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Tenggala

2026-03-19T10:54:40Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Identification */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangTENG.jpg|thumb|Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Huluku.png|thumb|Lintang Huluku in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
Těnggala is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of těnggala is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang těnggala means a plough constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Těnggala (IPA: /təŋˈɡa.la/) is derived from Sanskrit लाङ्गल (lāṅgala), means a device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting (plough).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* uluku
* huluku
* wuluku
* waluku

=== Origin of Constellation ===
All the spelling variants of this constellations has one meaning, plow and plough. Bali is one of island in Indonesia that has huge area of agricultural. The tools used are very diverse and have different functions. These tools are tenggala, tetekan, singkal, penguruk, uga, and lampit.

Tenggala is also called luku. Meanwhile, lampit is called garu. The function of the tenggala is to turn the soil over so that it becomes loose. This tool consists of a singkal (a sharp piece of iron for cutting, turning and breaking up the soil and burying plant remains), tetekan (the body of the tenggala), penguruk (handle of the tenggala), and uga (or an assembly which is made of wood which is attached to the cow's neck and tied to the end of the body of the tenggala). Meanwhile, Lampit's function is to level the ground after it has been loosened using a tenggala.

==== General information ====
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125533769.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Tenggala (a plough), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]][[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 133821.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Huluku in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der Orion" which means "the Orion".]]
He also give further explanation with a specific detail (p. 148-149)<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>"So ist bei dem Pflug Orions Gürtel.....das Pflugeisen mit dem Pflug-holz der rote Betelgeuze ist eine Fusswunde des Bauers, Bellatrix ist sein Auge. Der weisse Rigel und der andere Punkt des Aussenvierecks sind die beiden Zugtiere."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "Thus, in the case of the plough Orion's belt, ...... the plough iron with the plug; the red Betelgeuse is a foot wound of the farmer, Bellatrix is his eye. The white Rigel and the other point of the outer square are the both draught animals."</blockquote>
For the sources comparison:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Lintang Identification
!Friederich (1878)<ref>Friederich, R. (1878). An Account of the Island of Bali (Continued from Vol. IX. N.S. p. 120). ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series'', ''10''(1), 49–97. <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207751</nowiki></ref>
!Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" />
!UPTD Museum Bali (2021)<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Shape / iconography / illustration
|the plough
|a farmer who has wound at his feet holding the back side of tenggala and whip at the other hand, while the opposite side of tenggala was connected to the drought animals
|plough
a man (farmer) carry a plough at rice field
|-
|Stars/celestial bodies related
|three stars on the belt of Orion
|the plough is on the Orion's belt, the red Betelgeuse is the farmer's wound at foot, Bellatrix is the farmer eye, white Rigel and other point near it are the drought animals.
|Orion
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In the Marerepuh Ceremony or a village cleansing ceremony, Tenggala is used as one of the tools in a procession around the village and coastline. The goal is to cleanse nature physically and spiritually, creating harmony between humans, nature, and God (Tri Hita Karana). Tenggala is accompanied by a tulud (a wooden stick), gawu (a wooden broom), and other tools, then sprinkled with tirta (holy water) to cleanse the entire area.

In a special case, someone performing self-purification in the form of bayuh oton (a ritual performed on a tenggala). This depends on the person's birth date.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Huluku.png|Lintang Huluku (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinTENGGALA.jpg|Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangTENG.jpg|Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Wuluku.jpg|Lintang Wuluku (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

==Cultural Beliefs==
===Numerology (Neptu/Urip)===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 9.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>
===Astrological Characteristics===
When they were little they were miserable and happy in their old age, all their efforts and work found goodness, they could become rich, they were clever in hiding their feelings, generous but often trapped in the desire to be selfish and hard-hearted. They were the birth of Sang Wasi Bhaya (little ones embraced by danger).<ref name=":0" />
===Matching Gemstones===
Kecubung (amethyst), cempaka (yellow sapphire), ijo rangreng (peros).<ref name=":0" />
== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Rigel
| HIP 24436
| within constellation lines
| 0.13
|-
| 2
| Betelgeuse
| HIP 27989
| within constellation lines
| 0.42
|-
| 3
| Bellatrix
| HIP 25336
| within constellation lines
| 1.64
|-
| 4
| Alnilam
| HIP 26311
| within constellation lines
| 1.69
|-
| 5
| ζ Orionis
| HIP 26727
| within constellation lines
| 1.77
|-
| 6
| Alnitak
| HIP 26727
| Inside the Hull
| 1.9
|-
| 7
| Saiph
| HIP 27366
| within constellation lines
| 2.06
|-
| 8
| Mintaka
| HIP 25930
| within constellation lines
| 2.41
|-
| 9
| NGC 1980
| NGC 1980
| Inside the Hull
| 2.5
|-
| 10
| Hatysa
| HIP 26241
| Inside the Hull
| 2.77
|-
| 11
| η Orionis
| HIP 25281
| Inside the Hull
| 3.35
|-
| 12
| τ Orionis
| HIP 24674
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 13
| * eta Ori A
| HIP 25281
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 14
| * zet Ori B
| HIP 26727
| Inside the Hull
| 3.73
|-
| 15
| σ Orionis
| HIP 26549
| Inside the Hull
| 3.79
|-
| 16
| 29 Ori
| HIP 25247
| Inside the Hull
| 4.12
|-
| 17
| 32 Ori
| HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
| 4.2
|-
| 18
| NGC 1981
| NGC 1981
| Inside the Hull
| 4.2
|-
| 19
| * 32 Ori A
| HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
| 4.46
|-
| 20
| 42 Ori
| HIP 26237
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
| 21
| ω Orionis
| HIP 26594
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
| 22
| ψ 2 Orionis
| HIP 25473
| Inside the Hull
| 4.611
|-
| 23
| υ Orionis
| HIP 25923
| Inside the Hull
| 4.63
|-
| 24
| 31 Ori
| HIP 25737
| Inside the Hull
| 4.71
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 26199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 26
| 22 Ori
| HIP 25044
| Inside the Hull
| 4.74
|-
| 27
| 56 Ori
| HIP 27750
| Inside the Hull
| 4.75
|-
| 28
| 49 Ori
| HIP 26563
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 29
| * eta Ori B
| HIP 25281
| Inside the Hull
| 4.89
|-
| 30
| 51 Ori
| HIP 26885
| Inside the Hull
| 4.9
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 26736
| Inside the Hull
| 4.95
|-
| 32
| ψ 1 Orionis
| HIP 25302
| Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 33
| 27 Ori
| HIP 25282
| Inside the Hull
| 5.072
|-
| 34
| θ 1 Orionis C
| HIP 26221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.13
|-
| 35
| 45 Ori
| HIP 26268
| Inside the Hull
| 5.234
|-
| 36
| 38 Ori
| HIP 26126
| Inside the Hull
| 5.326
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 25980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.34
|-
| 38
| VV Ori
| HIP 26063
| Inside the Hull
| 5.34
|-
| 39
| 33 Ori
| HIP 25861
| Inside the Hull
| 5.46
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 26197
| Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 25028
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 25223
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 43
| * n01 Ori A
| HIP 25861
| Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 25751
| Inside the Hull
| 5.745
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 26345
| Inside the Hull
| 5.75
|-
| 46
| * 32 Ori B
| HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 25708
| Inside the Hull
| 5.78
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 26108
| Inside the Hull
| 5.895
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 26762
| Inside the Hull
| 5.912
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 27253
| Inside the Hull
| 5.93
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 27560
| Inside the Hull
| 5.936
|-
| 52
| * 52 Ori A
| HIP 27386
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 26535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.96
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 26926
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 55
| -
| HIP 27435
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 26624
| Inside the Hull
| 5.974
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 27588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.976
|-
| 58
| * 52 Ori B
| HIP 27386
| Inside the Hull
| 6.01
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 26427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.024
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 27118
| Inside the Hull
| 6.089
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 25378
| Inside the Hull
| 6.144
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 25187
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 25976
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 26477
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
| 65
| CK Ori
| HIP 25785
| Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
| 66
| -
| HIP 25869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.208
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 26106
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 68
| -
| HIP 26713
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 25401
| Inside the Hull
| 6.233
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 26149
| Inside the Hull
| 6.251
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 25288
| Inside the Hull
| 6.297
|-
| 72
| -
| HIP 27212
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 73
| V1197 Ori
| HIP 26953
| Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 25786
| Inside the Hull
| 6.313
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 24847
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 76
| -
| HIP 25505
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 77
| -
| HR 1891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 25582
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 25667
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 80
| * tet02 Ori B
| HIP 26235
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 26257
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 82
| θ 2 Orionis
| HIP 26235
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 83
| V1377 Ori
| HIP 26263
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 84
| -
| HIP 24925
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 25368
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 26104
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 87
| -
| HR 1898
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 26020
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 89
| * sig Ori E
| HR 1932
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 25732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 91
| -
| HIP 26234
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Tenggala" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star sig Ori or HIP 26549 is in the plough inside the constellation which was selected because this is the identity of Tenggala. In Bali, Tenggala or the plough is vital to turn the soil over. Constellation Tenggala is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Ori]]

Kartika

2026-03-19T10:38:47Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Identification */

[[File:LintangKAR.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Kartika(1).png|thumb|Lintang Kartika in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213805179.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kartika (star), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Kartika is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kartika is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kartika means star constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Kartika (IPA: /kar.ti.ka/) is derived from the Sanskrit कृत्तिका, kṛttikā, which means a nakshatra or lunar mansion, i.e., a sector of the sky along the ecliptic, the Pleiades star cluster.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* krěttika
* karawika

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kartika refers to the Pleiades star cluster and is one of the important asterisms in Bali. In determining the first and second months of the Balinese calendar, the wariga (Balinese astronomy) experts usually look for where and when the Kartika Star rises in the morning.

This research was conducted by observing the appearance of Kartika on the eastern horizon at Pura Ponjok Batu, Pacung Village, Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency. This temple was used as a reference because it is the northernmost temple on the island of Bali.

"In the past, our elders saw with the naked eye, so the start of Sasih Kasa and Sasih Karo as the first and second months of the Balinese calendar was only announced after the Kartika Star rose. That was traditional. Now, we can use mathematical calculations," explained Marayana.

Based on Marayana's research together with Japanese astronomy researchers, they found 3 places where the Kartika Star could be seen rising, namely in the Pacung Village area (Tejakula District), Julah Village (Tejakula District), and Sembiran Village (Tejakula District). At these three points, the Kartika Star can be seen rising in the morning, with the characteristics of the sun rising from the direction of the sea.

Another meaning of Kartika refers to the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. This month is one of the months that is revered in Bali because it is symbolized as the month of balance. Hindus in Bali celebrate the holy day of Purnama Kartika or Purnama Kapat, the full moon in the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. Purnama Kartika is a pujawali at large temples such as Padmatiga-Besakih, Pura Ulundanu Batur (Songan), and Pura Lempuyang Madya.<ref>Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin dik. (2024). Kalender Hindu. Bangli: Yayasan Wikarman</ref>

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 122227.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kartika in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "das Siebengestirn, Tauri = 1 naxatra" which means "the seven sisters, the first naksatra". Here the name of this lintang is directly grab from the Naksatra. He considered that the first naksatra is Krettika or Kartika. In some case, naksatra also have different starting lines but still in the same order.]]
For the sources comparison:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Lintang Identification
!Friederich (1878)<ref>Friederich, R. (1878). An Account of the Island of Bali (Continued from Vol. IX. N.S. p. 120). ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series'', ''10''(1), 49–97. <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207751</nowiki></ref>
!Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" />
!UPTD Museum Bali (2021)<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Shape / iconography / illustration
|the Pleiades
|the seven stars, Tauri. related to the first Nakshatra
|the seven sisters: Alycyone, Asterope, Celaeno, Electra, Maia, Merope, and Tayangete
|-
|Stars/celestial bodies related
|Pleiades
|Pleiades
|Pleiades
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
This Pujawali is a commemoration of the descent of the ancestors Dewata Purusha (male seed) and Pradhana (female seed) to Bali for the first time, which then gave rise to all Balinese people.

This commemoration of the descent of ancestors to Bali signifies a commemoration of the early origins of the island of Bali, inhabited by humans who have a race like humans today. This commemoration of origins is related to the commemoration of Kartika Purnima in Odisha, India. On Kartika Purnima, the people of Odisha hold a celebration to commemorate the migration of their ancestors to a new land called Bali. This commemoration is called Baliyatra or the journey to Bali.<ref>Skilling odisha. (2019). International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research.</ref>

This commemoration signifies the past story of the journey of the Kalinga people to Bali. Therefore, this commemoration coincides with the commemoration of the origins of the ancestors of the Balinese people, Indonesia, called Bhatara Putranjaya and Dewi Danuh.

The commemoration of the origins of the Balinese people is strengthened by the reading of the majajiwan ritual in Besakih, because the majajiwan mentions the ancestors from Keling. The majajiwan is a ritual to census the population of Bali. The Balinese population that is censused is the first who have ancestors in Keling (Odisha) with the language "manira sakeng keling". Next are the ancestors from Singasari, and Majapahit. The reading of this majajiwan strengthens the existence of the origins of the ancestors from Kalinga, India, thus strengthening the commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali.

The commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali is strengthened by the mythology of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali, because the name Rsi Markendya is the name of a rsi from India.

Mythology is contained in the Lontar Markendya Purana which tells the story of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali with the Aga people. Genealogically, Rsi Markendya is a rsi from the Vedasira group. This is what causes Bali to have the relics of the Lontar Vedasira.

The mythology of the Markendya Purana and the relics of Vedasira strengthen the Bali-Kalinga connection which is told through the tradition of ceremonies. This Bali-Kalinga connection has been studied archaeologically by Ardika (2019).

This study strengthens the relationship between Bali and India, because beads were found which are evidence of trade between Bali and India. Ancient Balinese inscriptions also mention the names of educational centers in India such as Nalanda, Amarawati, and Waranasi.<ref>Ardika, I Ketut. (2019). Indianization and the Spread of Buddhism in Bali. <nowiki>https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82526331/0_20FULL_ICAPAW_2019_PROCEEDINGS-libre.pdf</nowiki>?</ref>

This study shows a strong relationship between Bali and India during ancient Balinese times. These findings strengthen the story of Balinese rituals through archaeological research. This archaeological research is part of archaeological research on the influence of India on the archipelago, because of the emergence of Hindu kingdoms in the archipelago. Examples are the Kutai Kingdom in Kalimantan, the Kalinga Kingdom in Central Java, and Tarumanagara in West Java. These kingdoms show the strong relationship between the archipelago and India in their time. These connections also reached Bali, so there is a lot of archaeological evidence of these connections in Bali.

These stories are further strengthened by DNA studies of Balinese people, because DNA is a record in the human body. DNA studies on Balinese people found DNA elements that are common to South Indian DNA.<ref>JUNITHA, I. K., & SUDIRGA, S. K. (2007). Variasi DNA Mikrosatelit Kromosom Y pada Masyarakat Bali Mula Terunyan. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 14(2), 59--64. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.14.2.59</nowiki></ref>

The findings of this DNA study show that the traditional story through rituals, mythology, and archaeological findings is confirmed to be true. Therefore, DNA studies have become the gateway for confirmation of the meeting of the Purnama Kartika tradition with Kartika Purnima.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kartika(1).png|Lintang Kartika (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKARTIKA.jpg|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangKAR.jpg|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Karttika.jpg|Lintang Karttika (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
They will live in happiness but they are often involved in double love so that they have the opportunity to have a partner, namely a wife or husband or more than one affair. They are attractive and have charisma, smart in saving and stingy with people. They like luxury and showing off.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah Kecubung (Saphire ungu), Biduri bulan (moon stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alcyone
| HIP 17702
| within constellation lines
| 2.87
|-
| 2
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| within constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
| 3
| Electra
| HIP 17499
| within constellation lines
| 3.7
|-
| 4
| Maia
| HIP 17573
| within constellation lines
| 3.87
|-
| 5
| Merope
| HIP 17608
| within constellation lines
| 4.18
|-
| 6
| Taygeta
| HIP 17531
| within constellation lines
| 4.3
|-
| 7
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| within constellation lines
| 5.09
|-
| 8
| Asterope
| HIP 17579
| within constellation lines
| 5.76
|-
| 9
| * 24 Tau
| HD 23629
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 10
| Sterope II
| HIP 17588
| Inside the Hull
| 6.421
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]] [[Category:Pleiades]]

Kartika

2026-03-19T10:36:01Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Identification */

[[File:LintangKAR.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Kartika(1).png|thumb|Lintang Kartika in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213805179.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kartika (star), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Kartika is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kartika is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kartika means star constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Kartika (IPA: /kar.ti.ka/) is derived from the Sanskrit कृत्तिका, kṛttikā, which means a nakshatra or lunar mansion, i.e., a sector of the sky along the ecliptic, the Pleiades star cluster.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* krěttika
* karawika

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kartika refers to the Pleiades star cluster and is one of the important asterisms in Bali. In determining the first and second months of the Balinese calendar, the wariga (Balinese astronomy) experts usually look for where and when the Kartika Star rises in the morning.

This research was conducted by observing the appearance of Kartika on the eastern horizon at Pura Ponjok Batu, Pacung Village, Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency. This temple was used as a reference because it is the northernmost temple on the island of Bali.

"In the past, our elders saw with the naked eye, so the start of Sasih Kasa and Sasih Karo as the first and second months of the Balinese calendar was only announced after the Kartika Star rose. That was traditional. Now, we can use mathematical calculations," explained Marayana.

Based on Marayana's research together with Japanese astronomy researchers, they found 3 places where the Kartika Star could be seen rising, namely in the Pacung Village area (Tejakula District), Julah Village (Tejakula District), and Sembiran Village (Tejakula District). At these three points, the Kartika Star can be seen rising in the morning, with the characteristics of the sun rising from the direction of the sea.

Another meaning of Kartika refers to the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. This month is one of the months that is revered in Bali because it is symbolized as the month of balance. Hindus in Bali celebrate the holy day of Purnama Kartika or Purnama Kapat, the full moon in the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. Purnama Kartika is a pujawali at large temples such as Padmatiga-Besakih, Pura Ulundanu Batur (Songan), and Pura Lempuyang Madya.<ref>Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin dik. (2024). Kalender Hindu. Bangli: Yayasan Wikarman</ref>

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 122227.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kartika in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "das Siebengestirn, Tauri = 1 naxatra" which means "the seven sisters, the first naksatra". Here the name of this lintang is directly grab from the Naksatra. He considered that the first naksatra is Krettika or Kartika. In some case, naksatra also have different starting lines but still in the same order.]]
For the sources comparison:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Lintang Identification
!Friederich (1878)
!Alfred Maaß (1929)
!UPTD Museum Bali (2021)
|-
|Shape / iconography / illustration
|the Pleiades
|the seven stars, Tauri. related to the first Nakshatra
|the seven sisters: Alycyone, Asterope, Celaeno, Electra, Maia, Merope, and Tayangete
|-
|Stars/celestial bodies related
|Pleiades
|Pleiades
|Pleiades
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
This Pujawali is a commemoration of the descent of the ancestors Dewata Purusha (male seed) and Pradhana (female seed) to Bali for the first time, which then gave rise to all Balinese people.

This commemoration of the descent of ancestors to Bali signifies a commemoration of the early origins of the island of Bali, inhabited by humans who have a race like humans today. This commemoration of origins is related to the commemoration of Kartika Purnima in Odisha, India. On Kartika Purnima, the people of Odisha hold a celebration to commemorate the migration of their ancestors to a new land called Bali. This commemoration is called Baliyatra or the journey to Bali.<ref>Skilling odisha. (2019). International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research.</ref>

This commemoration signifies the past story of the journey of the Kalinga people to Bali. Therefore, this commemoration coincides with the commemoration of the origins of the ancestors of the Balinese people, Indonesia, called Bhatara Putranjaya and Dewi Danuh.

The commemoration of the origins of the Balinese people is strengthened by the reading of the majajiwan ritual in Besakih, because the majajiwan mentions the ancestors from Keling. The majajiwan is a ritual to census the population of Bali. The Balinese population that is censused is the first who have ancestors in Keling (Odisha) with the language "manira sakeng keling". Next are the ancestors from Singasari, and Majapahit. The reading of this majajiwan strengthens the existence of the origins of the ancestors from Kalinga, India, thus strengthening the commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali.

The commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali is strengthened by the mythology of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali, because the name Rsi Markendya is the name of a rsi from India.

Mythology is contained in the Lontar Markendya Purana which tells the story of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali with the Aga people. Genealogically, Rsi Markendya is a rsi from the Vedasira group. This is what causes Bali to have the relics of the Lontar Vedasira.

The mythology of the Markendya Purana and the relics of Vedasira strengthen the Bali-Kalinga connection which is told through the tradition of ceremonies. This Bali-Kalinga connection has been studied archaeologically by Ardika (2019).

This study strengthens the relationship between Bali and India, because beads were found which are evidence of trade between Bali and India. Ancient Balinese inscriptions also mention the names of educational centers in India such as Nalanda, Amarawati, and Waranasi.<ref>Ardika, I Ketut. (2019). Indianization and the Spread of Buddhism in Bali. <nowiki>https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82526331/0_20FULL_ICAPAW_2019_PROCEEDINGS-libre.pdf</nowiki>?</ref>

This study shows a strong relationship between Bali and India during ancient Balinese times. These findings strengthen the story of Balinese rituals through archaeological research. This archaeological research is part of archaeological research on the influence of India on the archipelago, because of the emergence of Hindu kingdoms in the archipelago. Examples are the Kutai Kingdom in Kalimantan, the Kalinga Kingdom in Central Java, and Tarumanagara in West Java. These kingdoms show the strong relationship between the archipelago and India in their time. These connections also reached Bali, so there is a lot of archaeological evidence of these connections in Bali.

These stories are further strengthened by DNA studies of Balinese people, because DNA is a record in the human body. DNA studies on Balinese people found DNA elements that are common to South Indian DNA.<ref>JUNITHA, I. K., & SUDIRGA, S. K. (2007). Variasi DNA Mikrosatelit Kromosom Y pada Masyarakat Bali Mula Terunyan. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 14(2), 59--64. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.14.2.59</nowiki></ref>

The findings of this DNA study show that the traditional story through rituals, mythology, and archaeological findings is confirmed to be true. Therefore, DNA studies have become the gateway for confirmation of the meeting of the Purnama Kartika tradition with Kartika Purnima.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kartika(1).png|Lintang Kartika (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKARTIKA.jpg|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangKAR.jpg|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Karttika.jpg|Lintang Karttika (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
They will live in happiness but they are often involved in double love so that they have the opportunity to have a partner, namely a wife or husband or more than one affair. They are attractive and have charisma, smart in saving and stingy with people. They like luxury and showing off.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah Kecubung (Saphire ungu), Biduri bulan (moon stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alcyone
| HIP 17702
| within constellation lines
| 2.87
|-
| 2
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| within constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
| 3
| Electra
| HIP 17499
| within constellation lines
| 3.7
|-
| 4
| Maia
| HIP 17573
| within constellation lines
| 3.87
|-
| 5
| Merope
| HIP 17608
| within constellation lines
| 4.18
|-
| 6
| Taygeta
| HIP 17531
| within constellation lines
| 4.3
|-
| 7
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| within constellation lines
| 5.09
|-
| 8
| Asterope
| HIP 17579
| within constellation lines
| 5.76
|-
| 9
| * 24 Tau
| HD 23629
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 10
| Sterope II
| HIP 17588
| Inside the Hull
| 6.421
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]] [[Category:Pleiades]]

Udang

2026-03-19T10:29:12Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Identification */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangUDA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Udang profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Udang profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
[[File:Hudang.png|thumb|Lintang Hudang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-21311604.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Udang (a prawn), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Udang stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Udang stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Udang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of udang is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang udang means prawn constellation.<ref name=":2">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Udang plays an important role in the economic sector. The shrimps are also used in purification offerings, banten sesayut, as a symbol of cleansing and balancing the elements of the sea.

Udang is a modern star name for θ Cap.

==Etymology and History==

Udang (IPA: [ˈu.daŋ]), means shrimp.
=== Spelling Variants ===

*hudang
*urang
*makara *)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>) Interestingly, the term "[[makara]]" is from the Indian Vedic tradition, there designating an elephant-fish or crocodile-like creature. It is seen in the same area of the sky (Capricornus) but is definitely not a shrimp or crab.

=== Origin of Constellation ===
[[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit]]
For Balinese people, shrimp is primarily viewed as a food commodity with high economic value and a key ingredient in Balinese cuisine. Shrimp, particularly whiteleg and tiger shrimp, is a leading fishery commodity in Bali with significant economic potential. The local and central governments fully support the development of shrimp cultivation in various regions in Bali, such as Jembrana and Buleleng, to meet local and export market demand. Shrimp is considered a source of high-quality protein with health benefits. Government campaigns to promote the consumption of fish and seafood, including shrimp, are also being promoted in Bali.<ref>Susanto, Agus, "KKP Mendorong Inovasi Konsumsi Udang—Lezat, Praktis, Bernutrisi!" (2025) https://kabarnusa.com/kkp-mendorong-inovasi-konsumsi-udang-lezat-praktis-bernutrisi/</ref>

Furthermore, shrimp symbolize good fortune and fertility, which are expected to bring prosperity to the community. This is reflected in the Balinese batik art, Batik Ulamsari Mas, which depicts fish and shrimp.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":2" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Udang Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Udang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He gives "Steinbock" (Capricornus) as identification, but it is unclear whether the entire constellation is meant. ]]For the sources comparison:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Lintang Identification
!Friederich (1878)<ref>Friederich, R. (1878). An Account of the Island of Bali (Continued from Vol. IX. N.S. p. 120). ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series'', ''10''(1), 49–97. <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207751</nowiki></ref>
!Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" />
!Chesley (1973)<ref>Chesley, E., Aveni, A. F., Berger, R., Bretternitz, D. A., Clark, G. A., Dow, J. W., Giot, P., Kelley, D. H., Klejn, L. S., Loops, H. H. E., Muller, R., Pittioni, R., Pleslova-stikova, E., Pohorecky, Z. S., Jonathan, E., Roy, S. B., Smiley, C. H., Snow, D. R., Swauger, J. L., Rezepkin, L. (1973). Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far [and Comments and Reply]. ''Current Anthropology'', ''14''(4).</ref>
!UPTD Museum Bali (2021)<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Shape / iconography / illustration
|sea-lobster
|
|shrimp
|
|-
|Stars/celestial bodies related
|Aries
|Capricorn
|Aries
|Capricorn
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Pura Dalem Sempua, located in Dalung Village, North Kuta District, Badung Regency, is known as a sacred Balinese Hindu site filled with mystical aura. Anyone entering this area must strictly adhere to a number of taboos. One of them is that the entire family of the priest is also strictly prohibited from consuming shrimp. This is because the "due" (guardian of the temple area) at Pura Dalem Sempua is in the form of tailless julit fish, tailless snakehead fish, and shrimp.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hudang.png|Lintang Hudang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinUDANG.jpg|Lintang Udang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangUDA.jpg|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Urang.jpg|Lintang Urang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Initially living in poverty but in old age can find happiness, rich in gold and silver, their fortune comes quickly. They are skilled in leading so that prosperity quickly comes to their followers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (saphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Deneb Algedi
| HIP 107556
| within constellation lines
| 2.83
|-
| 2
| Dabih
| HIP 100345
| within constellation lines
| 3.08
|-
| 3
| Algedi
| HIP 100064
| within constellation lines
| 3.58
|-
| 4
| Nashira
| HIP 106985
| within constellation lines
| 3.67
|-
| 5
| ζ Capricorni
| HIP 105881
| within constellation lines
| 3.74
|-
| 6
| θ Capricorni
| HIP 104139
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 7
| ω Capricorni
| HIP 102978
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 8
| ψ Capricorni
| HIP 102485
| within constellation lines
| 4.122
|-
| 9
| ι Capricorni
| HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 10
| Alshat
| HIP 100310
| Inside the Hull
| 4.76
|-
| 11
| η Capricorni
| HIP 104019
| Inside the Hull
| 4.84
|-
| 12
| * Rho Cap A
| HIP 101027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
| 13
| υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
| Inside the Hull
| 5.1
|-
| 14
| ϕ Capricorni
| HIP 104963
| Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
| 15
| χ Capricorni
| HIP 104365
| Inside the Hull
| 5.316
|-
| 16
| 29 Cap
| HIP 104974
| Inside the Hull
| 5.317
|-
| 17
| 33 Cap
| HIP 105665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
| 18
| * 14 Cap A
| HIP 101923
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 19
| 30 Cap
| HIP 105143
| Inside the Hull
| 5.383
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 105576
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 21
| 35 Cap
| HIP 105928
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 22
| 19 Cap
| HIP 103226
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 102026
| Inside the Hull
| 5.799
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 102772
| Inside the Hull
| 5.849
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 103460
| Inside the Hull
| 5.869
|-
| 26
| 17 Cap
| HIP 102487
| Inside the Hull
| 5.902
|-
| 27
| DV Aqr
| HIP 103545
| Inside the Hull
| 5.963
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
| 29
| 21 Cap
| HIP 103703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 101507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.116
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 104297
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 101608
| Inside the Hull
| 6.177
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 102780
| Inside the Hull
| 6.193
|-
| 35
| 27 Cap
| HIP 104452
| Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
| 36
| 20 Cap
| HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 101011
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 38
| -
| HR 7989
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Udang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Theta Capricorni (θ Cap), HIP 104139, is in the body of the shrimp. Constellation Udang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

In February 2026, the name Udang was adopted as star name for θ Cap ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tet+Cap&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Capricornus]]. <gallery>
File:Udang profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Udang profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
File:Udang stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Udang stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Aqr]]

Udang

2026-03-19T10:26:15Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Identification */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangUDA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Udang profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Udang profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
[[File:Hudang.png|thumb|Lintang Hudang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-21311604.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Udang (a prawn), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Udang stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Udang stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Udang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of udang is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang udang means prawn constellation.<ref name=":2">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Udang plays an important role in the economic sector. The shrimps are also used in purification offerings, banten sesayut, as a symbol of cleansing and balancing the elements of the sea.

Udang is a modern star name for θ Cap.

==Etymology and History==

Udang (IPA: [ˈu.daŋ]), means shrimp.
=== Spelling Variants ===

*hudang
*urang
*makara *)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>) Interestingly, the term "[[makara]]" is from the Indian Vedic tradition, there designating an elephant-fish or crocodile-like creature. It is seen in the same area of the sky (Capricornus) but is definitely not a shrimp or crab.

=== Origin of Constellation ===
[[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit]]
For Balinese people, shrimp is primarily viewed as a food commodity with high economic value and a key ingredient in Balinese cuisine. Shrimp, particularly whiteleg and tiger shrimp, is a leading fishery commodity in Bali with significant economic potential. The local and central governments fully support the development of shrimp cultivation in various regions in Bali, such as Jembrana and Buleleng, to meet local and export market demand. Shrimp is considered a source of high-quality protein with health benefits. Government campaigns to promote the consumption of fish and seafood, including shrimp, are also being promoted in Bali.<ref>Susanto, Agus, "KKP Mendorong Inovasi Konsumsi Udang—Lezat, Praktis, Bernutrisi!" (2025) https://kabarnusa.com/kkp-mendorong-inovasi-konsumsi-udang-lezat-praktis-bernutrisi/</ref>

Furthermore, shrimp symbolize good fortune and fertility, which are expected to bring prosperity to the community. This is reflected in the Balinese batik art, Batik Ulamsari Mas, which depicts fish and shrimp.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":2" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Udang Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Udang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He gives "Steinbock" (Capricornus) as identification, but it is unclear whether the entire constellation is meant. ]]For the sources comparison:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Lintang Identification
!Friederich (1878)<ref>Friederich, R. (1878). An Account of the Island of Bali (Continued from Vol. IX. N.S. p. 120). ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, New Series'', ''10''(1), 49–97. <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207751</nowiki></ref>
!Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" />
!Chesley (1973)<ref>Chesley, E., Aveni, A. F., Berger, R., Bretternitz, D. A., Clark, G. A., Dow, J. W., Giot, P., Kelley, D. H., Klejn, L. S., Loops, H. H. E., Muller, R., Pittioni, R., Pleslova-stikova, E., Pohorecky, Z. S., Jonathan, E., Roy, S. B., Smiley, C. H., Snow, D. R., Swauger, J. L., Rezepkin, L. (1973). Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far [and Comments and Reply]. ''Current Anthropology'', ''14''(4).</ref>
!UPTD Museum Bali (2021)<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Shape related
|sea-lobster
|
|shrimp
|
|-
|Stars/celestial bodies related
|Aries
|Capricorn
|Aries
|Capricorn
|}

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Pura Dalem Sempua, located in Dalung Village, North Kuta District, Badung Regency, is known as a sacred Balinese Hindu site filled with mystical aura. Anyone entering this area must strictly adhere to a number of taboos. One of them is that the entire family of the priest is also strictly prohibited from consuming shrimp. This is because the "due" (guardian of the temple area) at Pura Dalem Sempua is in the form of tailless julit fish, tailless snakehead fish, and shrimp.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hudang.png|Lintang Hudang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinUDANG.jpg|Lintang Udang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangUDA.jpg|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Urang.jpg|Lintang Urang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Initially living in poverty but in old age can find happiness, rich in gold and silver, their fortune comes quickly. They are skilled in leading so that prosperity quickly comes to their followers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (saphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Deneb Algedi
| HIP 107556
| within constellation lines
| 2.83
|-
| 2
| Dabih
| HIP 100345
| within constellation lines
| 3.08
|-
| 3
| Algedi
| HIP 100064
| within constellation lines
| 3.58
|-
| 4
| Nashira
| HIP 106985
| within constellation lines
| 3.67
|-
| 5
| ζ Capricorni
| HIP 105881
| within constellation lines
| 3.74
|-
| 6
| θ Capricorni
| HIP 104139
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 7
| ω Capricorni
| HIP 102978
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 8
| ψ Capricorni
| HIP 102485
| within constellation lines
| 4.122
|-
| 9
| ι Capricorni
| HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 10
| Alshat
| HIP 100310
| Inside the Hull
| 4.76
|-
| 11
| η Capricorni
| HIP 104019
| Inside the Hull
| 4.84
|-
| 12
| * Rho Cap A
| HIP 101027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
| 13
| υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
| Inside the Hull
| 5.1
|-
| 14
| ϕ Capricorni
| HIP 104963
| Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
| 15
| χ Capricorni
| HIP 104365
| Inside the Hull
| 5.316
|-
| 16
| 29 Cap
| HIP 104974
| Inside the Hull
| 5.317
|-
| 17
| 33 Cap
| HIP 105665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
| 18
| * 14 Cap A
| HIP 101923
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 19
| 30 Cap
| HIP 105143
| Inside the Hull
| 5.383
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 105576
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 21
| 35 Cap
| HIP 105928
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 22
| 19 Cap
| HIP 103226
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 102026
| Inside the Hull
| 5.799
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 102772
| Inside the Hull
| 5.849
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 103460
| Inside the Hull
| 5.869
|-
| 26
| 17 Cap
| HIP 102487
| Inside the Hull
| 5.902
|-
| 27
| DV Aqr
| HIP 103545
| Inside the Hull
| 5.963
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
| 29
| 21 Cap
| HIP 103703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 101507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.116
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 104297
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 101608
| Inside the Hull
| 6.177
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 102780
| Inside the Hull
| 6.193
|-
| 35
| 27 Cap
| HIP 104452
| Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
| 36
| 20 Cap
| HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 101011
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 38
| -
| HR 7989
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Udang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Theta Capricorni (θ Cap), HIP 104139, is in the body of the shrimp. Constellation Udang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

In February 2026, the name Udang was adopted as star name for θ Cap ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tet+Cap&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Capricornus]]. <gallery>
File:Udang profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Udang profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
File:Udang stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Udang stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Aqr]]

Kala Sungsang

2026-03-19T05:23:36Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:KASU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Kala Sungsang.png|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-124804432.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kala Sungsang (an inverted demon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48.jpg|alt=image of the demon, historical depiction|thumb|De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48 (CC-BY SA I. Dewa Gedé Soberat (Schilder)).]]
Kala Sungang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). "Kala" means "demon" and "sungsang" means "upside down". It is the demon who stole and drank the holy water of the gods that makes them immortal. The constellation (lintang) of kala sungsang is found in intersection of Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kala sungsang means an upside-down demon constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term is consisted of two words, "kala" (IPA: /kala/) and "sungsang" (IPA: /ˈsʊŋsaŋ/).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sungsang kala
* antja-antja (old spelling)
* anca-anca (enhanced spelling)

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kala is derived from Sanskrit काल, that means time or death. Kala is son of the god Shiva who titled the god of time. The god Kala is often symbolized as a giant, with a scary face, dark in color and almost does not resemble a god. Kala is a symbol that no one can fight the law of karma. When it is time for someone to leave the mortal world, then at that time Kala will come to pick him up. If anyone insists on living along with their own will, then they will be destroyed by Kala. Therefore, Kala's face is very scary. But, in this case, kala sungsang is not the son of the god Shiva and goddess Durga.

