
|7 G. Aql
|HIP 93138
|Inside the Hull
|6.207
|-
|78
| -
|HIP 100208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
|79
| -
|HIP 100953
|Inside the Hull
|6.229
|-
|80
|* pi. Aql A
|HIP 97473
|Inside the Hull
|6.23
|-
|81
|88 G. Aql
|HIP 97697
| Inside the Hull
|6.233
|-
|82
|ψ Aquilae
|HIP 97139
|Inside the Hull
| 6.243
|-
|83
| 52 G. Aql
|HIP 95812
|Inside the Hull
|6.245
|-
|84
|12 G. Aql
|HIP 93488
|Inside the Hull
|6.271
|-
|85
| -
|HIP 95664
|Inside the Hull
|6.303
|-
|86
| -
|HIP 100762
|Inside the Hull
|6.307
|-
|87
|37 G. Aql
|HIP 94916
|Inside the Hull
|6.311
|-
|88
|25 G. Aql
|HIP 94149
|Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
|89
| 46 Aql
|HIP 96931
|Inside the Hull
|6.321
|-
|90
| -
|HIP 99234
|Inside the Hull
|6.339
|-
|91
|44 G. Aql
|HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
|6.346
|-
|92
| -
|HIP 100781
|Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|93
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
|Inside the Hull
|6.358
|-
|94
| -
|HIP 96428
|Inside the Hull
|6.364
|-
|95
|61 G. Aql
|HIP 96351
|Inside the Hull
|6.368
|-
|96
|24 Aql
|HIP 94913
|Inside the Hull
|6.404
|-
|97
|75 G. Aql
|HIP 97144
|Inside the Hull
|6.428
|-
|98
|Chechia
|HIP 99894
|Inside the Hull
|6.446
|-
|99
| -
|HIP 97454
|Inside the Hull
|6.457
|-
|100
|V1339 Aql
|HIP 97607
|Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
|101
|V450 Aql
|HIP 96204
|Inside the Hull
|6.48
|-
|102
| -
|HIP 94478
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|103
| -
|HIP 99985
|Inside the Hull
|6.49
|-
|104
| -
|HIP 93990
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|-
|105
| -
|HIP 98377
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Deity. ===
The names of constellations are never fixed with determinatives d. The divine status of mulA2mušen, however, is attested in BM 82923 (see above). The connection of mulA2mušen with d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 follows from the text Astrolabe B (Section A iii 25) as well as from the list of gods K.4339 rev. col. iv 10 where the identity is given: mulA2mušen = d''Za-ba''4-''ba''4 = min (= d''Nin-urta'') [CT<ref name=":5" /> 25, 13]. Among the epithets of Zababa, however, the Eagle is not mentioned [Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 463]. In the lists "deity – bird", the Eagle is also not mentioned [Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref> 294-295]. The connection of the Eagle constellation with Zababa is explained, apparently, by the symbol of Zababa – a rod with the head of an eagle, see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4|dZA.BA4.BA4]].

===Symbol.===

*The symbol of Zababa on the ''kudurru''s was a rod ending with the image of an eagle's head with a crest of feathers [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref> 163-164; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, § c)]. A bird similar to an eagle next to the anthropomorphic figure of Zababa was depicted on seals of the Old Babylonian period [Braun-Holzinger<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref> 348, Nr. 1165]. Probably, this image served as a basis for the figure of the constellation Eagle.

==== Parts of constellations and individual stars. ====
*SA4 ''ša''2 mulA2mušen "Brilliant (star) in the constellation Eagle" (α Aql = Altair). cf. GU-text.

==== Identification. ====

* Aquila [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 2; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref> 73; BPO 2<ref name=":2" /> 10; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":6" /> 207, App. C; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref name=":7" /> 272];
* Most of the constellation Aquila [MA 138].

===Astrology.===

====Identifications:====

*(1) = Saturn; see above section II.
*(2) = Mercury; see (Kurtik n47) [[NU.KUŠ2.U3|NU.KUŠ2.U3]], II 1.
*(3) = Mars; see below (6)-(10), (14), The Great Star List, (a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2, and also [Reynolds 1998<ref>''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref> 352].
*(4) = Jupiter, according to [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; but there is no clear evidence.
*(5) = Pleiades; see below (13).

====Predictions:====

*(6) Planet and Eagle; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-tu-u''2 ... "If a planet and the Eagle become joined ...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''it-ten-mi-du'' ... "If a planet and the Eagle (for a long duration?) stand side by side...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM ''u'' mulA2mušen ''i-ḫu-u''2... "If a planet and the Eagle come close to each other..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; here "Eagle" is one of the planets; the apodosis refers to the yield of sesame (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = ''šamaššammu'').
*(7) Eagle(=Mars?) and planet; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle approaches closely to a planet: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar 23:15].
*(8) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Star Cluster; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-''ir'' "If the Eagle approaches closely the Star Cluster: Adad will ruin" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], see also (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 2.
*(9) Eagle(=Mars?) and Raven; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ana'' mulUGAmušen ''i-mid'' ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ... "If the Eagle leans toward the Raven: sesame ..." [ACh Ištar, 23:17].
*(10) The Eagle(=Mars?) and the Moon; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' ŠA3 30 GUB-''iz'' LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "If the Eagle stands in the middle of the Moon: the king of the universe will die" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI ZAG 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''i-bar-ru'' "If the Eagle stands on the right horn of the Moon: there will be revolt in the country" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ''ina'' SI GUB3 30 GUB-''iz'' KUR ''in-niš''-[''ša''] "If the Eagle stands on the left horn of the Moon: the country will become confused" [ibid., 23:20].
*'''(11) The Eagle and mišḫu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-ḫu im-šu-uḫ mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE...] "If the Eagle emits mišḫu: the planet(=Mars) [will exterminate small cattle/livestock]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], and also [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].'''
*'''(12) The dark Eagle; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ ... "If the Eagle becomes dark: the cattle will become few, people [...]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].'''
*'''(13) The Bow and the Eagle; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 ḫar-pu SIG5-iq "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; parallel: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5: mulṣal-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "If the Bow reaches the Eagle: early sesame will be good; (this means that): Mars reaches Pleiades." [Borger 1973, 41:12′], here identities are assumed: the Bow = Mars, the Eagle = the Star Cluster.'''
*(14) Arrow and Eagle; DIŠ ''ina'' itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulA2mušen KUR-''ud'' ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ''ina'' itiŠU mulṣ''al-bat-a-nu'' KUR-''ma'' "If in the month of Du'uzu Sirius reaches the Eagle: sesame will prosper; (this means:) Mercury in the month of Du'uzu reaches Mars" [BPO 3 246:46]; the prediction suggests the identity: mulA2mušen = mul''ṣal-bat-a-nu''.
*('''15) Eclipse of the Moon in the Eagle (Pleiades?); ''ina Nisanni'' UD.28.KAM ''rēš tāmartišu tammarma'' / ''ina erî''(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [''adirma ušappilma ippuḫ''] "On''' the 28th day of Nisanu, you observe its last visibility, and in the 'Eagle' he (= Sin) became dark and low and ascended" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], and also [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

*'''(16) Heliacal rising of the Eagle in his set time and not in his set time; ''ina'' itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-''ma ina'' UD.DUG4.GA-''šu''2 KUR-[''ḫa''] SAL.KUR2 ''ina'' KUR ''ina-pu''-[''uš'' ... ] ''ina'' KUR GAR " In the month of Tebetu, the Eagle [...] if it rises on its set date, hostility will flare up in the country, [if it does not rise on its set date]: there will be [...] in the country." [BPO 2, X 21]; see also [ibid., XI 7]'''

== Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
! scope="col" style="width: 30%;" |
|-
|
=== Kurtik (2007) ===
|
=== Laffitte (2009) ===
|
=== Gössmann (1950) ===
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22 '''(mul)''Erû/Arû''''')
!
!
|-
|аккадская параллель к mulTI8mušen «Орел»; силлабическая запись встречается в текстах серии Urra XXII, см. a04A2mušen.
|
|
|-
!Kurtik (2022, a04 A2mušen)
!Laffitte (2009)
https://uranos.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SOM_FR_01_C21.pdf
!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulTE8 / TI8mušen, multi8mušen; = erû, arû "Орел" [Gössmann 1950, 2; Borger 1978 139, Nr. 334; Labat 137]; созвездие в пределах современного Орла (Aquila).