While "sungsang" is from Javanese which means upside-down. This word depicts an abnormal position, what is above becomes below or what is in front becomes behind. The other meaning of "sungsang" is return back, has a meaning whatever we think, say and do, the results will definitely come back to us according to our karma.

Kala Sungsang is one of the demonic entities or negative forces that are considered to be present in traditional Balinese beliefs. He is often associated with the ''bala rencang'' at ''Pura Dalem'' and acts as a guard for Ida Bhatara Pengulun Setra. In the imagination of the Balinese people, Kala sungsang is depicted as a tall and large giant figure, with a scary face, and an upside-down body position, where his head is below and his feet are above. He walks using both hands.

Kala Sungsang symbolizes the figure who is the cause of all times or conditions that are contrary to the conditions that should be, especially in the Kali Yuga era. This includes an abnormal natural phenomenon, such as weather that is not in accordance with the season, as well as human traits that are contrary to their nature.
==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian." </blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 133652.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kala Sungsang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mention "ein Stern im Sternbild des grossen Bären bei den Indern" in German means "a star in the constellation of the Great Bear among the Indians".]]
While Maaß (1929) just locates the constellation in the vicinity of Ursa Major as a huge area, the precise identification is mentioned by UPTD Museum Bali where Kala Sungsang is in the area of [[Bootes]].<ref name=":0" /> They claim it is not true if lintang kala sungsang is within the constellation of Ursa Major. Kala Sungsang is always in upside-down position, in all the month even if the position is not at the night. We could not just rely on the Maaß documentation because the whole lintang in Palelintangan are still used until now and it is the part of their ritual.

Maaß's description (p. 140):<blockquote>Kala sungsang, ein auf Kopf und Händen stehender böser Geist; antja-antja, Figur, die auf Kopf und Händen steht; buta, ein böser Geist. Lippen krumm im Reden;</blockquote>'''English:''' Kala sungsang, an evil spirit standing on its head and hands; antja-antja, a figure standing on its head and hands; buta, an evil spirit. Lips twisted when speaking.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Based on the chronicle in the Purwa Bhumi Kamulan Lontar, Kala Sungsang was created when the goddess Durga was meditating.

Based on Andhabhuwana lontar, it is mentioned that the origin of the existence of Dewi Uma changed into Dewi Durga (ruler of the grave) because she received a curse from Lord Shiva. The curse caused Dewi Uma, who was titled Dewi Durga, to stay in the world and would return to Siwa Loka after being purified.

After descending to the world, she did a ritual. When Goddess Durga was meditating, various spirits and negative forces emerged from the hairs all over her body. These spirits, with their strange and scary appearances, have the task of misleading and testing the determination of humans in carrying out dharma. Among these creatures, '''Bhuta Sungsang''' has a special task of confusing the minds of humans so that they have difficulty distinguishing between reality and illusion and become reversed in their thoughts and actions.

In the Nusa Penida chronicle, Goddess Durga resides as the ruling deity of the grave followed by 108 Bhuta-Bhuti. The following are the names of the butha kala and butha kali that accompany the presence of Goddess Durga in the grave, namely, bhùta banaspati, yamapati, mregapati, banaspatiraja, bhùta saliwah, bhùta salah rupa, bhùta Enjek-pupu, Tangan-tangan, '''[[Laweyan]]''', '''Kumangmang''', '''Anja-anja''', Mamedi, Bhùta Sungsang, Udug-Basur, Ileg-ileg, Papengkah, Barong Asepek, I Gagendu, Suku-tunggal, kakawa, Mretyu, Togtogsil, Raregek, Raparayu, Kala Ngadang, bhùta Tan-pakuping, bhùta Bungut-sasibak, and so on. The task of Dewa Durga and her 108 followers is to spread disease, create drought, disaster in the world. However, the main target is humans who forget to devote themselves to the Almighty God.

Kala Sungsang is considered one of the 15 most powerful Bhutas among the soldiers. Kala Sungsang is believed to be the cause of human thoughts and behavior being reversed or not in accordance with the norms that should be. This is reflected in the decline of customary norms, religion, manners, and community ethics.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kala Sungsang.png|Lintang Kala Sungsang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKALA.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:KASU.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sungsang Kala.jpg|Lintang Sungsang Kala (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 10.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Self-torture, often hit by disasters and misfortunes. Unable to heed people's advice, act as they please, act as if they can do any job, are brave towards their parents, often get hurt by people, are good at hiding their feelings, are good at expressing complicated problems, like to interfere in other people's business.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Osadi (Zambrut /emerald), Daluman (Giok/Jade), Ijo Gading (Peridot), Narigangga (Chrysoberyl cat’s eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arcturus
| HIP 69673
| within constellation lines
| -0.05
|-
| 2
| Izar
| HIP 72105
| within constellation lines
| 2.45
|-
| 3
| Muphrid
| HIP 67927
| within constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
| 4
| Seginus
| HIP 71075
| within constellation lines
| 3.02
|-
| 5
| δ Boötis
| HIP 74666
| within constellation lines
| 3.49
|-
| 6
| Nekkar
| HIP 73555
| within constellation lines
| 3.52
|-
| 7
| ρ Boötis
| HIP 71053
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 8
| Alkalurops
| HIP 75411
| Inside the Hull
| 4.31
|-
| 9
| σ Boötis
| HIP 71284
| Inside the Hull
| 4.47
|-
| 10
| * zet Boo B
| HIP 71795
| within constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
| 11
| ο Boötis
| HIP 72125
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 12
| W Boo
| HIP 71995
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 13
| * eps Boo B
| HR 5505
| Inside the Hull
| 4.801
|-
| 14
| 12 Boo
| HIP 69226
| Inside the Hull
| 4.83
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 70027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 16
| π 1 Boötis
| HIP 71762
| Inside the Hull
| 4.893
|-
| 17
| 22 Boo
| HIP 70602
| Inside the Hull
| 5.394
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 72582
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 73634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
| 20
| 40 Boo
| HIP 73369
| Inside the Hull
| 5.634
|-
| 21
| * pi.02 Boo
| HR 5476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.761
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 72552
| Inside the Hull
| 5.8
|-
| 23
| HP Boo
| HIP 72567
| Inside the Hull
| 5.867
|-
| 24
| 26 Boo
| HIP 71115
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 71571
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 26
| V* CN Boo
| HR 5343
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 71277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.999
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 71094
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 70892
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 73068
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 72469
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 72139
| Inside the Hull
| 6.145
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 71729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 70762
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 71490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 70310
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 72124
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 71243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.306
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 73941
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 71406
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 69592
| Inside the Hull
| 6.377
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 71857
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 44
| -
| HR 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 70385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 70051
| Inside the Hull
| 6.445
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Kalasungsang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Rho Boo or HIP 71053. Constellation Kalasungsang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Boo]]

Yuyu

2026-03-04T11:11:37Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangYUYU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Rakata in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Yuyu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Yuyu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]][[File:Yuyu.png|thumb|Lintang Yuyu in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122256526.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Yuyu (a freshwater crab), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Yuyu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Yuyu stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Yuyu is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of yuyu is found in intersection of Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang yuyu means freshwater crab constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Constellation Yuyu is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

==Etymology and History==
Yuyu (IPA: /ˈjuju/ [ˈju.ju]) is borrowed from Javanese (yuyu), inherited from Old Javanese, hayuyu, means crab.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* djudju (old spelling)
* rakata
* wulusun
* kěpiting

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Yuyu refers to crab in general, and always specify as a freshwater crab. The other word for yuyu is ketam, and is often found in rivers, lakes and rice fields; including in the ditches and surrounding land.

In Bali, yuyu can be found in rice fields. However, yuyu are considered pests in rice fields because they often make holes in the ground. Basically, this would be fine if the rice fields were flat. However, in Bali, almost all rice fields are terasering or terraced to facilitate irrigation. The holes made by yuyu will disrupt and thwart the designed subak irrigation system, which then causes water to be wasted down there in vain.

In addition, sometimes Balinese people make cetik using yuyu. Cetik is a traditional Balinese poison that has been legendary for hundreds of years. However, many people still misinterpret it as something mystical, related to occultism. Cetik is more of a traditional Balinese poison that can be made specifically from plant, animal, or certain metal starches that have strong and deadly toxic properties, and are mixed with spiritual practices. According to the Usada cetik palm leaf, Cetik is actually a type of traditional poison that is mixed using natural ingredients in nature. Because it is taken from nature, the antidote is also in nature.

Usually the poisonous yuyu used for this is a type of atergatis floridus. This yuyu is then put into a bottle, and stored in the ground for months to get its extract naturally until it produces oil. This oil is used as cetik.

This cetik usually attacks people's liver and heart organs. First aid for this type of cetik is usually by drinking bungkak or young coconut water every day until the symptoms subside.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Yuyu AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Yuyu in "Identification of Balinese constellations" (Maaß 1929, appendix).]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
There is a famous mythology in Bali about Yuyu. This mythology refers to the story of the interruption of water flow from Lake Batur. The one is related to feud between Dewi Danu and Ida Bhatara Kehen. While the other story is unknown cause. While in both story, someone created an iron yuyu. The iron yuyu would make a hole to restore the water flow.

=== Dewi Danu ===
Yuyu is associated with the story of the journey of the goddess Danu selling water from the Batur spring (related to the story of catur kumba) which was mandated by the god Indra. Long story short, after completing her mandate, the goddess Danu transformed into a village girl who sold gantal (betel leaf rolls used for offerings) in Kehen. Ida Batara Kehen saw her and fell in love then raped Dewi Danu because she refused to marry him. The furious Dewi Danu finally created Bangli Hill which stretches from east to west in the south of the city to block the flow of Lake Batur water from reaching Kehen.

However, Bhatara Kehen created eels and iron yuyu to make holes in Bangli Hill so that irrigation could resume. When returning to Batur, Dewi Danu left her bronze bowl in Kehen so she sent her son to retrieve it. Bhatara Kehen who was still disappointed still returned the bowl but would charge a tax of 1300 kepeng (coins) if the goddess passed through his territory in the south when she was about to perform the melasti ritual (cleansing ritual) on the beach. Dewi Danu replied by saying that every Balian who has a genta in Bangli must pay 225 kepeng (coins) to Pura Batur.

=== Based on Lontar in Pura Pancering Jagat Trunyan ===
In a palm leaf found in Pura Pancering Jagat Trunyan, it is written about the reciprocal relationship between Pura Kehen and Pura Ratu Gede Pancering Jagat in Trunyan. The palm leaf explains the story of Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi when Bangli and Gianyar experienced a period of famine. The palm leaf tells that in the past, the water of Lake Batur flowed throughout Bangli to the Gianyar region. However, the water flowing from Lake Batur suddenly stopped for no clear reason. The King of Bangli who was in power at that time, Sri Adhikunti Ketana finally made Yuyu (Crab) Besi and Lindung (Eel) Besi.

When the King of Bangli was busy preparing Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi, the word of Ida Hyang Tanda (Bhatara at Pura Kehen) came down so that the two objects were sunk to the bottom of Lake Batur. The word also states that when the two objects succeed in flowing water back to the Bangli and Gianyar regions, the two objects should be lifted back up and placed in a shrine.

The iron crab and the iron lindung are not just tools in the form of Yuyu or Lindung. Both tools are given special powers so that they can create waterways and water can flow again throughout the Bangli and Gianyar areas.

From this story, finally Hyang Da Tonta Ratu, Bagus Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi were finally sanctified and made sacred by the people of Trunyan Village. "In the past, when they were going to be placed in a shrine, Hyang Da Tonta Ratu, Bagus Yuyu Besi, and Lindung Besi had to come to Pura Kehen as a symbol of asking for permission. This is the origin of why anyone who was going to build a shrine or renovate a shrine in Trunyan had to do matur piuning at Pura Kehen first, because Kehen is the wit or origin.

Not only when they were going to build a shrine, Hyang Da Tonta Ratu, Ida Bhatara Bagus Yuyu Besi, and Lindung Besi also took part in every major procession at Pura Kehen.

According to folklore, who are Ratu Bagus Yuyu Besi and Lindung Besi, they are related to Ratu Bangli. It is said that the Queen of Bangli had a daughter named Hyang Daha. She lived in Pasraman Taman Sari.

It is also said that the King of Trunyan had a son who was given the title Ratu Bagus. After they were both adults, Ratu Bagus fell in love with Hyang Daha. The two of them married and settled in Bangli. When the water of Lake Batur dried up, the King of Bangli making Crabs and Iron Lindung. After being given power by Hyang Pemayun in Kehen, his son-in-law and daughter were sent to sink the heirloom to the bottom of Lake Batur. After some time, the lake water returned to normal, the heirloom was lifted again and made sacred and carried by the entire Trunyan community.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Yuyu.png|Lintang Yuyu (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinYUYU.jpg|Lintang Yuyu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangYUYU.jpg|Lintang Rakata in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Ulungsung.jpg|Lintang Ulungsung (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) has a value of 3 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
They are rich in their life, can quickly bring fortune and money and stay young. Many have good and loyal friends. They are actually cowardly, but when provoked their emotions forget everything until regretting later, they are generous and light-handed. Unfortunately, they are very greedy when sharing profits and fortune.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Rudirarnawa (garnet), mirah (ruby)<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Tarf
| HIP 40526
| within constellation lines
| 3.52
|-
| 2
| Asellus Australis
| HIP 42911
| within constellation lines
| 3.94
|-
| 3
| ι1 Cancri
| HIP 43103
| within constellation lines
| 4.018
|-
| 4
| Acubens
| HIP 44066
| within constellation lines
| 4.249
|-
| 5
| Asellus Borealis
| HIP 42806
| within constellation lines
| 4.652
|-
| 6
| θ Cancri
| HIP 41822
| Inside the Hull
| 5.337
|-
| 7
| 27 Cnc
| HIP 41400
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 8
| 45 Cnc
| HIP 42795
| Inside the Hull
| 5.65
|-
| 9
| [AKS95] 73
| [AKS95] 73
| Inside the Hull
| 5.832
|-
| 10
| 50 Cnc
| HIP 43121
| Inside the Hull
| 5.885
|-
| 11
| 29 Cnc
| HIP 41578
| Inside the Hull
| 5.948
|-
| 12
| 21 Cnc
| HIP 41163
| Inside the Hull
| 6.08
|-
| 13
| [AKS95] 69
| [AKS95] 69
| Inside the Hull
| 6.176
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 42010
| Inside the Hull
| 6.247
|-
| 15
| Meleph
| HIP 42556
| Inside the Hull
| 6.29
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 42187
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 17
| 54 Cnc
| HIP 43454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 18
| 39 Cnc
| HIP 42516
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 42549
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 43427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 41833
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Yuyu" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Iota Cnc or HIP 43103 is in the leg which was selected because Yuyu's feet are commonly used in Banten Caru and certain Banten Sesayut ceremonies. Furthermore, the yuyu is considered an animal that embodies the concept of Nyegara-Gunung in Balinese cosmology, meaning it maintains the balance of energy and space. Therefore, it is considered a local animal that carries the energy of the land and water, making it ideal for fertility and natural balance rituals.

February 2026, the name Yuyu was adopted for the star ι Cancri ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=iota+Cnc&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Cancer]].<gallery>
File:Yuyu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Yuyu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
File:Yuyu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Yuyu stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cnc]]

Udang

2026-03-04T11:11:22Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangUDA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Udang profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Udang profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
[[File:Hudang.png|thumb|Lintang Hudang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-21311604.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Udang (a prawn), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Udang stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Udang stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Udang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of udang is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang udang means prawn constellation.<ref name=":2">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Udang plays an important role in the economic sector. The shrimps are also used in purification offerings, banten sesayut, as a symbol of cleansing and balancing the elements of the sea.

Udang is a modern star name for θ Cap.

==Etymology and History==

Udang (IPA: [ˈu.daŋ]), means shrimp.
=== Spelling Variants ===

*hudang
*urang
*makara *)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>) Interestingly, the term "[[makara]]" is from the Indian Vedic tradition, there designating an elephant-fish or crocodile-like creature. It is seen in the same area of the sky (Capricornus) but is definitely not a shrimp or crab.

=== Origin of Constellation ===
[[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of Indonesia - 2004 - Colnect 280262 - Traditional Food - Sambal udang terung pipit]]
For Balinese people, shrimp is primarily viewed as a food commodity with high economic value and a key ingredient in Balinese cuisine. Shrimp, particularly whiteleg and tiger shrimp, is a leading fishery commodity in Bali with significant economic potential. The local and central governments fully support the development of shrimp cultivation in various regions in Bali, such as Jembrana and Buleleng, to meet local and export market demand. Shrimp is considered a source of high-quality protein with health benefits. Government campaigns to promote the consumption of fish and seafood, including shrimp, are also being promoted in Bali.<ref>Susanto, Agus, "KKP Mendorong Inovasi Konsumsi Udang—Lezat, Praktis, Bernutrisi!" (2025) https://kabarnusa.com/kkp-mendorong-inovasi-konsumsi-udang-lezat-praktis-bernutrisi/</ref>

Furthermore, shrimp symbolize good fortune and fertility, which are expected to bring prosperity to the community. This is reflected in the Balinese batik art, Batik Ulamsari Mas, which depicts fish and shrimp.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":2" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Udang Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Udang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He gives "Steinbock" (Capricornus) as identification, but it is unclear whether the entire constellation is meant. ]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Pura Dalem Sempua, located in Dalung Village, North Kuta District, Badung Regency, is known as a sacred Balinese Hindu site filled with mystical aura. Anyone entering this area must strictly adhere to a number of taboos. One of them is that the entire family of the priest is also strictly prohibited from consuming shrimp. This is because the "due" (guardian of the temple area) at Pura Dalem Sempua is in the form of tailless julit fish, tailless snakehead fish, and shrimp.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hudang.png|Lintang Hudang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinUDANG.jpg|Lintang Udang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangUDA.jpg|Lintang Makara in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Urang.jpg|Lintang Urang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Initially living in poverty but in old age can find happiness, rich in gold and silver, their fortune comes quickly. They are skilled in leading so that prosperity quickly comes to their followers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (saphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Deneb Algedi
| HIP 107556
| within constellation lines
| 2.83
|-
| 2
| Dabih
| HIP 100345
| within constellation lines
| 3.08
|-
| 3
| Algedi
| HIP 100064
| within constellation lines
| 3.58
|-
| 4
| Nashira
| HIP 106985
| within constellation lines
| 3.67
|-
| 5
| ζ Capricorni
| HIP 105881
| within constellation lines
| 3.74
|-
| 6
| θ Capricorni
| HIP 104139
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 7
| ω Capricorni
| HIP 102978
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 8
| ψ Capricorni
| HIP 102485
| within constellation lines
| 4.122
|-
| 9
| ι Capricorni
| HIP 105515
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 10
| Alshat
| HIP 100310
| Inside the Hull
| 4.76
|-
| 11
| η Capricorni
| HIP 104019
| Inside the Hull
| 4.84
|-
| 12
| * Rho Cap A
| HIP 101027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.93
|-
| 13
| υ Capricorni
| HIP 101984
| Inside the Hull
| 5.1
|-
| 14
| ϕ Capricorni
| HIP 104963
| Inside the Hull
| 5.152
|-
| 15
| χ Capricorni
| HIP 104365
| Inside the Hull
| 5.316
|-
| 16
| 29 Cap
| HIP 104974
| Inside the Hull
| 5.317
|-
| 17
| 33 Cap
| HIP 105665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.366
|-
| 18
| * 14 Cap A
| HIP 101923
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 19
| 30 Cap
| HIP 105143
| Inside the Hull
| 5.383
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 105576
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 21
| 35 Cap
| HIP 105928
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 22
| 19 Cap
| HIP 103226
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 102026
| Inside the Hull
| 5.799
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 102772
| Inside the Hull
| 5.849
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 103460
| Inside the Hull
| 5.869
|-
| 26
| 17 Cap
| HIP 102487
| Inside the Hull
| 5.902
|-
| 27
| DV Aqr
| HIP 103545
| Inside the Hull
| 5.963
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 104914
| Inside the Hull
| 6.037
|-
| 29
| 21 Cap
| HIP 103703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 101221
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 101507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.116
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 104297
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 101608
| Inside the Hull
| 6.177
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 102780
| Inside the Hull
| 6.193
|-
| 35
| 27 Cap
| HIP 104452
| Inside the Hull
| 6.242
|-
| 36
| 20 Cap
| HIP 103616
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 101011
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 38
| -
| HR 7989
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Udang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Theta Capricorni (θ Cap), HIP 104139, is in the body of the shrimp. Constellation Udang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

In February 2026, the name Udang was adopted as star name for θ Cap ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tet+Cap&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Capricornus]]. <gallery>
File:Udang profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Udang profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
File:Udang stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Udang stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cap]] [[Category:Aqr]]

Tenggala

2026-03-04T11:11:06Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangTENG.jpg|thumb|Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Huluku.png|thumb|Lintang Huluku in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
Těnggala is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of těnggala is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang těnggala means a plough constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Těnggala (IPA: /təŋˈɡa.la/) is derived from Sanskrit लाङ्गल (lāṅgala), means a device pulled through the ground in order to break it open into furrows for planting (plough).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* uluku
* huluku
* wuluku
* waluku

=== Origin of Constellation ===
All the spelling variants of this constellations has one meaning, plow and plough. Bali is one of island in Indonesia that has huge area of agricultural. The tools used are very diverse and have different functions. These tools are tenggala, tetekan, singkal, penguruk, uga, and lampit.

Tenggala is also called luku. Meanwhile, lampit is called garu. The function of the tenggala is to turn the soil over so that it becomes loose. This tool consists of a singkal (a sharp piece of iron for cutting, turning and breaking up the soil and burying plant remains), tetekan (the body of the tenggala), penguruk (handle of the tenggala), and uga (or an assembly which is made of wood which is attached to the cow's neck and tied to the end of the body of the tenggala). Meanwhile, Lampit's function is to level the ground after it has been loosened using a tenggala.

==== General information ====
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125533769.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Tenggala (a plough), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]][[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 133821.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Huluku in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der Orion" which means "the Orion".]]
He also give further explanation with a specific detail (p. 148-149)<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>"So ist bei dem Pflug Orions Gürtel.....das Pflugeisen mit dem Pflug-holz der rote Betelgeuze ist eine Fusswunde des Bauers, Bellatrix ist sein Auge. Der weisse Rigel und der andere Punkt des Aussenvierecks sind die beiden Zugtiere."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "Thus, in the case of the plough Orion's belt, ...... the plough iron with the plug; the red Betelgeuse is a foot wound of the farmer, Bellatrix is his eye. The white Rigel and the other point of the outer square are the both draught animals."</blockquote>

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In the Marerepuh Ceremony or a village cleansing ceremony, Tenggala is used as one of the tools in a procession around the village and coastline. The goal is to cleanse nature physically and spiritually, creating harmony between humans, nature, and God (Tri Hita Karana). Tenggala is accompanied by a tulud (a wooden stick), gawu (a wooden broom), and other tools, then sprinkled with tirta (holy water) to cleanse the entire area.

In a special case, someone performing self-purification in the form of bayuh oton (a ritual performed on a tenggala). This depends on the person's birth date.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Huluku.png|Lintang Huluku (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinTENGGALA.jpg|Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangTENG.jpg|Lintang Tenggala in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Wuluku.jpg|Lintang Wuluku (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

==Cultural Beliefs==
===Numerology (Neptu/Urip)===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 9.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>
===Astrological Characteristics===
When they were little they were miserable and happy in their old age, all their efforts and work found goodness, they could become rich, they were clever in hiding their feelings, generous but often trapped in the desire to be selfish and hard-hearted. They were the birth of Sang Wasi Bhaya (little ones embraced by danger).<ref name=":0" />
===Matching Gemstones===
Kecubung (amethyst), cempaka (yellow sapphire), ijo rangreng (peros).<ref name=":0" />
== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Rigel
| HIP 24436
| within constellation lines
| 0.13
|-
| 2
| Betelgeuse
| HIP 27989
| within constellation lines
| 0.42
|-
| 3
| Bellatrix
| HIP 25336
| within constellation lines
| 1.64
|-
| 4
| Alnilam
| HIP 26311
| within constellation lines
| 1.69
|-
| 5
| ζ Orionis
| HIP 26727
| within constellation lines
| 1.77
|-
| 6
| Alnitak
| HIP 26727
| Inside the Hull
| 1.9
|-
| 7
| Saiph
| HIP 27366
| within constellation lines
| 2.06
|-
| 8
| Mintaka
| HIP 25930
| within constellation lines
| 2.41
|-
| 9
| NGC 1980
| NGC 1980
| Inside the Hull
| 2.5
|-
| 10
| Hatysa
| HIP 26241
| Inside the Hull
| 2.77
|-
| 11
| η Orionis
| HIP 25281
| Inside the Hull
| 3.35
|-
| 12
| τ Orionis
| HIP 24674
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 13
| * eta Ori A
| HIP 25281
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 14
| * zet Ori B
| HIP 26727
| Inside the Hull
| 3.73
|-
| 15
| σ Orionis
| HIP 26549
| Inside the Hull
| 3.79
|-
| 16
| 29 Ori
| HIP 25247
| Inside the Hull
| 4.12
|-
| 17
| 32 Ori
| HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
| 4.2
|-
| 18
| NGC 1981
| NGC 1981
| Inside the Hull
| 4.2
|-
| 19
| * 32 Ori A
| HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
| 4.46
|-
| 20
| 42 Ori
| HIP 26237
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
| 21
| ω Orionis
| HIP 26594
| Inside the Hull
| 4.59
|-
| 22
| ψ 2 Orionis
| HIP 25473
| Inside the Hull
| 4.611
|-
| 23
| υ Orionis
| HIP 25923
| Inside the Hull
| 4.63
|-
| 24
| 31 Ori
| HIP 25737
| Inside the Hull
| 4.71
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 26199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 26
| 22 Ori
| HIP 25044
| Inside the Hull
| 4.74
|-
| 27
| 56 Ori
| HIP 27750
| Inside the Hull
| 4.75
|-
| 28
| 49 Ori
| HIP 26563
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 29
| * eta Ori B
| HIP 25281
| Inside the Hull
| 4.89
|-
| 30
| 51 Ori
| HIP 26885
| Inside the Hull
| 4.9
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 26736
| Inside the Hull
| 4.95
|-
| 32
| ψ 1 Orionis
| HIP 25302
| Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 33
| 27 Ori
| HIP 25282
| Inside the Hull
| 5.072
|-
| 34
| θ 1 Orionis C
| HIP 26221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.13
|-
| 35
| 45 Ori
| HIP 26268
| Inside the Hull
| 5.234
|-
| 36
| 38 Ori
| HIP 26126
| Inside the Hull
| 5.326
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 25980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.34
|-
| 38
| VV Ori
| HIP 26063
| Inside the Hull
| 5.34
|-
| 39
| 33 Ori
| HIP 25861
| Inside the Hull
| 5.46
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 26197
| Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 25028
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 25223
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 43
| * n01 Ori A
| HIP 25861
| Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 25751
| Inside the Hull
| 5.745
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 26345
| Inside the Hull
| 5.75
|-
| 46
| * 32 Ori B
| HIP 25813
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 25708
| Inside the Hull
| 5.78
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 26108
| Inside the Hull
| 5.895
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 26762
| Inside the Hull
| 5.912
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 27253
| Inside the Hull
| 5.93
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 27560
| Inside the Hull
| 5.936
|-
| 52
| * 52 Ori A
| HIP 27386
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 26535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.96
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 26926
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 55
| -
| HIP 27435
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 26624
| Inside the Hull
| 5.974
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 27588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.976
|-
| 58
| * 52 Ori B
| HIP 27386
| Inside the Hull
| 6.01
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 26427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.024
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 27118
| Inside the Hull
| 6.089
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 25378
| Inside the Hull
| 6.144
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 25187
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 25976
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 26477
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
| 65
| CK Ori
| HIP 25785
| Inside the Hull
| 6.202
|-
| 66
| -
| HIP 25869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.208
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 26106
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 68
| -
| HIP 26713
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 25401
| Inside the Hull
| 6.233
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 26149
| Inside the Hull
| 6.251
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 25288
| Inside the Hull
| 6.297
|-
| 72
| -
| HIP 27212
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 73
| V1197 Ori
| HIP 26953
| Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 25786
| Inside the Hull
| 6.313
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 24847
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 76
| -
| HIP 25505
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 77
| -
| HR 1891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 25582
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 25667
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 80
| * tet02 Ori B
| HIP 26235
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 26257
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 82
| θ 2 Orionis
| HIP 26235
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 83
| V1377 Ori
| HIP 26263
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 84
| -
| HIP 24925
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 25368
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 26104
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 87
| -
| HR 1898
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 26020
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 89
| * sig Ori E
| HR 1932
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 25732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 91
| -
| HIP 26234
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Tenggala" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star sig Ori or HIP 26549 is in the plough inside the constellation which was selected because this is the identity of Tenggala. In Bali, Tenggala or the plough is vital to turn the soil over. Constellation Tenggala is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Ori]]

Tangis

2026-03-04T11:10:50Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangTANG.jpg|thumb|Lintang Tangis in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Herang-ngherang.png|thumb|Lintang Herang-ngherang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-2123548.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Tangis (mourning person), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Tangis is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of tangis is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang tangis means mourning woman constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Tangis (IPA: [ˈta.ŋəs])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Hěrang-nghěrang
* ngěrang-ěrang

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Tangis depicts a person crying. However, this crying is not just ordinary crying, but a feeling of deep sadness due to the loss of someone they love in death. Furthermore, the equivalent words for this lintang are Hěrang-nghěrang and ngěrang-ěrang. This type of crying refers to a cry that describes a moaning or complaint that sounds soft or painful, as if accompanied by a roar of regret and a desire to return everything to its original state. Because ěrang is basically a moan, often due to being unable to endure pain or sorrow.

==== General information ====
[[File:AlfredMaas1929_Astrologische_Kalender_der_Balinesen_ocr_IdentTab_cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix).]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice<blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß (1929) on p. 40:<blockquote>"eine weinende, trauernde Frau. Tag und Nacht sich in Sorgen befinden; - weinen, trauern (eigentlich sich schämen)." </blockquote>'''English:''' A crying, grieving woman. To be worried day and night; to cry, to mourn (actually to be ashamed).

UPTD Museum Bali mentioned that lintang Tangis is within the area of Virgo constellation.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Herang-ngherang.png|Lintang Herang-ngherang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinTANGIS.jpg|Lintang Tangis in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangTANG.jpg|Lintang Tangis in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Tangis2.jpg|Lintang Tangis (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
His life is filled with danger and threats, this is due to the many people who envy him, never ending sorrow. They behave appropriately and fairly in sharing. Have a wise mind, light-handed in helping people they know well, unfortunately they really like to interfere in other people's affairs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
All gems match.<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Spica
| HIP 65474
| within constellation lines
| 0.97
|-
| 2
| Denebola
| HIP 57632
| within constellation lines
| 2.13
|-
| 3
| Porrima
| HIP 61941
| within constellation lines
| 2.74
|-
| 4
| Vindemiatrix
| HIP 63608
| within constellation lines
| 2.79
|-
| 5
| Heze
| HIP 66249
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 6
| Minelauva
| HIP 63090
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 7
| * gam Vir B
| HR 4826
| Inside the Hull
| 3.49
|-
| 8
| Zavijava
| HIP 57757
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 9
| Zaniah
| HIP 60129
| Inside the Hull
| 3.9
|-
| 10
| ο Virginis
| HIP 58948
| Inside the Hull
| 4.12
|-
| 11
| θ Virginis
| HIP 64238
| Inside the Hull
| 4.397
|-
| 12
| π Virginis
| HIP 58590
| Inside the Hull
| 4.642
|-
| 13
| σ Virginis
| HIP 64852
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 14
| ρ Virginis
| HIP 61960
| Inside the Hull
| 4.88
|-
| 15
| 16 Vir
| HIP 60172
| Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 16
| d2 Vir
| HIP 62267
| Inside the Hull
| 5.207
|-
| 17
| 7 Vir
| HIP 58510
| Inside the Hull
| 5.345
|-
| 18
| 6 Vir
| HIP 58110
| Inside the Hull
| 5.569
|-
| 19
| 31 Vir
| HIP 61968
| Inside the Hull
| 5.573
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 62325
| Inside the Hull
| 5.65
|-
| 21
| 136 G. Vir
| HIP 65198
| Inside the Hull
| 5.687
|-
| 22
| FW Vir
| HIP 61658
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 59309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.72
|-
| 24
| 66 Vir
| HIP 65420
| Inside the Hull
| 5.749
|-
| 25
| 44 Vir
| HIP 63414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 26
| 12 Vir
| HIP 59608
| Inside the Hull
| 5.829
|-
| 27
| 65 Vir
| HIP 65323
| Inside the Hull
| 5.858
|-
| 28
| 13 Vir
| HIP 60030
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 29
| 79 G. Vir
| HIP 62103
| Inside the Hull
| 5.918
|-
| 30
| 146 G. Vir
| HIP 65545
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 31
| 37 Vir
| HIP 62757
| Inside the Hull
| 6.003
|-
| 32
| 56 G. Vir
| HIP 61103
| Inside the Hull
| 6.034
|-
| 33
| * 46 Vir A
| HIP 63494
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 34
| 38 Vir
| HIP 62875
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 35
| 27 Vir
| HIP 61937
| Inside the Hull
| 6.215
|-
| 36
| 20 Vir
| HIP 61246
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 37
| 68 G. Vir
| HIP 61637
| Inside the Hull
| 6.334
|-
| 38
| EP Vir
| HIP 62376
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 39
| 51 G. Vir
| HIP 60804
| Inside the Hull
| 6.342
|-
| 40
| 129 G. Vir
| HIP 64838
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 57779
| Inside the Hull
| 6.367
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 58809
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 43
| 35 Vir
| HIP 62443
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 44
| 150 G. Vir
| HIP 65796
| Inside the Hull
| 6.419
|-
| 45
| 91 G. Vir
| HIP 62915
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 46
| 17 Vir
| HIP 60353
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Tangis" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star gam Vir or HR 4826 is in the elbow of the person. Constellation Tangis is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Vir]] [[Category:Leo]]

Srengenge

2026-03-04T11:10:35Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangSREN.jpg|thumb|Lintang Sungenge in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Sangenge.png|thumb|Lintang Sangenge in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
Sungenge is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of srěngenge is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang srěngenge means Sun.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Sungenge (IPA: [suˈŋə.ŋə]), is balinese term for marigold tree, common sunflower and Sun.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sangenge
* sěngenge
* sungenge
* ngarang srěngenge
* matahari
* matan ai
* matanai
[[File:Kembang-matahari-liar.jpg|thumb|Tree marigold/Kapitan (Tithonia diversiflora), CC-BY Ni Made Sriandani.]]
[[File:Hasil 6 Varietas Bunga Matahari (Helianthus annus L.).jpg|thumb|Results of 6 Varieties of Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the Alahan Panjang Plateau<ref>Ramadhan,Nugraha, Martinsyah,Rachmad Hersi, & Jamsari, "Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus Annus L.) on Recent Field in Upland of Alahan Panjang" Jurnal Galung Tropika, (2022) Vol. 11 No. 1, 45-52 https://doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v11i1.870</ref>, CC-BY Nugraha Ramadhan, Rachmad Hersi Martinsyah, Jamsari.]]

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Sungenge is the name of a flower, Kembang Sungenge, which refers to the Kipahit, the Tree Marigold (Tithonia diversiflora). This type of flower grows wild and relies solely on nature for its growth. The appearance of this flower is truly captivating, especially in the morning when the sun rises above the crown. It does resemble the sun.<ref>Andani, Ni Made Sri, "Bunga Matahari Liar: Cemerlangnya Si Kembang Tegalan." (2011) https://nimadesriandani.wordpress.com/2011/09/24/bunga-matahari-liar-cemerlangnya-si-kembang-tegalan/#more-2069 </ref> However, in the Centhini series, Kembang Sungenge also refers to the common sunflower (Helianthus annuus).<ref>Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia, "SERIAL THE POWER OF OBAT ASLI INDONESIA: RAMUAN OBAT TRADISIONAL INDONESIA SERAT CENTHINI, BUKU JAMPI DAN KITAB TIBB" (2016) https://api.minio.jatimprov.go.id/dinkes-mmb/ebooks/Serat%20CenthinI.pdf</ref> This type of flower is used in traditional medicine throughout Indonesia. Although both flowers belong to the same family, Asteraceae, they have distinct morphologies.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Characteristics
!Helianthus annuus (Common Sunflower)
!Tithonia diversiflora (Mexican Sunflower/Kipahit/Tree Marigold)
|-
|Plant Type
|Annual herb (generally grows from seed every year)
|Perennial upright shrub (woody and lives for many years)
|-
|Height
|Generally reaches 1.5 - 3 meters.
|Can grow taller, up to approximately 5 meters, making it widely used by farmers as a fence to prevent pests and diseases from entering fields.
|-
|Leaves
|Oval to heart-shaped, covered with coarse hairs, and generally unlobed in cultivated varieties.
|Leaves are alternate, often with 3-7 pointed lobes (cage-shaped), with serrated edges.
|-
|Flower Center
|The flower disc (center) is orange-brown to dark brown.
|The flower disc is bright yellow or orange.
|-
|Flower Arrangement
|Cultivated varieties typically have a single large flower head at the end of the stem, while wild varieties may branch.
|Inflorescences are compound, often appearing at the tips of twigs and on long stalks, with multiple flower heads per plant. The flowers are medium-sized, with 7 to 13 petals surrounding hundreds of stamens.
|-
|Native Habitat
|Native to the western United States, Canada, and northern Mexico
|Native to Mexico and Central America
|}
In short, cultivated H. annuus is better known as a single herbaceous plant with very large flowers, while T. diversiflora is a taller woody shrub with numerous smaller flowers and lobed leaves.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 140905.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Sangenge in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He metioned "die Sonne" which means "the Sun".]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In art, Kembang Sungenge are often depicted as motifs in temple carvings, songket, and endek. Furthermore, the leaves of the sungenge flower (kipahit/wild sunflower) are used as an ingredient in making botanical pesticides, along with lemongrass and galangal.<ref>Dinas Pertanian, "Temu Teknis Inovasi Pertanian Tingkat Provinsi Bali "Teknologi Budidaya, Panen, Pasca Panen, dan Pengolahan Bawang Merah " BPP Abiansemal." (2019) https://distan.bulelengkab.go.id/informasi/detail/berita/temu-teknis-inovasi-pertanian-tingkat-provinsi-bali-teknologi-budidaya-panen-pasca-panen-dan-pengolahan-bawang-merah-bpp-abiansemal-99</ref>

In the Bungaya Traditional Village community in Karangasem Regency, Kembang Sungenge are used to make "sumbu" in the Usaba Sumbu ceremony, held annually during ''Sasih Sada'' (the tenth month of the Balinese calendar). This is because Kembang Sungenge are known as symbols of the Sun God.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Sangenge.png|Lintang Sangenge (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinSUNGENGE.jpg|Lintang Sungenge in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangSREN.jpg|Lintang Sungenge in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Aran Sungenge.jpg|Lintang Aran Sungenge (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Not dying from a serious illness, can live to old age, long life, loved by great and powerful people. But unfortunately, they like to show off and elevate themselves so that many people are annoyed by it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Cempaka (yellow sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese realize that the Sun is a star, so they refer to the Sun as lintang Srěngenge.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sun]]

Sidamalung

2026-03-04T11:10:19Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangSIDA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Sidamalung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Sidamalung.png|thumb|Lintang Sidamalung in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212252616.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Sidamalung (a pig), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Sidamalung is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of sidamalung is found in intersection of Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang sidamalung means pig constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Sidamalung (IPA: [ˈsi.da.ma.luŋ]) means pig.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* tjeleng (old spelling)
* celeng (enhanced spelling)

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Sidamalung are animals that have very important virtues, both spiritually and socio-economically, for the Balinese Hindu community. Pigs are animals that are almost always present in various traditional and religious ceremonies, such as odalan, ngaben, and usaba. Pork, especially in the form of roast pig, is considered a worthy offering to the gods and ancestors. This offering is a symbol of sacrifice and gratitude to God. In this context, pigs are not just livestock, but a spiritual medium that connects humans with nature and the illusory world. Pigs are also a source of livelihood for many Balinese families. Pork-based dishes such as lawar, komoh, and roast pig have become icons of Balinese cuisine. This strengthens cultural identity and becomes a unique culinary tourism attraction.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 134346.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Sidamalung in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned that this lintang is related to naksatra Mrgaciras and they are lambda, phi1 and phi2 Orionis.]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Barong Bangkung / Barong Bangkal ===
In addition to Leak, Barong is another Balinese mythological creature that is also quite popular. Although it looks scary, Barong is a symbol of virtue and is considered the leader of the army of good. He is also a spiritual protector for the Balinese people. They believe that Barong can increase the aura of positive energy for humans.

This creature is often depicted in the form of various animals, such as lions, tigers, elephants, wild boars, or dogs. In many art performances, such as the Barongan and Calonarang dances, this figure often appears against Rangda, the leader of the evil army. The well known barong is barong bangkal and barong bangkung. In Balinese mythology, “bangkal” is an old wild boar that has power. Meanwhile, “bangkung” refers to the female. This Barong is a pig with velvet cloth. Usually, the shape of Barong Bangkal and Barong Bangkung will be created by the local community, then paraded on Galungan and Kuningan Day.

=== Ngusaba guling / sumbu ===
This ritual is offering a roast pig (babi guling) at the temple. Usually, each family gives a pig offering. According to ancient records of the Timbrah traditional village, this village was built by Hyang I Tuduh. Hyang I Tuduh was the one who created the village with Mahayunan Mamuji Celeng (pig). Mahayunan comes from the word "Ayunan" which means peace. Mamuji has the root word "muji" which means desire. and Celeng, which takes from the word "ling" or words. so this village was created based on words that bring peace. I Hyang Tuduh gave birth to four pigs named I Tabu, I Tumtum, I Jenek and I Sari. These pigs are believed to have built the life system of this village. Based on the village's awig-awig, the community considers pigs to be something that is very much liked by their god. so that pigs become one of the offerings for the gods in order to provide many blessings for the village community.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Sidamalung.png|Lintang Sidamalung (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinSIDAMALUNG.jpg|Lintang Sidamalung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangSIDA.jpg|Lintang Sidamalung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sidamalung2.jpg|Lintang Sidamalung (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) has a value of 3 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Appear appropriate and good, but in marriage can be widowed or widowed, be careful when going to the rice fields, as all activities find bad luck, often confused. They are friendly and good at pleasing people. Unfortunately, they often look for and dig up people's mistakes.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri Bulan (moon stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Cl Collinder 69
| Cl Collinder 69
| Inside the Hull
| 2.8
|-
| 2
| Meissa
| HIP 26207
| within constellation lines
| 3.47
|-
| 3
| ϕ 2 Orionis
| HIP 26366
| within constellation lines
| 4.09
|-
| 4
| ϕ 1 Orionis
| HIP 26176
| within constellation lines
| 4.41
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Sidamalung" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star phi01 Ori or HIP 26176 is in the snout of the pig. Sidamalung is often used as one of many requirement of Hindu's ceremony like Penampahan Galungan Kuningan. Constellation Sidamalung is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Ori]]

Sangkal Tikel

2026-03-04T11:10:04Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangSATI.jpg|thumb|Lintang Sangkal Tikel in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)]]
[[File:Sangkal Tikel.png|thumb|Lintang Sangkal Tikel in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212708335.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Sangkal Tikěl (a broken hoe), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Sangkal Tikěl is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of sangkal tikěl is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang sangkal tikěl means a broken hoe constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Sangkal Tikěl (IPA: [saŋ.kəˈti.kəl])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* sangka tikěl

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Sangkal Tikěl is a broken hoe. Sangkal is a frame for tools containing a blade (e.g. plane, razor). A hoe is a rectangular tool made of wood, with a hole for a knife, and a handle. It is used to smooth wooden building materials. The various types of hoe are:<ref>Tim penyusun. Kamus Budaya Bali. 2016, Balai Bahasa Bali https://repositori.kemendikdasmen.go.id/16216/1/Kamus Budaya Bali 2016.pdf</ref>

* Sangkal Pamiring: a hoe used to smooth wood that is difficult to smooth with a regular hoe.
* Sangkal Pangedong: a hoe used to smooth decorative grooves in wooden terraces.
* Sangkal Yuyu: a hoe made of iron, with an iron handle, shaped like a crab, used to smooth wood that is difficult to smooth with a regular hoe.

But Sangkal for this constellation is a hoe, a tool for Balinese farmers to cultivate the land, dig, level the land, and clear weeds in rice fields and gardens, especially in narrow areas that do not allow the use of heavy machinery.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 130538.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Sangkal Tikel in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned this lintang is related to Mula constellation from Naksatra. There are also the star list of scorpionis.]]

Maaß (1929) p. 140: <blockquote>"sangkal tikel, gebrochener Hobel; - sangal tikel; - ein Mann, dem beim Fällen eines Baumes der Stiel seines Beiles bricht."</blockquote>'''English''': sangkal tikel, broken plane; - sangal tikel; - a man whose axe handle breaks while felling a tree.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Sangkal for Balinese people is a practical tool that is vital for their agriculture, as well as holding deep cultural meaning as a symbol of work, tradition, and the harmonious relationship between humans and nature (the concept of Pabelasan in Tri Hita Karana).

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Sangkal Tikel.png|Lintang Sangkal Tikel (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinSANGKALTIKEL.jpg|Lintang Sangkal Tikel in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangSATI.jpg|Lintang Sangkal Tikel in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sangkalatikel.jpg|Lintang Sangkalatikel (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
All their actions bring danger, often plagued by sadness, have thoughts that are always changing, stealing and have difficulty finding happiness in their lives. They have noble ideals, are easy to get along with and are liked by many people. They like to be praised and like to interfere in other people's affairs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Ijo Ireng (Peros).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Antares
| HIP 80763
| Inside the Hull
| 0.91
|-
| 2
| Shaula
| HIP 85927
| within constellation lines
| 1.63
|-
| 3
| Larawag
| HIP 82396
| within constellation lines
| 2.29
|-
| 4
| κ Scorpii
| HIP 86670
| within constellation lines
| 2.386
|-
| 5
| [SC96] Mis 162
| [SC96] Mis 162
| Inside the Hull
| 2.51
|-
| 6
| Lesath
| HIP 85696
| within constellation lines
| 2.65
|-
| 7
| Paikauhale
| HIP 81266
| Inside the Hull
| 2.81
|-
| 8
| Xamidimura
| HIP 82514
| within constellation lines
| 2.98
|-
| 9
| ι 1 Scorpii
| HIP 87073
| within constellation lines
| 2.992
|-
| 10
| η Scorpii
| HIP 84143
| within constellation lines
| 3.33
|-
| 11
| Pipirima
| HIP 82545
| Inside the Hull
| 3.542
|-
| 12
| Jabbah
| HIP 79374
| Inside the Hull
| 4
|-
| 13
| Q Sco
| HIP 86170
| Inside the Hull
| 4.267
|-
| 14
| Jabbah
| HIP 79374
| within constellation lines
| 4.349
|-
| 15
| ρ Ophiuchi
| HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 4.63
|-
| 16
| 22 Sco
| HIP 80815
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 17
| V1073 Sco
| HIP 83574
| Inside the Hull
| 4.87
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 83336
| Inside the Hull
| 5.01
|-
| 19
| * rho Oph A
| HIP 80473
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
| 20
| * alf Sco B
| HD 148479
| Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
| 21
| 27 Sco
| HIP 82960
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 84401
| Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
| 23
| -
| HIP 84150
| Inside the Hull
| 5.655
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 81741
| Inside the Hull
| 5.836
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 85889
| Inside the Hull
| 5.838
|-
| 26
| Gliese 667 A
| HIP 84709
| Inside the Hull
| 5.89
|-
| 27
| V923 Sco
| HIP 83491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.902
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 85048
| Inside the Hull
| 5.914
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 83235
| Inside the Hull
| 5.934
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 84425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 83693
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 81992
| Inside the Hull
| 5.982
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 85543
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 83100
| Inside the Hull
| 6.048
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 80910
| Inside the Hull
| 6.081
|-
| 36
| RR Sco
| HIP 82912
| Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 84489
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 83706
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 82453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 86246
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 84151
| Inside the Hull
| 6.285
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 82855
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 82731
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 44
| [SC96] Mis 201
| [SC96] Mis 201
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 45
| -
| HR 6426
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 85019
| Inside the Hull
| 6.419
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 84332
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 85020
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|-
| 50
| [SC96] GC 33
| [SC96] GC 33
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Sangkatikel" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star kap Sco or HIP 86670 is in the axe tip. Constellation Bade is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sco]] [[Category:Oph]] [[Category:Sgr]]

Salah Ukur

2026-03-04T11:09:49Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangSALU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Salah Ukur in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Salah hukur.png|thumb|Lintang Salah Hukur in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212725463.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Salah Ukur (error measurement), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Salah Ukur is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of salah ukur is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang salah ukur means error measurement constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Salah Ukur (IPA:[ˈsa.lah ˈu.kur])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* salah hukur

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Salah ukur is depicted as a person holding a keris and attempting to defeat an animal or enemy larger than themselves. This implies a measurement or calculation error. Another interpretation is that this star depicts a fight between two people due to a misunderstanding resulting in incorrect measurements or perception.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 130623.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Salah Ukur in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned this lintang is related to Wicakha constellation from Naksatra list, and gave the star list.]]
Maaß (1929), p. 141:<blockquote>salah hukur (sich irren); - salah ukur; - ein mit einem Kriss bewaffneter Mann, der mit einem grossen Tier kämpft.</blockquote>'''English:''' salah hukur (to be mistaken); - salah ukur; - a man armed with a kriss fighting a large animal.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Salah hukur.png|Lintang Salah Hukur (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinSALAHUKUR.jpg|Lintang Salah Ukur in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangSALU.jpg|Lintang Salah Ukur in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sala Ukur.jpg|Lintang Sala Ukur (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 17.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
often involved in quarrels, confused because of having a low quality of life, having many problems. They are strong-willed in pursuing knowledge of the spiritual world. Unfortunately, they often harass and insult people, until the danger comes from people who are hurt by it.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Mirah (moon stone), Kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Zubeneschamali
| HIP 74785
| within constellation lines
| 2.62
|-
| 2
| Zubenelgenubi
| HIP 72622
| within constellation lines
| 2.75
|-
| 3
| Brachium
| HIP 73714
| within constellation lines
| 3.21
|-
| 4
| υ Librae
| HIP 76470
| within constellation lines
| 3.589
|-
| 5
| Zubenelhakrabi
| HIP 76333
| within constellation lines
| 3.91
|-
| 6
| θ Librae
| HIP 77853
| within constellation lines
| 4.16
|-
| 7
| ι 1 Librae
| HIP 74392
| Inside the Hull
| 4.54
|-
| 8
| κ Librae
| HIP 76880
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 9
| 42 Lib
| HIP 76742
| Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 10
| ν Librae
| HIP 73945
| Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
| 11
| 41 Lib
| HIP 76628
| Inside the Hull
| 5.359
|-
| 12
| η Librae
| HIP 77060
| Inside the Hull
| 5.412
|-
| 13
| ζ 4 Librae
| HIP 76126
| Inside the Hull
| 5.499
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 74732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.506
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 76106
| Inside the Hull
| 5.52
|-
| 16
| ζ 1 Librae
| HIP 75730
| Inside the Hull
| 5.626
|-
| 17
| -
| HIP 75352
| Inside the Hull
| 5.716
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 76532
| Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
| 19
| ζ 3 Librae
| HIP 75944
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 76569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.816
|-
| 21
| ι 2 Librae
| HIP 74493
| Inside the Hull
| 6.066
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 73927
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 23
| ο Librae
| HIP 75118
| Inside the Hull
| 6.143
|-
| 24
| 28 Lib
| HIP 75110
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 25
| 26 Lib
| HIP 74600
| Inside the Hull
| 6.172
|-
| 26
| -
| HIP 75939
| Inside the Hull
| 6.194
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 76503
| Inside the Hull
| 6.194
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 76033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 77007
| Inside the Hull
| 6.295
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 76666
| Inside the Hull
| 6.322
|-
| 31
| 22 Lib
| HIP 73953
| Inside the Hull
| 6.404
|-
| 32
| 23 Lib
| HIP 74500
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 74490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 34
| 30 Lib
| HIP 75294
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 74391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Salahukur" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star ups Lib or HIP 76470 is in the leg of one of the man. Constellation Salahukur is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Lib]]

Ru

2026-03-04T11:09:33Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangRU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Ru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Hru.png|thumb|Lintang Hru in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213134109.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Ru (an arrow), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Ru is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of ru is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang ru means arrow constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Ru (IPA:[ˈrhu]) means arrow.
=== Spelling Variants ===

* hru
* panah
* jurit mati
* kapěrang
* panah rhu
* sajaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Ru is a variant word for arrow used in ancient texts. Ru is an arrow with a typical metal tip that possesses great destructive power. This concept was brought to Bali from Indian literature, such as the Arjunawiwaha text, the Ramayana, and so on. In Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata epic, arrows have various shapes and different names. Many of them indicate various types of arrowheads.<ref>Jákl, JiŘí (2025) "Archery and target-shooting in pre-Islamic Java; What can be known?," Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia: Vol. 26: No. 3, Article 8. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v26i3.1895</ref>

In the Sarasamuscaya Sloka 120, evil is analogized to an arrow:<ref>Tirta, I Made Danu, "Wacika Parisudha : Membangun Hita Melalui Kata", Ditjen BIMAS Hindu Kementrian Agama RI (2023) https://bimashindu.kemenag.go.id/video/wacika-parisudha-membangun-hita-melalui-kata</ref><blockquote>“Ikang ujar ahala-tan pahi lawan hru, songkabnya sakatempuhan denya juga alara, resep ri hati, tatankenengpanhan turu ring rahina wengi ikang wwang denya, matangnyat, tan inujaraken ika de sang dhira purusa, sang ahning maneb manah nira”.</blockquote>Translation:

"Words that contain evil intentions are no different from arrows, which are released; everything they hit hurts; these words sink into the heart, making it impossible to eat or sleep during the day and night, therefore these words are not spoken by people who are virtuous and powerful, nor by people who remain pure in heart."

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

In UPTD Museum Bali, they mentioned that lintang Ru is within the Aquila constellation and having intersection that created arrow and bow.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Hru types in old manuscript ===
Some of manuscript mentioned arrow as hru:

==== Rāmāyaṇa 9.78 ====
God Indra is said to be afraid of sharp arrows (hrūnya tīkṣṇa) shot by Rāvaṇa’s giant archers.

==== Rāmāyaṇa 20.54; Arjunavivāha 8.11 ====
An arrow as big as mountain (hrū vuṅkal savukir).

==== Arjunavivāha 8.14 ====
Name for the 'Destroyer Arrow' (hrū sambartaka).

==== Arjunavivāha 9.1 ====
An arrow with the head of a snake is shot to Arjuna by Rudra God.

==== Sumanasāntaka 150.1 ====
The arrows shot by the king of Magadha are represented as "mountains, feathered with blazing blades" (hrū-arrows)

==== Sumanasāntaka 151.1 ====
King Aṅga charges his arrows (hrū) with mantras to fire all kinds of divine missiles.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hru.png|Lintang Hru (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinRU.jpg|Lintang Panah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:LintangRU.jpg|Lintang Ru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sayaka.jpg|Lintang Sayaka (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 18.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Respected by people and they have many servants. Loved by great and influential people. Do not be a soldier, avoid physical combat (fighting) and avoid the battlefield. Easily angered but quickly calm down, easily regret and they are forgiving and kind although a bit greedy.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kecubung (amethyst), Biduri Bulan (Moon stone), mirah (ruby).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Altair
| HIP 97649
| within constellation lines
| 0.76
|-
| 2
| Tarazed
| HIP 97278
| within constellation lines
| 2.72
|-
| 3
| Okab
| HIP 93747
| within constellation lines
| 2.99
|-
| 4
| Antinous
| HIP 99473
| within constellation lines
| 3.22
|-
| 5
| δ Aquilae
| HIP 95501
| within constellation lines
| 3.36
|-
| 6
| λ Aquilae
| HIP 93805
| within constellation lines
| 3.43
|-
| 7
| Alshain
| HIP 98036
| Inside the Hull
| 3.71
|-
| 8
| η Aquilae
| HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
| 9
| ι Aquilae
| HIP 96468
| Inside the Hull
| 4.36
|-
| 10
| μ Aquilae
| HIP 96229
| Inside the Hull
| 4.45
|-
| 11
| ν Aquilae
| HIP 95585
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 12
| 36 Aql
| HIP 95937
| Inside the Hull
| 5.03
|-
| 13
| 18 Aql
| HIP 93867
| Inside the Hull
| 5.086
|-
| 14
| 21 Aql
| HIP 94477
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 95447
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 16
| σ Aquilae
| HIP 96665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.17
|-
| 17
| 19 Aql
| HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
| 18
| 23 Aql
| HIP 94885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 19
| ω 1 Aquilae
| HIP 94834
| Inside the Hull
| 5.283
|-
| 20
| 27 Aql
| HIP 95073
| Inside the Hull
| 5.451
|-
| 21
| 28 Aql
| HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
| 22
| 22 Aql
| HIP 94727
| Inside the Hull
| 5.569
|-
| 23
| 58 Aql
| HIP 97980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 24
| 45 Aql
| HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
| 5.637
|-
| 25
| 62 Aql
| HIP 98844
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 26
| 35 Aql
| HIP 95793
| Inside the Hull
| 5.783
|-
| 27
| 42 G. Aql
| HIP 95222
| Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
| 28
| 49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.839
|-
| 29
| υ Aquilae
| HIP 97229
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 30
| 64 Aql
| HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.968
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 96481
| Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
| 32
| ω 2 Aquilae
| HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 95898
| Inside the Hull
| 6.042
|-
| 34
| V923 Aql
| HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
| 6.082
|-
| 35
| R Aql
| HIP 93820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
| 36
| 34 G. Aql
| HIP 94833
| Inside the Hull
| 6.174
|-
| 37
| 101 G. Aql
| HIP 98385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
| 38
| 52 G. Aql
| HIP 95812
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
| 39
| 37 G. Aql
| HIP 94916
| Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
| 40
| 25 G. Aql
| HIP 94149
| Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
| 41
| 44 G. Aql
| HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 42
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
| Inside the Hull
| 6.358
|-
| 43
| 61 G. Aql
| HIP 96351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 44
| 24 Aql
| HIP 94913
| Inside the Hull
| 6.404
|-
| 45
| 75 G. Aql
| HIP 97144
| Inside the Hull
| 6.428
|-
| 46
| V1339 Aql
| HIP 97607
| Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
| 47
| V450 Aql
| HIP 96204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 94478
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 93990
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Hru" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star eta Aql or HIP 97804 is in the bow string. Constellation Hru is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Aql]]

Rebut Utang

2026-03-04T11:09:14Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangMAGE.jpg|thumb|Lintang Rabut Utang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Rebut Hutang.png|thumb|Lintang Rebut Hutang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213030574.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Rěbut Utang (fighting over debt), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Rěbut Utang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of rěbut utang is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang rěbut utang means fighting over debt constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Magělut (IPA: [maˈɡə.lut])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Rěbut hutang
* Měngrabut untang
* magělut
* Gělut hutang

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Magělut is a Balinese term with many meanings, including embracing, putting arms on each other's shoulders, including, joining together, uniting to do something, clinching (boxing), and wrestling. In palelintangan, Magelut depicts people fighting over a debt.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Rebut Hutang.png|Lintang Rebut Hutang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinMAGELUT.jpg|Lintang Magelut in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangMAGE.jpg|Lintang Rabut Utang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Glut Utang.jpg|Lintang Glut Utang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 10.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
As if they don't care about various problems, the danger comes from sharp weapons and always demands in their lives. Avoid owing to anyone because your troubles arise because of debt. When you can, don't owe even the smallest amount, then success will be obtained. They are honest in their lives, like to help people who are miserable, hard-hearted to the point of not wanting to be denied any of their opinions.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Nari Gangga (Chrysoberyl cat's eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Vega
| HIP 91262
| within constellation lines
| 0.03
|-
| 2
| Sadr
| HIP 100453
| within constellation lines
| 2.23
|-
| 3
| Eltanin
| HIP 87833
| within constellation lines
| 2.23
|-
| 4
| R Lyr
| HIP 92862
| Inside the Hull
| 4
|-
| 5
| * eps01 Lyr A
| HIP 91919
| Inside the Hull
| 4.991
|-
| 6
| -
| HIP 89981
| Inside the Hull
| 5.05
|-
| 7
| * eps02 Lyr A
| HIP 91926
| Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
| 8
| -
| HIP 99968
| Inside the Hull
| 5.236
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 96288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.336
|-
| 10
| * eps02 Lyr B
| HIP 91926
| Inside the Hull
| 5.35
|-
| 11
| 14 Cyg
| HIP 96693
| Inside the Hull
| 5.4
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 92831
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 13
| -
| HIP 98194
| Inside the Hull
| 5.455
|-
| 14
| V380 Cyg
| HIP 97634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 97081
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 95352
| Inside the Hull
| 5.853
|-
| 17
| XY Lyr
| HIP 91373
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 92098
| Inside the Hull
| 6.051
|-
| 19
| * eps01 Lyr B
| HIP 91919
| Inside the Hull
| 6.062
|-
| 20
| -
| HIP 96805
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 94280
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 22
| V543 Lyr
| HIP 93177
| Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
| 23
| V533 Lyr
| HIP 91250
| Inside the Hull
| 6.211
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 96907
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 91491
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 26
| -
| HIP 92599
| Inside the Hull
| 6.269
|-
| 27
| V973 Cyg
| HIP 97151
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 93210
| Inside the Hull
| 6.403
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 91820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 30
| V550 Lyr
| HIP 93808
| Inside the Hull
| 6.496
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 88754
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Her]] [[Category:Dra]] [[Category:Lyr]] [[Category:Cyg]]

Puwuh Atarung

2026-03-04T11:08:58Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangPUAT.jpg|thumb|Lintang Puh Taru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Puhuh Hataru.png|thumb|Lintang Puhuh Hataru in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213252238.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Puwuh Atarung (battling quails), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Puwuh Atarung is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of puwuh atarung is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang puwuh atarung means battling quails constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Puwuh Atatung (IPA: [ˈpu.wuh aˈta.ruŋ])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Puhuh hataru
* Puhuh tarung
* Pujuh tarung
* Pawuh atarung

=== Origin of Constellation ===
This lintang depicts fighting quails. For the Balinese, puwuh is a crucial poultry source of nutritious animal protein (meat and eggs) and is economically profitable due to its high production, relatively low capital requirements, and rapid growth. It is widely promoted by various parties, such as universities, for rural business development.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 135830.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Puhuh Hataru in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned this lintang is related to the Revati constellation from Naksatra.]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Puhuh Hataru.png|Lintang Puhuh Hataru (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinPUWUHATARUNG.jpg|Lintang Puwuh Taru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangPUAT.jpg|Lintang Puh Taru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Puyu Atarung.jpg|Lintang Puyu Atarung (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often quarrel but they have many servants, if they have a family, one of them can die. Many talk often argue. They are quickly amazed by what they see sometimes beyond their abilities. They often have feelings of envy towards others and are often jealous for no reason.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Nari Gangga (chrysoberyl cat eye), Osadi (zambrut /emerald).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alpherg
| HIP 7097
| within constellation lines
| 3.62
|-
| 2
| γ Piscium
| HIP 114971
| within constellation lines
| 3.7
|-
| 3
| * ome Psc
| HIP 118268
| Inside the Hull
| 4.02
|-
| 4
| ι Piscium
| HIP 116771
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 5
| Torcular
| HIP 8198
| within constellation lines
| 4.26
|-
| 6
| ϵ Piscium
| HIP 4906
| within constellation lines
| 4.28
|-
| 7
| θ Piscium
| HIP 115830
| within constellation lines
| 4.3
|-
| 8
| ν Piscium
| HIP 7884
| within constellation lines
| 4.44
|-
| 9
| δ Piscium
| HIP 3786
| within constellation lines
| 4.44
|-
| 10
| λ Piscium
| HIP 116928
| within constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
| 11
| ξ Piscium
| HIP 8833
| within constellation lines
| 4.604
|-
| 12
| χ Piscium
| HIP 5571
| within constellation lines
| 4.658
|-
| 13
| ϕ Piscium
| HIP 5742
| within constellation lines
| 4.66
|-
| 14
| υ Piscium
| HIP 6193
| within constellation lines
| 4.748
|-
| 15
| μ Piscium
| HIP 7007
| within constellation lines
| 4.84
|-
| 16
| κ Piscium
| HIP 115738
| within constellation lines
| 4.94
|-
| 17
| 19 Psc
| HIP 117245
| Inside the Hull
| 5.02
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 3810
| Inside the Hull
| 5.04
|-
| 19
| * alf Psc B
| HIP 9487
| within constellation lines
| 5.135
|-
| 20
| 89 Psc
| HIP 6061
| Inside the Hull
| 5.137
|-
| 21
| Revati
| HIP 5737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.19
|-
| 22
| ψ 1 Piscium A
| HIP 5131
| Inside the Hull
| 5.273
|-
| 23
| 82 Peg
| HIP 117730
| Inside the Hull
| 5.3
|-
| 24
| ρ Piscium
| HIP 6706
| Inside the Hull
| 5.344
|-
| 25
| 41 Psc
| HIP 1645
| Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
| 26
| 57 Psc
| HIP 3632
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 27
| ψ 1 Piscium B
| HIP 5132
| Inside the Hull
| 5.455
|-
| 28
| 94 Psc
| HIP 6732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.495
|-
| 29
| 80 Psc
| HIP 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 5.501
|-
| 30
| 58 Psc
| HIP 3675
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 31
| 34 Psc
| HIP 813
| Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
| 32
| π Piscium
| HIP 7535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.535
|-
| 33
| 86 Peg
| HIP 476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.537
|-
| 34
| 22 Psc
| HIP 117683
| Inside the Hull
| 5.554
|-
| 35
| ψ 3 Piscium
| HIP 5454
| Inside the Hull
| 5.562
|-
| 36
| ψ 2 Piscium
| HIP 5310
| Inside the Hull
| 5.563
|-
| 37
| 72 Psc
| HIP 5081
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 38
| 51 Psc
| HIP 2548
| Inside the Hull
| 5.679
|-
| 39
| 16 Psc
| HIP 116495
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 40
| 32 Psc
| HIP 194
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 3765
| Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
| 42
| 44 Psc
| HIP 2006
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
| 43
| 80 Peg
| HIP 117628
| Inside the Hull
| 5.78
|-
| 44
| 66 Psc
| HIP 4267
| Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 5494
| Inside the Hull
| 5.797
|-
| 46
| 53 Psc
| HIP 2903
| Inside the Hull
| 5.863
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 9353
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 48
| 40 G. Psc
| HIP 116918
| Inside the Hull
| 5.891
|-
| 49
| 131 G. Psc
| HIP 8404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.904
|-
| 50
| 62 Psc
| HIP 3760
| Inside the Hull
| 5.912
|-
| 51
| 33 Cet
| HIP 5510
| Inside the Hull
| 5.942
|-
| 52
| -
| HIP 7447
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 53
| 60 Psc
| HIP 3697
| Inside the Hull
| 5.961
|-
| 54
| 87 Psc
| HIP 5778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.962
|-
| 55
| -
| HIP 6492
| Inside the Hull
| 5.971
|-
| 56
| 73 Psc
| HIP 5074
| Inside the Hull
| 6.007
|-
| 57
| 35 Psc
| HIP 1196
| Inside the Hull
| 6.01
|-
| 58
| 88 Psc
| HIP 5824
| Inside the Hull
| 6.022
|-
| 59
| 97 Psc
| HIP 6981
| Inside the Hull
| 6.023
|-
| 60
| 48 Psc
| HIP 2224
| Inside the Hull
| 6.039
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 2235
| Inside the Hull
| 6.04
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 5483
| Inside the Hull
| 6.043
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 1465
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 64
| ζ Piscium B
| HIP 5743
| Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
| 65
| 59 Psc
| HIP 3685
| Inside the Hull
| 6.101
|-
| 66
| 36 Psc
| HIP 1319
| Inside the Hull
| 6.121
|-
| 67
| * 66 Psc A
| HIP 4267
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 68
| WW Psc
| HIP 4655
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 69
| 75 Psc
| HIP 5204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.144
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 6669
| Inside the Hull
| 6.187
|-
| 71
| 26 Psc
| HIP 117927
| Inside the Hull
| 6.209
|-
| 72
| 118 G. Psc
| HIP 6868
| Inside the Hull
| 6.214
|-
| 73
| 101 Psc
| HIP 7436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.219
|-
| 74
| 42 Psc
| HIP 1772
| Inside the Hull
| 6.24
|-
| 75
| 25 Psc
| HIP 117774
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 76
| -
| HIP 4520
| Inside the Hull
| 6.283
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 2832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 78
| 31 Psc
| HIP 186
| Inside the Hull
| 6.325
|-
| 79
| -
| HD 9496A
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 5141
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 81
| 124 G. Psc
| HIP 7819
| Inside the Hull
| 6.345
|-
| 82
| 98 G. Psc
| HIP 3992
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 2734
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 84
| 92 G. Psc
| HIP 2954
| Inside the Hull
| 6.407
|-
| 85
| CY Psc
| HIP 7505
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 8210
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 87
| -
| HIP 2178
| Inside the Hull
| 6.432
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 6714
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 4382
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 90
| 45 G. Psc
| HIP 117445
| Inside the Hull
| 6.457
|-
| 91
| 43 Psc
| HIP 1948
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 4558
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 1339
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 94
| 112 G. Psc
| HIP 5575
| Inside the Hull
| 6.493
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 2358
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 96
| -
| HIP 3730
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 3236
| Inside the Hull
| 6.51
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 5646
| Inside the Hull
| 6.54
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Puwuhatarung" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star gam Psc or HIP 114971 is in the tail of the quail. Constellation Puwuhatarung is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Psc]] [[Category:Peg]] [[Category:Cet]]

Prau Pegat

2026-03-04T11:08:43Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangPGAT.jpg|thumb|Lintang Praha Pgat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Banawahpasah.png|thumb|Lintang Banawahpasah in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213004605.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Prau Pěgat (broken ship), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Prau Pěgat is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of prau pěgat is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang prau pěgat means broken ship constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Prau Pegat (IPA: [ˈpra.u ˈpə.ɡat])
=== Spelling Variants ===

* Banawah pasaj
* Prawu p’gat
* Pěrahu pěgat
* Pěrahu pěcah

=== Origin of Constellation ===

This lintang depicts a boat that has broken or split in two.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 143251.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Banawah Pasah in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned this lintang is related to Naksatra of Uttara Asadha which is consist of two stars of Sagittae.]]