I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Одноязычный шумерский список: multe8mušen [Emar VI/4 154: 117]. (2) Серия DC XXII: multe8mušen = e-ru-u [Emar VI/4 151:173], [multe8mu]šen = a-ru-u [Cavigneaux 1979 133-4, 17:21], multe8mušen = e-ru-u2 [SpTU III, 114A v 51]. Хеттская молитва ночным богам. Среди астральных богов: mulA2mušen [KUB IV, 47 r. 45; BPO 2, p. 2:12; Toorn 130: 45]. EAE. См. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 187-192 (§ III 8-9); BPO 2 III 28a, X 21, XI 7; BPO 3, K 3124: 9', K2346: 46; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 9′, 12′; Largement 1957 246: 48a, 48b; SpTU I 84:10; 92:3-5; SpTU III, 101:21, 22]. "Астролябии". Astrolabe P. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля, 35 [Pinches 575]. Astrolabe В. (1) Менологии: itiziz2 mulA2mušen dZa.b[a4.ba4] : itiziz2 mulA2[mušen] "Месяц шабату, Орел, Забаба" (A iii 25, 30); параллель см. [Çağirgan 407:58], см. также [BPO 2 82; Емельянов 1999 129]. (2) Список (12´3): mul ša ina igi-it mul[uz3] / gub-PzuR mulA2m[ušen] "Созвездие, которое впереди него (т.е. впереди muluz3 "Коза"), стоит, Орел" (B iii 17-18). (3) Cписок (3´12): [itiab] … mulA2mušen šu[-ut dEn-lil2] "Месяц тебету: Орел (на пути) [Энлиля] (восходит)" (C iii 10); параллель: ina itiab mulA2mušen e-ru-[u2] "В месяце тебету Орел (восходит)" [BPO 2, XI 7]. (4) Список (восход-заход=6m): восход — тебету, заход — дуузу [KAV 218, C 31, 20], см. g27GU.LA. BM 82923. Месяц тебету, звезды Энлиля: mulA2mušen// 35 // UR.SAG dI2-gi3-gi3 "Орел // 35 // Герой среди Игигов" [Walker-Hunger 30:30]. BM 34713. Месяц шабату, звезды Энлиля [LBAT, 1499:11], см. n49NU.MUŠ.DA. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. a) Список 12 звезд Ану: (№ 12) multi8mušen [CT 33, 9 r. 13; Horowitz 1998 176]. b) Список 12 звезд Энлиля: (№ 10) mulA2mušen [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b 212]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Ану (№ 18): mulTI8mušen (I ii 12). (2) Даты гелиакических восходов, см. u06UD.KA.DU8.A. (3) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: a) mulKAK.SI.SA2 mul dMUŠ u mulUR.GU.LA KURme-nim-ma / mulGU.LA u mulTI8mušen ŠU2meš "Стрела, Змея и Лев восходят, Великан и Орел заходят" (I iii 17-18), b) mulUD.KA.DUD.A u mulTI8mušen KURmeš-ma / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL u mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR ŠU2meš "Демон с Разинутой Пастью и Орел восходят, Большие Близнецы и Малые Близнецы заходят" (I iii 29-30) [MA 33, 44-45, 48, 51]. "Большой список звезд". (1) Список имен Марса: multi8mušen = dmin(= ral-bat-a-nu); (2) 12 звезд Аккада: multi8mušen; (3) 7 lumāšu-звезд: multi8mušen [Mesop.Astrol., App.B:97, 212, 228]. GU-текст. (Т) sa4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Звезда с большим блеском Орла (α Aql)" [Pingree-Walker, BM 78161:31], см. u31UZ3. Dalbanna-текст. §r. mulA2mušen PmulsuCurR.maš2 u mulzi-qit mulpa.bil.sag 3 mul.meš… "Орел (ε Aql), Коза-Рыба (β Cap) и жало Пабилсага (α CrA), 3 звезды ..." §y. a) mulA2mušen Орел (ε Aql), b) mulA2mušen maC-ru "Орел — первый", см. u31UZ3. §z. mulA2mušen (ε Aql), см. u19UR.GI7 и h03dDaniš [Walker 1995 39; Koch 1995 50, 62; Hunger-Pingree 1999 110]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: multi8mušen как звезда Ану — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце аддару, см. L04Lammu.

См. также [SpTU I, 84:10; SpTU III, 102 r.4;].

II. Божество.

Название созвездия никогда не фиксируется с детерминативом d. Божественный статус mulA2mušen, однако, засвидетельствован в BM 82923 (см. выше). Связь mulA2mušen с dZa-ba4-ba4 следует из текста Аstrolabe B (Section A iii 25), а также из списка богов К.4339 rev. col. iv 10, где дано тождество: mulA2mušen = dZa-ba4-ba4 = min(=dNin-urta) [CT 25, 13]. Среди эпитетов Забабы, однако, Орел не упоминается [Tallqvist 463]. В списках "божество – птица", орел также не значится [Salonen 1973 294-295]. Связь созвездия Орел с Забабой объясняется, по-видимому, символом Забабы — жезл с головой орла, см. z01dZA.BA4.BA4.

III. Символ.

Символом Забабы на кудурру служил жезл, оканчивающийся изображением головы орла с гребнем из перьев [Seidl 1968 163-164; Seidl 1969, § c)]. Похожая на орла птица рядом с антропоморфной фигурой Забабы изображалась на печатях старовавилонского периода [Braun-Holzinger 348, Nr. 1165]. Вероятно, этот образ послужил основой для фигуры созвездия Орел.

IV. Отождествление.

= Aquila [Gössmann 1950, 2; Weidner 1957-59 73; BPO 2 10; Mesop.Astrol. 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999 272];

= большая часть созвездия Aquila [MA 138].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

SA4 ša2 mulA2mušen "Блестящая (звезда) в созвездии Орел" (α Aql = Альтаир). см. GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

Отождествления:

(1) = Сатурн; см. выше раздел II.

(2) = Меркурий; см. n47NU.KUŠ2.U3, II 1.

(3) = Mарс; см. ниже (6)-(10), (14), "Большой список звезд", a15ACû, II 2, а также [Reynolds 1998 352].

(4) = Юпитер, согласно [Bezold 122, Nr. 178]; однако явные свидетельства отсутствуют.

(5) = Плеяды; см. ниже (13).

Предсказания:

(6) Планета и Орел; DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-tu-u2 ... "Если планета и Орел покрывают друг друга...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen it-ten-mi-du ... "Если планета и Орел (долго?) стоят рядом...", DIŠ MUL.UDU.IDIM u mulA2mušen iv-Cu-u2... "Если планета и Орел приближаются друг к другу..." [Largement 1957, 246: 47, 48a, 48b; SpTU I 92: 3-5]; здесь "Орел" — одна из планет; аподосисы касаются урожайности сезама (ŠE.GIŠ.I3 = šamaššammu).

(7) Орел(=Марс?) планета; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUDU.IDIM TE ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел к планете приближается: сезам …" [ACh Ištar. 23:15].

(8) Орел(=Марс?) и Звезды; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana MUL.MUL TE dIM RA-ir "Если Орел к Звездам приближается: Адад разорит" [ACh Ištar, 23:16], см. также a15aCû, II 2.

(9) Орел(=Марс?) и Ворон; DIŠ mulA2mušen ana mulUGAmušen i-mid ŠE.GIŠ.I3 … "Если Орел у Ворона остановился: сезам …" [ACh Ištar, 23:17].

(10) Орел(=Марс?) и Луна; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina ŠA3 30 GUB-iz LUGAL ŠU2 BA.UŠ2 "Если Орел стоит в середине Луны: царь вселенной умрет" [ACh Ištar, 23: 18]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI ZAG 30 GUB-iz KUR i-bar-ru "Если Орел на правом роге Луны стоит: в стране произойдет бунт" [ibid., 23:19]; DIŠ mulA2mušen ina SI GUB3 30 GUB-iz KUR in-niš-[ša] "Если Орел на левом роге Луны стоит: страну будет трясти" [ibid., 23:20].

(11) Орел и mišCu; DIŠ mulA2mušen meš-Cu im-šu-uC mulUDU.IDIM MAŠ2.[ANŠE…] "Если Орел испустил mišCu: планета(=Марс) мелкий ско[т истребит]" [ACh Ištar, 23:22], а также [ACh Suppl. 2, 53 i 14].

(12) Орел темный; DIŠ mulA2mušen a-dir MAŠ2.ANŠE TUR.TUR UN.MEŠ … "Если Орел стал темным: скота будет мало, люди […]" [ACh Ištar, 23:21].

(13) Лук и Орел; DIŠ mulBAN ana mulA2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.GIŠ.I3 Car-pu SIG5-iq "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим" [BPO 3 230, K. 3124: 9]; параллель: DIŠ mulpan ana mulA2mušen kur-ud še.giš.i3 nim sig5 : mulial-bat-a-nu mulZa-ap-pu kur-ma "Если Лук достигает Орла: ранний сезам будет хорошим; (это означает): Марс достигает Плеяд" [Borger 1973, 41:12′], здесь предполагаются тождества: Лук = Марс, Орел = Звезды.

(14) Стрела и Орел; DIŠ ina itiŠU mulKAK.SI.SA2 mulА2mušen KUR-ud ŠE.G[IŠ.I3 S]I.SA2 dGUD.UD ina itiŠU mulƒal-bat-a-nu KUR-ma "Если в месяце дуузу Сириус достигает Орла: льняное семя(?) будет изобильным; (это означает:) Меркурий в месяце дуузу достигает Марса" [BPO 3 246:46]; предсказание предполагает тождество: mulА2mušen = mulƒal-bat-a-nu.

(15) Затмение Луны в Орле (Плеяды?); ina Nisanni UD.28.KAM rēš tāmartišu tammarma / ina erî(MUL.A2.MUŠEN) [adirma ušappilma ippuC] "28-го нисану наблюдай его последнюю видимость, и в "Орле" он (= Син) стал темным и низким и взошел" [Rochberg-Halton 1988 191-192, § III, Rec. B 8-9], а также [ibid. 189-190, III Rec. A: (8)].

(16) Гелиакический восход Орла в свое и не в свое время; ina itiAB PMUL.R PA2?R [MUŠEN...] BE-ma ina UD.DUG4.GA-šu2 KUR-[Ca] SAL.KUR2 ina KUR ina-pu-[uš ...] ina KUR GAR " В месяце тебету Орел [...], если он восходит в установленную дату, в стране будет изобилие, [если он восходит не в свою дату]: […] в стране будет" [BPO 2, X 21]; см. также [ibid., XI 7].
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== References ==
[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Akkadian]]

[[Category:Aql]]
<references />

Sissinnu

2026-03-25T20:01:22Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Sissinnu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----

''Sissinnu'' (𒋀𒌍𒉡) is an Akkadian term, translates to "frond", "spadix", or "branch" of a date palm. As an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, a feature of the constellation of larger asterism (constellation or even super-constellation of the [[ERU (Goddess)|goddess Erua (Goddess]]) carrying the ''Sissinnu''. See for example K. 6707 7’: [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni''1 dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

Krebernik (2023): “spadix of the date palm”: see Erua (goddess).
#REDIRECT [[ERU (Goddess)]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Akkadian]][[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T19:59:41Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
[[Authors]]: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''[[sissinnu]]''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each'''
''Text Nv. 10.'' (Horowitz 2014 : 223)
*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
** BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T19:53:45Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''sissinnu''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each'''
''Text Nv. 10.'' (Horowitz 2014 : 223)
*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''ADD Uranology Text Here = J??'''
'''ABC Section 6 = pp. 22, 25'''
'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
** BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.''sis-sin-ni'' dE4.RU4 dx [ . . .