Maaß (1929), p. 142: <blockquote>banawallpasah; - prawu p'gat; ein leckgewordenes Schiff.</blockquote>'''English:''' banawallpasah; - prawu p'gat; a ship that has sprung a leak.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In the depiction of the Kerta Gosa, perahu pegat is depicted as a foreign (Japanese) ship that was split in two after being damaged by a water creature seen as an astral being whose purpose was to protect the Balinese people.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Banawahpasah.png|Lintang banawahpasah (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinPEGAT.jpg|Lintang Prau Pegat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangPGAT.jpg|Lintang Praha Pgat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Parahu Pgat.jpg|Lintang Parahu Pgat (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Left by husband or wife, widowed or widowed, their mind is always confused, gamblers, like to chase delicious foods. At first, they get pleasure but in the end they will suffer. They like to socialize and have a compassionate heart. Unfortunately, they often get caught up in praise so that it is difficult in the future.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Cempaka (yellow sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Nunki
| HIP 92855
| within constellation lines
| 2.067
|-
| 2
| Ascella
| HIP 93506
| within constellation lines
| 2.59
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sgr]]

Perahu Sarat

2026-03-04T11:08:25Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangSARAT.jpg|thumb|Lintang Pra Sarat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Djong Sarat.png|thumb|Lintang Djong Sarat in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212150577.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Pěrahu Sarat (an overloaded ship), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Pěrahu Sarat is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of pěrahu sarat is found in intersection of Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang pěrahu sarat means overloaded ship constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Perahu Sarat (IPA: [ˈpra.u ˈsa.rat])

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Djong sarat
* Jong sarat
* Djung sarat
* Jung sarat

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Perahu sarat refers to a boat that is overloaded (too full), whether with passengers or goods, to the point where its hull is nearly submerged or below the waterline. This term often appears in news reports of natural disasters involving sinking boats or descriptions of boats at floating markets overflowing with merchandise. Boats are crucial to the Balinese people, serving as a means of transportation for both goods and people. This is evident from Bali's geographical location, surrounded by sea and serving as a transit point for ships in the Bedahulu area in ancient times.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

UPTD Museum Bali explained lintang Perahu Sarat is inside the area of Centaurus and Crux.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Djong Sarat.png|Lintang Djong Sarat (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinSARAT.jpg|Lintang Jong Sarat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangSARAT.jpg|Lintang Pra Sarat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Parawu Sarat.jpg|Lintang Parawu Sarat (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) has a value of 3 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 7.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Many people slandered him, accused him of practicing black magic, and suspected him of being deceitful. They are very greedy and it is from this nature that danger will come. It's good for them to get along so they always give in. Be curious about new things, so they have a lot of expertise. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and appear blindly jealous.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kalimaya (oval), Daluman (giok/Jade)<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Gacrux
| HIP 61084
| within constellation lines
| 1.64
|-
| 2
| Menkent
| HIP 68933
| within constellation lines
| 2.05
|-
| 3
| γ Centauri
| HIP 61932
| Inside the Hull
| 2.17
|-
| 4
| Uridim
| HIP 71860
| within constellation lines
| 2.286
|-
| 5
| ϵ Centauri
| HIP 66657
| within constellation lines
| 2.3
|-
| 6
| η Centauri
| HIP 71352
| within constellation lines
| 2.31
|-
| 7
| δ Centauri
| HIP 59196
| within constellation lines
| 2.52
|-
| 8
| Leepwal
| HIP 68002
| within constellation lines
| 2.55
|-
| 9
| Kulou
| HIP 65109
| within constellation lines
| 2.73
|-
| 10
| * gam Cen A
| HIP 61932
| Inside the Hull
| 2.82
|-
| 11
| * gam Cen B
| HIP 61932
| within constellation lines
| 2.88
|-
| 12
| Heng
| HIP 67464
| Inside the Hull
| 3.386
|-
| 13
| μ Centauri
| HIP 67472
| Inside the Hull
| 3.43
|-
| 14
| ι Lupi
| HIP 69996
| Inside the Hull
| 3.529
|-
| 15
| ϕ Centauri
| HIP 68245
| Inside the Hull
| 3.802
|-
| 16
| τ Centauri
| HIP 61622
| Inside the Hull
| 3.86
|-
| 17
| υ 1 Centauri
| HIP 68282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.87
|-
| 18
| d Cen
| HIP 65936
| Inside the Hull
| 3.88
|-
| 19
| ω Cen
| HD 116790
| Inside the Hull
| 3.9
|-
| 20
| σ Centauri
| HIP 60823
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 21
| ξ 2 Centauri
| HIP 64004
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 22
| e Cen
| HIP 62867
| Inside the Hull
| 4.33
|-
| 23
| υ 2 Centauri
| HIP 68523
| Inside the Hull
| 4.33
|-
| 24
| χ Centauri
| HIP 68862
| Inside the Hull
| 4.343
|-
| 25
| τ 2 Lupi
| HIP 70576
| Inside the Hull
| 4.35
|-
| 26
| τ 1 Lupi
| HIP 70574
| Inside the Hull
| 4.553
|-
| 27
| M Cen
| HIP 67234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.632
|-
| 28
| w Cen
| HIP 62012
| Inside the Hull
| 4.66
|-
| 29
| f Cen
| HIP 63945
| Inside the Hull
| 4.691
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 70104
| Inside the Hull
| 4.77
|-
| 31
| G Cen
| HIP 60710
| Inside the Hull
| 4.808
|-
| 32
| ξ 1 Centauri
| HIP 63724
| Inside the Hull
| 4.826
|-
| 33
| K Cen
| HIP 65810
| Inside the Hull
| 5.03
|-
| 34
| 217 G. Cen
| HIP 65535
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 35
| H Cen
| HIP 63210
| Inside the Hull
| 5.159
|-
| 36
| 182 G. Cen
| HIP 64348
| Inside the Hull
| 5.231
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 71500
| Inside the Hull
| 5.431
|-
| 38
| V964 Cen
| HIP 65112
| Inside the Hull
| 5.443
|-
| 39
| 152 G. Cen
| HIP 63066
| Inside the Hull
| 5.445
|-
| 40
| 269 G. Cen
| HIP 67304
| Inside the Hull
| 5.446
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 70915
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71419
| Inside the Hull
| 5.55
|-
| 43
| 172 G. Cen
| HIP 63972
| Inside the Hull
| 5.588
|-
| 44
| NGC 5460
| NGC 5460
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 45
| 248 G. Cen
| HIP 66656
| Inside the Hull
| 5.603
|-
| 46
| 330 G. Cen
| HIP 69598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.613
|-
| 47
| 221 G. Cen
| HIP 65593
| Inside the Hull
| 5.656
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 70054
| Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 49
| 177 G. Cen
| HIP 64053
| Inside the Hull
| 5.698
|-
| 50
| 142 G. Cen
| HIP 62703
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 51
| 205 G. Cen
| HIP 65144
| Inside the Hull
| 5.742
|-
| 52
| 278 G. Cen
| HIP 67663
| Inside the Hull
| 5.752
|-
| 53
| 181 G. Cen
| HIP 64332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.772
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 60969
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 55
| 196 G. Cen
| HIP 64822
| Inside the Hull
| 5.803
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 70663
| Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
| 57
| 293 G. Cen
| HIP 68079
| Inside the Hull
| 5.815
|-
| 58
| 133 G. Cen
| HIP 61916
| Inside the Hull
| 5.816
|-
| 59
| 193 G. Cen
| HIP 64623
| Inside the Hull
| 5.831
|-
| 60
| 239 G. Cen
| HIP 66454
| Inside the Hull
| 5.889
|-
| 61
| 151 G. Cen
| HIP 63033
| Inside the Hull
| 5.89
|-
| 62
| 189 G. Cen
| HIP 64515
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 63
| 148 G. Cen
| HIP 62861
| Inside the Hull
| 5.908
|-
| 64
| 209 G. Cen
| HIP 65247
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 65
| 268 G. Cen
| HIP 67292
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 66
| 298 G. Cen
| HIP 68333
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 67
| 256 G. Cen
| HIP 66924
| Inside the Hull
| 5.956
|-
| 68
| 236 G. Cen
| HIP 66427
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 69
| 258 G. Cen
| HIP 66984
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 62058
| Inside the Hull
| 5.982
|-
| 71
| V744 Cen
| HIP 66666
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 72
| V824 Cen
| HIP 64320
| Inside the Hull
| 6.026
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 62026
| Inside the Hull
| 6.057
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 71639
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 75
| V828 Cen
| HIP 68673
| Inside the Hull
| 6.088
|-
| 76
| V767 Cen
| HIP 67861
| Inside the Hull
| 6.1
|-
| 77
| 302 G. Cen
| HIP 68493
| Inside the Hull
| 6.108
|-
| 78
| 192 G. Cen
| HIP 64557
| Inside the Hull
| 6.147
|-
| 79
| 229 G. Cen
| HIP 66019
| Inside the Hull
| 6.148
|-
| 80
| 319 G. Cen
| HIP 69113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 81
| 198 G. Cen
| HIP 64933
| Inside the Hull
| 6.173
|-
| 82
| 312 G. Cen
| HIP 68872
| Inside the Hull
| 6.176
|-
| 83
| 187 G. Cen
| HIP 64472
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 84
| 100 G. Cen
| HIP 59439
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 85
| V789 Cen
| HIP 63820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.249
|-
| 86
| 141 G. Cen
| HIP 62655
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 87
| 222 G. Cen
| HIP 65630
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 88
| 120 G. Cen
| HIP 60729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
| 89
| 147 G. Cen
| HIP 62821
| Inside the Hull
| 6.262
|-
| 90
| 144 G. Cen
| HIP 62799
| Inside the Hull
| 6.304
|-
| 91
| 332 G. Cen
| HIP 69671
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 92
| 220 G. Cen
| HIP 65606
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 93
| 232 G. Cen
| HIP 66236
| Inside the Hull
| 6.319
|-
| 94
| 347 G. Cen
| HIP 70580
| Inside the Hull
| 6.333
|-
| 95
| 210 G. Cen
| HIP 65303
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 96
| V765 Cen
| HIP 66645
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 97
| -
| HD 126111
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 98
| 126 G. Cen
| HIP 61328
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 99
| 130 G. Cen
| HIP 61557
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 100
| -
| HIP 70320
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 101
| -
| HIP 70809
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 102
| 223 G. Cen
| HIP 65621
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 103
| 254 G. Cen
| HIP 66923
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 104
| V1154 Cen
| HIP 63883
| Inside the Hull
| 6.418
|-
| 105
| 317 G. Cen
| HIP 69011
| Inside the Hull
| 6.418
|-
| 106
| 168 G. Cen
| HIP 63849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.426
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 70451
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 67537
| Inside the Hull
| 6.431
|-
| 109
| V827 Cen
| HIP 67036
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 110
| -
| HR 4764
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 65372
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 112
| 155 G. Cen
| HIP 63204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.485
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Prahusarat" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star eps Cen or HIP 66657 is in the base of the ship which was selected because the sign that the ship is overloaded and close to sink is based on its base. Constellation Prahusarat is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cen]] [[Category:Cru]] [[Category:Lup]]

Pedati Suung

2026-03-04T11:07:25Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangPESU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Pdati Suung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Padati Suhung.png|thumb|Lintang Padati Suhung in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122200753.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Pedati Suung (an empty horse cart), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Pědati Suung is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of pědati suung is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang pědati suung means an empty horse cart constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Pědati Suung (IPA:[pəˈda.ti ˈsu.ʔuŋ])

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Pědati suhung
* Pědati suwung
* Pědati puyung
* Padati sunja
* pědati

=== Origin of Constellation ===

Pědati Suung literally means empty cart or wagon. Empty here has many different names, including suung, suwung, suhung, sunja, and puyung. A Pědati is a two- or four-wheeled vehicle made of wood, used to transport crops or other goods. It is generally pulled by buffalo, cows, or horses. Pedati have been an important means of transportation in the past for transporting goods, passengers, and traditional ceremonies.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 134218.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Padati Suhung in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der grosse Bär (van Hinloopen Labberton)" which means "the big bear (from Hinloopen Labberton)".]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
[[File:TRADISI-MAKEPUNG-1.jpg|thumb|Makepung tradition in Pengabengan, Jembrana, Bali. CC-BY Fikri Yusuf from ANTARA]]

== Mythology / Religion ==
There's a tradition called Makepung. Buffalo owners race their buffaloes down the road, pulling their carts (Pědati). This tradition is divided into two areas: makepung in a muddy arena (makepung lampit) and makepung darat (roads in rice paddies). The pakepung attraction begins when the farmers go down to the rice fields and continues until the harvest.<ref>Negara, I Dewa Putu Ari Kresna Artha, Pramana, I Made Bayu & Raharjo, Anis, "Tradisi Makepung di Kabupaten Jembrana dalam Fotografi Essay", Retina Jurnal Fotografi (2021), Vol. 1, No. 1 https://jurnal2.isi-dps.ac.id/index.php/retina/</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Padati Suhung.png|Lintang Padati Suhung (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinPEDATI.jpg|Lintang Padati Suung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangPESU.jpg|Lintang Pdati Suung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Padati.jpg|Lintang Padati (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often sacrifice, even though it sometimes makes him miserable, good at debating and processing words, thin-eared so that he is easily offended. However, they are sincere forgiving. He is often taken advantage of by others, his work only benefits others, but harms himself. His services are appreciated by few people, but later repaid by Hyang Widhi in his old age and happiness will be enjoyed in his old age from his descendants.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Rudirarnawa (garnet) dan Nila (Saphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Merak
| HIP 53910
| within constellation lines
| 2.37
|-
| 2
| Phecda
| HIP 58001
| within constellation lines
| 2.44
|-
| 3
| ψ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 54539
| within constellation lines
| 3.01
|-
| 4
| Talitha
| HIP 44127
| within constellation lines
| 3.13
|-
| 5
| Talitha
| HIP 44127
| Inside the Hull
| 3.14
|-
| 6
| θ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 46853
| within constellation lines
| 3.18
|-
| 7
| Megrez
| HIP 59774
| within constellation lines
| 3.32
|-
| 8
| Muscida
| HIP 41704
| within constellation lines
| 3.42
|-
| 9
| Alkaphrah
| HIP 44471
| within constellation lines
| 3.55
|-
| 10
| 23 UMa
| HIP 46733
| within constellation lines
| 3.67
|-
| 11
| Taiyangshou
| HIP 57399
| within constellation lines
| 3.72
|-
| 12
| υ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 48319
| Inside the Hull
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| 26 UMa
| HIP 47006
| Inside the Hull
| 4.463
|-
| 14
| 15 UMa
| HIP 44901
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 15
| ϕ Ursae Majoris
| HIP 48402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.557
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 51459
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 17
| 18 UMa
| HIP 45493
| Inside the Hull
| 4.805
|-
| 18
| * alf UMa B
| HIP 54061
| within constellation lines
| 4.86
|-
| 19
| 44 UMa
| HIP 53261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.111
|-
| 20
| 37 UMa
| HIP 51814
| Inside the Hull
| 5.148
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 52469
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 22
| 16 UMa
| HIP 45333
| Inside the Hull
| 5.18
|-
| 23
| 44 Lyn
| HIP 47965
| Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 57477
| Inside the Hull
| 5.254
|-
| 25
| 17 UMa
| HIP 45455
| Inside the Hull
| 5.266
|-
| 26
| 31 UMa
| HIP 48682
| Inside the Hull
| 5.269
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 53781
| Inside the Hull
| 5.448
|-
| 28
| CG UMa
| HIP 45915
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 49005
| Inside the Hull
| 5.485
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 52136
| Inside the Hull
| 5.537
|-
| 31
| 42 UMa
| HIP 53064
| Inside the Hull
| 5.562
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 56510
| Inside the Hull
| 5.628
|-
| 33
| 43 UMa
| HIP 53043
| Inside the Hull
| 5.661
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 55797
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 49363
| Inside the Hull
| 5.708
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 44504
| Inside the Hull
| 5.74
|-
| 37
| 39 UMa
| HIP 52478
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 38
| 66 UMa
| HIP 58181
| Inside the Hull
| 5.824
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 55086
| Inside the Hull
| 5.873
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 44613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 48802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.959
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 50546
| Inside the Hull
| 6.01
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 50635
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 44
| 37 Lyn
| HIP 45836
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 56731
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 53706
| Inside the Hull
| 6.197
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 58225
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 48
| U UMa
| HIP 50222
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 57045
| Inside the Hull
| 6.266
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 56083
| Inside the Hull
| 6.278
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 48638
| Inside the Hull
| 6.286
|-
| 52
| EE UMa
| HIP 56135
| Inside the Hull
| 6.302
|-
| 53
| 68 UMa
| HIP 59458
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 56944
| Inside the Hull
| 6.335
|-
| 55
| 41 UMa
| HIP 52685
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 43624
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 49408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 58
| -
| HIP 46168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 47633
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 53798
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 50509
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 47231
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 56170
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53157
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 44717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.435
|-
| 66
| -
| HR 3725
| Inside the Hull
| 6.435
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 55485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 68
| -
| HIP 50606
| Inside the Hull
| 6.453
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 42434
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 47664
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 47521
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 72
| -
| HIP 56120
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 55044
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 74
| -
| HR 4098
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Pedatisuung" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star psi UMa or HIP 54539 is in the ceiling of the cart. Constellation Pedatisuung is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:UMa]]

Patrem

2026-03-04T11:07:08Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangPAT.jpg|thumb|Lintang Patrem in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Patrem.png|thumb|Lintang Patrem in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125431019.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Patrem (an indigenous dagger or keris), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Patrěm is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of patrěm is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang patrěm means an indigenous dagger from Indonesia.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Patrěm (IPA: /ˈpatrəˈm/) is derived from Javanese "'''Pa'''nggane Ingkang Damel Ten'''trem'''" means "a peaceful place". This also refers to any heirloom objects that are believed to have spiritual powers to provide benefits and peace.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* keris
* kris

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Patrěm is a type of keris-shaped (dagger) weapon that is smaller than a keris in general. In Nusantara era (before being Indonesia, which still ruled by kings from various kingdom), this tool was usually owned by women and knights who usually served as "telik sandi" or spies (now intelligence or investigators).

For Balinese people, the keris is considered sacred. Keris is a symbol of Linggayoni, as a Shiva shrine, Sang Hyang Tiga Sakti. Keris can be used as a tool of worship, preceded by a sacred ceremony called the Pasupati Ceremony. The Balinese people consider keris tayuhan (pajenengan) as a sacred heritage because most of the religious rituals are conducted involving Keris as the medium.

Keris is symbol of the power of ancestors and the universe that must be maintained and conserved. Irol, steel and parmor are the basic material of keris pajenengan symbolizing Tri Sakti, with wijaksara AUM. The black steel is the stana of Hyang Wisnu with wijaksara U. The red steel is the stana of Brahma with wijaksara A, white nickel is the stana of Hyang Iswara with wijaksara M.

Keris is believed to have three blades. The right blade of Keris is a symbol of Brahma’s power, who has the power of Sidha (talent). The left side of the blade is Wisnu’s power, who has the power of Sidhi (blessing/prosperity). The top blade of Keris is a symbol of Iswara’s strength that has a Sadu power (the eternal truth).

Keris was viewed as the ultimate weapon on the battlefield. The dagger symbolized resistance to evil spirits through the protection of the gods. Keris was often associated with the mystical power of the Balinese in ancient times. Among others, there is a belief that the keris has its own spirit. Historically, keris bali is a legacy of the Majapahit Kingdom. It is said that the cultural influence of the Majapahit Kingdom was so strong that war tools such as the dagger were adopted by Bali’s governments.

The existence of keris has been proved by the founding of inscriptions during the seventh to ninth centuries, namely: Humanding inscription (Krapyak, Yogyakarta, Central Java, 797 Saka / 875 CE), Tukmas inscription (Lebak Village, Magelang, Central Java, 748 Saka / 842 CE), Rukam inscription (Petarongan Village, Temanggung, Central Java, 829 Saka / 907 CE), Sukawana inscription (Sukawana village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali, 804 Saka / 882 CE), and Bulian A inscription (Bulian village, 1130 Saka / 1181 CE)

Philosophically, the Balinese dagger is seen as emblematic of the values of the life of the Hindu religion. In fact, they had a special day of prayer when they would keep the purity of their heirloom dagger. Keris is also regarded as an object of aesthetic value in the lives of the people there. Until now, the dagger is still regarded as a symbol of power and a symbol of power. Usually, Hindus who keep the Balinese heirloom decide to cleanse based on the lunar rotation of the Earth. While the day’s ritual of purification is in keeping the ancient Balinese Hindu tradition. Even the treatment of the dagger is sacred. Understandably, the keris is considered to have magical power. They believe that the dagger is a manifestation of the spirit of the ancestors. Usually, such a dagger is called Tay Tayuhuan, whose making is more important than its beauty, its choice of iron, and its prestige. Such crystals are usually wingit, haunted, radiant, and sometimes scary. Because of this, some Balinese people are willing to work and to earn a lucky dagger.

Many people think that Javanese keris and Balinese keris are the same. However, Javanese keris tend to have a smaller shape than Balinese keris. In addition, the handle on Balinese keris is designed more complexly than Javanese keris.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk "wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß (1929), p. 141: <blockquote>ein Kriss (der landesübliche Dolch).</blockquote>'''English:''' a kriss (the traditional dagger of the country).

UPTD Museum Bali mentioned this lintang is in the area of Grus. The longer stars order is where the sharp material.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
There are various stories about the origin of the keris circulating in society. One popular story is that the keris was first created by the gods or great kings who had supernatural powers. In some myths, the keris is considered a gift or blessing from the gods, who have magical powers and can provide protection or even control nature.

The keris is believed to have a living soul or spirit, which can respond to requests or commands from its owner. Some keris are even seen as having the ability to cure diseases, bring good luck, or give extraordinary powers to its owner.

In many areas in Indonesia, the keris can be passed down from generation to generation, and each keris carries the legacy of the spirit or soul of its previous owner. The inherited keris is believed to have greater power because it has gone through various events and experiences from its previous owner. It is said that a keris that has been used for a long time can "live" and have the power to protect the owner's family or descendants.

The keris is considered to be able to "speak" or give instructions to its owner through dreams or certain signs. In some beliefs, there are also those who say that keris can be used to communicate with spirits or supernatural beings. Many people perform certain rituals or ceremonies to summon these spirits to provide strength or guidance through keris.

So that, each keris has a different origin that is believed by the indigenous local.

=== Keris Ki Pencok Sahang ===
Keris Ki Pencok Sahang or Fangs of the Dragon Basuki is an heirloom from Puri Blahbatuh, Gianyar Regency. This keris originated from the story of Ni Gusti Ayu Kalner, the wife of a warlord from the Bedahulu Kingdom named I Gusti Ngurah Jelantik Bogol, who found a piece of wood while bathing in the river. The wood was taken home and split to be used as firewood.

However, his wife found a keris as soon as the wood was split. At that time, a word was heard from the sky, that the keris was a gift from Bhatara Toh Langkir which was the fang of the Dragon Basuki. This keris was then named Ki Pencok Sahang because it was in the middle of the wood (sahang).

This keris was used to kill a powerful and powerful person from Nusa Penida named Ki Dalem Bungkut. He could only be killed by the fangs of the Dragon Basuki, which was none other than the Keris Ki Pencok Sahang.

=== Keris Ki Baru Gajah ===
The Ki Baru Gajah Keris was a gift from Dang Hyang Dwijendra to the bendesa (village head) of Beraban Village in Kediri District, Tabanan Regency. This keris was once used as a weapon to kill Ki Bhuta Babahung. Because Ki Bhuta Babahung had an elephant's head, this keris was named Ki Baru Gajah. This keris is now placed in the Kediri Palace.

The Ki Baru Gajah Keris is closely related to the Ngerebeg Tradition which is held on Kuningan Day. In the Ngerebeg Tradition procession, the Ki Baru Gajah Keris will be carried by residents from

the Kediri Palace to the Pakendungan Luhur Temple by walking 11 kilometers.

This keris is believed to have the power to ward off various kinds of pests and diseases. Therefore, the Ngerebeg Tradition must be carried out so that the Kediri area is free from pests and its residents live prosperously.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Patrem.png|Lintang Patrem (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:PATREM.jpg|Lintang Patrem in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangPAT.jpg|Lintang Patrem in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Patrem.jpg|Lintang Patrem (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>
==Cultural Beliefs==
===Numerology (Neptu/Urip)===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>
===Astrological Characteristics===
Be careful if you take work in the rice fields, because disasters come from the fields. Don't be an advisor (it's dangerous) you can die quickly. If you are born as a woman, you often torture yourself, you like to indulge in luxury, you like to show off your wealth.<ref name=":0" />
===Matching Gemstones===
Rudirarnawa (blood lake) (garnet).<ref name=":0" />
== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alnair
| HIP 109268
| within constellation lines
| 1.71
|-
| 2
| Tiaki
| HIP 112122
| within constellation lines
| 2.11
|-
| 3
| Aldhanab
| HIP 108085
| within constellation lines
| 3.01
|-
| 4
| ϵ Gruis
| HIP 112623
| within constellation lines
| 3.466
|-
| 5
| ι Gruis
| HIP 114421
| within constellation lines
| 3.877
|-
| 6
| δ 1 Gruis
| HIP 110997
| within constellation lines
| 3.97
|-
| 7
| δ 2 Gruis
| HIP 111043
| Inside the Hull
| 4.11
|-
| 8
| λ Gruis
| HIP 109111
| Inside the Hull
| 4.458
|-
| 9
| μ 1 Gruis
| HIP 109908
| Inside the Hull
| 4.798
|-
| 10
| μ 2 Gruis
| HIP 109973
| Inside the Hull
| 5.117
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 108543
| Inside the Hull
| 5.495
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 112381
| Inside the Hull
| 5.51
|-
| 13
| π 2 Gruis
| HIP 110506
| Inside the Hull
| 5.62
|-
| 14
| τ 3 Gruis
| HIP 113307
| Inside the Hull
| 5.714
|-
| 15
| S Gru
| HIP 110736
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 16
| τ 1 Gruis
| HIP 113044
| Inside the Hull
| 6.04
|-
| 17
| -
| HIP 112117
| Inside the Hull
| 6.06
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 112127
| Inside the Hull
| 6.067
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 109902
| Inside the Hull
| 6.089
|-
| 20
| BZ Gru
| HIP 108347
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 109821
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 112432
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Patrem" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star eps Gru or HIP 112623 is in the handle of the dagger which was selected because this is the identity of the dagger. In Bali, the shape of the handle can indicate the region of origin (North Bali, South Bali, Karangasem, Buleleng, etc.), the status of the owner (warrior, priest, nobleman, artist) and the function of the keris (ceremonial, family heirloom, daily keris, dance keris). Constellation Patrem is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Gru]]

Naga

2026-03-04T11:06:22Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Naga (नाग)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangNAGA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Naga profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Naga profile Card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Naga.png|thumb|Lintang Naga in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212838262.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Naga (a dragon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Naga is a constellation used in several Indonesian sky culture. It projects mythological dragon into the sky. The dragon as a religious/divine creature that exists in many cultures in South East Asia from India to Indonesia (e.g. Cambodia, Thailand, Hong Kong, China ...). The Balinese astral calendar "P[[Balinese (All Terms)|alelintangan]]" has "Naga" as one of 35 "lintang" (constellations).<ref name=":2">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> There naga is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara).
[[File:Naga stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Naga stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
Naga is the modern star name for γ Hya.

==Etymology and History==
Naga (IPA: /ˈna.ɡa/, [ˈna.ɡa]) is inherited from Malay naga, and derived from Sanskrit नाग, nāgá, means “large snake”. Some languages borrow Sanskrit terms and have the same meaning as snake, namely: Iban, Indonesia, Italian, Javanese, Malay, Marano, Portuguese, Tagalog and Yakan. In Japanese, "naga" means "long", which perfectly fits the image of the serpent in the sky.

In Lithuanian, one of the oldest languages in Europe and connected with Sanskrit, "naga" means nail. The German word for "nail" is "Nagel". The term for 'nude' in Germanic languages "naked" (English), "naakt" (Dutch), "nackt" (German), "naken" (Swedish & Norwegian) is also etymologically related. It all derives from the homophonous Sanskrit term "nāga" for gold/ iron/ metal.

=== Variants (name, spelling...) ===
The constellation in the sky is always called "Naga" but the divine creature has the following name variants (for explanation see below):
*Naga Besukih
*Antaboga
*Taksaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
On Bali, Naga are legendary creatures and exist in the folklore of almost every tribe and civilization in the world. Naga could be referred to as a big snake, a big water snake or a dragon. Unlike in some civilizations which consider dragons to be evil monsters, in Bali, dragons are considered to be sacred figures who are able to guard the island of Bali. Apart from that, there are quite a few depictions of dragons in several places such as temples, houses, government offices and former buildings left over from the Balinese kingdom. Sometimes they also make dragon ornaments on ''keris'' (traditional Balinese dagger).

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":2" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Naga Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Naga in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He calls the creature a dragon but identifies "Wasserschlange(?)" = Hydra. ]]

Maaß (1929), p. 144: "eine Schlange. Bösartig und schlau; - sehr schlechte Denkungsart;" '''English:''' - a snake. Malicious and cunning; - very bad way of thinking;
==== Naga in India ====
Nāga, in Sanskrit and almost all Indian languages means a snake or cobra. Although it is not explicitly used as a name for any constellation the constellation Āśleṣā ([[Ashlesha]]), is recognised as the head of a snake.

It is very difficult to trace the origin in general as is common with all Sanskrit words, but in most etymologies, it points to the word nāga (though the diacritical marks were not specified). There are 81 meanings for this word,<ref>On the problems of understanding the term "naga"https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/naga</ref> but all images show a serpent / snake / cobra.

'''Name Variants:'''

* Vasuki,
* Adisesha,
* kalinga

In South India about 40% of the names (male and female) will start with naga.

Mythological stories involving snakes are abundant. For example, the ascending and descending nodes of the moon are called Rāhu and Ketu. Rahu has a human head and the body of a snake; it is the converse for Ketu. They both emerge as the two individual bodies when a demon’s head was chopped off. Snake worship is very common in India; people install stone idols of snakes even today.

==== Naga in other South Asian Cultures ====
"Naga" creatures exist in many Southeast Asian cultures.

===== Modern Distinctions: Bali vs. Mainland Southeast Asia (SEA) =====
While they share a name, the "taxonomical" differences between the two today are significant:

* Anatomy: Mainland SEA Nagas (Thailand/Cambodia/Laos/Myanmar) are fundamentally multi-headed serpents (3, 5, 7, or 9 heads). In contrast, the Balinese Naga is almost always single-headed.
* Visual Style: The Balinese Naga is a "Royal Dragon"—it wears a crown (''Makuta''), earrings, and often has a beard. The Mainland version is more serpentine, emphasizing the flared cobra hood.
* Symbolic Meaning: In the mainland, Nagas are primarily Guardians of the Buddha and water spirits. In Bali, they are Cosmic Stabilizers tied to the volcanic earth and the support of the world.

===== Evidence of a Shared Origin =====
Despite these modern differences, two key pieces of evidence link them to a singular source:

* Evidence 1: The Cosmic Churning (Cosmology) Both regions root their Naga lore in the Indian myth of the ''Samudra Manthan'' (Churning of the Ocean of Milk). In Bali, this is the ''Adi Parwa''. The use of the Naga (Basuki) as the "churning rope" wrapped around a cosmic mountain is a shared blueprint that defines the spiritual architecture of both Balinese temples and Khmer monuments like Angkor Wat.
* Evidence 2: The Naga-Ship Tradition The "Naga-boat" is a cross-cultural phenomenon. Whether it is the Chinese Dragon Boat, the Mekong Naga Boats, or the Balinese Ritual Naga-Banda, they all share the belief that the boat is the physical body of the water-serpent. This tradition stems from an ancient "Monsoon Culture" where the river was seen as a living Naga that one must "ride" to navigate the world.

===== The Evolutionary Path: From India to the Islands =====
The divergence occurred based on the "cultural filter" through which the Indian Naga traveled:

# The Indian Root (c. 1500 BCE): Originated as the Vedic ''Vritra'' and later the Puranic ''Shesha/Vasuki''.
# The Buddhist Branch (Mainland SEA): Traveled via land and sea to Angkor. It merged with local snake-worship to become the multi-headed protector of the Dharma.
# The Javanese-Balinese Branch (Indonesia): Traveled via maritime trade routes. It was "ennobled" by Javanese court culture, gaining the crown and royal regalia, and was eventually re-contextualized to fit the volcanic landscape of Bali.

They are "taxonomically" distinct now. One can think of them like the Lion and the Tiger: they are both "Big Cats", but they have lived in different jungles for so long that they have developed different stripes.

In conclusion, the Balinese "Naga" is distinct regarding modern iconography, but the underlying "DNA" remains a shared heritage of the broader Indo-Pacific maritime exchange.

=== Transfer and Transformation ===

==== ... of the Constellation ====

==== Interpretations of Naga in different cultures ====
<gallery>
File:Naga - Buddhism.jpg|Naga in Cambodia. The term Naga in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism denotes divine. (CC BY Dmitry Makeev).
File:Naga China smh 20240302 155352.jpg|modern park decoration in shape of a Naga-like dragon in Hefei, China
File:A Naga, a half-man, half-snake creature (4188438144).jpg|A Naga, a half-man, half-snake creature (CC BY Greg Willis).
File:Olbrich Botanical Garden Naga Dragon Statue.jpg|Naga dragon statue at Olbrich Botanical Garden (CC BY צבוע לבנה).
File:Wat Si Saket Vientiane 5.jpg|Believed to be Vientiane’s oldest surviving temple, Wat Si Saket is famous for its cloister wall and rows of hundreds of seated Buddhas. (CC BY Philip Nalangan)
File:Naga and Naga Kanya (snake god and goddess), from the Gond Country on the Nerbudda - DPLA - 657678574197483a1cccd123b2404d5f.jpg|Naga and Naga Kanya (snake god and goddess), from the Gond Country, India, on the Nerbudda (CC0 between 1850 and 1873 ).
File:Angkor naga.jpg|Seven-headed ''naga'' from the entrance of an Angkor Thom gate (CC BY Gisling(zh:唐戈))
</gallery>

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Naga Besukih (Bali) ===
The presence of the Balinese mythological creature, Naga Besukih, cannot be separated from the folklore about the formation of the Bali Strait. The story involves Manik Angkeran who was the son of a Brahmin named Sidi Mantra.

Sidi Mantra was famous for his supernatural powers while his son, although brave and clever, apparently had a penchant for gambling which made him in debt. To free himself from debt, Sidi Mantra told Manik Angkeran to ask for a little treasure guarded by Naga Besukih in the crater of Mount Agung.

The dragon agreed to the request. However, Manik apparently repeated his bad habits so he secretly returned to Naga Besukih to give him help. Blinded by the treasure stored in Naga Besukih's body, Manik cut off the dragon's tail.

With his supernatural powers, Besukih managed to burn Manik to ashes when the dragon licked his tracks. Sidi Mantra then begged Naga Besukih to revive his son on the condition that his tail be returned.

With his magical powers, Sidi Mantra managed to restore the Dragon's tail and the child came back to life. Manik then apologized and promised not to repeat his actions. After disappearing, a water source appeared where Manik stood, which grew larger and larger. With his stick, Sidi Mantra made a dividing line with the child. That place later became the Bali Strait.

=== Antaboga ===
Antaboga or Anantaboga is a Balinese mythological creature who rules snakes from a puppet story. This creature has the form of a dragon snake with a crown and a gold necklace. According to local beliefs, Antaboga has many powers and one of them is the ability to revive dead bodies. This creature is said to live in Saptapralata or the seventh layer of the earth's base. He has a wife named Dewi Supreti who also has the form of a dragon and two children named Bambang Naga Tatmala and Dewi Nagini.

=== Taksaka ===
Taksaka or Taksa is one of the dragons, the son of Dewi Kadru and Kashyapa who lives in Nagaloka with his other brothers. In the Mahabharata legend, Naga Taksaka is the dragon who killed King Parikesit.

The story of Taksaka appears in the Adiparwa story where Dewi Kadru asks Resi Kasyapa to grant her a thousand children. Bagawan Kasyapa then gives a thousand eggs, from which dragons emerge, one of which is Taksaka. But in Balinese mythology, Taksaka is not a dragon but a snake who lives in Kahyangan.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Naga.png|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinNAGA.jpg|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangNAGA.jpg|Lintang Naga in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Naga2.jpg|Lintang Naga (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often makes trouble for his enemies, his joys and sorrows are balanced, has talent in literature, always performs praises to God and is firm in meditation. His mantras and curses are bathing. Has many memories, has a clean heart. Unfortunately they are very easily offended and sensitive so that with this nature they are often swayed by their own feelings.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri bulan (moon stone), Nila (saphire), Kalimayah (Opal).<ref name=":0" />

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alphard
| HIP 46390
| within constellation lines
| 1.97
|-
| 2
| Gienah
| HIP 59803
| Inside the Hull
| 2.58
|-
| 3
| Kraz
| HIP 61359
| Inside the Hull
| 2.64
|-
| 4
| ϵ Corvi
| HIP 59316
| Inside the Hull
| 2.98
|-
| 5
| γ Hydrae
| HIP 64962
| within constellation lines
| 3
|-
| 6
| ζ Hydrae
| HIP 43813
| within constellation lines
| 3.1
|-
| 7
| ν Hydrae
| HIP 52943
| within constellation lines
| 3.11
|-
| 8
| Ashlesha
| HIP 43109
| within constellation lines
| 3.38
|-
| 9
| ξ Hydrae
| HIP 56343
| within constellation lines
| 3.54
|-
| 10
| δ Crateris
| HIP 55282
| Inside the Hull
| 3.56
|-
| 11
| λ Hydrae
| HIP 49841
| within constellation lines
| 3.61
|-
| 12
| μ Hydrae
| HIP 51069
| within constellation lines
| 3.81
|-
| 13
| Ukdah
| HIP 47431
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 14
| θ Hydrae
| HIP 45336
| Inside the Hull
| 3.91
|-
| 15
| Alchiba
| HIP 59199
| Inside the Hull
| 4.01
|-
| 16
| γ Crateris
| HIP 55705
| Inside the Hull
| 4.06
|-
| 17
| Alkes
| HIP 53740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.07
|-
| 18
| Zhang
| HIP 48356
| within constellation lines
| 4.11
|-
| 19
| ρ Hydrae
| HIP 43234
| Inside the Hull
| 4.337
|-
| 20
| β Crateris
| HIP 54682
| Inside the Hull
| 4.449
|-
| 21
| τ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 46776
| Inside the Hull
| 4.548
|-
| 22
| υ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 49402
| Inside the Hull
| 4.588
|-
| 23
| τ 1 Hydrae
| HIP 46509
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 24
| ζ Crateris
| HIP 57283
| Inside the Hull
| 4.706
|-
| 25
| ϵ Crateris
| HIP 55687
| Inside the Hull
| 4.802
|-
| 26
| U Hya
| HIP 52009
| Inside the Hull
| 4.82
|-
| 27
| ϕ 3 Hydrae
| HIP 52085
| Inside the Hull
| 4.903
|-
| 28
| ψ Hydrae
| HIP 64166
| Inside the Hull
| 4.934
|-
| 29
| λ Crateris
| HIP 55598
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 56332
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 31
| II Hya
| HIP 57613
| Inside the Hull
| 5.11
|-
| 32
| η Crateris
| HIP 58188
| Inside the Hull
| 5.16
|-
| 33
| ζ Corvi
| HIP 60189
| Inside the Hull
| 5.21
|-
| 34
| ϵ Sextantis
| HIP 50414
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 53252
| Inside the Hull
| 5.24
|-
| 36
| 31 Crt
| HIP 58587
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 37
| 303 G. Hya
| HIP 58082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.272
|-
| 38
| 200 G. Hya
| HIP 49809
| Inside the Hull
| 5.296
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 46404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.32
|-
| 40
| * Gam Sex A
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 5.43
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 52737
| Inside the Hull
| 5.44
|-
| 42
| 3 Crv
| HIP 59394
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 43
| ι Crateris
| HIP 56802
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 44
| -
| HIP 54029
| Inside the Hull
| 5.511
|-
| 45
| 33 Hya
| HIP 46982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.548
|-
| 46
| -
| HR 3750
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 51046
| Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
| 48
| 28 Hya
| HIP 46221
| Inside the Hull
| 5.579
|-
| 49
| 225 G. Hya
| HIP 51491
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 50
| * 17 Crt A
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 51
| 195 G. Hya
| HIP 49569
| Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
| 52
| 18 Sex
| HIP 49865
| Inside the Hull
| 5.618
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 61015
| Inside the Hull
| 5.63
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 53316
| Inside the Hull
| 5.651
|-
| 55
| 6 Crv
| HIP 60425
| Inside the Hull
| 5.658
|-
| 56
| * 17 Crt B
| HIP 56280
| Inside the Hull
| 5.671
|-
| 57
| 236 G. Hya
| HIP 51933
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 58
| χ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 54255
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 59
| 41 Sex
| HIP 52980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 59728
| Inside the Hull
| 5.807
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 56078
| Inside the Hull
| 5.813
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 52948
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 53778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.857
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 53723
| Inside the Hull
| 5.879
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 58158
| Inside the Hull
| 5.893
|-
| 66
| 17 Sex
| HIP 49812
| Inside the Hull
| 5.901
|-
| 67
| κ Crateris
| HIP 55874
| Inside the Hull
| 5.923
|-
| 68
| 25 Sex
| HIP 50885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 60157
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
| 70
| 136 G. Hya
| HIP 46288
| Inside the Hull
| 5.985
|-
| 71
| ϕ 2 Hydrae
| HIP 51905
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 72
| 6 Sex
| HIP 48341
| Inside the Hull
| 6.016
|-
| 73
| 209 G. Hya
| HIP 50536
| Inside the Hull
| 6.027
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 61951
| Inside the Hull
| 6.03
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 56364
| Inside the Hull
| 6.044
|-
| 76
| 243 G. Hya
| HIP 52113
| Inside the Hull
| 6.045
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 59895
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 50292
| Inside the Hull
| 6.075
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 54214
| Inside the Hull
| 6.086
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 49293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.097
|-
| 81
| ψ Crateris
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.105
|-
| 82
| 157 G. Hya
| HIP 46869
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 57732
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 84
| 146 G. Hya
| HIP 46529
| Inside the Hull
| 6.126
|-
| 85
| 217 G. Hya
| HIP 50790
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 86
| 81 G. Hya
| HIP 43902
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 87
| 105 G. Hya
| HIP 45167
| Inside the Hull
| 6.131
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 56293
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 89
| NS Hya
| HIP 44738
| Inside the Hull
| 6.17
|-
| 90
| TU Crv
| HIP 61496
| Inside the Hull
| 6.184
|-
| 91
| VX Crt
| HIP 56899
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 56901
| Inside the Hull
| 6.198
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 57079
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 49900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.225
|-
| 96
| 245 G. Hya
| HIP 52391
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 56245
| Inside the Hull
| 6.228
|-
| 98
| 199 G. Hya
| HIP 49802
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 99
| 197 G. Hya
| HIP 49689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.244
|-
| 100
| 159 G. Hya
| HIP 46893
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 101
| * Psi Crt A
| HIP 54742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 61270
| Inside the Hull
| 6.254
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 58574
| Inside the Hull
| 6.255
|-
| 104
| 147 G. Hya
| HIP 46543
| Inside the Hull
| 6.257
|-
| 105
| 144 G. Hya
| HIP 46504
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 106
| 337 G. Hya
| HIP 63243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 50584
| Inside the Hull
| 6.308
|-
| 108
| 37 Hya
| HIP 47427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 51490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 53259
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 54048
| Inside the Hull
| 6.343
|-
| 112
| 71 G. Hya
| HIP 43570
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 113
| 172 G. Hya
| HIP 47454
| Inside the Hull
| 6.356
|-
| 114
| -
| HIP 53849
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 50552
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 116
| -
| HIP 54749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.378
|-
| 117
| 34 Hya
| HIP 47249
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 118
| -
| HIP 61208
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 119
| * Gam Sex B
| HIP 48437
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 120
| 332 G. Hya
| HIP 62448
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 121
| 308 G. Hya
| HIP 58436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.416
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 48351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 56830
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 124
| 274 G. Hya
| HIP 54703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 125
| 294 G. Hya
| HIP 57001
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 126
| 258 G. Hya
| HIP 53387
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 127
| 166 G. Hya
| HIP 47242
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 128
| -
| HIP 48839
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 129
| 299 G. Hya
| HIP 57749
| Inside the Hull
| 6.477
|-
| 130
| 233 G. Hya
| HIP 51852
| Inside the Hull
| 6.479
|-
| 131
| 297 G. Hya
| HIP 57507
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 132
| -
| HIP 50693
| Inside the Hull
| 6.499
|-
| 133
| -
| HIP 51656
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
The name "Naga" was proposed to WGSN as a star name in 2025 based on the Balinese lintang (constellation). As the name "Naga" has a strong cultural significance in many South East Asian cultures, the WGSN agreed to use it as a star name. The name is proposed for the star Gamma Hya or HIP 64962 because of Naga's cultural significance on Bali where it designates a constellation. HIP 64962 is the star position is at the Naga's tail. Naga are mystical creatures with special powers. The famous Naga Basuki, in particular, is the one that is connected to the Bali Strait. When Manik Angkeran needed money to pay his gambling debts, he cut the Naga's tail that had gold in it. Check full mythology above. Constellation Naga is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

On 22 Februrary 2026, WGSN decided to adopt the name Naga for γ Hya ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=gam+Hya&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]). <gallery>
File:Naga profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Naga profile Card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Naga stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Naga stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
</gallery>

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Hya]] [[Category:Sex]] [[Category:Crt]] [[Category:Crv]]

Lumbung

2026-03-04T11:05:34Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangLUM.jpg|thumb|Lintang Lumbung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Lumbung profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Lumbung profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
[[File:Lumbung.png|thumb|Lintang Lumbung in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212530761.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Lumbung (a granary), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Lumbung stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Lumbung stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).]]
Lumbung is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of lumbung is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang lumbung means granary constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Lumbung (IPA: /ˈlum.buŋ/, [ˈlum.bʊŋ]) is inherited from Malay, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, means rice barn or granary.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Gubug penjteng (old spelling)
* Gubug penceng (enhanced spelling)
* mujung

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Lumbung has meaning as a place to store ripe rice. In Bali, lumbung also has another name, jineng, a storage of rice, secondary crops or other crops. The making process doesn't take too long, it only takes about 15 days of intensive work. Lumbung is considered sacred by the Balinese people because it is related to the success of the harvest and the presence of Dewi Sri, the goddess of rice or the goddess of fertility.

Many agricultural countries in Asia, like Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippine, Myanmar, and Laos, use granaries as their storage system to keep paddy. Granary has various names in each country, and is a constellation in Bali. The ceiling of Lumbung in Bali contains an important element. There is a tradition to put a small “banten” in the wooden beam in the ceiling of the Lumbung. They believe that the Sri Goddess is resting and protecting the paddy from pests or any intruders. Constellation Lumbung is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Lumbung inMaass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1000x1000px|lintang "Lumbung" in Maaß (1929, appendix). The last column contains the identification; "das Kreuz des Südens" is German for "Southern Cross" (Crux). ]]Maaß (1929), p. 142: <blockquote>lumbung; - lumbung; - eine Reisscheune.</blockquote>'''English:''' lumbung; - lumbung; - a rice barn.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
In Bali, lumbung is a means in the ceremony of worshiping the goddess of rice. Each village or district has a different ritual name, but has a procession with the same purpose, namely to ask for an easy harvest to the goddess Sri for the Balinese people.

=== Ngadegang (Singaraja) ===
The Ngadegang Dewa Nini ritual is performed when the rice begins to turn yellow. This ritual aims to express gratitude for the success of the rice plants in producing grains of rice that are ready to be harvested.

Ngadegang Dewa Nini is part of a series of ceremonies based on Subak. Subak is a community organization that specifically regulates the irrigation system used in rice farming in Bali. These ceremonies are part of a series of events along with the growth and development of rice plants.

Dewa Nini was first symbolized during the Ngadegang Dewa Nini ceremony. The momentum of its implementation is carried out by seeing when the rice has begun to turn yellow and the grains of rice are long and dense.

Dewa Nini is made from rice stalks that already contain healthy grains of rice, are not damaged or defective and in Balinese are called jelih and lambih. This means containing dense and long grains of rice. The selected rice stalks are then tied with bamboo rope, decorated with flowers and janur, like male and female humans.

Next, the base of the Dewa Nini is cut using the assumption (ani-ani) and the tied rice is made into Dewa Nini. This tool is symbolized by the masculine aspect (lanang) and the feminine aspect (wadon). The symbol of the lanang is also called Kaki Manuh and the symbol of the wadon is also called Nini Manuh.

In the Sri Purana Tattwa Lontar, the number of rice stalks is different for lanang and wadon, namely, 108 stalks for lanang and 54 stalks for wadon. The number is based on the Source of life that is stable, symbolized by urip (numerology) the highest is the number 9. The number 9 is obtained from the number of Dewa Nini lanang and wadon which are 108 and 54.

The meaning of the number 108, namely the number 1 when added to the number 8 means the result is the number 9 which symbolizes the pengider bhuwana (Dewata Nawa Sanga), while the number 0 is symbolized by windu or the world. In other words, 108 can be interpreted as an offering to the Dewata Nawa Sanga who surround the world.

The meaning of the number 54, if combined between the number 5 plus 4, it will total 9.

Rice is a seed source of life that comes from the meeting of purusa and pradana (male and female). If these two urip are high, then the balance of natural life that is formed from the beginning will be achieved.

Dewa Nini is then lined up vertically (ngadegang) at the palinggih pangulun carik. That is where the krama subak perform their prayers.

Next, a mantenin (wedding) ceremony is held in the lumbung, where Dewa Nini is then put in the lumbung or jineng. According to farmers' beliefs, the rice can only be taken down from the lumbung to be pounded or taken to the rice mill after the mantenin ritual has been carried out. The hope is that Dewi Sri will be pleased to always reside in every rice plant, provide prosperity, and be protected from pests.<ref>Suyatra, I Putu "Dewa Nini, Ritual Agraris Wujud Syukur kepada Dewi Sri," (2022) https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/balinese/671176386/dewa-nini-ritual-agraris-wujud-syukur-kepada-dewi-sri#google_vignette</ref>

=== Duase (Jatiluwih) ===
Duase is a symbolic form of Dewi Sri or Bhetari Sri which is manifested in Duase padi. The rice used as Duase is rice located in the upstream carik (in front). The making of Duase cannot be done carelessly, it must be based on a good day determined in the Balinese calendar. After the rice is dry and stored in the lumbung (Jineng), the Duase ceremony is performed on a good day called Mantenin.<ref>JBM, "Tradisi Duase di Gedong Carik, Lestarikan Warisan Budaya Leluhur di Jatiluwih Bali," (2024) https://jbm.co.id/tradisi-duase-di-gedong-carik-lestarikan-warisan-budaya-leluhur-di-jatiluwih-bali/</ref>

=== Joged Nini (Tabanan) ===
Joged nini is a dance accompanying the Mantenin (wedding) rice ceremony in Jineng. The Mantenin Padi to Jineng ceremony is carried out by farmers after the harvest in their respective family's rice barns. Dewasa Nini/ Dewa Nini is the main/main ceremony in this ritual which is made of 108 bundles of rice stalks, decorated with woven rice (Seri-serian) and wrapped in white and yellow cloth. This Dewasa Nini is called Nini/ Bhatara Nini, a local term for the manifestation of God as Dewi Sri, the goddess of rice, the goddess of prosperity. Joged Nini has the following sequences:<ref>Bali province, "Joged Nini," (2023) https://ceraken.baliprov.go.id/detail/joged-nini-1675522438</ref>

# Rejang pamendak nini, which is an opening dance to accompany Dewasa Nini to the jineng (granary).
# Ngider Buana, the Rejang Nini dancers circle the jineng (lumbung) three times before Dewasa Nini is raised to the top of the lumbung.
# Ngunggahang Nini, which is lifting Dewasa Nini into the lumbung which is placed at the head of the lumbung, namely in the northeast direction. During Ngelinggihang Dewasa Nini, Rejang Nini dancers dance while singing gending nini in the form of songs containing praise poems that praise the greatness of God as the ruler of rice and prosperity.
# Mekincang-kincung is carried out after Dewasa Nini is placed in the lumbung. Makincang-kincung is carried out in front of the door of the jineng building, the Rejang Nini dancers dance while carrying several ceremonial equipment and singing songs in the form of wewangsalan (pantuns/quatrains/poetic verses) related to agriculture.
# Ngider kidung or majejogedan is the last procession of the Rejang Nini performance in the Mantenin Padi ceremony in Jineng. Majejogedan is a spontaneous dance as a manifestation of the joy of the people of Buruan Village. Danced by Rejang Nini dancers with pengibing (male dancers) who dance in pairs facing each other. In this majejogedan, male and female dancers are not allowed to touch each other.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Lumbung.png|Lintang Lumbung (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinLUMBUNG.jpg|Lintang Lumbung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangLUM.jpg|Lintang Lumbung in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Lumbung2.jpg|Lintang Lumbung (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Have good qualities, trusted by people in various matters, will live happily and will not lack wealth and be loved by the Gods, unfortunately like to exalt themselves and like to be praised. Quickly offended so that good opportunities pass them by.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Manik Tirta or Kecubung air (Cristal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Acrux
| HIP 60718
| within constellation lines
| 0.76
|-
| 2
| Mimosa
| HIP 62434
| within constellation lines
| 1.25
|-
| 3
| Gacrux
| HIP 61084
| within constellation lines
| 1.64
|-
| 4
| Imai
| HIP 59747
| within constellation lines
| 2.752
|-
| 5
| Ginan
| HIP 60260
| Inside the Hull
| 3.57
|-
| 6
| CH Cru
| HIP 61966
| Inside the Hull
| 4.94
|-
| 7
| BL Cru
| HIP 60781
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 8
| BG Cru
| HIP 61136
| Inside the Hull
| 5.53
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 60861
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 10
| -
| HIP 60780
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 60455
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Lumbung" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star 39 Cru or HIP 61966 is in the roof of the barn which was selected because the roof is more important than the floor, as the offering is put in the ceiling.

February 2026, the name Lumbung was adopted for the star 39 Cru ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=39+Cru&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Crux]]. <gallery>
File:Lumbung profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Lumbung profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
File:Lumbung stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Lumbung stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN).
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cru]]

Lembu

2026-03-04T11:05:19Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangLEMBU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Lembu.png|thumb|Lintang Lembu in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122136092.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Lembu (an ox), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Lěmbu is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of lěmbu is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang lěmbu means ox constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Lembu (IPA: [ləmˈbu]) is inherited from the Malay, Proto-Mon-Khmer meaning cow, ox.

=== Spelling Variants ===

*Sapi

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Lembu is a sacred animal in Bali. Although not as sacred as in India, Lembu still have an important place in traditional ceremonies, especially as a symbol of fertility, strength, and perseverance. In some villages, Lembu are used in agricultural rituals such as traditional ploughing of fields, which contains the meaning of respect for nature. In addition, the majority of Hindus do not eat cows because cows are the mounts of the god Shiva.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 114717.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Lembu in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der Stier" which means "the Taurus".]]
Maaß (1929), p. 142:<blockquote>lembu; - lembu; -,- ein Rind, ein weisser Stier.</blockquote>'''English:''' lembu; - lembu; -,- a cow, a white bull.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
It is said that Bhatari Uma wanted to listen to the teachings of Bhatara Guru (Lord Shiva). However, before these teachings were given, Bhatari Uma was asked by Bhatara Guru to look for the milk of a female black cow. Bhatari Uma's loyalty was tested by Batara Guru. "Bhatari Uma went to Earth," he said. Unbeknownst to Bhatari Uma, Bhatara Guru also changed his form into a black cattle herder.

Furthermore, the herdsman was named Rare Angon. The black ox that Rare Angon grazes is the white ox belonging to Bhatara Guru who was cursed to become a female black ox. Next, Rare Angon met Bhatari Uma. Bhatari Uma appeared to buy milk from the black cow owned by Rare Angon.

Rare Angon in his dialogue asked Dewi Uma why she bought milk. However, Bhatari Uma answered that the milk would certainly be useful. In fact, Rare Angon was even offered gold as a substitute. Rare Angon was not interested in gold. He would give milk as long as his beauty was used as a ransom. Because according to him, Dewi Uma's beauty is very valuable, worthy of being bought with a thousand countries.

What Rare Angon said made Bhatari Uma's heart blush. Rare Angon's words were just let go. Her mind was confused, thinking about it again, there was no other way but to follow Rare Angon's wishes. In fact, Dewi Uma even hid that she was married. Rare Angon's heart was happy, then he did their deal. After completing her promise, Rare Angon gave the black cow's milk. Rare Angon excused himself to Bhatari Uma to go ride the female black cow.

Rare Angon disappeared, it is unimaginable where he went. Bhatari Uma thought about her cheating in getting her wish. While walking home, the milk was carried in a golden jug. It is not told on the journey. It is told that before Bhatari Uma met Batara Guru, Bhatara Guru was crowning Sang Hyang Pancadewata.

In his coronation, Sang Hyang Pancadewata was given advice, and given a title by Bhatara Guru, namely Sang Hyang Kusika, Sang Hyang Gargha, Sang Hyang Maitri, Sang Hyang Kurusya and Sang Hyang Pretanjala. He is a member of the Pancakasika group because he was born from the holiness of Bhatara Guru's hands. Sang Hyang Kusika was born from the thumb (Anggusta), in the form of Pradhana.

Sang Hyang Garga was born from the index finger (tarjini), in the form of Purusa. Sang Hyang Maitri was born from the middle finger (madiamika) in the form of Brahma. Sang Hyang Kurusya was born from the ring finger (manamika) in the form of Vishnu. Sang Hyang Pretanjala was born from the little finger (kanistika) in the form of Mahadewa. Thus his manifestation became Bhatara Pancasiwa. He is worthy of purifying the entire universe. Next they were asked to meditate by Bhatara Guru. Sang Hyang Pancasiwa excused himself, and worshiped at the feet of Bhatara Guru. It is said that Bhatari Uma came to worship at the feet of Bhatara Guru. He offered milk.

The milk was received by Bhatara Guru with a gentle gaze. Next Bhatara Guru asked Sang Hyang Ghana to divine the journey of his mother (Bhatari Uma) on her journey to find black cow's milk. Sang Hyang Ghana obeyed, then took the library, a gift from Bhatara Guru previously. Before the library was read, a mantra was given to it.

The image of his mother appearing to be unfaithful to the shepherd. This was conveyed to Bhatara Guru. Bhatara Guru looked blushing. How angry Bhatari Uma was and immediately said harshly.

“What did you say, Ghana? You are still a baby, pretending to know how to predict something unclear. You are so cruel to criticize your mother's behavior! You do not know the secret! If only you did not hold the sacred library, you would have been eaten by me. Who do you think your mother is? Am I not the embodiment of Durga? I can swallow the earth!

Thus said Bhatari Uma blaspheming. Fire came out of Bhatari Uma's eyes. It was very powerful and destroyed the library so that in an instant it turned into ashes. Sang Hyang Ghana's heart was saddened by the burning of the library. The script was rewritten by Sang Hyang Ghana. Bhatari Uma told Sang Hyang Kumara to trample on the dust of the library.

Immediately Sang Hyang Kumara trampled on the ashes of the library with both feet. Because of the trampling, the ashes of the library scattered and spread so that they could no longer be seen by the eye. Sang Hyang Ghana was angry with Sang Hyang Kumara. Sang Hyang Ghana transformed into Sang Hyang Ghanamurti, with four arms, and four fangs. Sang Hyang Kumara was captured and massacred. Soon Bhatara Guru came and greeted Sang Hyang Ghana in a friendly manner.

"O Ghana, don't do that! That is called Brahmatya, which can result in your purity being lost! He is still a child. If someone is not yet fourteen years old, don't be punished, stop your anger towards Sang Hyang Kumara! Later, when Sang Hyang Kumara is older, more than ten years old, there you will continue your anger towards Sang Hyang Kumara," said Bhatara Guru.

"From the short story above, a common thread can be drawn that the black cattle that exist in this world originate from white cattle which were cursed to become black cattle by Bhatara Guru when he transformed into a cattle herder," he explained.

The white ox found in Taro Village is the belief of the people of Taro Village that the ox belonged to Bhatara Guru who was entrusted to them to be looked after by a maharesi named Rsi Markandeya.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Lembu.png|Lintang Lembu (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinLEMBU.jpg|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangLEMBU.jpg|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Lembu2.jpg|Lintang Lembu (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 8.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Rarely finds happiness, his life is in regret. Acts carefully and thoughtfully, honestly and attentively to other people's plight. When angry he loses self-control.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Daluman (Giok/Jade), Nari Gangga/ Mata Kucing (Chrysobery Cat Eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Aldebaran
| HIP 21421
| within constellation lines
| 0.86
|-
| 2
| Elnath
| HIP 25428
| within constellation lines
| 1.65
|-
| 3
| Alcyone
| HIP 17702
| within constellation lines
| 2.87
|-
| 4
| Tianguan
| HIP 26451
| within constellation lines
| 3.03
|-
| 5
| λ Tauri
| HIP 18724
| within constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
| 6
| Chamukuy
| HIP 20894
| Inside the Hull
| 3.41
|-
| 7
| Ain
| HIP 20889
| within constellation lines
| 3.53
|-
| 8
| ο Tauri
| HIP 15900
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 9
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| Inside the Hull
| 3.63
|-
| 10
| Prima Hyadum
| HIP 20205
| within constellation lines
| 3.65
|-
| 11
| ξ Tauri
| HIP 16083
| within constellation lines
| 3.75
|-
| 12
| Secunda Hyadum
| HIP 20455
| Inside the Hull
| 3.76
|-
| 13
| θ 1 Tauri
| HIP 20885
| Inside the Hull
| 3.84
|-
| 14
| ν Tauri
| HIP 18907
| within constellation lines
| 3.883
|-
| 15
| 5 Tau
| HIP 16369
| Inside the Hull
| 4.1
|-
| 16
| κ 1 Tauri
| HIP 20635
| Inside the Hull
| 4.201
|-
| 17
| τ Tauri
| HIP 21881
| within constellation lines
| 4.258
|-
| 18
| 90 Tau
| HIP 21589
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 19
| μ Tauri
| HIP 19860
| Inside the Hull
| 4.279
|-
| 20
| υ Tauri
| HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 21
| δ 3 Tauri
| HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
| 4.298
|-
| 22
| 37 Tau
| HIP 19038
| Inside the Hull
| 4.37
|-
| 23
| 71 Tau
| HIP 20713
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 24
| ι Tauri
| HIP 23497
| Inside the Hull
| 4.615
|-
| 25
| ρ Tauri
| HIP 21273
| Inside the Hull
| 4.65
|-
| 26
| σ 2 Tauri
| HIP 21683
| Inside the Hull
| 4.665
|-
| 27
| π Tauri
| HIP 20732
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 28
| ο 1 Orionis
| HIP 22667
| Inside the Hull
| 4.721
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 30
| δ 2 Tauri
| HIP 20542
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 31
| 114 Tau
| HIP 25539
| Inside the Hull
| 4.868
|-
| 32
| ω 2 Tauri
| HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
| 33
| 109 Tau
| HIP 24822
| Inside the Hull
| 4.948
|-
| 34
| * 47 Tau A
| HIP 19740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.95
|-
| 35
| 75 Tau
| HIP 20877
| Inside the Hull
| 4.969
|-
| 36
| 79 Tau
| HIP 20901
| Inside the Hull
| 5.014
|-
| 37
| 30 Tau
| HIP 17771
| Inside the Hull
| 5.07
|-
| 38
| σ 1 Tauri
| HIP 21673
| Inside the Hull
| 5.076
|-
| 39
| 97 Tau
| HIP 22565
| Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
| 40
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 41
| 66 Tau
| HIP 20522
| Inside the Hull
| 5.098
|-
| 42
| 4 Tau
| HIP 16322
| Inside the Hull
| 5.124
|-
| 43
| 43 G. Tau
| HIP 19799
| Inside the Hull
| 5.218
|-
| 44
| 58 Tau
| HIP 20261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
| 45
| κ 2 Tauri
| HIP 20641
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 46
| l Tau
| HIP 23871
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 47
| 46 Tau
| HIP 19719
| Inside the Hull
| 5.29
|-
| 48
| 56 Tau
| HIP 20186
| Inside the Hull
| 5.346
|-
| 49
| χ Tauri
| HIP 20430
| Inside the Hull
| 5.378
|-
| 50
| 83 Tau
| HIP 21036
| Inside the Hull
| 5.395
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 18975
| Inside the Hull
| 5.42
|-
| 52
| 93 Tau
| HIP 21735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.445
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
| 54
| 81 Tau
| HIP 21039
| Inside the Hull
| 5.454
|-
| 55
| 118 Tau
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 56
| 53 Tau
| HIP 20171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.482
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 23043
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
| 58
| 103 Tau
| HIP 23900
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 59
| ω 1 Tauri
| HIP 19388
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 60
| 36 Tau
| HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
| 61
| 72 Tau
| HIP 20789
| Inside the Hull
| 5.514
|-
| 62
| 80 Tau
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
| 63
| 57 Tau
| HIP 20219
| Inside the Hull
| 5.568
|-
| 64
| 32 Tau
| HIP 18471
| Inside the Hull
| 5.617
|-
| 65
| 63 Tau
| HIP 20484
| Inside the Hull
| 5.625
|-
| 66
| 51 Tau
| HIP 20087
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 67
| * 80 Tau A
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.666
|-
| 68
| 13 Tau
| HIP 17309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 69
| 26 G. Tau
| HIP 18805
| Inside the Hull
| 5.691
|-
| 70
| 60 Tau
| HIP 20400
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 20842
| Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
| 72
| 6 Tau
| HIP 16511
| Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
| 73
| 89 Tau
| HIP 21588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 22913
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 75
| 98 Tau
| HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
| 5.785
|-
| 76
| 99 Tau
| HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 77
| -
| HR 1243
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 78
| * 118 Tau A
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 79
| HU Tau
| HIP 21604
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 18735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.865
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 20804
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 82
| 76 Tau
| HIP 20873
| Inside the Hull
| 5.892
|-
| 83
| 39 Tau
| HIP 19076
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 84
| 105 Tau
| HIP 23883
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 19376
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 19284
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 87
| -
| HIP 18170
| Inside the Hull
| 5.946
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 20417
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 20614
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 22176
| Inside the Hull
| 5.981
|-
| 91
| V1141 Tau
| HIP 20493
| Inside the Hull
| 5.986
|-
| 92
| 85 Tau
| HIP 21137
| Inside the Hull
| 5.998
|-
| 93
| V1116 Tau
| HIP 21459
| Inside the Hull
| 6.019
|-
| 94
| 33 Tau
| HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.038
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 17921
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 96
| -
| HIP 19261
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 17453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.074
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 19641
| Inside the Hull
| 6.087
|-
| 99
| -
| HIP 20255
| Inside the Hull
| 6.094
|-
| 100
| -
| HIP 24820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.107
|-
| 101
| 96 Tau
| HIP 22441
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 102
| V1137 Tau
| HIP 19672
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 103
| 14 Tau
| HIP 17408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 104
| -
| HIP 20284
| Inside the Hull
| 6.141
|-
| 105
| 95 Tau
| HIP 21961
| Inside the Hull
| 6.151
|-
| 106
| -
| HIP 17900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.153
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 18508
| Inside the Hull
| 6.165
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 17058
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 23589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 21689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 24977
| Inside the Hull
| 6.205
|-
| 112
| 40 G. Tau
| HIP 19720
| Inside the Hull
| 6.249
|-
| 113
| -
| HIP 19736
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 114
| 108 Tau
| HIP 24512
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
| 6.291
|-
| 116
| 48 Tau
| HIP 19877
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 117
| 47 G. Tau
| HIP 20188
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 118
| 84 Tau
| HIP 21082
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 119
| -
| HIP 18717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 120
| -
| HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
| 121
| -
| HIP 22128
| Inside the Hull
| 6.329
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 24984
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 123
| 62 Tau
| HIP 20533
| Inside the Hull
| 6.337
|-
| 124
| 25 G. Tau
| HIP 18658
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 125
| -
| HIP 22850
| Inside the Hull
| 6.347
|-
| 126
| -
| HIP 21408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 127
| SZ Tau
| HIP 21517
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 128
| V766 Tau
| HIP 18033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 129
| -
| HIP 20558
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 130
| NGC 1647
| NGC 1647
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 131
| -
| HIP 16924
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 132
| 70 Tau
| HIP 20661
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 133
| 26 Tau
| HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 134
| -
| HIP 21053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.491
|-
| 135
| -
| HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 136
| -
| HIP 24252
| Inside the Hull
| 6.79
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Lembu" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star del02 Tau or HIP 20542 is in its neck part. Constellation Lembu is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]] [[Category:Ori]]

Laweyan

2026-03-04T11:05:03Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangLAWE.jpg|thumb|Lintang Goang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Kawanda.png|thumb|Lintang Kawanda in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
Laweyan is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of laweyan is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang laweyan means a headless demon constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Laweyan (IPA: /lawɛjan/[lawɛjan] is Balinese term.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* lawean
* kawanda
* gowang
* gumawang

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In relation to Palelintangan, Laweyan is referred to as [[Rahu]], which in Vedic tradition is the lunar ascending node. Meanwhile, Rahu, in Indian tradition, was adapted into Balinese mythology as Kala Rau (the giant Rau). The plot centers on the beheading of Kala Rau, who disguised himself as the god Kuwera to obtain the water of immortality, which grants immortality and defeats the evil giants of Balidwipa (the island of Bali). His disguise was revealed, and the god Vishnu threw his chakra into Kala Rau's neck. Kala Rau's body split in two. His head floated into the sky and became Rau. His body was thrown by the gods to Earth and became a mortar. This body became [[Ketu]] in the Indian Vedic tradition. Out of hatred for the moon goddess who had rejected his love, Rau's head swallowed the moon, causing an eclipse. The people of Balidwipa mourned the loss of the moon, so they pounded the mortar in an attempt to save the goddess Ratih. It was believed that pounding the mortar (Kala Rau's body) would hurt her, causing the moon to escape through his neck and return to the sky.<ref>Setyowati, Melinda, "Mitos Kala Rau," Sastra lisan (2017) https://www.scribd.com/document/401379597/Mitos-Kala-Rau</ref>

In essence, Rahu-Ketu and Laweyan-Děpat are distinct. Kala Rau's origins are not from the meditation of the goddess Durga, as Děpat and Laweyan do, but from the descendants of Wipracitti and Singhika. However, it seems that in the case of Palelintangan, they associate Laweyan with Rahu, thus giving the impression that lintang Laweyan is the same as Rahu, symbolized by the lunar ascending node.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1"/> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 133919.png|center|thumb|900x900px|Kawanda in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "Drachenkopf, aufsteigender Mondknoten" which means "Dragon's head, ascending lunar node".]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Laweyan is a spirit creature that takes the form of a headless human. Some also say that Laweyan is just a body, lacking a head, arms, or legs. Laweyan is a creature created by the Goddess Durga from human corpses whose heads have been separated from their bodies, or from corpses that only have the torso remaining.

It is said that if a corpse has been buried for a long time and has not been cremated, Goddess Durga will send Laweyan, along with several other spirits such as Jerangkong (a living skull), Kemangmang (a head demon), Bangke Maong (a rotting corpse), and others, to visit the deceased's family through dreams. They will remind the family that the corpse is in their current condition, similar to theirs, so that the deceased can receive a proper cremation ceremony.

According to those who have seen him, Laweyan often appears on the streets around cemeteries. When viewed from behind, Laweyan appears to be an ordinary human walking with his head down, with long hair, a bare chest, and only a sarong. However, when he turns around, he has no head, and his face is on his chest, while his long hair grows from his neck.

Laweyan rarely reveals himself to humans intentionally, except when we have committed a crime, when he has the right to disturb us by frightening us, and even then only to remind us of our mistakes.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kawanda.png|Lintang Kawanda (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinLAWEYAN.jpg|Lintang Laweyan in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangLAWE.jpg|Lintang Goang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Gowang.jpg|Lintang Gowang (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Generally, they are patient, polite, good at debating, but they unknowingly like torturing themselves, do not want to listen to advice, gamblers, and are mischievous. Avoid jobs that are of bad quality, because there is danger lurking. If born a good woman takes care of the child, because there is a tendency for her child to die.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kecubung (amethyst), Cempaka (yeloow saphire ), Ijo Rangreng (peros).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese take the lunar ascending node as their lintang, which also in the same case for Rahu in Vedic Jyotish.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Larung Paglangan

2026-03-04T11:04:49Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangLARU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Laru Paglangan in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Djampana.png|thumb|Lintang Djampana in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213318468.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Larung Paglangan (throwing cremation ashes), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Ngayud.jpg|thumb|The process of throwing ashes into the sea, CC-BY Putu Wijanatha]]
Larung Paglangan is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of larung paglangan is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang Larung paglangan means throwing ashes of cremation constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

This constellation term is consisted of two words, "larung" (IPA: [laˈruŋ]) and "paglangan" (IPA: [paˈɡəla.ŋan]).
=== Spelling Variants ===

* kirim
* djampana (old spelling)
* jampana (enhanced spelling)
* gotong majit (old spelling)
* gotong mayit (enhanced spelling)
* Pagělangan
* Lahru Pagalangan
* těmbaga
* Rarung pagělangan

=== Origin of Constellation ===

In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing cremation, the ashes will thrown into sea.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 140938.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kirim in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der grosse Bär ? (P.Jansz)" which means "the big bear? (P.Jansz)". He seemed confused because there are other lintang using the big bear. But this is common in Balinese culture because the Balinese could create more that one constellation within the same area or extended the area.]]