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T19:48:35Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''sissinnu''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each'''
''Text Nv. 10.'' (Horowitz 2014 : 223)
*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46. - moved to GSL category'''
* <s>mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.</s>
* <s>“Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].</s>
* <s>BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.</s>
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
** BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
81-7-27, 22 (ACh 2. Suppl. 118) (Rochberg-Halton AfO Beih. 22, 175, 207-208, 223 (transliteration - without translation): EAE 20 manuscript f [§ IX]: imgidda

K. 6507: 7': 7’ [MU]L.sis-sin-ni dE4.RU4 dx [ . . . (see

|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), with whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. Cf. K. 6507: 7' above.

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T19:36:33Z

WayneHorowitz: Created Great Star List category - Moved VR 46 into Great Star List category

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''sissinnu''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each'''
''Text Nv. 10.'' (Horowitz 2014 : 223)
*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
* mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
* “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].
* BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* '''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
** mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4 (see also DT 15 and DT 109 (RAcc. 127-154)+ BM 32485 (= DT 114; MNB 1848) ll. 325-333), see F. Thureau-Dangin, Rituels Accadiens, Paris 1921, 139; Marc. A. Linssen, The Cults of Uruk and Babylon. For bibliography The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice, CM 25, Brill - Styx, 2004, 221.
** “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1" /> 52:46].
** BM 37391 obv. 9’ [M]UL.E4.RU6 MUL.dil-bat ina IT[U KIN], Erua is Venus in Month VI.
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), from whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84].

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

ERU (Goddess)

2026-03-25T19:28:39Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|TE8.mušen}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:ERU, ''Erua''}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Papke Erua.jpg|alt=detail from drawing|thumb|Erua drawn in Papke (1989)<ref>Papke, Werner (1989/93). Die geheime Botschaft des Gilgamesch, Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg.</ref>]]dE4.RU6 (𒀭𒀀𒂔; Sumerian writing) equaling the Akkadian ''Erua;'' she is a goddess of the ancient Babylonian pantheon. See (Kurtik a02)<ref name=":5" /> mul / dA.EDIN (Gössmann 441)<ref name=":0">Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].</ref>. The reading of the name is confirmed by passages such as ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-''[''a''] ''3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' "you sprinkle (water) before the goddess Erua three times."<ref>STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84</ref> Her astral presence in the sky is described in the Uranology group as a clothed human figure with a star at her head, holding a whip in her right hand with the lash of this whip stretching out over the tail of 'the Lion' ([[Leo]]), in the constellation [[Coma Berenices]], north [[Virgo]].

The asterism Eru = ''Erua'' is not to be confused with Sumerian mulTE8mušen = Akkadian ''erû.''

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> translate '''''sissinnu''''' “spadix of the date palm” (in contrast to the standard editions of MUL.APIN where it is read "frond of ~" and Kurtik (2007)<ref name=":5">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> who reads "branch of ~") and they note on the goddess:<blockquote>'''Erua.''' First attested as an “advisor” of Enki/Ea’s wife Damgalnunna, later identified with Zarpānītu(m). ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 “date-palm spadix” (kind of jewellery?) (of?) Erua (EN 12r). </blockquote>Variant readings:

* mulERU3,
* mulERU4;
* mulE4.RU6;
* = mul''E''4-''ru''6,
* mul''Eru''(''a''), '''''Erūsa??''''' "Erua".
Interpretation:
*1) a constellation approximately corresponding to [[Coma Berenices]], Hair of Berenice.
*2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 1051; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> S 326; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 9, 126].

==== Sources & Identification(s) ====

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [Borger<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref> 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957<ref>''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264.</ref> 246:49-50; SpTU I,<ref>''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976</ref> 92:6-7; SpTU III,<ref name=":4" /> 101:18, 19].
|
|-
|"'''Reports."'''
* See. [SAA 8, 350a].
|
|-
|'''Three Stars Each'''
''Text Nv. 10.'' (Horowitz 2014 : 223)
*Intercalation scheme:
*'''[''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulPE4-''ru''6 // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En''-''l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [...] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' dE2-PaR / [GIŠ ... mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR'''
*"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [...] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, (to) the height of the Swallow"
*(Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz and Koch 64-65, 69]<ref name=":3">''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>.
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>
*(1) List of the stars of Enlil (no. 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Branch (of the date palm) Erua, Zarpanitum" (I i 11).

*(2) List of ''ziqpu''-stars: mul''E''4-''ru''6, between mulUR.GU.LA and mul''He''2-''gal''2''-la-a-a'' (I iv 6).

*(3) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
**''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN''-e'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR''-ḫa''
**"On the 15th of Araḫsamnu the constellation Erua stands in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Goat constellation rises" (I iv 26), see also [Horowitz<ref>Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // ''AfO''. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. p. 116-117.</ref> 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6'].
|a piece of a date palm
[[File:Eruas asterism.jpg|alt=star chart with painted asterism|thumb|Erua's Date Palm Spadix, painted by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021, reference paper 2022)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>.]]
|-
|'''List of asterisms V R 46, 1:46.'''
* mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-ḫu-tu''4
* “Erua = creatress of seed”, see also [HBA<ref name=":1">''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 52:46].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
*(1) AO 6478:
**(a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(''=šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 ''lim'' I DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša2'' KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ mina weight, 10° on earth, 18,000 miles in the sky / from the single one of its tail (Lion) to Erua",
**(b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 ''lim'' DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 minas and 10 shekels weight, ⅔ miles 5° on earth, 45000 miles in the sky / From Erua to the Harness" ['''Thureau-Dangin 1913''' 217:19-22; Thureau-Dangin 1922<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 19-22; HBA<ref name=":1" /> 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref> 228-229].

*(2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na mul'' d''Ze[r-pa-ni-tu''] "10° to (stars of) Ze[rpanitu]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 225:19].

*(3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 ''lim'' 2 ''me'' KUŠ3 "Erua // 6 (stars) // 7200 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" /> 226-227:16].

*(4) Sippar Planisphere:
**a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-''ru''6 "[100] to Erua" (rev. 24),
**b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, diagram: 1 point and next to 6 points forming a circle (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz and al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref> 172-173:24, 176-178].
|
|-
|'''Culminations of ''ziqpu'' stars.'''
(1) LBAT 1502.

*(a) [...MUL2 [...MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[...asterism AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Erua culminates [...]",

*(b) [...MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 dE4-ru6 ''ana ziq-pi /''10/ "The asterism of Eridu is the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism. (The point) ½ mile (15°) behind Erua culminated. 10" [Donbaz and Koch<ref name=":3" /> 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5'].
|
|-
|'''Anaphora. <nowiki>[[add the Great Star List category here]]</nowiki>'''
А 3427:

* A.EDIN is used as a ''ziqpu-''star in determining the time of the rising sun of the twelfth part of the zodiac sign Sagittarius [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25].
* '''<s>??the following is a different type of text, nothing to do with Anaphora, listing asterisms in groups; needs a separate paragraph??</s>'''
*
*
*
* Great Star List and Related Texts
* The list of the "6 palace women". mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.é.gal.meš "Erua, Wagon, Wagon of Anu, Sheep of Aya, Goat, (asterism of) Dignity: 6 «palace women»'" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref> 142 iv 4-8, see Weidner RLA III 81].
|
|-
|'''GU-text.'''
*(K),
*(L) ''mulE4-ru6'' (''ziqpu'' XXV: γ Com),
*see (Kurtik a06) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]], (Kurtik d11) [[DINGIR.KU.A|DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ]].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
*(1) Predictions of lunar eclipses from the culminations of the stars and the position of the Sun relative to the constellations.
**''ki-i'' múlE4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' dSîn(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u2-ša]r-ru-[u2''] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i dŠamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR''-ad2'') ''pi-šer3-ša2 attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u2-šar-ra-a''
**"If Erua culminates and a lunar eclipse should begin / Erua, Furrow, Šullat and Ḫaniš / As long as the Sun has not reached the Furrow. Its meaning: there will be no eclipse" (W 22554/2) = [SpTU III,<ref name=":4">''Spätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref> 102:12-14].
*(2) W 23313/3:
**DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?...]
**"If he is born in the region of Erua: he will hav[e?] sons" [SpTU V,<ref>''URUK. Spätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref> 265: 8'].
*(3) Predicting ''izbu'', see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
**See also: ''e-ri'' [...] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref> 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Lady Erua" (?) [Hunger 1975<ref>''Hunger H.'' Noch ein "Kalendertext" // ZA. 1975. Bd. 65. S. 40-43.</ref> 41: rev. 4].
|
|}
[[File:Sissinu Eru CH Screenshot 2025-11-28 182239.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside Sissinu Eru (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
! id
! Label
! HIP
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| γ Comae Berenices
| HIP 60742
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.34
|-
| 2
| 11 Com
| HIP 60202
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.74
|-
| 3
| [[Phyllon Kissinou]]
| HIP 61394
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.773
|-
| 4
| 12 Com A
| HIP 60351
| Constellation lines
| 4.81
|-
| 5
| 7 Com
| HIP 59847
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.86
|-
| 6
| 14 Com
| HIP 60697
| Constellation lines
| 4.95
|-
| 7
| 16 Com
| HIP 60746
| Inside the Hull
| 4.959
|-
| 8
| 24 Com A
| HIP 61418
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.02
|-
| 9
| 13 Com
| HIP 60514
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 10
| 17 Com
| HIP 60904
| Constellation lines
| 5.236
|-
| 11
| 21 Com
| HIP 61071
| Inside the Hull
| 5.436
|-
| 12
| 18 Com
| HIP 60941
| Inside the Hull
| 5.468
|-
| 13
| 5 Com
| HIP 59501
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 5.55
|-
| 14
| 20 Com
| HIP 60957
| Constellation lines
| 5.679
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 60599
| Constellation lines
| 6.02
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 60327
| Inside the Hull
| 6.162
|-
| 17
| 8 Com
| HIP 60087
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 61415
| Inside the Hull
| 6.276
|}