Maaß (1929), p. 144: <blockquote>kirim;~djampana; _; ein Mann, der die Asche einer verbrannten Leiche in das Wasser wirft; - die Totenbahre.</blockquote>'''English''': kirim;~djampana; _; a man who throws the ashes of a cremated corpse into the water; - the bier.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
[[File:Nganyud ring tegal.jpg|thumb|Throwing ashes into the middle of lake. CC-BY ekowisatamangrove.batulumbang]]
Larung paglangan is one of the Pitra Yadnya rituals intended for the dead person. This Pitra Yadnya ceremony is known as Ngaben. Historical evidence of the Ngaben ceremony in the past can be found in various ancient Balinese manuscripts, such as the Lontar Yama Tattwa, the Lontar Pitra Yadnya, and the Lontar Atma Prasangsa. These manuscripts explain that the spirit of the deceased needs to be purified so it can return to its origin, namely Sang Hyang Paramatma, or the One and Only God. The spirit must undergo a process of "liberation" or moksha, and one way to achieve this is through the Pitra Yadnya ceremony, one of which is the Ngaben.

This ceremony consists of several sacred stages that must be completed before, during, and after the cremation of the body. Larung paglangan is a ritual performed after the cremation of the body. The cremation of the body produces ashes, which are then scattered into a river, sea, or lake. However, in modern Bali, the scattering of ashes is more often done at sea. This process means returning the body's elements to nature, namely to release the Atma (spirit) from the shackles of the world so that it can easily unite with God (Mokshatam Atmanam).<ref>Kusumawardani, Olivia Salsabilla & Winata, Nadia Ayu Ardi, "KEBUDAYAAN BALI DENGAN TRADISI UPACARA NGABEN DALAM AGAMA HINDU," TANDA:Jurnal Kajian Budaya, Bahasa dan Sastra, (2022), Vol. 02 No. 06, 10-17.</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Djampana.png|Lintang Djampana (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinLARUNGPAGLANGAN.jpg|Lintang Laru Paglangan in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangLARU.jpg|Lintang Laru Paglangan in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Larung Paglangan.jpg|Lintang Larung Paglangan (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 17.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Never ending sorrow, if a woman will be sought for a honey, if a man his wife will have an affair, not considered to exist by his siblings and other relatives. Home is like hell. They are friendly to others, have a soft heart. Unfortunately, they are often trapped in their cowardly hearts and a sense of despair that is too fast.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (Saphire), Kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alioth
| HIP 62956
| within constellation lines
| 1.77
|-
| 2
| Alkaid
| HIP 67301
| within constellation lines
| 1.86
|-
| 3
| Mizar
| HIP 65378
| within constellation lines
| 2.22
|-
| 4
| Phecda
| HIP 58001
| within constellation lines
| 2.44
|-
| 5
| Megrez
| HIP 59774
| within constellation lines
| 3.32
|-
| 6
| 73 UMa
| HIP 60795
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 59920
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 8
| -
| HR 4917
| Inside the Hull
| 6.02
|-
| 9
| 1 CVn
| HIP 59708
| Inside the Hull
| 6.171
|-
| 10
| -
| HIP 61053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 65754
| Inside the Hull
| 6.417
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 65698
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:UMa]] [[Category:CVn]]

Kumba

2026-03-04T11:04:33Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangKUMBA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kumba in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Kumba.png|thumb|Lintang Kumba in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212820189.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kumba (an earthen jug), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Kumba is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kumba is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kumba means a vessel with holy water constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Kumba (IPA: [ˈkʊm.ba]) is derived from Sanskrit कुम्भ, kumbha, jar or pitcher.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* kumbha
* pěpětan
* jun

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kumba is an earthenware pot. Kumba as a water container is used in the manusa yadnya (ceremony for humans), especially in marriage ceremonies. This is stated in the Lontar Eka Pratama which states that four pots are needed as catur kumba for banten or offerings in the ceremony. Catur kumba consist of four small earthenware pots filled with water, rice, and flowers, each in four different colors with a small base (nyiru), as a complement to the offerings.

Catur Kumba itself is four lakes that contain holy water on the island of Bali, namely Lake Buyan, Lake Tamblingan, Lake Bratan, and Lake Batur.<ref>Puteri, H. A. J., Laksmi, N. K. P., Zuraidah, Prihatmoko, H. (2023). Dinamika ekologi manusia dalam toponimi Subak Gede Pulagan-Kumba. Sejarah dan Budaya: Jurnal Sejarah, Budaya, dan Pengajarannya. 17(2), 198-210. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.17977/um020v17i22023p198-211</nowiki></ref>

In addition, the kumba is also highly revered because it contains holy water. So that in Bajra Sandhi, a monument symbolizing the struggle of the Balinese people, the government designed the exterior of the monument with a pot (kumba) which symbolizes the jar of amertha.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 130719.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kumba in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "Wasserman" which means "Aquarius"]]
Maaß (1929), p. 143<blockquote>kumba; ~ kumba; - ein irdenes Gefäss.mit heiligem Wasser.</blockquote>'''English:''' kumba; ~ kumba; - an earthen vessel containing holy water.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Catur Kumba

In the past, when the ancient Mount Batur erupted, making Tampur Hyang take the path of asceticism to ask for the grace of Bhatara Indra. Bhatara/God Indra then created Lake Batur, and mandated that this clear, refreshing water be shared throughout Bali. He gave a message that the water from the spring should not be used by the residents of Batur, so Dewi Danu intended to sell it.

Ratu Ayu Mas Mbah shared the water, met the people and the state leaders. I Ratu Ayu Mas Membah/Mbah or Dewi Danu, the water goddess of the Balinese Hindus, who call their belief-system Agama Tirta, or belief-system of the water. On the way to share the water of Batur, Ratu Ayu Mas Mbah experienced many temptations, until she became an old and decrepit figure. Then created three lakes to complete Lake Batur, namely: Lake Buyan, Tamblingan, and Beratan. The four eternal springs that sustain and heal Balinese civilization.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kumba.png|Lintang Kumba (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKUMBA.jpg|Lintang Kumba in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangKUMBA.jpg|Lintang Kumba in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Kumba2.jpg|Lintang Kumba (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 12.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Miserable from childhood but after growing up have enough authority and intelligence and can be successful in life. All kinds of plants planted will succeed well. Suitable to be a rice field and garden farmer. They are loved by big people. They are fair in sharing, have good heart awareness, they are friendly to anyone and appear modest. Unfortunately, they are vengeful and that feeling will always interfere with their life.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Rudirarnawa (garnet), mirah (ruby), Kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Sadalsuud
| HIP 106278
| within constellation lines
| 2.89
|-
| 2
| Sadalmelik
| HIP 109074
| within constellation lines
| 2.94
|-
| 3
| Skat
| HIP 113136
| within constellation lines
| 3.28
|-
| 4
| Albali
| HIP 102618
| within constellation lines
| 3.77
|-
| 5
| Shatabhisha
| HIP 112961
| within constellation lines
| 3.79
|-
| 6
| Sadachbia
| HIP 110395
| within constellation lines
| 3.834
|-
| 7
| τ 2 Aquarii
| HIP 112716
| within constellation lines
| 3.98
|-
| 8
| η Aquarii
| HIP 111497
| within constellation lines
| 4.03
|-
| 9
| Ancha
| HIP 110003
| within constellation lines
| 4.16
|-
| 10
| ι Aquarii
| HIP 109139
| within constellation lines
| 4.27
|-
| 11
| * zet02 Aqr
| HIP 110960
| within constellation lines
| 4.34
|-
| 12
| * zet01 Aqr
| HIP 110960
| Inside the Hull
| 4.49
|-
| 13
| ν Aquarii
| HIP 104459
| within constellation lines
| 4.52
|-
| 14
| Bunda
| HIP 106786
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 15
| ο Aquarii
| HIP 108874
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 16
| μ Aquarii
| HIP 103045
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 17
| σ Aquarii
| HIP 111123
| Inside the Hull
| 4.81
|-
| 18
| Situla
| HIP 111710
| Inside the Hull
| 5.03
|-
| 19
| 46 Cap
| HIP 107382
| Inside the Hull
| 5.079
|-
| 20
| 32 Aqr
| HIP 108991
| Inside the Hull
| 5.271
|-
| 21
| 42 Aqr
| HIP 110000
| Inside the Hull
| 5.333
|-
| 22
| ρ Aquarii
| HIP 110273
| Inside the Hull
| 5.339
|-
| 23
| 38 Aqr
| HIP 109472
| Inside the Hull
| 5.422
|-
| 24
| 7 Aqr
| HIP 103401
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 25
| 30 Aqr
| HIP 108868
| Inside the Hull
| 5.543
|-
| 26
| λ Capricorni
| HIP 107517
| Inside the Hull
| 5.567
|-
| 27
| τ 1 Aquarii
| HIP 112542
| Inside the Hull
| 5.681
|-
| 28
| 94 G. Aqr
| HIP 108102
| Inside the Hull
| 5.704
|-
| 29
| 19 Aqr
| HIP 105761
| Inside the Hull
| 5.713
|-
| 30
| 44 Aqr
| HIP 110023
| Inside the Hull
| 5.751
|-
| 31
| 50 Aqr
| HIP 110602
| Inside the Hull
| 5.752
|-
| 32
| 80 G. Aqr
| HIP 106592
| Inside the Hull
| 5.778
|-
| 33
| 51 Aqr
| HIP 110578
| Inside the Hull
| 5.779
|-
| 34
| 74 Aqr
| HIP 113031
| Inside the Hull
| 5.78
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 110009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.791
|-
| 36
| 60 Aqr
| HIP 111394
| Inside the Hull
| 5.875
|-
| 37
| 138 G. Aqr
| HIP 110532
| Inside the Hull
| 5.907
|-
| 38
| 45 Aqr
| HIP 110179
| Inside the Hull
| 5.959
|-
| 39
| 17 Aqr
| HIP 105574
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 109466
| Inside the Hull
| 5.98
|-
| 41
| 47 Cap
| HIP 107487
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 106938
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 43
| 155 G. Aqr
| HIP 111171
| Inside the Hull
| 6.139
|-
| 44
| 128 G. Aqr
| HIP 109984
| Inside the Hull
| 6.143
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 111170
| Inside the Hull
| 6.16
|-
| 46
| 89 G. Aqr
| HIP 107596
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 47
| 70 Aqr
| HIP 112615
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
| 48
| 98 G. Aqr
| HIP 108506
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 108144
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 111761
| Inside the Hull
| 6.244
|-
| 51
| 49 G. Aqr
| HIP 104557
| Inside the Hull
| 6.267
|-
| 52
| 115 G. Aqr
| HIP 109442
| Inside the Hull
| 6.282
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 107750
| Inside the Hull
| 6.298
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 111965
| Inside the Hull
| 6.31
|-
| 55
| 96 G. Aqr
| HIP 108453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.331
|-
| 56
| 56 Aqr
| HIP 111086
| Inside the Hull
| 6.347
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 110091
| Inside the Hull
| 6.379
|-
| 58
| 58 Aqr
| HIP 111200
| Inside the Hull
| 6.381
|-
| 59
| 121 G. Aqr
| HIP 109647
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 60
| 152 G. Aqr
| HIP 111066
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 61
| 67 Aqr
| HIP 112179
| Inside the Hull
| 6.405
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 112168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 63
| 14 Aqr
| HIP 105019
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 64
| -
| HR 8629
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Kumba" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star tau Aqr or HIP 112716 is in the base of Kumba. Constellation Kumba is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Aqr]] [[Category:Cap]]

Kuda

2026-03-04T11:04:18Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangKUDA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kuda in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Djaran.png|thumb|Lintang Djaran in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122237291.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kuda (a horse), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Kuda is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kuda is found in intersection of Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kuda means horse constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Kuda (IPA: /ˈkuda/ [ˈku.da]) is from Malay, that borrowed from Tamil குதிரை, kutirai, means horse.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* kunda

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kuda or horse are animals that have been kept by humans since ancient times. Their strength that humans can use to lift loads makes them a traditional means of transportation. In Bali, horses are closely related to the possessions of high-caste people. because horses are considered a luxury item that not everyone can have. Horses usually carry carts (pedati). In addition, horses are commonly used as war mounts because of their agility in war.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

In UPTD Museum Bali, Kuda is inside the area of Pegasus, Andromeda

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Horse and Bedahulu Kingdom ===
The Bedahulu kingdom was led by a very powerful king who was arrogant and haughty named Mayadenawa. During his reign, all the people of Peneges Village in the Bedahulu kingdom were prohibited from carrying out religious ceremonies. This situation made the gods in heaven angry with Mayadenawa's behavior. To fight the very powerful king, Bhatara Indra descended to the world (mercapada). Knowing this, Mayadenawa managed to poison a spring, which caused all of Bhatara Indra's troops to die when they drank the water. However, thanks to Bhatara Indra's supernatural powers, he stabbed his keris into the ground, and a spring appeared that could revive his troops. It is said that the spring was named Tirta Empul. At the end, King Mayadenawa was defeated by Bhatara Indra.

The victory over Mayadenawa's death was celebrated by the Peneges residents. Where Bhatara Indra ordered the Peneges residents to return to worship at Besakih Temple. This victory ceremony was named Asua Medayadnya, namely a sacrifice ceremony (caru) using a white horse named Onceswara.

When the ceremony was about to be carried out, Onceswara's horse suddenly disappeared. Bhatara Indra ordered all the Peneges residents to look for the horse. Then the Peneges residents divided the group into two groups. The first group tracked northwest and the second group tracked northeast.

The group that tracked northwest failed to find Onceswara's horse. Then they built and settled in the Beratan area.

The second group that tracked to the northeast managed to find the horse but it was dead. They were very sad because Onceswara's horse was dead. Bhatara Indra knew this situation and said "hey.. people of Peneges, don't be sad, even though you found Onceswara's horse dead, I will repay your services. For that I bestow this area for you. Regarding the area to the limit of the smell of Onceswara's horse carcass". Hearing this statement, the Peneges residents then cut up the horse's carcass and threw the horse pieces in all directions far apart, so that they could control the area more widely. This condition can be seen from the existence of megalithic relics which are considered sacred places or places of worship by the local community.

Holy places that are related to the death of Onceswara's horse, such as:

Kakidukun: This place is located on the northern hill of Tenganan Pegringsingan Village. It is a shape that resembles a horse's phallus in an erect position. According to the local community, if a husband and wife have not yet had children in their marriage, they should ask the shaman's holy place to have children.

Batu Taikik or Batu Talikik: this holy place is also located on the northern hill. It is the largest monolith in the Tenganan Pegringsingan Village area. Batu Taikik is considered to be the contents of the stomach or dung of Onceswara's horse. The ceremony held here aims to ask for prosperity.

Penimbalan: this holy place is located on Papuhur Hill, which is a hill in the western part of Tenganan Pegringsingan Village. This Penimbalan is in the form of a monolith which is considered by the local community to be the remains of a horse's thigh. The ceremony held in this place is related to the ceremony for Teruna Nyoman.

Batu Jaran: this holy place is located in the northern part which is considered to be the remains of Onceswara's horse.

Since being given the right to inhabit the area as determined, the Peneges residents have built a village between three hills, namely Kangin Hill (east), Kauh Hill (west) and Kaja Hill (north). Because the village is located between three hills, this village is called Tengahan. In its further development it became Tenganan.

According to Korn, in ancient times there was a village located near the coast around Candi Dasa called Peneges Village. The residents of Peneges Village had a relationship with people in Teges Village, Bedahulu, Gianyar. Over time, the Peneges residents moved inland or ngetengahang which is commonly known today.

Meanwhile, regarding the term Pegringsingan, it is possible that it comes from the typical craft business of the Tenganan Village community, namely weaving Gringsing cloth, which is the only business in Bali.

The empirical evidence above, especially regarding the history of Tenganan Pegringsingan Village, is still visible today, such as the relationship between the Peneges people in the Beratan area and the residents of Tenganan Pegringsingan, which is still well established. If Tenganan Pegringsingan holds a traditional ceremony, the Peneges people in Beratan are invited to attend and vice versa. The Peneges (Beratan) people who are present in Tenganan Pegringsingan are allowed to go up to Bale Agung and enter the holy place in the Tenganan Pegringsingan Village area. Even when the head of Tenganan Pegringsingan is unable to lead the ceremony, a head from Beratan can be appointed as a replacement.<ref>Kemendikbud, "Desa Bali Aga Tenganan Pegringsingan" (2015) https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbbali/desa-bali-aga-tenganan-pegringsingan/</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Djaran.png|Lintang Djaran (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKUDA.jpg|Lintang Kuda in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangKUDA.jpg|Lintang Kuda in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Kuda2.jpg|Lintang Kuda (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Anggrara (Tuesday, in saptawara) has a value of 3 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 8.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
get good and bad in his life, be careful of other people's problems, it could turn around to harm you. The danger is being tortured by people. In his life he is always in debt, even if he is rich he will be confused. They are jealous and have difficulty giving in to others, they like to interfere in other people's affairs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Windu Segara (Aqua Marine), Biduri Bulan (moon stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alpheratz
| HIP 677
| within constellation lines
| 2.06
|-
| 2
| Enif
| HIP 107315
| within constellation lines
| 2.39
|-
| 3
| Scheat
| HIP 113881
| within constellation lines
| 2.42
|-
| 4
| Markab
| HIP 113963
| within constellation lines
| 2.48
|-
| 5
| Algenib
| HIP 1067
| within constellation lines
| 2.84
|-
| 6
| Sadalmelik
| HIP 109074
| within constellation lines
| 2.94
|-
| 7
| Matar
| HIP 112158
| within constellation lines
| 2.95
|-
| 8
| δ Andromedae
| HIP 3092
| within constellation lines
| 3.28
|-
| 9
| Homam
| HIP 112029
| within constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
| 10
| Sadalbari
| HIP 112748
| within constellation lines
| 3.48
|-
| 11
| Biham
| HIP 109427
| within constellation lines
| 3.55
|-
| 12
| γ Piscium
| HIP 114971
| within constellation lines
| 3.7
|-
| 13
| λ Pegasi
| HIP 112440
| Inside the Hull
| 3.93
|-
| 14
| ξ Pegasi
| HIP 112447
| Inside the Hull
| 4.2
|-
| 15
| θ Piscium
| HIP 115830
| Inside the Hull
| 4.3
|-
| 16
| Alkarab
| HIP 115623
| Inside the Hull
| 4.4
|-
| 17
| Fumalsamakah
| HIP 113889
| Inside the Hull
| 4.52
|-
| 18
| 55 Peg
| HIP 114144
| Inside the Hull
| 4.52
|-
| 19
| 70 Peg
| HIP 115919
| Inside the Hull
| 4.56
|-
| 20
| Salm
| HIP 115250
| Inside the Hull
| 4.58
|-
| 21
| π Aquarii
| HIP 110672
| Inside the Hull
| 4.64
|-
| 22
| ψ Pegasi
| HIP 118131
| Inside the Hull
| 4.66
|-
| 23
| 56 Peg
| HIP 114155
| Inside the Hull
| 4.74
|-
| 24
| ο Pegasi
| HIP 112051
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 25
| 35 Peg
| HIP 110882
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 26
| χ Pegasi
| HIP 1168
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 27
| ν Pegasi
| HIP 109068
| Inside the Hull
| 4.84
|-
| 28
| ρ Pegasi
| HIP 113186
| Inside the Hull
| 4.9
|-
| 29
| 78 Peg
| HIP 117073
| Inside the Hull
| 4.96
|-
| 30
| 31 Peg
| HIP 110386
| Inside the Hull
| 4.99
|-
| 31
| 7 Psc
| HIP 115227
| Inside the Hull
| 5.069
|-
| 32
| 77 Peg
| HIP 117020
| Inside the Hull
| 5.071
|-
| 33
| ϕ Pegasi
| HIP 117718
| Inside the Hull
| 5.08
|-
| 34
| 66 Peg
| HIP 115444
| Inside the Hull
| 5.081
|-
| 35
| 57 Peg
| HIP 114347
| Inside the Hull
| 5.14
|-
| 36
| 59 Peg
| HIP 114520
| Inside the Hull
| 5.154
|-
| 37
| GN And
| HIP 2355
| Inside the Hull
| 5.214
|-
| 38
| 82 Peg
| HIP 117730
| Inside the Hull
| 5.3
|-
| 39
| 30 Peg
| HIP 110298
| Inside the Hull
| 5.37
|-
| 40
| 58 Peg
| HIP 114389
| Inside the Hull
| 5.386
|-
| 41
| 71 Peg
| HIP 116264
| Inside the Hull
| 5.42
|-
| 42
| Helvetios
| HIP 113357
| Inside the Hull
| 5.46
|-
| 43
| 75 Peg
| HIP 116611
| Inside the Hull
| 5.482
|-
| 44
| 17 Peg
| HIP 108339
| Inside the Hull
| 5.533
|-
| 45
| 87 Peg
| HIP 729
| Inside the Hull
| 5.555
|-
| 46
| 63 Peg
| HIP 115271
| Inside the Hull
| 5.557
|-
| 47
| 36 Peg
| HIP 110986
| Inside the Hull
| 5.574
|-
| 48
| 20 Peg
| HIP 108693
| Inside the Hull
| 5.599
|-
| 49
| 19 Peg
| HIP 108699
| Inside the Hull
| 5.633
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 114096
| Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 114449
| Inside the Hull
| 5.661
|-
| 52
| * 37 Peg A
| HIP 111062
| Inside the Hull
| 5.7
|-
| 53
| 85 Peg
| HIP 171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.75
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 109471
| Inside the Hull
| 5.774
|-
| 55
| 34 Peg
| HIP 110785
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 56
| 40 Peg
| HIP 111810
| Inside the Hull
| 5.82
|-
| 57
| 21 Peg
| HIP 108875
| Inside the Hull
| 5.822
|-
| 58
| 11 G. Psc
| HIP 113622
| Inside the Hull
| 5.848
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 114641
| Inside the Hull
| 5.852
|-
| 60
| IM Peg
| HIP 112997
| Inside the Hull
| 5.89
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 112067
| Inside the Hull
| 5.921
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 109577
| Inside the Hull
| 5.93
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 114189
| Inside the Hull
| 5.953
|-
| 64
| 47 G. Peg
| HIP 116768
| Inside the Hull
| 5.96
|-
| 65
| 79 Peg
| HIP 117500
| Inside the Hull
| 5.96
|-
| 66
| 69 Peg
| HIP 115806
| Inside the Hull
| 5.979
|-
| 67
| 18 Peg
| HIP 108612
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 68
| -
| HIP 111974
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 69
| V439 And
| HIP 544
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 70
| * 52 Peg A
| HIP 113503
| Inside the Hull
| 6.08
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 116307
| Inside the Hull
| 6.111
|-
| 72
| 23 Psc
| HIP 117710
| Inside the Hull
| 6.113
|-
| 73
| 13 G. Peg
| HIP 108090
| Inside the Hull
| 6.143
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 114081
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 75
| 31 G. Peg
| HIP 110341
| Inside the Hull
| 6.163
|-
| 76
| -
| HIP 118048
| Inside the Hull
| 6.166
|-
| 77
| 29 G. Peg
| HIP 109939
| Inside the Hull
| 6.192
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 114526
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 1193
| Inside the Hull
| 6.234
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 716
| Inside the Hull
| 6.246
|-
| 81
| 74 Peg
| HIP 116592
| Inside the Hull
| 6.249
|-
| 82
| -
| HIP 399
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 110696
| Inside the Hull
| 6.264
|-
| 84
| 65 Peg
| HIP 115407
| Inside the Hull
| 6.267
|-
| 85
| 45 Peg
| HIP 112358
| Inside the Hull
| 6.269
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 110548
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 87
| -
| HIP 1076
| Inside the Hull
| 6.277
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 111649
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 89
| 5 G. Psc
| HIP 113360
| Inside the Hull
| 6.282
|-
| 90
| 76 Peg
| HIP 116972
| Inside the Hull
| 6.293
|-
| 91
| 41 Peg
| HIP 111884
| Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
| 92
| -
| HIP 111296
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 2583
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 114607
| Inside the Hull
| 6.331
|-
| 95
| 8 G. Psc
| HIP 113465
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 96
| -
| HIP 114742
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 1215
| Inside the Hull
| 6.342
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 115389
| Inside the Hull
| 6.354
|-
| 99
| -
| HIP 109445
| Inside the Hull
| 6.359
|-
| 100
| -
| HIP 113131
| Inside the Hull
| 6.36
|-
| 101
| -
| HIP 108766
| Inside the Hull
| 6.367
|-
| 102
| V354 Peg
| HIP 116119
| Inside the Hull
| 6.388
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 114725
| Inside the Hull
| 6.395
|-
| 104
| -
| HIP 116187
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 105
| 39 Peg
| HIP 111278
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 106
| 15 G. Psc
| HIP 113904
| Inside the Hull
| 6.417
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 111601
| Inside the Hull
| 6.419
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 109009
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 34
| Inside the Hull
| 6.434
|-
| 110
| 41 G. Peg
| HIP 113445
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 115915
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 112
| -
| HIP 113994
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 113
| 13 G. Psc
| HIP 113705
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 114
| -
| HIP 410
| Inside the Hull
| 6.462
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 114686
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 116
| -
| HIP 116465
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 117
| -
| HIP 728
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 118
| -
| HIP 109691
| Inside the Hull
| 6.488
|-
| 119
| -
| HIP 109788
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 120
| -
| HIP 112803
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 121
| -
| HIP 114844
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 117939
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 112222
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 124
| -
| HIP 1057
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Kuda" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star del And or HIP 3092 is in the horseshoe. Horseshoe is usually considered as tool that have magic to attract consument. Constellation Kuda is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Peg]] [[Category:Aqr]] [[Category:Psc]] [[Category:And]]

Kelapa Sunda

2026-03-04T11:03:51Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangKLP.jpg|thumb|Lintang Klapa in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Kalapa Sunde.png|thumb|Lintang Kalapa Sunde in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-12202383.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kelapa Sunda (a leaning coconut tree), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Kělapa Sunda is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kělapa sunda is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kělapa sunda means a leaning coconut tree constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term is consisted of two words, “kělapa” (IPA: /kəˈla.pa/) and “sunda” (IPA: /ˈsundɑ/).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* kalapa sundě
* n’ju
* klapa dojong
* kělapa
* kala cindě
* kělapa sondo
* pohon kělapa

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kelapa is coconut while sunda or dojong is leaning. Kelapa sunda means a leaning coconut tree. Coconut is a local plant in Bali. Bali holds the history of coconut tree vegetation, especially in the Nyuhtebel area, which is written in the Gelgel Kingdom inscription about the mission of the Gelgel Kingdom troops on the orders of the Gelgel King in 1465 CE, Dalem Batur Enggong Kresna Kepakisan, to paralyze the power and take over the power of De Dukuh Mengku Tenganan because he did not submit to the power of the Gelgel Kingdom.<ref>Anggraeni, Vita Ayu, "Jejak Nyuh, Pohon Kehidupan di Pesisir Bali Timur," (2018) https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2018/08/21/jejak-nyuh-pohon-kehidupan-di-pesisir-bali-timur</ref>

Coconut is a multi-purpose tree and all parts of the coconut can be used. In Bali, parts of the coconut tree are widely used for religious events, construction, and raw materials for food and drinks. Parts of the coconut in Balinese:<ref>Trisna, "Ada Banyak Sebutan, Ini 10 Nama Bagian Pohon Kelapa dalam Bahasa Bali," (2020) <nowiki>https://www.idntimes.com/life/education/ada-banyak-sebutan-ini-10-nama-bagian-pohon-kelapa-dalam-bahasa-bali-c1c2-1-01-ghggl-np300k</nowiki></ref>

# Coconut fruit is called nyuh
# Young coconut fruit is called kuud
# Young coconut leaves are called busung, usually used to make Balinese jejaitan
# Old coconut leaves are called slepan
# Dry coconut leaves are usually called danyuh
# Unblown coconut flowers are called tongtongan
# Unblown coconut flowers that will turn into fruit are called bungsil
# Dried flowers are usually called kloping
# The tip of the coconut tree is called empol
# The trunk of the coconut tree is called seseh

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß's description (p. 40):<blockquote>kalapa suṇḍe, n'u, ein neigender Kokosbaum, - der Kokosbaum. Im Leidener Kalender wird keine Auslegung angegeben;</blockquote>'''English:''' kalapa suṇḍe, n'u, a leaning coconut tree, - the coconut tree. No interpretation is given in the Leiden calendar;
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 134026.png|center|thumb|1000x1000px|Kalapa Sunde in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned the list of the stars of scorpionis.]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
There is a myth that has developed regarding the existence of coconut trees. Taken from the UTS Sivasiddhanta II quote (the meaning of the banten(offerings) and its mantra) it is told as follows, starting from the story of the God Brahma who has four heads, Catur Muka. At that time, God Shiva released an arrow to cut off one of the five heads of God Brahma so that God Brahma had four heads, so God Brahma was called Pala Dewa Catur Mukha. The severed head of God Brahma fell to the world and caused a very powerful earthquake. Seeing the world shaking violently, God Shiva took it and threw it into the sea. However, the sea also became shaken, the sea water rose and hit the coast. Finally, the head of God Brahma was taken again by God Shiva and planted on the beach. Then over time, the head of God Brahma that was planted grew into a coconut. That was when the coconut tree first appeared and until now it plays a very important role in organizing the Yajna ceremony of the Hindu Dharma community.<ref>Bali Factual News, "Kelapa Dalam Filosofi Umat Hindu," (2019) <nowiki>https://balifactualnews.com/kelapa-dalam-filosofi-umat-hindu/</nowiki></ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kalapa Sunde.png|Lintang Kalapa Sunde (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:KELAPA.jpg|Lintang Klapa in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangKLP.jpg|Lintang Klapa in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Kalapa Cindha.jpg|Lintang Kalapa Cindha (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 9.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Can be rich if they try in the field of seeding, agriculture, plantations. All their work finds good results. They are polite, friendly to everyone, unfortunately like to interfere in other people's affairs, and have a curious nature and are too curious.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kecubung (amethyst), Cempaka (yellow sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Antares
| HIP 80763
| within constellation lines
| 0.91
|-
| 2
| Larawag
| HIP 82396
| within constellation lines
| 2.29
|-
| 3
| Dschubba
| HIP 78401
| within constellation lines
| 2.32
|-
| 4
| Acrab
| HIP 78820
| within constellation lines
| 2.5
|-
| 5
| Acrab
| HIP 78820
| Inside the Hull
| 2.62
|-
| 6
| Paikauhale
| HIP 81266
| within constellation lines
| 2.81
|-
| 7
| Alniyat
| HIP 80112
| within constellation lines
| 2.89
|-
| 8
| Fang
| HIP 78265
| within constellation lines
| 2.91
|-
| 9
| Iklil
| HIP 78104
| within constellation lines
| 3.86
|-
| 10
| ω 1 Scorpii
| HIP 78933
| Inside the Hull
| 3.97
|-
| 11
| ω 2 Scorpii
| HIP 78990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.33
|-
| 12
| 13 Sco
| HIP 79404
| Inside the Hull
| 4.568
|-
| 13
| ο Scorpii
| HIP 80079
| Inside the Hull
| 4.57
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 79881
| Inside the Hull
| 4.782
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 78650
| Inside the Hull
| 4.966
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 79302
| Inside the Hull
| 5.102
|-
| 17
| * alf Sco B
| HD 148479
| Inside the Hull
| 5.2
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 79050
| Inside the Hull
| 5.38
|-
| 19
| M 4
| M 4
| Inside the Hull
| 5.4
|-
| 20
| CD-29 12513B
| HIP 80399
| Inside the Hull
| 5.41
|-
| 21
| -
| HIP 79980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.502
|-
| 22
| * 12 Sco A
| HIP 79399
| Inside the Hull
| 5.8
|-
| 23
| CD-29 12513A
| HR 6106
| Inside the Hull
| 5.82
|-
| 24
| -
| HIP 81741
| Inside the Hull
| 5.836
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 79098
| Inside the Hull
| 5.88
|-
| 26
| V929 Sco
| HIP 78877
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 79622
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 78575
| Inside the Hull
| 6.056
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 78699
| Inside the Hull
| 6.211
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 79031
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 79530
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 81891
| Inside the Hull
| 6.452
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Klapa" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star ome Sco or HIP 78933 is in the leaf of the tree. Constellation Klapa is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Sco]]

Kartika

2026-03-04T11:03:36Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

[[File:LintangKAR.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Kartika(1).png|thumb|Lintang Kartika in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213805179.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kartika (star), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Kartika is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of kartika is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kartika means star constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Kartika (IPA: /kar.ti.ka/) is derived from the Sanskrit कृत्तिका, kṛttikā, which means a nakshatra or lunar mansion, i.e., a sector of the sky along the ecliptic, the Pleiades star cluster.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* krěttika
* karawika

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kartika refers to the Pleiades star cluster and is one of the important asterisms in Bali. In determining the first and second months of the Balinese calendar, the wariga (Balinese astronomy) experts usually look for where and when the Kartika Star rises in the morning.

This research was conducted by observing the appearance of Kartika on the eastern horizon at Pura Ponjok Batu, Pacung Village, Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency. This temple was used as a reference because it is the northernmost temple on the island of Bali.

"In the past, our elders saw with the naked eye, so the start of Sasih Kasa and Sasih Karo as the first and second months of the Balinese calendar was only announced after the Kartika Star rose. That was traditional. Now, we can use mathematical calculations," explained Marayana.

Based on Marayana's research together with Japanese astronomy researchers, they found 3 places where the Kartika Star could be seen rising, namely in the Pacung Village area (Tejakula District), Julah Village (Tejakula District), and Sembiran Village (Tejakula District). At these three points, the Kartika Star can be seen rising in the morning, with the characteristics of the sun rising from the direction of the sea.

Another meaning of Kartika refers to the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. This month is one of the months that is revered in Bali because it is symbolized as the month of balance. Hindus in Bali celebrate the holy day of Purnama Kartika or Purnama Kapat, the full moon in the fourth month of the Balinese calendar. Purnama Kartika is a pujawali at large temples such as Padmatiga-Besakih, Pura Ulundanu Batur (Songan), and Pura Lempuyang Madya.<ref>Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin dik. (2024). Kalender Hindu. Bangli: Yayasan Wikarman</ref>

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 122227.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kartika in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "das Siebengestirn, Tauri = 1 naxatra" which means "the seven sisters, the first naksatra". Here the name of this lintang is directly grab from the Naksatra. He considered that the first naksatra is Krettika or Kartika. In some case, naksatra also have different starting lines but still in the same order.]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
This Pujawali is a commemoration of the descent of the ancestors Dewata Purusha (male seed) and Pradhana (female seed) to Bali for the first time, which then gave rise to all Balinese people.

This commemoration of the descent of ancestors to Bali signifies a commemoration of the early origins of the island of Bali, inhabited by humans who have a race like humans today. This commemoration of origins is related to the commemoration of Kartika Purnima in Odisha, India. On Kartika Purnima, the people of Odisha hold a celebration to commemorate the migration of their ancestors to a new land called Bali. This commemoration is called Baliyatra or the journey to Bali.<ref>Skilling odisha. (2019). International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research.</ref>

This commemoration signifies the past story of the journey of the Kalinga people to Bali. Therefore, this commemoration coincides with the commemoration of the origins of the ancestors of the Balinese people, Indonesia, called Bhatara Putranjaya and Dewi Danuh.

The commemoration of the origins of the Balinese people is strengthened by the reading of the majajiwan ritual in Besakih, because the majajiwan mentions the ancestors from Keling. The majajiwan is a ritual to census the population of Bali. The Balinese population that is censused is the first who have ancestors in Keling (Odisha) with the language "manira sakeng keling". Next are the ancestors from Singasari, and Majapahit. The reading of this majajiwan strengthens the existence of the origins of the ancestors from Kalinga, India, thus strengthening the commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali.

The commemoration of the Purnama Kartika pujawali is strengthened by the mythology of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali, because the name Rsi Markendya is the name of a rsi from India.

Mythology is contained in the Lontar Markendya Purana which tells the story of Rsi Markendya's journey to Bali with the Aga people. Genealogically, Rsi Markendya is a rsi from the Vedasira group. This is what causes Bali to have the relics of the Lontar Vedasira.

The mythology of the Markendya Purana and the relics of Vedasira strengthen the Bali-Kalinga connection which is told through the tradition of ceremonies. This Bali-Kalinga connection has been studied archaeologically by Ardika (2019).