===II. Deity.===
''' ''' Erua is the goddess of pregnancy [Tallqvist 286], her standard epithet is ''ba-nat2 ri-ḫu-tu2'' , lit. "she who creates the sperm”; as such was she addressed during the Babylonian New Years festivities [RAcc. 139: 331], see also [CAD R 343a].

''' ''' Analogous meaning was given to the name of the goddess ''Za/erbanītum'' (from ''zēru'' “seed” and ''banû'' “to create, to build”), from whom Erua was identified with.

===== Prayers and Rituals. =====
 (1) Ritual performed at night to obtain a favorable omen in a dream: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu2 ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2''-[a] 3-šu2 tel-liḫ'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB''-uk'' "you sprinkle pure water before the constellation of the Chariot three times (and) in front of the goddess Erua three times, and you heap up flour" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84].

 (2) Ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revitalizing” of the divine-statues. see (z10) ''[[Zibānītum|Zibānītu]]'', II.

===III. Symbol. ===
<blockquote> Description of the constellations in Neo-Assyrian texts: mulE4-ru6 ''ṣal-m[u lu-bu-uš-tu]m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu2 e-[ṣir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG-''šu2 na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu2 / ina'' UGU KUN mulUR. GU.LA [LA2-''a]t2 ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Erua is [a clothed] human figure, set with a ''kurkurru''. / 1 star is d[rawn] at its head, it carries a [whip in] its right hand; the lash of its whip [extend]s over the tail of the Lion; in her left hand it carries a star. [Beaulieu et al. 2018 22-25; see earlier Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. In the same text (r. 5) there is mention of ''šašallu ša''2 mul[E4-r]u6 "Heel of Erua." [Beaulieu et al. 2018 25]. </blockquote>''' ''' In the Seleucid texts we find: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15 "a spadix in the right hand (she holds)." [LBAT, 1510:11]; "a spadix of a date palm", according to [CAD S 326], see also [Hunger and Steele 2019, 125]. Features of the constellations were thought of differently - depending on varying epochs and in differing traditions– with the date spadix being the only integral part of it.

===V. Astrology.===

===== Identifications and predictions: =====
*(1) = Venus;
**(a) Venus and the Pleiades; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN ''ana'' MUL.MUL KUR''-ud'' dIM RA''-iṣ'' "If Erua reaches the Pleiades: Adad will devastate" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; comment '''??there is no comment in SAA 8 55, also not in SAA 8 536 and not in ACh Suppl. 50??''': mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Venus [stands] in the Pleiades," suggesting an identification: mulA.EDIN = dil-bat, see also [ACh Suppl, 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′];
**(b) ''Lunar halo and Erua''; see. (Kurtik a05) [[AB.SIN|AB.SIN2]] VI,7; mulA. EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB''-az-m[a]'' "Erua stands in the lunar halo" (astronomical observation) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8];
**(c) Planet (=Mars) and Erua (=Venus); see. (Kurtik a15) ''[[Aḫû]]'', II 1.

*(2) = Saturn;
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2''-ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR''-ma''
***"If Erua reaches the Star Cluster: devouring (i.e. pestilence) by the Seven Gods (will take place); (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2];
**DIŠ mulA.EDIN mulUG5.ga KUR''-ud'' še.giš.i3 NIM sig5: muludu.idim.sag.uš mul''Za-ap-pa'' KUR''-[ud] [xxxxx]''
***"If Erua reaches the Crow/Raven: the early sesame will become good; (this means:) Saturn reached the Pleiades'" [Borger 1973 41:20′], see also [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

*(3) = Field; see (Kurtik m05) [[MAN-ma|MAN''-ma'']], II 7.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Kurtik (2022, e22)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|вар. чтения: mulERU3, mulERU4; mulE4.RU6; = mul''E''4-''ru''6, mul''Eru''(''a''), ''Erū''s''a'' "Эруа", "Ветвь"; 1) созвездие, приблизительно соответствующее Волосам Вероники (Coma Berenices), 2) = ''ziqpu'' XXV (γ Comae Berenices) [AHw 1051; CAD S 326; Gössmann 9, 126].||Example
|-
|I. Источники.
''ЕАЕ''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 5′, 11′, 20′; Largement 1957 246:49-50; SpTU I, 92:6-7; SpTU III, 101:18, 19]. "''Рапорты''". См. [SAA 8 350a]. ''MUL.APIN''.

(1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 11): ''sis-sin-nu'' d''E''4-''ru''6 d''Zar-pa-ni-tum'' "Ветвь (финиковой пальмы) Эруа, Зарпанитум" (I i 11). (2) Список ''ziqpu-''звезд: mul''E''4-''ru''6, между mulUR.GU.LA и mul''De''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' (I iv 6). (3) Кульминации и одновременные гелиакические восходы: ''ina'' itiAPIN UD 15 KAM mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB-''ma'' mulUZ3 KUR-''Ca'' "15-го арахсамну созвездие Эруа стоит в середине неба напротив твоей груди, а созвездие Коза восходит" (I iv 26) [Hunger and Steele 2019, 21, 59, 65], см. также [Horowitz 1989-90 117, BM 73815: 6']. ''Список звезд V R 46, 1:46''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 = ''ba-na-at ri-Cu-tu''4 "Эруа = творящая семя", см. также [HBA 52:46]. ''Списки ziqpu-звезд''. (1) AO 6478: a) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN(=''šuqultu'') | 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina qaqqari'') | 18 IGI DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') / TA mulDILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2 | EN mulA.EDIN "1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От Отдельной на хвосте (Льва) до Ветви", b) 4 MA.NA 10 GIN2 MIN | ⅔ DANNA 5 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN | 45 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN / TA mulA.EDIN | EN mulŠUDUN.ANŠE "4 мины 10 сиклей веса, 250 на земле, 45000 миль на небе / От Ветви до Упряжи" [Thureau-Dangin 1913 217:19-22; TU, 21 r. 19-22; HBA 133; Schaumberger 1952 228-229]. (2) VAT 16437: 10 UŠ ''a-na'' mul d''Ze''[''r-pa-ni-tu''] "100 до (звезд) Зе[рпаниту]" [Schaumberger 1952 225:19]. (3) VAT 16436: A.EDIN // 6 // 7 IGI 2 ME KUŠ3 "Эруа // 6 (звезд) // 7200 локтей" [Schaumberger 1952 226-227:16]. (4) Sippar Planisphere: a) [10 UŠ] ''ana'' mul''e''4-P''ru''6R "[100] до Эруа" (rev. 24), b) mul''e''4-''ru''6, на диаграмме: 1 точка и рядом 6 точек, образующих кружочек (obv., Segment 4) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 172-173:24, 176-178]. ''Кульминации ziqpu-звезд''. (1) LBAT 1502. a) […] MUL2 […MUL2AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA | ''E''4''-ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' "[…звезда AN.T]A.ŠUR.RA. Эруа кульминирует […]", b) […MU]L2.NUNki MUL.AN.TA.GUB.BA | ½ DANNA ''ar''2 d''E''4-''ru''6 ''ana ziq-pi'' P10R "Звезда Эриду — звезда Антагубба. (Точка) ½ мили (150) позади Эруа кульминировала. 10" [Donbaz-Koch 76: obv. i 5'-6', ii 4'-5']. ''Анафора''. А 3427: A.EDIN используется как ''ziqpu''-звезда при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Стрелец [Schaumberger 1955 238:21-25]. ''Список "6 дворцовых женщин"''. mul''E''4-''ru''6 mulmar.gid2.[da] / mulmar.gid2.da.an.na / mulU8 d''A-a'' / muluz3 mulbal.teš2.a / 6 dmi2.ša3.<e2>.gal.meš "Эруа, Повозка, Повозка Ану, Овца Айи, Коза, Звезда Достоинство : 6 «дворцовых женщин»" [KAR, 142 iv 4-8]. ''Текст Nv. 10''. Интеркаляционная схема: [''ina'' itigan ki.min m]ulP''E''4-''ru''6R // 4 ''šu-ut'' d''En-l''[''il''2] / [mulab.]sin2 // 3 ''šu-ut'' d''A-ni''[''m''] / [ …] ''u'' mulPšu.pRa // 2 ''šu-ut'' d''E''2-P''a''R / [GIŠ … mu]lAN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''2 sim.PmaCR "[В месяце кислиму соответственно]: Эруа, 4, (звезда на пути) Энли[ля], / [Бор]озда, 3, (звезда на пути) Ан[у], / […] и Шупа, 2, (звезда на пути) Эа, / [измерительный инструмент]: (от) Наверху стоящей звезды, 1, (до) высоты Ласточки" (Obv. 5'-8') [Donbaz-Koch 64-65, 69]. ''GU-текст''. (К), (L) mul''E''4-''ru''6 (''ziqpu'' XXV: g Com), см. a06AB.SIN2, d11DINGIR.KU.A.MEŠ. ''Поздняя астрология''. (1) Предсказания лунных затмений по кульминациям звезд и положениям Солнца относительно созвездий. ''ki-i'' E4.RU6 ''a-na ziq-pi izzazu''(GUB)zu-''ma'' d''Sîn''(30) ''attalû''(AN.GI6) [''u''2''-ša'']''r-ru-''[''u''2] / E4.RU6 KIdidli dPA ''u'' dLUGAL / ''a-di-i'' d''Šamaš''(UTU) KIdidli ''ikaššad''(KUR-''ad''2) ''pi-šer''3-''ša''2 ''attalû''(AN.GI6) ''ul u''2-''šar-ra-a'' "Если Эруа кульминирует и лунное затмение должно начаться / Эруа, Борозда, Шуллат и Ханиш / До тех пор пока Солнце не достигло Борозды. Его значение: затмения не будет" (W 22554/2) [SpTU III, 102:12-14]. (2) W 23313/3: DIŠ KI mulA.EDIN U3.TU DUMUmeš TU[K?…] "Если он, когда Эруа (кульминирует?), родился: у него будут сыновья" [SpTU V, 265: 8']. (3) Предсказания ''izbu'', см. u17UR.A. См. также: ''e-ri'' […] (U.197 obv. 3') [Sachs 1952 74], dGAŠAN.EDIN "Госпожа Эруа" (?) [Hunger 1975 41: rev. 4].