This study strengthens the relationship between Bali and India, because beads were found which are evidence of trade between Bali and India. Ancient Balinese inscriptions also mention the names of educational centers in India such as Nalanda, Amarawati, and Waranasi.<ref>Ardika, I Ketut. (2019). Indianization and the Spread of Buddhism in Bali. <nowiki>https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82526331/0_20FULL_ICAPAW_2019_PROCEEDINGS-libre.pdf</nowiki>?</ref>

This study shows a strong relationship between Bali and India during ancient Balinese times. These findings strengthen the story of Balinese rituals through archaeological research. This archaeological research is part of archaeological research on the influence of India on the archipelago, because of the emergence of Hindu kingdoms in the archipelago. Examples are the Kutai Kingdom in Kalimantan, the Kalinga Kingdom in Central Java, and Tarumanagara in West Java. These kingdoms show the strong relationship between the archipelago and India in their time. These connections also reached Bali, so there is a lot of archaeological evidence of these connections in Bali.

These stories are further strengthened by DNA studies of Balinese people, because DNA is a record in the human body. DNA studies on Balinese people found DNA elements that are common to South Indian DNA.<ref>JUNITHA, I. K., & SUDIRGA, S. K. (2007). Variasi DNA Mikrosatelit Kromosom Y pada Masyarakat Bali Mula Terunyan. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 14(2), 59--64. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.14.2.59</nowiki></ref>

The findings of this DNA study show that the traditional story through rituals, mythology, and archaeological findings is confirmed to be true. Therefore, DNA studies have become the gateway for confirmation of the meeting of the Purnama Kartika tradition with Kartika Purnima.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kartika(1).png|Lintang Kartika (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKARTIKA.jpg|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangKAR.jpg|Lintang Kartika in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Karttika.jpg|Lintang Karttika (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
They will live in happiness but they are often involved in double love so that they have the opportunity to have a partner, namely a wife or husband or more than one affair. They are attractive and have charisma, smart in saving and stingy with people. They like luxury and showing off.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah Kecubung (Saphire ungu), Biduri bulan (moon stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Alcyone
| HIP 17702
| within constellation lines
| 2.87
|-
| 2
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| within constellation lines
| 3.63
|-
| 3
| Electra
| HIP 17499
| within constellation lines
| 3.7
|-
| 4
| Maia
| HIP 17573
| within constellation lines
| 3.87
|-
| 5
| Merope
| HIP 17608
| within constellation lines
| 4.18
|-
| 6
| Taygeta
| HIP 17531
| within constellation lines
| 4.3
|-
| 7
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| within constellation lines
| 5.09
|-
| 8
| Asterope
| HIP 17579
| within constellation lines
| 5.76
|-
| 9
| * 24 Tau
| HD 23629
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 10
| Sterope II
| HIP 17588
| Inside the Hull
| 6.421
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]] [[Category:Pleiades]]

Kala Sungsang

2026-03-04T11:03:21Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:KASU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Kala Sungsang.png|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-124804432.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kala Sungsang (an inverted demon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48.jpg|alt=image of the demon, historical depiction|thumb|De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48 (CC-BY SA I. Dewa Gedé Soberat (Schilder)).]]
Kala Sungang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). "Kala" means "demon" and "sungsang" means "upside down". It is the demon who stole and drank the holy water of the gods that makes them immortal. The constellation (lintang) of kala sungsang is found in intersection of Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kala sungsang means an upside-down demon constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term is consisted of two words, "kala" (IPA: /kala/) and "sungsang" (IPA: /ˈsʊŋsaŋ/).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sungsang kala
* antja-antja (old spelling)
* anca-anca (enhanced spelling)

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kala is derived from Sanskrit काल, that means time or death. Kala is son of the god Shiva who titled the god of time. The god Kala is often symbolized as a giant, with a scary face, dark in color and almost does not resemble a god. Kala is a symbol that no one can fight the law of karma. When it is time for someone to leave the mortal world, then at that time Kala will come to pick him up. If anyone insists on living along with their own will, then they will be destroyed by Kala. Therefore, Kala's face is very scary. But, in this case, kala sungsang is not the son of the god Shiva and goddess Durga.

While "sungsang" is from Javanese which means upside-down. This word depicts an abnormal position, what is above becomes below or what is in front becomes behind. The other meaning of "sungsang" is return back, has a meaning whatever we think, say and do, the results will definitely come back to us according to our karma.

Kala Sungsang is one of the demonic entities or negative forces that are considered to be present in traditional Balinese beliefs. He is often associated with the ''bala rencang'' at ''Pura Dalem'' and acts as a guard for Ida Bhatara Pengulun Setra. In the imagination of the Balinese people, Kala sungsang is depicted as a tall and large giant figure, with a scary face, and an upside-down body position, where his head is below and his feet are above. He walks using both hands.

Kala Sungsang symbolizes the figure who is the cause of all times or conditions that are contrary to the conditions that should be, especially in the Kali Yuga era. This includes an abnormal natural phenomenon, such as weather that is not in accordance with the season, as well as human traits that are contrary to their nature.
==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian." </blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 133652.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kala Sungsang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mention "ein Stern im Sternbild des grossen Bären bei den Indern" in German means "a star in the constellation of the Great Bear among the Indians".]]
While Maaß (1929) just locates the constellation in the vicinity of Ursa Major as a huge area, the precise identification is mentioned by UPTD Museum Bali where Kala Sungsang is in the area of [[Bootes]].<ref name=":0" /> They claim it is not true if lintang kala sungsang is within the constellation of Ursa Major. Kala Sungsang is always in upside-down position, in all the month even if the position is not at the night. We could not just rely on the Maaß documentation because the whole lintang in Palelintangan are still used until now and it is the part of their ritual.

Maaß's description (p. 140):<blockquote>Kala sungsang, ein auf Kopf und Händen stehender böser Geist; antja-antja, Figur, die auf Kopf und Händen steht; buta, ein böser Geist. Lippen krumm im Reden;</blockquote>'''English:''' Kala sungsang, an evil spirit standing on its head and hands; antja-antja, a figure standing on its head and hands; buta, an evil spirit. Lips twisted when speaking.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Based on the chronicle in the Purwa Bhumi Kamulan Lontar, Kala Sungsang was created when the goddess Durga was meditating.

Based on Andhabhuwana lontar, it is mentioned that the origin of the existence of Dewi Uma changed into Dewi Durga (ruler of the grave) because she received a curse from Lord Shiva. The curse caused Dewi Uma, who was titled Dewi Durga, to stay in the world and would return to Siwa Loka after being purified.

After descending to the world, she did a ritual. When Goddess Durga was meditating, various spirits and negative forces emerged from the hairs all over her body. These spirits, with their strange and scary appearances, have the task of misleading and testing the determination of humans in carrying out dharma. Among these creatures, '''Bhuta Sungsang''' has a special task of confusing the minds of humans so that they have difficulty distinguishing between reality and illusion and become reversed in their thoughts and actions.

In the Nusa Penida chronicle, Goddess Durga resides as the ruling deity of the grave followed by 108 Bhuta-Bhuti. The following are the names of the butha kala and butha kali that accompany the presence of Goddess Durga in the grave, namely, bhùta banaspati, yamapati, mregapati, banaspatiraja, bhùta saliwah, bhùta salah rupa, bhùta Enjek-pupu, Tangan-tangan, '''[[Laweyan]]''', '''Kumangmang''', '''Anja-anja''', Mamedi, Bhùta Sungsang, Udug-Basur, Ileg-ileg, Papengkah, Barong Asepek, I Gagendu, Suku-tunggal, kakawa, Mretyu, Togtogsil, Raregek, Raparayu, Kala Ngadang, bhùta Tan-pakuping, bhùta Bungut-sasibak, and so on. The task of Dewa Durga and her 108 followers is to spread disease, create drought, disaster in the world. However, the main target is humans who forget to devote themselves to the Almighty God.

Kala Sungsang is considered one of the 15 most powerful Bhutas among the soldiers. Kala Sungsang is believed to be the cause of human thoughts and behavior being reversed or not in accordance with the norms that should be. This is reflected in the decline of customary norms, religion, manners, and community ethics.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kala Sungsang.png|Lintang Kala Sungsang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKALA.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:KASU.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sungsang Kala.jpg|Lintang Sungsang Kala (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 10.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Self-torture, often hit by disasters and misfortunes. Unable to heed people's advice, act as they please, act as if they can do any job, are brave towards their parents, often get hurt by people, are good at hiding their feelings, are good at expressing complicated problems, like to interfere in other people's business.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Osadi (Zambrut /emerald), Daluman (Giok/Jade), Ijo Gading (Peridot), Narigangga (Chrysoberyl cat’s eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arcturus
| HIP 69673
| within constellation lines
| -0.05
|-
| 2
| Izar
| HIP 72105
| within constellation lines
| 2.45
|-
| 3
| Muphrid
| HIP 67927
| within constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
| 4
| Seginus
| HIP 71075
| within constellation lines
| 3.02
|-
| 5
| δ Boötis
| HIP 74666
| within constellation lines
| 3.49
|-
| 6
| Nekkar
| HIP 73555
| within constellation lines
| 3.52
|-
| 7
| ρ Boötis
| HIP 71053
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 8
| Alkalurops
| HIP 75411
| Inside the Hull
| 4.31
|-
| 9
| σ Boötis
| HIP 71284
| Inside the Hull
| 4.47
|-
| 10
| * zet Boo B
| HIP 71795
| within constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
| 11
| ο Boötis
| HIP 72125
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 12
| W Boo
| HIP 71995
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 13
| * eps Boo B
| HR 5505
| Inside the Hull
| 4.801
|-
| 14
| 12 Boo
| HIP 69226
| Inside the Hull
| 4.83
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 70027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 16
| π 1 Boötis
| HIP 71762
| Inside the Hull
| 4.893
|-
| 17
| 22 Boo
| HIP 70602
| Inside the Hull
| 5.394
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 72582
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 73634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
| 20
| 40 Boo
| HIP 73369
| Inside the Hull
| 5.634
|-
| 21
| * pi.02 Boo
| HR 5476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.761
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 72552
| Inside the Hull
| 5.8
|-
| 23
| HP Boo
| HIP 72567
| Inside the Hull
| 5.867
|-
| 24
| 26 Boo
| HIP 71115
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 71571
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 26
| V* CN Boo
| HR 5343
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 71277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.999
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 71094
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 70892
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 73068
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 72469
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 72139
| Inside the Hull
| 6.145
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 71729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 70762
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 71490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 70310
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 72124
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 71243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.306
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 73941
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 71406
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 69592
| Inside the Hull
| 6.377
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 71857
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 44
| -
| HR 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 70385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 70051
| Inside the Hull
| 6.445
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Kalasungsang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Delta Boo or HIP 74666 is in the demon's elbow which was selected because this is a sign of the meaning of sungsang, which is upside down. Constellation Kalasungsang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Boo]]

Hulanjar

2026-03-04T11:03:06Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangHULA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Akirim in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Hulandjar.png|thumb|Lintang Hulandjar in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125356571.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Hulanjar (a widow), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Hulanjar is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of hulanjar is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang hulanjar means a widow constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Hulanjar (IPA:[uˈlan.dʒar])

=== Spelling Variants ===

* hulandjar (old spelling)
* ulandjar (old spelling)
* ulanjar (enhanced spelling)
* wulandjar (old spelling)
* wulanjar (enhanced spelling)
* kiriman
* akirim

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Hulanjar can be interpreted as a widow whose husband has left her. It also refers to an unmarried virgin. During the Majapahit Kingdom, all the rules regarding marriage were regulated in the Nagarakertagama Kakawin book, in the chapters on tukon (dowry) and marriage. These rules were based on Hindu principles and customs, as well as local traditions and practices. If a young man proposed marriage to a young woman publicly, but had not yet married, he had no right to the proposal. Such a young woman was called a hulanjar, or an unmarried widow without children. Therefore, her father had the right to marry her off to someone else.<ref>Midaada, Avirista, "Mengenal Istilah Wulanjar Gadis Rasa Janda di Masa Kerajaan Majapahit" (2022) https://news.okezone.com/read/2022/05/06/337/2589762/mengenal-istilah-wulanjar-gadis-rasa-janda-di-masa-kerajaan-majapahit</ref>

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß (1929), p. 142: <blockquote>hulandjar; - ulandjar; - eine Frauensperson von nicht allzu bestem Ruf.</blockquote>'''English:''' hulandjar; - ulandjar; - a woman of not the best reputation.
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 134129.png|center|thumb|600x600px|Hulandjar in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "2 hellere Sterne im Centaurus im Osten des südlichen Kreuzes (nach P. Jansz)" which means "2 brighter stars in Centaurus in the east of the southern cross (according to P. Jansz)".]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Once upon a time, a beautiful ''hulanjar'' passed by the hut on her way to deliver food to the rice fields. Captivated by her beauty, the young men who were building the hut were distracted. This young woman was eventually immortalized as a constellation, Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hulandjar.png|Lintang Hulandjar (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinULANJAR.jpg|Lintang Hulanjar in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangHULA.jpg|Lintang Akirim in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Akikirim.jpg|Lintang Akikirim (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11 <ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
His promise can make people miserable, many supernatural beings haunt his life. They look like they are hard-hearted, but are patient and understanding. Often seen showing off, but their desire is to help. They speak impolitely and rudely, but they are loving and want to advise.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Biduri Bulan (Moon Stone).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Rigil Kentaurus
| HIP 71683
| within constellation lines
| 0.01
|-
| 2
| Hadar
| HIP 68702
| within constellation lines
| 0.58
|}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cen]]

Gajahmina

2026-03-04T11:02:49Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

[[File:LintangGAMI.jpg|thumb|Lintang Gajah mina in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:Gadjahmina.png|thumb|Lintang Gadjahmina in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212434288.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Gajahmina (an elephant-fish), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Gajahmina is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of gajahmina is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang gajahmina means elephant-fish constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Gajahmina consist of term “Gajah” (IPA: /ˈɡad͡ʒah/ [ˈɡa.d͡ʒah]) and “mina” (IPA: [ˈmina]). Gajah is derived from the Sanskrit गज, gaja, which means elephant. While mina is derived from Sanskrit मीन, mīna, which means fish.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* gadjahmina
* gadjamina
* gajamina
* makara
* kampaus

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Gajah Mina is a combination of an elephant and a fish in the form of an ancient animal, a type of fish with an elephant's head, which in the Yama Tattwa palm leaf manuscript is used by the Wesia Dynasty as an adventure in the cremation ceremony. The form of an elephant-headed fish is also often depicted or carved on temples as a decorative motif in temple architecture that has an archaeological history.

The description of Gajah Mina comes from the elders of a coastal village. The elders said that the creature was as big as a whale, had a trunk like an elephant, had fur on its body with a pair of tusks and in some cases, had wide ears. Philosophically, he continued, the Gajah Mina shrine is a symbol of the tremendous power of the King of the Ocean, namely Dewa Baruna.

Gajah Mina is also associated with the story of the salvation of the world by Matsya, who is the Avatara of Vishnu in the form of an Elephant-Headed Fish. Gajah Mina is the vehicle of the God Baruna and Goddess Gangga.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 122103.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Gadjahmina in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der Walfisch" which means "the whale".]]
Maaß (1929), p. 141:<blockquote>gadjahmina, Elefantenfisch; - gadjamina, halb Elefant halb Fisch; - ein Fisch mit Elefantenkopf. Der Leidener Kalender gibt keine Bedeutung an; - hat gute Bedeutung</blockquote>'''English:''' gadjahmina, elephant fish; - gadjamina, half elephant, half fish; - a fish with an elephant's head. The Leiden calendar does not give any meaning; - has a good meaning.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Makara is one of the most common Hindu mythological animals found in the archipelago, of course in its form as a statue. Many versions call Makara a sea giant. It has a form that is a combination of three types of animals. Makara has a body like a crocodile, a fish tail and an elephant head - more precisely, it has an elephant trunk. This mythological animal, known in Bali as gajamina - the elephant fish, is a symbol of water and darkness, therefore, in Hindu conception, Makara is often associated as a vehicle for the god Baruna or Varuna - the god who rules the seas and oceans and the goddess Gangga - the goddess who guards the holy river Ganges in India. The form of Makara in the form of a statue is often found at the end of the entrance to the temple. Usually this Makara is paired with other mythological animals, known as Kala or Kirtimukha - animals that are depicted with lion faces and are often carved at the top of the entrance to the temple, niches around the main chamber of the temple and sometimes behind the statue. Kala or Kirtimukha is a symbol of the sun and illumination. Kala and Makara, each symbolize two opposing aspects, sun – water, light – dark, up – down. In practice, these two animals are never separated, because the union of these two mythological animals is a symbol of harmony and balance in the universe.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Gadjahmina.png|Lintang Gadjahmina (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinGAJAMINA.jpg|Lintang Gajamina in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangGAMI.jpg|Lintang Gajah mina in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Gajahmina.jpg|Lintang Gajahmina (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 16.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Happiness always comes, any job produces money and wealth, and they generally live long. They have good alertness, weigh every action well, do not like to interfere in other people's affairs. Unfortunately, they are greedy and often indulge in dark desires (the-blindness).<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Nila (saphire), Kalimaya (opal), Mirah Delima (Ruby).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Diphda
| HIP 3419
| within constellation lines
| 2.01
|-
| 2
| Menkar
| HIP 14135
| within constellation lines
| 2.53
|-
| 3
| η Ceti
| HIP 5364
| within constellation lines
| 3.45
|-
| 4
| γ Ceti
| HIP 12706
| Inside the Hull
| 3.47
|-
| 5
| τ Ceti
| HIP 8102
| Inside the Hull
| 3.5
|-
| 6
| Kaffaljidhma
| HIP 12706
| Inside the Hull
| 3.54
|-
| 7
| ι Ceti
| HIP 1562
| within constellation lines
| 3.55
|-
| 8
| θ Ceti
| HIP 6537
| within constellation lines
| 3.59
|-
| 9
| Baten Kaitos
| HIP 8645
| Inside the Hull
| 3.72
|-
| 10
| υ Ceti
| HIP 9347
| within constellation lines
| 4.02
|-
| 11
| δ Ceti
| HIP 12387
| within constellation lines
| 4.07
|-
| 12
| Alrescha
| HIP 9487
| Inside the Hull
| 4.11
|-
| 13
| π Ceti
| HIP 12770
| within constellation lines
| 4.236
|-
| 14
| μ Ceti
| HIP 12828
| within constellation lines
| 4.26
|-
| 15
| ξ 2 Ceti
| HIP 11484
| Inside the Hull
| 4.3
|-
| 16
| ξ 1 Ceti
| HIP 10324
| within constellation lines
| 4.35
|-
| 17
| ξ Piscium
| HIP 8833
| Inside the Hull
| 4.604
|-
| 18
| χ Ceti
| HIP 8497
| Inside the Hull
| 4.68
|-
| 19
| σ Ceti
| HIP 11783
| Inside the Hull
| 4.75
|-
| 20
| ϕ 1 Ceti
| HIP 3455
| Inside the Hull
| 4.767
|-
| 21
| ρ Ceti
| HIP 11345
| Inside the Hull
| 4.866
|-
| 22
| ϵ Ceti
| HIP 12390
| Inside the Hull
| 4.87
|-
| 23
| ν Ceti
| HIP 12093
| Inside the Hull
| 4.871
|-
| 24
| 46 Cet
| HIP 6670
| Inside the Hull
| 4.907
|-
| 25
| 175 G. Cet
| HIP 7999
| Inside the Hull
| 4.982
|-
| 26
| 37 Cet
| HIP 5799
| Inside the Hull
| 5.13
|-
| 27
| * alf Psc B
| HIP 9487
| Inside the Hull
| 5.135
|-
| 28
| ϕ 2 Ceti
| HIP 3909
| Inside the Hull
| 5.19
|-
| 29
| 259 G. Cet
| HIP 11738
| Inside the Hull
| 5.269
|-
| 30
| 69 Cet
| HIP 11021
| Inside the Hull
| 5.287
|-
| 31
| ϕ 3 Ceti
| HIP 4371
| Inside the Hull
| 5.326
|-
| 32
| 179 G. Cet
| HIP 8230
| Inside the Hull
| 5.34
|-
| 33
| 75 Cet
| HIP 11791
| Inside the Hull
| 5.358
|-
| 34
| 50 Cet
| HIP 7450
| Inside the Hull
| 5.402
|-
| 35
| 25 Cet
| HIP 4914
| Inside the Hull
| 5.408
|-
| 36
| 238 G. Cet
| HIP 11029
| Inside the Hull
| 5.421
|-
| 37
| 70 Cet
| HIP 11046
| Inside the Hull
| 5.421
|-
| 38
| 60 Cet
| HIP 9589
| Inside the Hull
| 5.423
|-
| 39
| 39 Cet
| HIP 5951
| Inside the Hull
| 5.428
|-
| 40
| 57 Cet
| HIP 9326
| Inside the Hull
| 5.429
|-
| 41
| 67 Cet
| HIP 10642
| Inside the Hull
| 5.499
|-
| 42
| 47 Cet
| HIP 6748
| Inside the Hull
| 5.505
|-
| 43
| AR Cet
| HIP 9372
| Inside the Hull
| 5.51
|-
| 44
| 80 Cet
| HIP 12107
| Inside the Hull
| 5.535
|-
| 45
| 28 Cet
| HIP 5164
| Inside the Hull
| 5.565
|-
| 46
| 232 G. Cet
| HIP 10723
| Inside the Hull
| 5.59
|-
| 47
| 81 G. Cet
| HIP 3849
| Inside the Hull
| 5.594
|-
| 48
| 49 Cet
| HIP 7345
| Inside the Hull
| 5.607
|-
| 49
| 203 G. Cet
| HIP 9622
| Inside the Hull
| 5.609
|-
| 50
| ϕ 4 Ceti
| HIP 4587
| Inside the Hull
| 5.614
|-
| 51
| 64 Cet
| HIP 10212
| Inside the Hull
| 5.623
|-
| 52
| 81 Cet
| HIP 12247
| Inside the Hull
| 5.647
|-
| 53
| 66 Cet
| HIP 10305
| Inside the Hull
| 5.66
|-
| 54
| 38 Cet
| HIP 5833
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 55
| 78 G. Cet
| HIP 3717
| Inside the Hull
| 5.693
|-
| 56
| 30 Cet
| HIP 5296
| Inside the Hull
| 5.705
|-
| 57
| 84 Cet
| HIP 12530
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 58
| 77 Cet
| HIP 12002
| Inside the Hull
| 5.731
|-
| 59
| 165 G. Cet
| HIP 7276
| Inside the Hull
| 5.76
|-
| 60
| * 84 Cet A
| HIP 12530
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 7916
| Inside the Hull
| 5.77
|-
| 62
| BK Cet
| HIP 8778
| Inside the Hull
| 5.782
|-
| 63
| 286 G. Cet
| HIP 12444
| Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 12114
| Inside the Hull
| 5.79
|-
| 65
| 272 G. Cet
| HIP 12148
| Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
| 66
| AB Cet
| HIP 11348
| Inside the Hull
| 5.83
|-
| 67
| 93 G. Cet
| HIP 4346
| Inside the Hull
| 5.85
|-
| 68
| 202 G. Cet
| HIP 9572
| Inside the Hull
| 5.864
|-
| 69
| 42 Cet
| HIP 6226
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 9353
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 71
| 131 G. Psc
| HIP 8404
| Inside the Hull
| 5.904
|-
| 72
| 34 Cet
| HIP 5594
| Inside the Hull
| 5.918
|-
| 73
| 137 G. Cet
| HIP 6564
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 74
| 63 Cet
| HIP 10234
| Inside the Hull
| 5.933
|-
| 75
| 61 Cet
| HIP 9631
| Inside the Hull
| 5.942
|-
| 76
| 256 G. Cet
| HIP 11687
| Inside the Hull
| 5.99
|-
| 77
| 219 G. Cet
| HIP 10215
| Inside the Hull
| 5.999
|-
| 78
| 71 G. Cet
| HIP 3436
| Inside the Hull
| 6.02
|-
| 79
| 297 G. Cet
| HIP 12862
| Inside the Hull
| 6.031
|-
| 80
| 289 G. Cet
| HIP 12584
| Inside the Hull
| 6.049
|-
| 81
| 213 G. Cet
| HIP 9999
| Inside the Hull
| 6.056
|-
| 82
| 27 Cet
| HIP 5121
| Inside the Hull
| 6.088
|-
| 83
| * gam Cet B
| HIP 12706
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 84
| -
| HR 492
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 85
| 128 G. Cet
| HIP 6272
| Inside the Hull
| 6.147
|-
| 86
| 18 Cet
| HIP 3559
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 87
| 21 Cet
| HIP 4257
| Inside the Hull
| 6.161
|-
| 88
| 264 G. Cet
| HIP 12022
| Inside the Hull
| 6.163
|-
| 89
| 138 G. Cet
| HIP 6605
| Inside the Hull
| 6.164
|-
| 90
| 139 G. Cet
| HIP 6589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.183
|-
| 91
| 176 G. Cet
| HIP 8094
| Inside the Hull
| 6.19
|-
| 92
| 44 Cet
| HIP 6539
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
| 93
| 149 G. Cet
| HIP 6822
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
| 94
| EH Cet
| HIP 13756
| Inside the Hull
| 6.21
|-
| 95
| 279 G. Cet
| HIP 12318
| Inside the Hull
| 6.237
|-
| 96
| 170 G. Cet
| HIP 7580
| Inside the Hull
| 6.24
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 12318
| Inside the Hull
| 6.24
|-
| 98
| 127 G. Cet
| HIP 6283
| Inside the Hull
| 6.246
|-
| 99
| 285 G. Cet
| HIP 12447
| Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
| 100
| 207 G. Cet
| HIP 9827
| Inside the Hull
| 6.295
|-
| 101
| 71 Cet
| HIP 11261
| Inside the Hull
| 6.335
|-
| 102
| 209 G. Cet
| HIP 9862
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 103
| 276 G. Cet
| HIP 12272
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 104
| 32 Cet
| HIP 5485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.394
|-
| 105
| 186 G. Cet
| HIP 8664
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 106
| -
| HIP 9094
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 107
| 227 G. Cet
| HIP 10396
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 108
| 144 G. Cet
| HIP 6717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.426
|-
| 109
| 166 G. Cet
| HIP 7362
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 110
| 205 G. Cet
| HIP 9655
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 111
| 171 G. Cet
| HIP 7597
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 112
| 57 G. Cet
| HIP 2846
| Inside the Hull
| 6.444
|-
| 113
| * 42 Cet A
| HIP 6226
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 114
| 187 G. Cet
| HIP 8688
| Inside the Hull
| 6.45
|-
| 115
| 193 G. Cet
| HIP 9237
| Inside the Hull
| 6.46
|-
| 116
| 101 G. Cet
| HIP 4801
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 117
| Mira
| HIP 10826
| Inside the Hull
| 6.47
|-
| 118
| 293 G. Cet
| HIP 12720
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 119
| 133 G. Cet
| HIP 6427
| Inside the Hull
| 6.487
|-
| 120
| 63 G. Cet
| HIP 3175
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 121
| -
| HIP 10233
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 122
| 221 G. Cet
| HIP 10273
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 123
| -
| HIP 10854
| Inside the Hull
| 6.491
|-
| 124
| -
| HR 206
| Inside the Hull
| 6.498
|-
| 125
| 76 G. Cet
| HIP 3576
| Inside the Hull
| 6.499
|-
| 126
| -
| HIP 6687
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 127
| -
| HIP 13482
| Inside the Hull
| 6.74
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Gajahmina" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star eta Cet or HIP 5364 is in its ear. Constellation Gajahmina is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Cet]] [[Category:Psc]]

Gaja

2026-03-04T11:02:33Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gaja (गज)}}
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangGAJA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Gaja profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gaja profile Card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Gadjah.png|thumb|Lintang Gadjah in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-125457465.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Gajah (an elephant), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:Gaja stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|thumb|Gaja stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
[[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Elephant-cage-01.jpg|thumb|Borobudur temple Park, Indonesia: A male elephant at Borobudur Elephant Cage (photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas").]]
Gaja is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of gaja is found in intersection of Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Paing, the second day in the five-day cycle (pancawara) of market days in a series of palelintangan. Lintang gaja means an elephant constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Gajah (IPA: /ˈɡad͡ʒah/ [ˈɡa.d͡ʒah]) is derived from Sanskrit गज, gaja, means elephant.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* gadja (old spelling)
* gaja
* gajah

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Among the various animals, elephants are animals that have almost always appeared in the history of human civilization. In this world, animals that are part of the Elephantidae family only have two types left, namely, the African Elephant - Loxodonta africana - the largest elephant species in the world, and the Asian Elephant - Elephas maximus. From the genus Loxodonta, there are two subspecies: Loxodonta africana - the African Elephant that lives in savanna areas, and Loxodonta cyclotis - the African Elephant that lives in African forests.

While the distribution of Asian Elephants is only in several Asian countries, including parts of West Asia, the coast of Iran, China, Bhutan, India, parts of Nepal, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The Asian Elephants are also divided into several subspecies; Elephas maximus indicus - Indian Elephant, the elephant with the largest population in Asia, and Elephas maximus maximus - a subspecies of elephant known as the Sri Lankan Elephant. These subspecies have the largest body size among other Asian elephants.

Although researchers have divided elephants into two species and several subspecies, it turns out that all elephants in the world are considered to have several similarities. In addition to being the largest mammal on land, elephants are also classified as the smartest animals in the world. In addition to their special abilities, elephants also have a psychology that is very similar to humans, they have emotions. With the various specialties they have, it is not surprising that elephants often appear in the history of human civilization. It is recorded that several nations in the world, especially Asia, have a close relationship with this elephant figure, of course, in a cultural context.

In Hinduism, the elephant has a connection with deities. On the one hand, an elephant is a vehicle of the God Indra; together they eradicate the forces of evil. Known as Airawata, this elephant takes the form of a white elephant. Airawata is also often referred to as the leader of the elephants in the world as well as the guardian of the universe.

On the other hand, God Ganesha is a god who has an elephant’s head with a human body. In India, Ganesha is one of the most widely worshiped gods. Ganesha is worshiped as the god of salvation and the wards off disaster or danger. In this aspect, the manifestation of Ganesha as a statue is often found in various places, such as riverbanks, ravines, and other places considered dangerous by the Hindu community. While in Indonesia, especially Bali and Java, Ganesha is well known as the god of knowledge, wisdom, peace, and the arts.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Gadjah Maass1929.jpg|center|thumb|1155x1155px|Gadjah in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He gives "Stier und Plejaden", Taurus and Pleiades, which might appear confusing, as in 1929, the constellation Taurus has already been defined by the IAU as containing the Pleiades. Yet, this information might not have been accessible yet for the ethnographer A. Maaß. ]]

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Gajah Airawata ===

==== India ====
In the Hindu concept, Airawata is the son of Irawati. She is one of the daughters of Daksha, one of the sons of Brahma. Many versions call Daksha one of the creator gods. In another version, Daksha is also called Kasyapa.

==== Thailand ====
Many versions also say that Airawata is the most famous mythological animal in Thailand, perhaps because of this animal, Thailand is nicknamed the land of the "White Elephant". Unlike the Indian version, in Thailand Airawata is known as Erawan. Its form is also slightly different from the Indian version. In Thai culture, Airawata or Erawan is an animal that takes the form of a three-headed white elephant with more than two tusks.

==== Puppet Version (Wayang) ====
Airawata is said to have originated from the process of digging the Samudera Manthana (Manthana ocean). Once upon a time, Garuda was on his way to find Tirta Amerta to free Kasyapa, his mother, who was being enslaved by Kadru, the mother of the dragons. In his searching, Garuda was told by the gods to cut the peak of Mount Mandaragiri and then dig the Manthana ocean using the peak. With the help of Vishnu, Garuda was able to find the Tirta Amerta. In the digging process, new figures emerged in the concept of this puppetry, including the Goddess Laksmi, later known as the shakti of Bhatara Visnu, Laksmi is worshiped as the god of fertility, prosperity, wealth, luck, justice, and wisdom, the Moon, Tirta Amerta and the Airawata Elephant itself. This version also says that the elephant Airawata had a brother, namely the elephant Puspadhenta, who was the mount of King Baladewa - in the Indian version known as Balarama, he was the older brother of Bhatara Kresna, ruling in the country of Mandura, the son of King Vasudewa.

=== Ganesha ===
In Hindu mythology, Ganesha is the son of Bhatara Siwa and the goddess Parvati. From this physical form, he is often called by the name Gajanama.

Once, Goddess Parvati, the wife of Lord Shiva, decided to take a bath in her palace located on the peak of Mount Kailash. However, every time she prepared to take a bath, the palace guards seemed unable to provide her with a peaceful privacy. Therefore, Goddess Parvati decided to create a loyal guard who would protect her while she took a bath. Parvati then collected the turmeric paste that covered her body, and from this simple material, she formed the figure of a boy. With her powers, she gave life to the figure and named him Ganesha. Parvati then gave a command to Ganesha, "My son, I am going to take a bath. Stand at the door and do not let anyone enter without my permission." Ganesha, full of responsibility, was ready to carry out his task faithfully.

Later, Lord Shiva, the husband of Goddess Parvati, returned to his palace. He was surprised to see an unfamiliar figure standing at the door. When Shiva tried to enter the room, Ganesha blocked his way. Shiva looked at him in surprise and asked, "Who are you, young man, who dares to block my way?". Politely and firmly, Ganesha replied, "My mother is taking a bath and does not want to be disturbed. I have been ordered not to let anyone enter, not even Lord Shiva himself."

Shiva, offended by the boy's audacity, glared at Ganesha sharply. "Little boy, you may not know who I am. I am Shiva, the ruler of the universe. No one can block my way, especially in my own house."

However, Ganesha remained loyal to his mother's orders and said that he was only carrying out the duties given by her.

Shiva was offended. Shiva then called the Ganas (his followers) to get rid of Ganesha, but none of them succeeded in defeating him. Seeing the situation getting tense, Shiva, who was impatient, finally released his Trident and cut Ganesha's head, separating it from his body. At that time, Goddess Parvati came out of her bathroom and found Ganesha lying lifeless. She cried seeing her son lying on the ground without a head. While Shiva stood nearby with his trident still in his hand. Parvati shouted angrily at Shiva in sadness while telling how Ganesha was created.

The remorseful Shiva promised to bring Ganesha back to life, but his body had to be given a new head. To get a human head, of course there had to be a severed toddler's neck. The beheading process could be done, only on the condition that the toddler had to be kidnapped when he was not in his mother's arms while sleeping. (Then this is one of the reasons why parents in India, Bali or Java have a habit of not putting their babies out of reach).

Because they could not find a baby or toddler sleeping separately from their mother, they looked for an animal head as a replacement. Shiva sent the Ganas (his followers) to look for the head of the first living creature they found facing north. After searching, they found an elephant. At that time the elephant ridden by the God Indra named Airawata was drunk and fell asleep in a position that violated the rules, namely sleeping with his head facing north. For this violation, the Ganas then beheaded the Elephant Airawata, and the elephant's head was then brought back to Shiva.