II. Божество.

Эруа ― богиня беременности [Tallqvist 286], ее стандартный эпитет ''ba-nat''2 ''ri-Cu-tu''2 , букв. "творящая семя"; так к ней обращались в Вавилоне во время празднования Нового года [RAcc. 139: 331], см. также [CAD R 343a]. Аналогичный смысл имело имя богини ''Za/erbanītum'' (от ''zēru'' "семя" и ''banû'' "творить, строить"), с которой отождествлялась Эруа. ''Молитвы и ритуалы''. (1) Ритуал, совершавшийся ночью, для получения благоприятного предзнаменования во сне: A.MEŠ KU3.MEŠ ''ana'' IGI mulMAR.GI[D2.D]A 3''-šu''2 ''ana'' IGI d''E-ru-u''2-[''a''] 3''-šu''2 ''til-liC'' ZID2.MAD.GA2 ŠUB-''uk'' "Водами освященными перед созвездием Колесницы трижды (и) перед богиней Эруа трижды брызгаешь, муку рассыпаешь" [STT I, 73 iii 82-84; Reiner 1960 34:83-84]. (2) Ритуал "омовения рта" (''mīs pî'') или "оживления" статуи-божества, см. z10''Zibānītu'', II''.''

III. Символ.

Описание фигуры созвездия в новоассирийском тексте: mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''ral-m''[''u lu-bu-uš-tu'']''m kur-ku-ra'' GAR-''in'' / 1 MUL ''ina'' SAG''-šu''2 ''e''-[''rir qin-na-za ina'' Š]U ZAG''-šu''2 ''na-ši dir-rat qin-na-zi-šu''2 / ''ina'' UGU KUN mulUR.GU.LA [LA2-''a'']''t''2 ''ina'' ŠU GUB3''-ša''2 MUL ''na-ši'' "Созвездие Эруа: фигу[ра в одеяни]и; на ней ''kurkurra''. / 1 звезда изоб[ражена] на ее голове, в своей правой руке она держит [кнут]; ремешок ее кнута до хвоста Льва [протягивает]ся; в своей левой руке она [нес]ет звезду" [Weidner 1927 75-77, VAT 9428 r.1-3]. В этом же тексте (r. 5) упоминается ''šašallu'' ''ša''2 mul[''E''4-''r'']''u''6 "Спина Эруа" [Weidner 1927 75]. В селевкидском тексте находим: ''sis-sin-nu ina'' ŠUII 15-''ša7''? "ветвь в своей правой руке (она держит)" [LBAT, 1510:11]; "ветвь финиковой пальмы", согласно [Hunger and Steele 2019,125], см. также [CAD S 326]. Фигура созвездия в различные эпохи и в разных традициях ç, по-видимому, по-разному, финиковая ветвь была только eе частью.

IV. Отождествление:

Как созвездие:

= западная часть Virgo (без α Virginis) + Coma Berenices [Gössmann 126];

= 12-17 Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 223];

= Coma Berenices + Canes Venatici [Weidner 1957-59 78];

= γ+ Coma Berenices(?) [BPO 2, p. 10]. Последнее отождествление, восходящее к Шаумбергеру, является наиболее предпочтительным.

Как ''ziqpu''-звезда:

= γ Comae Berenices [Schaumberger 1952 229; Hunger and Steele 2019,142; Pingree-Walker 320; Koch 1992 58].

Согласно VAT 16436:16, mulA.EDIN, как ''ziqpu''-звезда, содержало 6 звезд [Schaumberger 1952 223, 226]; на диаграмме из Sippar Planisphere ей соответствует, по-видимому, кружочек из 6 точек [Horowitz-al-Rawi 176-178].

V. Астрология.

Отождествления и предсказания:

(1) ''= Венера''; a) ''Венера и Плеяды''; [DIŠ MUL].A.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR-''ud'' dIM RA-''ir'' "Если Эруа (=Венера?) достигает Плеяд: Адад опустошит" [SAA 8, 55 r. 9]; комментарий: mul''Dil-bat ina'' ŠA3 MUL.MUL [GUB-''ma''] "Венера [стоит] в Плеядах", предполагающий отождествление: mulA.EDIN = ''dil-bat'', см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:7; SAA 8, 536:3-4; Borger 1973 41:5′]; b) ''Лунное гало и Эруа''; см. a05AB.SIN2 VI,7; mulA.EDIN / ''ina'' TUR3 d30 GUB-''az-m''[''a''] "Звезда Эруа(=Венера) стоит в лунном гало" (астрономическое наблюдение) [SAA 8, 295 r. 7-8]; с) ''Планета'' (=''Марс'') ''и Эруа'' (=''Венера''); см. a15''ACû'', II 1.

(2) = ''Cатурн''; DIŠ mulA.EDIN MUL.MUL KUR KU2-''ti'' dIMIN.BI dUDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ d''Zap-pa'' KUR-''ma'' "Если Эруа достигает Звезд: поедание Семерых богов (будет иметь место); (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [ACh Suppl. 2, 75:3; Bezold 1920 115, Anm. 2]; DIŠ ulA.EDIN ''ina''(? ''ana''??) ulug5.ga kur-''ud'' še.giš.i3 sig5 : uludu.idim.sag.uš ul''Za-ap-pa'' kur-[''ud''] [xxxxx] "Если Эруа достигает Ворона: сезам будет хорошим; (это означает:) Сатурн к Плеядам приблизился" [Borger 1973 41:20′], см. также [ACh Suppl., 50:8; Suppl. 2, 68:18].

(3) = ''Поле''; см. m05MAN-''ma'', II 7.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Deity]]
[[Category:Com]]
[[Category:ComaStarCluster]]

A.GI7

2026-03-25T19:21:29Z

WayneHorowitz: I added a sentence about Enuma Elish to the introduction - I don't think we need the lines that I crossed out in the concordance - I will check to see which of the entries there (1-3) are covered by Litke

{{DISPLAYTITLE:A.GI7}}
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
[[File:Moon all Astronomy in Culture cBook.jpg|alt=photographs, composition|thumb|One lunation observed in central Europe (Austria/ Germany). Credits: Susanne M Hoffmann]]
A.GI7 (𒀀𒂠) = ''māâru rubû'', ‘the Noble Son,’ a Mesopotamian epithet of the Moon-god Nanna-Sin. [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 13; Litke<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref> 118, III 16; Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 250]. GI7 is a reading for the sign KU, which in this case allows for play between the Sumerian A.GI7 and Akkadian ''agû'', 'crown,' an appellative of the Full Moon and complete lunar disk. For example, Enuma Elish V: 17-18, the Moon visible as a half crown on the 7th day of the lunar month.

__FORCETOC__

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
var. A.KU (older reading)

An epithet of the Moon-god Nanna-Sin to be read dA.GI7 = ''māru rubû'', ‘the Noble Son,’ with reference to the fact that the Moon-god is according to standard tradition the most important (first-born) son of Enlil, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian king of the gods. This Sumerian name for the Moon-god also echoes Akkadian ''agû'', 'the Crown' which is used for the full Moon.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|
* (1) dA.GI7 = d''Sîn''(30) [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 19, 19 r. iv 51]; for a parallel see. [II R<ref>''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909. </ref>, 48:48].

* '''(2) DUMU.GI7 (gloss: ''du-mu gu'') = d''Sîn''(30) [II R<ref>''Rawlinson H.'' The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Vol. I-V. London, 1861-1909.</ref>, 48:33].ccc??'''

*(3) Series AN:
**d''Anum'' (III R 16): dDUMU.giGI7 = d''Sîn''(30) [Litke<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 118];
<s>hence, the name may be written as dDUMU.GI7 "Firstborn, Elder Son." This interpretation is confirmed by the identity:</s>

* <s>dA.GI7 = d''Sîn''(30) = DUMU ''ru''-[''bu-u''] "Aku = Sin = First-born". [CT 25<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref>, 49 r. 6],</s>

<s>where A = ''mâru''(DUMU), a GI7 = ''rubû'' [Litke<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:dA-nu-um and AN:Anu ša2 amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref> 118]. Sin was considered the son of Enlil and Ninlil [MNM 2<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref> 198; Tallqvist<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref> 444].</s>
|
|}

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, a03 dA.KU)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950, 13)

|-
| (1) dA.KU = dSîn(30)
[CT 19, 19 r. iv 51]; параллель см. [II R, 48:48].

(2) DUMU.KU (глосса: du-mu gu) = dSîn(30) [II R, 48:33].

(3) Cерия AN: dAnum (III 16): dDUMU.(gi)KU = dSîn(30) [Litke 118]; следовательно, имя может быть записано как dDUMU.GI7 "Первенец, Старший сын". Данная интерпретация подтверждается тождеством: dA.KU = dSîn(30) = DUMU ru-[bu-u] "Аку = Син = Первенец" [CT 25, 49 r. 6], где А = mâru(DUMU), а KU = rubû [Litke 118]. Син считался сыном Энлиля и Нинлиль [МНМ 2 198; Tallqvist 444].
|
|}

[[Category:4workWayne]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Darlugal

2026-03-24T20:06:44Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|DAR.LUGAL}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Darlugal is a modern IAU-star name in [[Lepus]], derived from Sumerian [[DAR.LUGAL]] = Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', The Rooster, which is the Mesopotamian constellation that covers this area.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Etymology:

The Sumerian term is written syllabically as an Akkadian loan-word ''tarlugallu/'' ''tarnugallu'' (from the Sumerian)''.'' The identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtatâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”

Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in Mesopotamia around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century BCE). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the oldest known astronomical compendium, MUL.APIN, written in cuneiform.

The Sumerian term consists of a noun-adjective pair: the noun DAR (a bird) and LUGAL (king, adj. royal), i.e. the royal dar-bird - this being a loan-word into Sumerian and Akkadian which both preserved the sound of the name the foreign bird being introduced into the Ancient Near East, as well as providing a nice Sumerian explanation of the bird-name.

==Mythology/ Religion==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was suggested and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2026; it honours an indigenous Sumerian constellation and some culture history of the domestication of chicken in Asia in the 2nd millennium BCE.

As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]

Darlugal

2026-03-24T20:03:12Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{distinguish|DAR.LUGAL}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
Darlugal is a modern IAU-star name in [[Lepus]], derived from Sumerian [[DAR.LUGAL]] = Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', The Rooster, which is the Mesopotamian constellation that covers this area.

==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Etymology:

The Sumerian term is written syllabically in Akkadian Akkadian ''tarlugallu/'' ''tarnugallu.'' The identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtatâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”

Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in Mesopotamia around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century BCE). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the oldest known astronomical compendium, MUL.APIN, written in cuneiform.

The Sumerian term consists of a noun-adjective pair: the noun DAR (a bird) and LUGAL (king, adj. royal), i.e. the royal dar-bird - this being a loan-word into Sumerian and Akkadian which both preserved the sound of the name the foreign bird being introduced into the Ancient Near East, as well as providing a nice, albeit false, Sumerian explanation of the bird-name.

==Mythology/ Religion==

==IAU Working Group on Star Names==
The name was suggested and approved by the IAU WGSN in 2026; it honours an indigenous Sumerian constellation and some culture history of the domestication of chicken in Asia in the 2nd millennium BCE.

As this star is already named ..., the WGSN chose ... (not to apply/ to apply the name to a neighbouring star/ to ...) in the IAU-CSN.

== Weblinks ==

*

== Reference ==
* [[References|References (general)]]
* [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|References (early modern)]]
* Ian Ridpath's website ([http://ianridpath.com/startales Star Tales] )

[[Category:Single star-asterism‏‎]]
[[Category:Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name‏‎]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:East Asian]]

ZI.BA.AN.NA

2026-03-24T19:52:22Z

WayneHorowitz: Merge with zibanitum???

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
mulZI.BA.AN.NA (𒀯𒍣𒁀𒀭𒈾) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in [[Libra]], with the Sumerian name equated with Akkadian ''[[zibānītu]]'' also used for planets. The dalbanna-text makes mention of three stars the belong to the Libra, the front, middle, and back - presumably αβσ??? Librae with two of these being the two identified as celestial twins in the Great Star List.

maybe merge ZI.BA.AN.NA and zibanitum??

Concordance, Etymology, History

=== Krebernik (2023) ===
= ''zibānītu'' “scales”. mulZI.BA.AN.NA (AN 16–17r).

===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= mul''Zibānītu''(''m'') "Libra"; the constellation and sign of the zodiac Libra (Libra) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 176].

==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sources
!Identifications
|-
|'''Lexical texts.'''
* (1) Urra XXII series: mulzi.ba.an.na = ''zi-ba-ni-tum'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105:11; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:286ʹ].
* (2) Series Ḫg. B VI: mulzi.ba.an.na = ''zi-ba-ni-tum'' = min (= dsag.uš dutu) "Libra = Libra = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:41].
|
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* List of the stars of Anu (no. 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB "Libra, horn of Scorpius" (I ii 11) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 33]; see also (Kurtik z10) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
|
|-
|'''"Letters.'''"
See. [SAA 10<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 381].
|
|-
|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
* 7 Celestial Twins: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:235].
|
|-
|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
* §a. [mulzi.ba.an.n]a igi-''u''2 mulab.sin2 mulkun ug[amušen 3 mul.meš x x x x 2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulzi.b[a.an.na igi-''u''2 x x] "Front stars of the [Lib]ra(α Lib), the Furrow (α Vir), tail of the Cr[ow (Pi 140): 3 stars ...2 inter]vals, interval. [Front] (star) of the Li[bra ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; Koch 1995<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 108].
* §§ a, b, d, m, u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na "Libra," mulzi.ba.an.na igi-''u''2 "Front star of Libra," murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit'' "Middle (part of) Libra" [Walker 1995; Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 108-110].
* §b. [mulzi.ba.an.na egi]r-''u''2 mulsag gir2.tab mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab 3 mul].me[š x x x x] 2 dal.ba.an.na [min?] ˹''mal''2˺-''ma''-[''liš''] "[Rea]r star [of Libra] (β Lib? ), head of Scorpius (δ Sco), vertical base (flexing muscle?) +Sco[rpio (μ1, μ2 Sco): 3 stars]. [...] 2 intervals, [ditto?] Evenlt div[ided]." [Walker 1995, 35-36; Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 108].
* §d. [mul x x x x mulz]i.ba.an.na igi-''u''2 m[ul]si zag gir2.tab [3 mul.meš x x ''a-na ṣ'']''u-ub-bi''-˹''i''˺ [sa]g?.ki.ta gid2.da "[Star x x x x] (γ Lib), Frontal star of the [L]ibra (α Lib), right horn of Scorpius (σ Sco?): [3 stars x x x for] observations. The lower [wi]dth is long(?)" [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995<ref name=":0" />, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":1" />, 108]; according to [Koch 1995], [mul x x x x x x] = [murub4 mul''zi-ba-nit''] "[Middle of Libra]" (γ Lib).
* §m. ˹mul˺[zi.ba.an.na egir-''u''2] "[Hind of Libra]" (β Lib), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3|UZ3]].
* §u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na igi-''u''2 "[The front (star) of Libra" (α Lib), see (Kurtik g32) [[GU4.ALIM|GU4.ALIM]].
|
|}
[[File:ZIBAANNA CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 172115.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside ZI.BA.AN.NA (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
| [[Zubeneschamali]]
|HIP 74785
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.62
|-
|2
|[[Zubenelgenubi]]
|HIP 72622
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|2.75
|-
|3
|109 Vir
|HIP 72220
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.73
|-
|4
|μ Virginis
|HIP 71957
| Constellation lines
|3.88
|-
|5
|[[Syrma]]
| HIP 69701
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.08
|-
|6
|[[Kang]]
|HIP 69427
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.21
|-
|7
|110 Vir
|HIP 73620
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.4
|-
|8
|16 Lib
|HIP 73165
| Inside the Hull
|4.49
|-
|9
|δ Librae
| HIP 73473
|Inside the Hull
|4.93
|-
|10
|11 Lib
| HIP 72631
|Inside the Hull
|4.94
|-
|11
|α 1 Librae
|HIP 72603
|Inside the Hull
|5.16
|-
|12
|μ Librae
| HIP 72489
|Inside the Hull
|5.31
|-
|13
|106 Vir
|HIP 70794
|Inside the Hull
|5.418
|-
|14
|ξ 2 Librae
| HIP 73133
|Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
|15
|1 Ser
|HIP 73193
|Inside the Hull
|5.512
|-
|16
| -
|HIP 73497
|Inside the Hull
|5.52
|-
|17
|* mu. Lib A
|HIP 72489
| Inside the Hull
|5.6
|-
|18
|108 Vir
|HIP 72154
|Inside the Hull
|5.665
|-
|19
|2 Ser
|HIP 73536
|Inside the Hull
|5.71
|-
|20
|ξ 1 Librae
|HIP 72934
|Inside the Hull
|5.788
|-
|21
|18 Lib
|HIP 73310
|Inside the Hull
|5.857
|-
|22
|* 2 Ser A
|HIP 73536
|Inside the Hull
|5.93
|-
| 23
|257 G. Vir
|HIP 72122
|Inside the Hull
|6.07
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 73309
|Inside the Hull
|6.08
|-
|25
| -
|HIP 72449
|Inside the Hull
|6.136
|-
|26
|104 Vir
|HIP 70680
|Inside the Hull
|6.161
|-
|27
|261 G. Vir
|HIP 72629
|Inside the Hull
|6.175
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 71469
|Inside the Hull
|6.2
|-
|29
|2 Lib
|HIP 70336
|Inside the Hull
|6.214
|-
|30
| -
| HIP 72373
|Inside the Hull
|6.32
|-
| 31
| -
|HIP 73571
|Inside the Hull
|6.373
|-
|32
|229 G. Vir
|HIP 69727
|Inside the Hull
|6.434
|-
|33
|240 G. Vir
|HIP 70038
|Inside the Hull
|6.44
|-
|34
|233 G. Vir
|HIP 69773
|Inside the Hull
|6.47
|-
|35
|235 G. Vir
|HIP 69881
|Inside the Hull
|6.5
|}
===Additional===

==== II. Astrology. ====
(1) Mars in Libra (observation); see (Kurtik ts02) ''[[Ṣalbatānu]]'', III 41.

==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z07)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|= mulZibānītu(m) «Весы»; созвездие и знак зодиака Весы (Libra) [G. 176].
I. Источники.

Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Urra XXII: mulzi.ba.an.na = zi-ba-ni-tum [Cavigneaux 1981 105:11; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:286ʹ]. (2) Серия Ḫg. B VI: mulzi.ba.an.na = zi-ba-ni-tum = min (= dsag.uš dutu) «Весы = Весы = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:41]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Ану (№ 16): mulZI.BA.AN.NA SI mulGIR2.TAB «Весы, рог Скорпиона» (I ii 11) [MA, 33]; см. также z10[[Zibānītum]]. «Письма». См. [SAA 10, 381]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов: mulzi.ba.an.na [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:235]. Dalbanna-текст. §a. [mulzi.ba.an.n]a igi-u2 mulab.sin2 mulkun ug[amušen 3 mul.meš x x x x 2 dal.b]a.an.na dal.ba.an.na mulzi.b[a.an.na igi-u2 x x] «Передняя звезда [Весо]в (α Lib), Борозда (α Vir), хвост Воро[на (Pi 140): 3 звезды …2 интер]вала, интервал. [Передняя] (звезда) Ве[сов …]» [Walker 1995, 35; Koch 1995, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. §§ a, b, d, m, u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na «Весы», mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 «Передняя звезда Весов», murub4 mulzi-ba-nit «Средняя (часть) Весов» [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108–110]. §b. [mulzi.ba.an.na egi]r-u2 mulsag gir2.tab mulsuḫuš um.me.da g[ir2.tab 3 mul].me[š x x x x] 2 dal.ba.an.na [min?] ˹mal2˺-ma-[liš] «[Задн]яя звезда [Весов] (β Lib?), голова Скорпиона (δ Sco), основание вертикали (выпрямляющей мышцы?) +Ско[рпиона (μ1, μ2 Sco): 3 звез]ды. […] 2 интервала, [ditto?]. Поров[ну].» [Walker 1995, 35–36; Koch 1995, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]. §d. [mul x x x x mulz]i.ba.an.na igi-u2 m[ul]si zag gir2.tab [3 mul.meš x x a-na ṣ]u-ub-bi-˹i˺ [sa]g?.ki.ta gid2.da «[Звезда x x x x] (γ Lib), Передняя звезда [В]есов (α Lib), правый рог Скорпиона (σ Sco?): [3 звезды x x для] наблюдения. Нижняя [ши]рина длинная(?)» [Walker 1995, 36; Koch 1995, 48, 61; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 108]; согласно [Koch 1995], [mul x x x x] = [murub4 mulzi-ba-nit] «[Средняя часть Весов]» (γ Lib). §m. ˹mul˺[zi.ba.an.na egir-u2] «[Задняя часть Весов]» (β Lib), см. u31UZ3. §u, v. mulzi.ba.an.na igi-u2 «Передняя (звезда) Весов» (α Lib), см. g32GU4.ALIM.

II. Астрология.

(1) Марс в Весах (наблюдение); см. ts02Ṣalbatānu, III 41.
|Example
|}

==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]

[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Sumerian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]

Ziqpu

2026-03-24T19:51:43Z

WayneHorowitz: We need to clean up some references and wording in this one together.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession (define???) over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake).

Diagram needed - one can take this from my article in Fest. Westenholz??

Lists of these stars, with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360 degree ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1o'',''

reference to Hunger-Pingree 1999??

and hence indicative of a 360o full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (''kippat ziqpī'') [Horowitz 1994, 20?? MCG??, also with reference to a 364o circuit echoing the 364 day year in use in the Dead Sea Scrolls and elsewhere].

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ziqpu, a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:

* MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''

* "Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is) the Shupa, the Constellation of Dignity, the Standing Gods, the Dog, the Goat, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Stag, the Old Man, the Staff, the Great Twins, the Crab, the Lion, Erua, and the Asterism of Abundance. They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky " (I iv 1-9) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:

* I. mulŠUDUN "Yarmo" (Kurtik sh18).
* II. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] "The rear portion of the harness" (Kurtik sh21).
* III. [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']] "Staff" (Kurtik g05).
* IV. [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']] "Stars from the Pair" (Kurtik m14).
* V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti "Stars from the Triple" (Kurtik t01).
* VI. [[DILI|MUL DILI]] "Separate Star" (Kurtik d07).
* VII. [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]] "Lord of Life" (Kurtik g09).
* VIII. ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A "Shoulder of the Panther" (Kurtik k25).
* IX. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "The bright star on its breast (Kurtik n20)
* X. [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]] "Knee, shin?"(Kurtik k18).
* XI. [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']] "Heel (of the Panther)" (Kurtik a47).
* XII. 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "4 stars of the Stag" (Kurtik L09).
* XIII. [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']] "dim stars" (Kurtik u14).
* XIV. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] "Bright star in the Old Man" (Kurtik n21).
* XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']] (Kurtik n08).
* XVI. [[GAM3|mulGAM3]] "Staff" (Kurtik g06).
* XVII. [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3 "Hand on the Staff" (Kurtik k21).
* XVIII. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] "(Frontal) Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XIX. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XX. [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]] "Crab" (Kurtik a18).
* XXI. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]] "2 stars on the head of the Lion" (Kurtik s06).
* XXII. [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "4 stars on its breast" (Kurtik g03).
* XXIII. [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]] "2 stars on its tail" (Kurtik g23).
* XXIV. [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]] "A separate star on its tail" (Kurtik d08).
* XXV. [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]] "A branch" (Kurtik a02).
* XXVI. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]] "A harness" (Kurtik sh20).

Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
|
|-
|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the True Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
|
|}
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
|-
|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [MA, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
|}
==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Ziqpu

2026-03-24T19:43:37Z

WayneHorowitz:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ziqpu''}}
Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
----
(MUL.MEŠ) ''Ziqpu'' (𒀯𒈨𒌍𒍨𒁍), 'culminating-stars' are a class of stars that culminated in succession over the nights of the year. The noun ''ziqpu'' is from the root ''zaqāpu,'' which indicates a straight elevation from a fixed horizontal point, with the sense of 'to lift up an object,' 'to plant a tree,' 'to impale,' 'to rear up (said of a snake). Lists of these stars, with measurements of the distance between their culminations in time, angular distance, and actual distances over a 360 degree ideal year are given in the ''ziqpu''-star texts with one day of movement equaling 1o '','' and hence indicative of a 360o full circle/circuit of ''ziqpu''-stars (kippat ziqpi??). what to use for bibliography and give Akkadian term???

over the course of any night

==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) ziqpu, a standard term for the culminations of stars and planets, used since the Sargonic times;
* 2) MUL.MEŠ ''ziqpu'', specially selected groups of stars that formed a closed belt in the sky, whose successive culminations made it possible to record at night the moments and time intervals between observations with a high degree of accuracy [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 84-90; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Z, 127ff].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sources!!Identifications
|-
|'''EAE.'''
See. [BPO 3<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 290].
|Example
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
List of ziqpu-stars:

* MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3''-bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI''-it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru''

* "Ziqpu-stars, which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer of the sky – the observer watches the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky. (In the sky is) the Shupa, the Constellation of Dignity, the Standing Gods, the Dog, the Goat, the Demon with the Gaping Mouth, the Stag, the Old Man, the Staff, the Great Twins, the Crab, the Lion, Erua, and the Asterism of Abundance. They all are ziqpu-stars that stand in the path of Enlil and in the middle of the sky opposite the chest of the observer, who, in the dark night, observes the rising and setting of the stars in the midst of the sky " (I iv 1-9) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 57-60].
|
|-
|'''"Letters."'''
See. [LABS<ref>''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Helsinki, 1993 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. X).</ref>, 134:8, 149 r. 4].
|
|-
|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
AO 6478:
* ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 ''sar-ḫi u''3 [''šu''2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru'']
* "(The distance) between the (groups of) culminating stars which stand in the path of Enlil in the middle [of the sky] opposite the chest of the one who observes the sky, who, in the dark night, [observes] the rising and [setting] of the stars in the midst of the sky " [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 216:2-4; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21:2-4; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 132; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 183].

Numbers and names of ziqpu stars, according to [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88-89; Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229]:

* I. mulŠUDUN "Yarmo" (Kurtik sh18).
* II. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-''ti'']] "The rear portion of the harness" (Kurtik sh21).
* III. [[GAM-ti|mulGAM-''ti'']] "Staff" (Kurtik g05).
* IV. [[Maš-a-ti|MUL ''ša''2 ''maš-a-ti'']] "Stars from the Pair" (Kurtik m14).
* V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti "Stars from the Triple" (Kurtik t01).
* VI. [[DILI|MUL DILI]] "Separate Star" (Kurtik d07).
* VII. [[GAŠAN.TIN|mulGAŠAN.TIN]] "Lord of Life" (Kurtik g09).
* VIII. ''[[Kumāru|ku-ma-ri]] ša''2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A "Shoulder of the Panther" (Kurtik k25).
* IX. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "The bright star on its breast (Kurtik n20)
* X. [[Kinṣu|mulkin-ṣi]] "Knee, shin?"(Kurtik k18).
* XI. [[Asidu|mul''a-si-di'']] "Heel (of the Panther)" (Kurtik a47).
* XII. 4 ša2 [[LU.LIM|mulLU.LIM]] "4 stars of the Stag" (Kurtik L09).
* XIII. [[Ummulūtu|mul''um-mu-lu-ti'']] "dim stars" (Kurtik u14).
* XIV. [[Ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI|MUL ''ne''2-''bu-u''2 ''ša''2 mulŠU.GI]] "Bright star in the Old Man" (Kurtik n21).
* XV. [[Naṣrapu|mul''na-aṣ-ra-pu'']] (Kurtik n08).
* XVI. [[GAM3|mulGAM3]] "Staff" (Kurtik g06).
* XVII. [[KIŠIB|MUL KIŠIB]] GAM3 "Hand on the Staff" (Kurtik k21).
* XVIII. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] "(Frontal) Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XIX. [[MAŠ.TAB.BA|mulMAŠ.TAB.BA]] EGIR-''i'' "Rear Twin" (Kurtik m16).
* XX. [[AL.LUL|mulAL.LUL]] "Crab" (Kurtik a18).
* XXI. [[2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA|2 MUL.MEŠ ''ša''2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA]] "2 stars on the head of the Lion" (Kurtik s06).
* XXII. [[4 ša2 GABA-šu2|MUL 4 ''ša''2 GABA-''šu''2]] "4 stars on its breast" (Kurtik g03).
* XXIII. [[GIŠ.KUN|MUL 2 ''ša''2 GIŠ.KUN-''šu''2]] "2 stars on its tail" (Kurtik g23).
* XXIV. [[DILI|MUL DILI ''ša''2 KUN-''šu''2]] "A separate star on its tail" (Kurtik d08).
* XXV. [[A.EDIN|mulA.EDIN]] "A branch" (Kurtik a02).
* XXVI. [[ŠUDUN.ANŠE|mulŠUDUN.ANŠE]] "A harness" (Kurtik sh20).

Circle of ziqpu stars.

* [PA]P? 12 DANNA ''kip-pat zi''-[''iq-pi''] / ''bi-rit'' MUL.MEŠ ''ša'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d[''En-lil''2] "In [Tot]al? 12 'miles' of the circle (of stars that) cul[minate], from among the stars in [Enlil's] path." [Horowitz 1994a<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref>, 91-92, BM 38694+:20-21].
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|'''Late astrology.'''
* (1) Predictions made via the culmination of stars and lunar eclipses [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 102].
* (2) Predictions of ''izbu'': mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ''ana e-la-nu''... "(When the constellations) Hired Man, the Celestial Bull, and the True Shepherd of Anu culminate (lit. aloft)... [Biggs 1968<ref>''Biggs R.D.'' An Esoteric Babylonian Commentary // RA. 1968. V.62, No 1. P. 51-58.</ref>, 53:2]; ''elānu'' – apparently used here as a non-standard term for culminations (?).

In a similar sense, text W.22281a uses ''šitqulu'', lit. "to balance each other", "to be equal to each other" (?) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":0" />, 99; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1252a].
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==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" |Kurtik (2022, z11)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" |Gössmann (1950)
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|1) ziqpu — стандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций звезд и планет, употреблявшийся со времени Саргонидов; 2) MUL.MEŠ ziqpu — специально выбранные группы звезд, образовывавшие на небе замкнутый пояс, последовательные кульминации которых позволяли фиксировать ночью моменты и временные интервалы между наблюдениями с высокой степенью точности [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, comment. to line 6′; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 84–90; CAD Z, 127ff].
I. Источники.

EAE. См. [BPO 3, 290]. MUL.APIN. Список ziqpu-звезд: MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA ''ša''2 ŠEŠ AN-''e'' GUBmeš-''ma'' GI6 KUR ''u'' ŠU2-''bi'' / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu im-ma-ru'' / mulŠU.PA MUL.BAL.TEŠ2.A mulDINGIR.GUB.BAmeš mulUR.KU / mulUZ3 mulUD.KA.DUḪ.A mul''lu-lim'' mulŠU.GI mulGAM3 / mulMAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL mulAL.LUL mulUR.GU.LA mul''E''4-''ru''6 ''u'' mul''Ḫe''2-''gal''2-''la-a-a'' / PAP ''an-nu-tu'' MULmeš ''ša''2 ''ziq-pi ša''2 KASKAL ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''ša''2 ''ina'' MURUB4 AN-''e'' / ''ina'' IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUBme-''zu-ma'' GI6 SARmeš ''u'' ŠU2meš / ''ša''2 MULmeš ''ina lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu tam-ma-ru'' «Ziqpu-звезды, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине неба напротив груди наблюдателя неба, и при помощи которых ночью восход и заход звезд в их серединах он наблюдает. (Это) Шупа, Звезда Достоинство, Стоящие Боги, Пес, Коза, Демон с Разинутой Пастью, Олень, Старик, Посох, Большие Близнецы, Краб, Лев, Эруа, Звезда Изобилия. Все они — ziqpu-звезды на пути Энлиля, которые стоят в середине неба напротив твоей груди, и при помощи которых ночью восходы и заходы звезд в их серединах ты наблюдаешь» (I iv 1–9) [MA, 57–60]. «Письма». См. [LABS, 134:8, 149 r. 4]. Списки ziqpu-звезд. AO 6478: ''bi-rit'' mul.meš ''ziq-pi ša i-na'' kaskal ''šu-ut'' d''En-lil''2 ''i-na'' murub4 [an-''e''] / igi-''it'' gaba ''ša''2 uru3-''ir'' an-''e'' gubmeš-''zu-ma'' gi6 sar-''ḫi u''3 [šu2] / ''ša'' mul.meš ''i-na lib''3-''bi-šu''2-''nu'' [''im-ma-ru''] «(Расстояния) между (группами) кульминирующих звезд, которые стоят на пути Энлиля в середине [неба] напротив груди того, кто наблюдает небо, и при помощи которых восход и [заход] звезд в их серединах ночью [он наблюдает]» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 216:2–4; TU, 21:2–4; HBA, 132; MCG, 183].

Номера и названия ziqpu-звезд, согласно [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 88–89; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]:

I. mulŠUDUN «Ярмо» (sh18).

II. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE EGIR-ti «Задняя часть упряжи» (sh21).

III. mulGAM-ti «Посох» (g05).

IV. MUL ša2 maš-a-ti «Звезды из Пары» (m14).

V. MUL ša2 tak-ša-a-ti «Звезды из Тройни» (t01).

VI. MUL DILI «Отдельная звезда» (d07).

VII. mulGAŠAN TIN «Владычица жизни» (g09).

VIII. ku-ma-ri ša2 mulUD.KA.DU8.A «Плечо Пантеры» (k25).

IX. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 GABA-šu2 «Яркая звезда на ее груди (n20)

X. mulkin-ṣi «Колено, голень?»(k18).

XI. mula-si-di «Пятка (Пантеры)» (a47).

XII. 4 ša2 mulLU.LIM «4 звезды Оленя» (L09).

XIII. mulum-mu-lu-ti «Тусклые звезды» (u14).

XIV. MUL ne2-bu-u2 ša2 mulŠU.GI «Яркая звезда в Старике» (n21).

XV. mulna-aṣ-ra-pu (n08).

XVI. mulGAM3 «Посох» (g06).

XVII. MUL KIŠIB GAM3 «Рука на Посохе» (k21).

XVIII. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA «(Передний) Близнец» (m16).

XIX. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA EGIR-i «Задний Близнец» (m16).

XX. mulAL.LUL «Краб» (a18).

XXI. 2 MUL.MEŠ ša2 SAG.DU mulUR.GU.LA «2 звезды на голове Льва» (s06).

XXII. MUL 4 ša2 GABA-šu2 «4 звезды на его груди» (g03).

XXIII. MUL 2 ša2 GIŠ.KUN-šu2 «2 звезды на его хвосте» (g23).

XXIV. MUL DILI ša2 KUN-šu2 «Отдельная звезда на его хвосте» (d 08).

XXV. mulA.EDIN «Ветвь» (a02).

XXVI. mulŠUDUN.ANŠE «Упряжь»(sh20).

Круг ziqpu-звезд. [PA]P? 12 DANNA kip-pat zi-[iq-pi] / bi-rit MUL.MEŠ ša KASKAL šu-ut d[En-lil2] «[Все]го? 12 “миль” круга (звезд, которые) куль[минируют], из числа звезд на пути [Энлиля]» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92, BM 38694+:20–21]. Поздняя астрология. (1) Предсказания по кульминациям звезд и лунным затмениям [SpTU III, 102]. (2) Предсказания izbu: mul lúḪUN.GA2 múlGU4.AN.NA múlSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / ana e-la-nu… «(Когда созвездия) Наемник, Небесный Бык, Праведный Пастух Ану кульминируют (букв. наверху)… [Biggs 1968, 53:2]; elānu — здесь, по-видимому, нестандартный термин для обозначения кульминаций (?).

В аналогичном смысле в тексте W.22281a при обозначении кульминаций употребляется šitqulu, букв. «взаимно уравновешиваться», «быть равными друг другу» (?) [SpTU I, 95; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 99; AHw, 1252a].
|Example
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==References==
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Akkadian]]
[[Category:West Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]