With his power, Lord Shiva attached the elephant's head to Ganesha's body and gave him life again. Ganesha came back to life, but this time with the head of an elephant. With this awakening, Shiva gave Ganesha the powers of the God of Dispelling Obstacles and the God of Wisdom, ensuring that he would be respected throughout the universe.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Gadjah.png|Lintang Gadjah (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinGAJAH.jpg|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangGAJA.jpg|Lintang Gajah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Gajah.jpg|Lintang Gajah (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

==Cultural Beliefs==
===Numerology (Neptu/Urip)===
Rědite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>
===Astrological Characteristics===
Authoritative, have supernatural powers, can get rich quickly, have a long life, have many children, but unfortunately they find it very difficult to accept criticism from others and are too firm in their positions.<ref name=":0" />
===Matching Gemstones===
Kecubung (amethyst), Mirah (ruby) dan Nila (Saphire).<ref name=":0" />
== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Aldebaran
| HIP 21421
| within constellation lines
| 0.86
|-
| 2
| Elnath
| HIP 25428
| within constellation lines
| 1.65
|-
| 3
| Tianguan
| HIP 26451
| within constellation lines
| 3.03
|-
| 4
| λ Tauri
| HIP 18724
| within constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
| 5
| Chamukuy
| HIP 20894
| Inside the Hull
| 3.41
|-
| 6
| Ain
| HIP 20889
| within constellation lines
| 3.53
|-
| 7
| ο Tauri
| HIP 15900
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 8
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| Inside the Hull
| 3.63
|-
| 9
| Prima Hyadum
| HIP 20205
| within constellation lines
| 3.65
|-
| 10
| ξ Tauri
| HIP 16083
| Inside the Hull
| 3.75
|-
| 11
| Secunda Hyadum
| HIP 20455
| within constellation lines
| 3.76
|-
| 12
| θ1 Tauri
| HIP 20885
| Inside the Hull
| 3.84
|-
| 13
| κ1 Tauri
| HIP 20635
| Inside the Hull
| 4.201
|-
| 14
| τ Tauri
| HIP 21881
| within constellation lines
| 4.258
|-
| 15
| υ Tauri
| HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 16
| δ3 Tauri
| HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
| 4.298
|-
| 17
| 37 Tau
| HIP 19038
| Inside the Hull
| 4.37
|-
| 18
| 71 Tau
| HIP 20713
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 19
| ι Tauri
| HIP 23497
| Inside the Hull
| 4.615
|-
| 20
| σ2 Tauri
| HIP 21683
| Inside the Hull
| 4.665
|-
| 21
| π Tauri
| HIP 20732
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 23
| δ2 Tauri
| HIP 20542
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 24
| 114 Tau
| HIP 25539
| Inside the Hull
| 4.868
|-
| 25
| ω2 Tauri
| HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
| 26
| 109 Tau
| HIP 24822
| Inside the Hull
| 4.948
|-
| 27
| 75 Tau
| HIP 20877
| Inside the Hull
| 4.969
|-
| 28
| 97 Tau
| HIP 22565
| Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
| 29
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| within constellation lines
| 5.09
|-
| 30
| 4 Tau
| HIP 16322
| Inside the Hull
| 5.124
|-
| 31
| 58 Tau
| HIP 20261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
| 32
| κ2 Tauri
| HIP 20641
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 33
| l Tau
| HIP 23871
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 34
| 56 Tau
| HIP 20186
| Inside the Hull
| 5.346
|-
| 35
| χ Tauri
| HIP 20430
| Inside the Hull
| 5.378
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
| 37
| 81 Tau
| HIP 21039
| Inside the Hull
| 5.454
|-
| 38
| 118 Tau
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 39
| 53 Tau
| HIP 20171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.482
|-
| 40
| 103 Tau
| HIP 23900
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 41
| ω1 Tauri
| HIP 19388
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 42
| 36 Tau
| HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
| 43
| 72 Tau
| HIP 20789
| Inside the Hull
| 5.514
|-
| 44
| 80 Tau
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
| 45
| 32 Tau
| HIP 18471
| Inside the Hull
| 5.617
|-
| 46
| 63 Tau
| HIP 20484
| Inside the Hull
| 5.625
|-
| 47
| 51 Tau
| HIP 20087
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 48
| * 80 Tau A
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.666
|-
| 49
| 13 Tau
| HIP 17309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 20842
| Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
| 51
| 89 Tau
| HIP 21588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 52
| 98 Tau
| HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
| 5.785
|-
| 53
| 99 Tau
| HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 54
| * 118 Tau A
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 55
| HU Tau
| HIP 21604
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 18735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.865
|-
| 57
| 39 Tau
| HIP 19076
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 58
| 105 Tau
| HIP 23883
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 19376
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 19284
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 18170
| Inside the Hull
| 5.946
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 20417
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 20614
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 22176
| Inside the Hull
| 5.981
|-
| 65
| V1141 Tau
| HIP 20493
| Inside the Hull
| 5.986
|-
| 66
| 85 Tau
| HIP 21137
| Inside the Hull
| 5.998
|-
| 67
| V1116 Tau
| HIP 21459
| Inside the Hull
| 6.019
|-
| 68
| 33 Tau
| HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.038
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 17921
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 19261
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 17453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.074
|-
| 72
| -
| HIP 19641
| Inside the Hull
| 6.087
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 20255
| Inside the Hull
| 6.094
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 24820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.107
|-
| 75
| V1137 Tau
| HIP 19672
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 76
| 14 Tau
| HIP 17408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 77
| 95 Tau
| HIP 21961
| Inside the Hull
| 6.151
|-
| 78
| -
| HIP 17900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.153
|-
| 79
| -
| HIP 18508
| Inside the Hull
| 6.165
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 17058
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 23589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 82
| -
| HIP 21689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 83
| -
| HIP 24977
| Inside the Hull
| 6.205
|-
| 84
| 108 Tau
| HIP 24512
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
| 6.291
|-
| 86
| 48 Tau
| HIP 19877
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 87
| 84 Tau
| HIP 21082
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 18717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 22128
| Inside the Hull
| 6.329
|-
| 91
| -
| HIP 24984
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 92
| 62 Tau
| HIP 20533
| Inside the Hull
| 6.337
|-
| 93
| -
| HIP 22850
| Inside the Hull
| 6.347
|-
| 94
| -
| HIP 21408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 95
| SZ Tau
| HIP 21517
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 96
| V766 Tau
| HIP 18033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 97
| NGC 1647
| NGC 1647
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 16924
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 99
| 70 Tau
| HIP 20661
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 100
| 26 Tau
| HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 101
| -
| HIP 21053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.491
|-
| 102
| -
| HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 103
| -
| HIP 24252
| Inside the Hull
| 6.79
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==

In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Gaja" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Tau Tauri or HIP 21881 is in the tusk which was selected because they are considered sacred objects (rerajahan, pratima, or royal heirlooms) that have sacred values, authority, and spiritual protection. Elephant tusks are treated as sarwa sato suci, namely parts of the animal's body that are considered to have magical powers or taksu. In addition, Ganesha is depicted with a broken tusk (ekadanta), and tusks become a symbol of self-sacrifice for knowledge, power, and wisdom. Constellation Gajah is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

February 2026, the name Gaja was adopted for the star τ Tauri ([https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=tau+Tau&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id SIMBAD]) in [[Taurus]]. <gallery>
File:Gaja profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Gaja profile Card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
File:Gaja stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg|Gaja stick figure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).
</gallery>

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]]

Dupa

2026-03-04T11:01:49Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangDUPA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kukus in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Dupa.png|thumb|Lintang Dupa in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
Dupa is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of dupa is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang dupa means an incense constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Dupa (IPA: /du·pa/) is derived from the Sanskrit धूप dhūpa, which means aroma, fragrance, incense, vapor that gives off an aroma.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* kukus
* kěmukus

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Balinese incense comes from the word “dup” which in Balinese means “fragrant aroma”. The use of incense in religious practices in Bali has existed since ancient times. It is believed that incense has magical powers and can connect the human world with the world of the gods. Balinese incense is used in religious ceremonies, to purify sacred places, homes, and people from negative forces. Incense is also used in alternative therapies. The aroma of incense is believed to help relieve stress, improve concentration, and create a calm atmosphere.

Balinese cultural figure, I Made Bandem, said that Chinese culture developed very well and influenced many other countries in Asia. Incense is one proof of this cultural mix. Made Bandem said that incense was originally produced in China. Then it spread to other countries such as Indonesia, especially in Bali.

In the 7th to 8th centuries in China, under the rule of the Tang Dynasty, many Buddhist monks made pilgrimages to India via Indonesia. At that time, Buddhist beliefs were almost the same as those that grew in Bali, namely lighting a fire using pasepan. Pasepan is interpreted as burning incense, sandalwood, and majegau wood for fragrance. The journey of the monks who made incense in a practical forms. Since then, incense has been used, including on the island of Bali until now.<ref>Ermalia, Ayu Afria Ulita, "Sejarah Masuknya Dupa ke Bali, Budayawan: Pengaruh Tiongkok," (2021) https://bali.idntimes.com/life/education/awal-mula-masuknya-dupa-di-bali-00-r544s-m5my1m</ref>

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

In the information given by the UPTD Museum Bali, lintang Dupa is a comet.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The philosophy of incense is rooted in the teachings of the Vedas. In the Rig Veda, Fire (Agni) is referred to as the link between humans and Brahman (the creator). So that the burning incense will bring offerings to the divine realm as well as being a protector from dark forces. The Sama Veda also teaches the important role of Agni in sacred rituals as a guide to the implementation of sacred offerings (yadnya).<ref>Telusur Bali, "Kenapa Umat Hindu Menggunakan Dupa Saat Sembahyang? Ini Makna dan Fungsinya," (2025) https://telusur.balitrekker.com/kenapa-umat-hindu-menggunakan-dupa-saat-sembahyang-ini-makna-dan-fungsi/</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Dupa.png|Lintang Dupa (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinDUPA.jpg|Lintang Dupa in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangDUPA.jpg|Lintang Kukus in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Kukus2.jpg|Lintang Kukus (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 13.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
If men will look effeminate, if women appear like men. Be careful in maintaining body health, fortune ebbs and flows, If only he could pass the age of 50 to 80 years, he will live long and be happy in his old age. They have good nature, polite to anyone. But unfortunately they are often involved with his hard character, until his conscience is blinded.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Ijo Rangreng (Peros).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Dupa is not a star cluster but comets. Balinese will refer any comet by calling it lintang dupa, and they include them as lintang (asterism)

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Depat

2026-03-04T11:01:33Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangDPAT.jpg|thumb|Lintang Dpat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Depat.png|thumb|Lintang Depat in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
Děpat is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of děpat is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang děpat means demon without body constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Děpat (IPA: /dəpat/ [ɖəpat]) is Balinese term.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Dpat
* d'pat
* kumangmang
* běgoong
* běgong

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In relation to Palelintangan, Děpat is referred to as Ketu, which in Vedic tradition is the lunar ascending node. Meanwhile, Rahu, in Indian tradition, was adapted into Balinese mythology as Kala Rau (the giant Rau). The central plot revolves around the beheading of Kala Rau because he disguised himself as the god Kuwera in order to obtain tirta amerta, which can grant one immortality and defeat the evil giants of Balidwipa (the island of Bali). His disguise was blown, and the god Vishnu threw his chakra into Kala Rau's neck. Kala Rau's body split in two. His head floated in the sky and was named Rau. The rest of his body was thrown to Earth by the gods and turned into a mortar. This body became Ketu in the Indian Vedic tradition. Out of hatred for the moon goddess who had rejected his love, Rau's head (Rahu) swallowed the moon, causing an eclipse. The people of Balidwipa, grieving the loss of the Moon, began to beat the mortar in an attempt to save the goddess Ratih. Beating the mortar (Kala Rau's body) was believed to hurt her, causing the moon to escape through her neck and return to the sky.<ref>Setyowati, Melinda, "Mitos Kala Rau," Sastra lisan (2017) https://www.scribd.com/document/401379597/Mitos-Kala-Rau</ref>

In essence, Rahu-Ketu and Laweyan-Děpat are distinct. Kala Rau's origins are not from the meditation of the goddess Durga, as Děpat and Laweyan do, but from the descendants of Wipracitti and Singhika. However, it seems that in the case of Palelintangan, they associate Laweyan with Rahu, thus giving the impression that lintang Děpat is the same as Ketu, symbolized by the lunar descending node.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 141031.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Dpat in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "Drachenschwanz, absteigender Mondknoten" which means "Dragon's Tail, Descending Lunar Node".]]

Maaß (1929), p. 141:<blockquote>depat; -d'pat; -ein Kopf ohne Körper; -ein Dämonenkopf. </blockquote>'''English:''' depat; -d'pat; a head without body; a daemon head.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
[[File:Kumangmang.jpg|thumb|The appearance of Kumangmang, CC-BY @calonarangtaksu]]
== Mythology / Religion ==
The term Kumangmang is more commonly known in folklore, but in the Palelintang and lontar manuscripts, this constellation is often referred to as Depat. Depat, Kumangmang, and Begoong refer to the same entity: a ghost with no body, arms, or legs, merely a reddish-flaming head.

In Balinese belief, Kumangmang is believed to be a "rencang," or follower of Ida Bhatara Pengulun Setra. Like other Balinese spirits, mentioned in various ancient Balinese lontar manuscripts, Kumangmang was created through meditation of the goddess Durga.

A human corpse, with only its head remaining, transforms into Kumangmang, while its body becomes the ghost Laweyan. This ghost also serves as a footstool for Goddess Durga when she descends to Earth. There are many versions of Kumangmang's form in each region of Bali. Kumangmang appears as a flying head with hair shrouded in flames, or as a human head rolling on the ground like a ball. This spirit often appears at noon, dusk, and midnight.

Kumangmang often appears in deserted places such as fields, rice paddies, and of course, cemeteries. He is known for his mischief and likes to disturb people who go to the rice fields or gardens at noon. Kemangmang often hangs from trees by his hair, or lies in thickets of weeds. He is also said to trick people by transforming into large fruits such as jackfruit, durian, pumpkin, watermelon, etc.

Kemangmang usually transforms into an old coconut that has been eaten by a squirrel, known in Bali as "pongpongan." Sometimes, when someone goes to the rice paddies at night, Kumangmang will follow them, rolling around, bumping into their feet. When the person looks down, Kumangmang will smile broadly and stick out his tongue. Despite its frightening appearance, the Kumangmang is easy to exorcise: by striking it with a piece of wood, it disappears.<ref>Suryadinatha, Andre, "Misteri Kumangmang Hantu Kepala dari Bali", calonarangtaksu</ref>

Because it is so common and easy to find, Balinese people in ancient times did not classify it as a spirit, but rather as an animal or pest. In the past, this creature was often considered a pest because of its habit of disturbing people with its crickets sound.

Farmers and landowners in Bali believe that this creature is actually a benevolent guardian of the fields. According to local beliefs, giving food to this creature can help protect crops from harm. This tradition of sharing food is not only done out of respect but also to maintain a harmonious relationship with the astral beings considered to be the guardians of the fields.<ref>Telusur Bali, "Mengenal Kumangmang,Hantu di Bali yang Ditemukan di Areal Perkebunan saat Malam," (2024) https://telusur.balitrekker.com/mengenal-kemangmang-hantu-di-bali-yang-ditemukan-di-areal-perkebunan-saat-malam/</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Depat.png|Lintang Depat (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinDEPAT.jpg|Lintang Dpat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangDPAT.jpg|Lintang Dpat in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Dpat2.jpg|Lintang Dpat (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 14.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Always the scapegoat, he knows how to harm people, his evil plans always succeed brilliantly, he loves luxury, firmly defends his friends, unfortunately he really likes to interfere in other people's affairs so that in his life he has many enemies.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Nila (sapphire).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Balinese take the lunar descending node as their lintang, which also in the same case for Ketu in Vedic Jyotish.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Bubu Bosor

2026-03-04T11:01:19Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangBUBO.jpg|thumb|Lintang Bubu Bosor in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Bubu Bosor.png|thumb|Lintang Bubu Bosor in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213356957.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Bubu Bosor (leaky fish trap), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Bubu bosor is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of bubu bosor is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang bubu bosor means a leaky fish trap constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term consists of two words, "bubu" (IPA: /bubu/) and "bosor" (IPA: /bosor/). Bubu is derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian, which means fish trap. This meaning is also used in Kavalan, Sundanese and Malay. While bosor means perforated, broken (torn) to the point of having a hole (leaking).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Bubu bolong
* Wuwu bolong

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Bubu bosor is a leaking fish trap. Bubu is a traditional tool made of woven bamboo to catch fish and shrimp. Bubu is a traditional fishing tool where the structure allows fish to enter the bubu easily, but cannot get out again. Bubu has a shape like an elongated tube with several trap (hanjap). The body of the bubu is made of bamboo while the trap (hanjap) is made of rattan and sometimes also made of bamboo. Bubu is often used by the general public, especially farmers and fishermen in rural areas, because this fishing tool is the cheapest and easiest to make by farmers and fishermen. In addition, Bubu is a safe trap because it does not damage coral reefs. Bubu is basically used by almost all tribes in Indonesia who live near rivers or the sea. Indonesia, which is an archipelago and surrounded by the sea, makes bubu one of the typical fishing tools in the Nusantara.

While bosor is leaking. Using bubu has caught a lot of fish which means big profits, but if the bubu has holes or leaking so that it can release the catch easily. This is one of the shortcomings of bubu.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 142400.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Bubu Bosor in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "die Kohlesäcke" which means "the coalsack". The Coalsack is refers to DSO C99.]]
Maaß (1929), p. 141:<blockquote>bubu bosor (Lecke Reuse); -bubu bosor; ein Fischnetz mit einem Loch.</blockquote>'''English:''' bubu bosor (leaky trap net); -bubu bosor; a fishing net with a hole in it.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Mabubu is a tradition carried out the day before Nyepi to avoid disaster and disease. Mabubu comes from the word bubu which gets the prefix ma-. Bubu in this tradition is the main tool made from danyuh (dry coconut leaves) and tied into one size of various. Basically, the shape of the bubu in the mabubu tradition only has similarities in shape, oval, with fish bubu. However, the concept of fish bubu (trapping) is borrowed in the mabubu tradition.

In the mabubu tradition, bubu is symbolized as a place where negative energy resides. So on the day before Nyepi (silence day), the Pangrupukan day, bubu is paraded to the setra (grave) and burned as a symbol of cleansing.

The history of the origin of this tradition is still unclear, but this tradition still continues today. This tradition is only carried out by the people of Klungkung Regency. But basically, this concept is the same as the implementation of ogoh-ogoh, one day before Nyepi, in all areas of Bali.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Bubu Bosor.png|Lintang Bubu Bosor (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinBUBUBOSOR.jpg|Lintang Bubu Bosor in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangBUBO.jpg|Lintang Bubu Bosor in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Bubu Bosor2.jpg|Lintang Bubu Bosor (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 15.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Every desire or effort quickly brings results but quickly runs out. Quick to get sick, quick to recover. They are kind and friendly, have many friends and are loved by people, unfortunately they are often trapped by appearance. Too brave and without calculation.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby),Windu Segara (aqua marine).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
Bubu bosor refers to a black section in the sky that is now called the Coalsack nebula or C99.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Banyak Angrem

2026-03-04T11:01:03Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangBANG.jpg|thumb|Lintang Banyak Anggrem in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Benjak Kangrem.png|thumb|Lintang Benjak Kangrem in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213451458.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Banyak Angrěm (brooding goose), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Banyak Angrěm is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of banyak angrěm is found in intersection of Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang banyak angrěm means brooding goose constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term consists of two words, “banyak” (IPA: /ˈbaɲaʔ/ [ˈba.ɲaʔ]) and “angrem” (IPA: /aŋrəm/).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* Běnjak kangrěm
* Banjak angrěm
* Banyak ngěrěm
* Angsa měngěram

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Banyak is a term for swan, while angrem is incubating eggs. In some areas, this aves is believed to bring peace to those who keep it. Swans are usually closely related to Hindu religious ceremonies in Bali. For certain ceremonies, it is usually required to use their eggs or meat. From a philosophical perspective, swan is likened to being able to distinguish between good and bad. This is proven when the goose looks for food in the mud, this aves can sort it out well.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 142327.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Benjak Kangrem in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "ein Stern nahe der Milchstrasse" which means "a star near the milky way".]]

Maaß (1929) p. 40: <blockquote>"benjak kangrem; - banjak angrem, stillsitzende, (brütende) Gans; - ein Paar brütender Gänse, - die brütende Gans."</blockquote>'''English:''' benjak kangrem; - banjak angrem, sitting still, (brooding) goose; - a pair of brooding geese, - the brooding goose.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The swan is a vehicle for the God Brahma and the magic of the Goddess Saraswati as a symbol of widya which can filter to separate from impurities or things that can lead astray in science.

In keris art, "Banyak angrem" refers to a spear with a unique, asymmetrical blade. Unlike ordinary spears, which emphasize symmetry, this uniqueness makes it often kept as an heirloom rather than a weapon of war. Considered to have esoteric or magical value for protection, neutralizing negative energy, and protecting one's family from harm, it is often sought after for its ability to neutralize negative auras.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Benjak Kangrem.png|Lintang Benjak Kangrem (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinBANYAKANGREM.jpg|Lintang Banyak Anggrem in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangBANG.jpg|Lintang Banyak Anggrem in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Banyak Angrem.jpg|Lintang Banyak Angrem (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Sukra (Friday, in saptawara) has a value of 6 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 11.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Often lost, everything sought is difficult to find results, but they are classified as patient people, they are observant and loving people. They are honest and always straightforward. Unfortunately, they find it difficult to forgive people they consider wrong, so they find it difficult to have friends for a long time.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (ruby), Biduri bulan (moonstone), kecubung (amethyst).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]]

Bade

2026-03-04T11:00:47Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangBADE.jpg|thumb|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Bade'.png|thumb|Lintang Bade in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212753689.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Bade (corpse tower), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Bade is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of bade is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang bade means balinese corpse tower constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Bade is a funeral bier or tower that carries the corpse to Setra (cemetery where the corpse will be burned there). A Bade has a different number of levels/stages, and must be an odd number. The higher its stages, the higher his/her caste. To maintain such high stages, the foundation of the container should be strong. Constellation Bade is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

==Etymology and History==
The word bade is interpreted as a large and high place to carry the body that will be burned in the cemetery. Bade as a form of architecture is a type/form of traditional building in Bali that is temporary and light in the form of rocks and pepalihan, on top of which stand pavilions, specially designed for the place of the body when it will be carried from the funeral home to the cemetery.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* bade'

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing atiwa-tiwa (purification), the corpse is then carried up to wadah or bade.

The maker of Bade is called undagi. Undagi creates different kinds of bade. The structure of the bade varies based on caste/social structure, level of ceremony, and the concept of imitation. This provision is judged by which family descendants can use bade with solas (11), sanga (9), pitu (7), lima (5) and so on.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß (1929), p. 142: <blockquote>bade; - bade; - eine leere wadah, das Gerüst, auf dem Leichen zum Verbrennungsplatz gebracht werden.</blockquote>'''English:''' bade; - bade; - an empty wadah, the scaffold on which corpses are taken to the cremation site.

Furthermore, the UPTD Museum Bali gave a certain area of Lepus and named it by lintang Bade.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The architecture of the bade form in Bali continues to develop over time. If we trace it back, the development of the bade actually refers to the stone throne in Bali in the village of Gelgel Klungkung, which then developed into a padmasana. The stone throne is stacked and has right and left hand rests, most likely developed vertically to form a padmasana. Other forms of the stone throne are jempana, gayot or joli, container, and bade.

Another view, but not much different, is conveyed by Wiana (2004: 78-79) who stated that the development of bade originated from the simplest form, namely from pepaga, which is thought to be the oldest form of a means of carrying the bodies of Hindus in Bali. Further development became a joli, which resembles a simple bale-balean, and changed into a container or bade. The form of bade is either overlapping or without overlapping, which is called padma. The stone throne, which became the basis for the development of bade, is a medium for worshiping ancestors, such as the common belief in the megalithic era, whose influence has survived strongly until now in Bali, for example, the ngodalin ceremony in the temple and the cremation ceremony.<ref>Segara, I Nyoman Yoga, “Bade Beroda”: Transformasi dan Komodifikasi Budaya dalam Upacara Ngaben di Bali," in Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya (2020), Vol 35(1), 94-102. DOI: 10.31091/mudra.v35i1.810</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Bade'.png|Lintang Bade (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinBADE.jpg|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangBADE.jpg|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Baddhe.jpg|Lintang Baddhe (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 15.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Various dangers and diseases come in the middle age, be careful to take care of yourself and your health at the age of 50. Diseases are caused by people who are jealous of them or people who feel hurt. They are active in any business but often show off their services and skills.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Kalimayah (opal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arneb
| HIP 25985
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.57
|-
| 2
| Nihal
| HIP 25606
| Inside the hull
| 2.84
|-
| 3
| ϵ Leporis
| HIP 23685
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.18
|-
| 4
| μ Leporis
| HIP 24305
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.29
|-
| 5
| γ Leporis
| HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.6
|-
| 6
| δ Leporis
| HIP 27654
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.85
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 24927
| Inside the hull
| 4.729
|-
| 8
| 10 Lep
| HIP 25853
| Inside the hull
| 5.525
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 25397
| Inside the hull
| 5.817
|-
| 10
| 12 Lep
| HIP 26865
| Inside the hull
| 5.89
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 24786
| Inside the hull
| 5.96
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 25532
| Inside the hull
| 6.065
|-
| 13
| V* AK Lep
| HR 1982
| Inside the hull
| 6.15
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 27075
| Inside the hull
| 6.341
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 24825
| Inside the hull
| 6.39
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 25059
| Inside the hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Bade" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star gam Lep or HIP 27072 is in the stage level of the corpse tower / funeral bier which was selected because it shows the status of the person.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Lep]]

Atiwa-tiwa

2026-03-04T11:00:27Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangTIWA.jpg|thumb|Lintang Titiwa in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Hatitiwa.png|thumb|Lintang Hatitiwa in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212655118.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Atiwa-tiwa (cleansing corpse), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Atiwa-tiwa is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of atiwa-tiwa is found in intersection of Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) and Kliwon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang atiwa-tiwa means cleansing corpse (in cremation ceremony) constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Atiwa-tiwa derived from the words "ati" meaning willingness and "awa" meaning bright or clear or clean. The full meaning is the desire to carry out the cleaning and purification of the corpse and the power of the ''Panca Maha Butha''. In balinese ritual, ''ngaben'' (cremation), atiwa-tiwa ceremony is the first step of ''Pitra Yadnya'' ceremony. The word "atiwa-tiwa" possibly originating from the native language of Austronesian, considering in Indonesia, there is also this kind of ceremony in Dayak tribe, in Kalimantan, which they call "tiwah". Likewise in Batak tribe, they call "tibal" to mention ceremony after death.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* hatitiwa
* titiwa
* tětiwah
* tiwa-tiwa

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Atiwa-tiwa has the root word “tiwa” which means purification. In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (yadnya). This yadnya is a ritual carried out to return the ancestral spirits to their place of origin. The sequence of pitra yadnya in brief is atiwa-tiwa, ngaben, pemukuran and nilapati.

Atiwa-tiwa is an initial stage of purification. There are two different treatments for corpses related to atiwa-tiwa. If the corpse has passed the atiwa-tiwa stage, then the body can be carried up (digotong) to the paga, or wadah, or bade, or container. While a corpse who buried without the atiwa-tiwa stage and, the body should not be carried up (digotong), but carried by hand (dijinjing) because the corpse has the status of Petra (unclean, unpurified).

In Indonesia, gotong and jinjing mean carry, but in different ways. Gotong means to carry something heavy that requires two or more people to lift and transport it. In English, it translates to "carry together" or "to haul". While Jinjing refers to carrying something with one hand, usually by holding it from the top, like a bag or a small object. In English, it translates to "to tote" or "to carry by hand".

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß (1929), p. 143: <blockquote>hatitiwa; - titiwa, das Wegtragen von Leichen .oder Bestattung von Toten auf dem Kirchhof; -.ein Mann, der ganz nackend ist.</blockquote>'''English:''' hatitiwa; - titiwa, the carrying away of corpses or burial of the dead in the churchyard; -a man who is completely naked.

UPTD Museum Bali mentioned the area of lintang Atiwa-tiwa is within the Serpentis constellation.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== In Putru Pasaji Lontar, verse 17: ===
“Kancit liwat kiterika, kapanggih tang gunung suktiman kahananing anak bajang, padamangku lawak, tan papramana kwehnika, maglar ing tegal, pada turwaking balung lawan kulit, makaraket wetengnya ya wetning lapanya, sukunya buh, matanya clong, rambutnya bang murinding. Hana ta waneh, maputih ragas kayunya tuha, ngaranya ring sungsang ragas, papupulaning kabeh, angadang pitara mulih kang huwus inentasaken, sira sang mulih ring swarga. Pinaka lakwanulih-ulih, sungakena sekul sakepel, lawanbubur sakalanci, wartta kabeh Tanana iri, ndatan pinanganya juga, dinelen ya tainangisan, kabeh deni luhnya, imuyupnya ta ya arah, dening lawasnya tan tumoning sekul, mati tan ginawe ayu, hetunya menangis malara, kunang yan hilangeng papa, tulisaken ring pustaka, ring papan, pada Madhya pan mulaksara, pakenanya.”<ref>Putru Pasaji Lontar verse 17</ref>

Translation:

Suddenly you pass from there and arrive at Mount Suktiman which is filled with young people, all holding their bodies, spread out in the field, both emaciated, only bones and skin, their stomachs sticky from hunger, their legs are big, their eyes are far ahead, their hair is standing red. There is another thing, there is a white tree with no leaves left, it is old, it is called '''sungsang ragas'''. There many people gathered to block the '''pitara''', who was about to go home after doing ceremony. He went home to heaven. As a means of going home, he was served one lump of rice and one lump of kalanci porridge, divided evenly until it was finished (?), but he didn't eat it, he just looked at it accompanied by tears, full of tears, then he wiped away the tears, because he hadn't seen rice for a long time, he didn't have a ceremony to die, that's why he was sad and crying. So that the '''papa''' disappears then it is written in the '''pustaka''', on a board in the '''mulaksara'''. That is its use.

From the verse quote above, it is explained that the suffering of the soul that has not been given the Atiwa-tiwa ceremony (ngaben), they can only see the soul that has been given the ceremony (dientas) by bringing sufficient provisions that are distributed to them but they cannot enjoy it, they can only look at it while shedding tears.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hatitiwa.png|Lintang Hatitiwa (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinATIWA.jpg|Lintang Titiwa in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangTIWA.jpg|Lintang Titiwa in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Atitiwa.jpg|Lintang Atitiwa (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Buda (Wednesday, in saptawara) has a value of 7 and Kliwon (in pancawara) has a value of 8. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 15.<ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
pain from childhood and even tend to die young. In family, always behave childishly. They are friendly to people, good at choosing words that please the heart. But unfortunately they are very easy and quick to be offended.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
mirah (ruby), kalimaya (opal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Unukalhai
| HIP 77070
| within constellation lines
| 2.63
|-
| 2
| Yed Prior
| HIP 79593
| within constellation lines
| 2.75
|-
| 3
| μ Serpentis
| HIP 77516
| within constellation lines
| 3.53
|-
| 4
| ϵ Serpentis
| HIP 77622
| Inside the Hull
| 3.693
|-
| 5
| * del Ser A
| HIP 76276
| within constellation lines
| 4.14
|-
| 6
| b Ser
| HIP 77660
| Inside the Hull
| 5.1
|-
| 7
| ω Serpentis
| HIP 77578
| Inside the Hull
| 5.217
|-
| 8
| 43 G. Ser Cap
| HIP 79195
| Inside the Hull
| 5.378
|-
| 9
| 22 G. Ser Cap
| HIP 77163
| Inside the Hull
| 5.58
|-
| 10
| ψ Serpentis
| HIP 77052
| Inside the Hull
| 5.86
|-
| 11
| 23 G. Ser Cap
| HIP 77186
| Inside the Hull
| 6.337
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Atiwa-tiwa" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star mu Ser or HIP 77516 is in the stick of the funeral stick. Constellation Atiwa-tiwa is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Ser]]

Asu

2026-03-04T11:00:10Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* References */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangASU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Asu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Hasu.png|thumb|Lintang Hasu in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250921-160237411.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Asu (a dog), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Asu is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of asu is found in intersection of Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang asu means a dog constellation.<ref name=":2">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Asu (IPA: /ˈasu/ [ˈa.su]) is derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Austronesian, means dog. This word is used in Alune, Bakumpai, '''Balinese''', Banda, Banggai, Bilba, Brunei Bisaya, Buginese, Bunun, Dupaningan Agta, Eritai, Galoli, Gayo, Higaonon, Iban, Indonesian, Iranun, Javanese, Kampangan, Kemak, Lampung Api, Leti, Limos Kalingga, Lubuagan Kalinga, Maguindanao, Makasar, Mandar, Matigsalug Manobo, Nias, Old Javanese, Pamona, Paulohi, Sangir, Sasak, Simeulue, Siraya, Sumbawa, Tae', Tagal Murut, Tetum, Toba Batak, Tontemboan, Uab Meto, Western Bukidnon Manobo, Yakan, and Yamdena. Thus, most of tribes in Indonesia use this word that refers to a dog.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* hasu
* asu adjak
* asu ajak
* asu adjag
* asu ajag
* anjing (Indonesian term)

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Asu itself refers to dogs. In some literatures, this lintang also refers to asu adjak, ajak, adjag, or ajag. Ajak or ajag is the other name of wild dog or Indonesian dhole, with latin Cuon alpinus.

Dogs in Bali have been part of Balinese society since ancient times. A Study in 2005 shows the relationship of Bali Street Dog (asu adjag) to other dogs are highly heterogeneous and related to populations of East Asian origin. Their results indicated that a viable and diverse population of dogs existed on the island of Bali prior to its geographic isolation approximately 12,000 years ago and has been little influenced by domesticated European dogs since that time.<ref>Irion, D.N., Schaffer, A.L., Grant, S. et al. Genetic variation analysis of the Bali street dog using microsatellites. BMC Genet 6, 6 (2005). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-6-6</nowiki></ref>

In the International Seminar held by the Dharma Program on March 31, 2017, Benjamin Sacks from the University of California, Davis, USA discussed the uniqueness of Balinese dogs and the genetic origins of Balinese dogs. Ben Sack said that Balinese dogs are the oldest dogs and contain information about the past in their genes, physiology, and behavior. Balinese dogs are proto-dogs, meaning they are the forerunners of today's purebred dogs. As such, they possess pure genes, making the process of identifying their origins relatively easy. In the world, there are only three dog breeds that have this condition, namely the Australian Dingos (Australia), the Singing Dog (Papua New Guinea), and the Balinese Dog (Bali Street Dog).

The marriage between Balinese dogs and purebred dogs has now caused the uniqueness of Balinese dogs to begin to diminish. In addition, since Rabies attacked Bali in 2008, Balinese dogs have been accused and made "scapegoats" as animals that transmit Rabies. This has caused mass elimination of Balinese dogs, even though all types of dogs, both purebred and mixed dogs, can transmit Rabies.

In addition, Balinese dog breeds are divided into Kintamani dogs and peanut dogs. Based on the proto-dog explanation, the Balinese dog in question is the peanut dog type. Because the DNA test results show that the peanut dog is one of the oldest dogs in the world, with genes that are closest to the gray wolf, although not exactly the same. This type is referred to as a descendant of the Ajak dog.<ref>Sumertha, I Wayan, "Moderasi Beragama: Kajian Historis dan Teologus tentang Keberadaan Arca Sepasang Anjing pada Pura Kemaliq Taman Lingsar," (2025) https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:11160921-118a-4c7d-9bd3-e1162f9a738c</ref>

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":2" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":2" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 134308.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Hasu in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der grosse Hund" which means "the big dog"]]
Maaß (1929), p. 142: <blockquote>hasu; - asu adjak; - ein Hund, - der wilde Hund.</blockquote>'''English:''' hasu; - asu adjak; - a dog, - the wild dog.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Asu Belang Bungkem / Asu Bang Bungkem ===
Hindus in Bali believe that to maintain the balance of nature, it can be done by holding a Bhuta yadnya ceremony called caru. Asu Bang Bungkem consists of the words Asu, Bang, and Bungkem. Asu means dog, while Bang means red, and Bungkem means silent. So, Asu Bang Bungkem means a dog that is red on its body, but its snout, mouth and tail are black.

Caru Anjing Bang Bungkem is a symbol of Bhuta Kala which is under the power of the God Rudra. In fact, in the Lontar Bhama Kertih the use of Asu Bang Bungkem as the main medium in caru Panca Sanak and Caru Rsi Gana is intended to balance Bhuta Ulu Kuda which is located in the southwest so that it returns to being Sang Hyang Rudra. The use of Asu Bang Bungkem is food (tetadahan) for Bhuta Ulu Kuda. It is called tetadahan because in practice humans have many limitations in creating a harmonious nature, so a substitute is used, namely Asu Bang Bungkem.<ref>Desasedang, "Makna Dari Caru Panca Kelud Menggunakan Asu (Anjing) Belang Bungkem," (2018) https://desasedang.badungkab.go.id/berita/30908-makna-dari-caru-panca-kelud-menggunakan-asu-anjing-belang-bungkem</ref>

In the pacaruan ceremony, what is important from the caru Asu Bang Bungkem is the head that is still attached to its skin (bones). While the meat is processed into urab barak, urab putih, sate calon as many as 33, arranged into three tanding, based on the Lontar Bhuta Yadnya.

A unique dog with specific characteristics that is believed to have sacred powers. In addition to its spiritual power, Asu Bang Bungkem also has deep symbolism in Balinese Hindu philosophy. The black color on its mouth symbolizes the power of Lord Vishnu, while the red color on its body represents Lord Brahma. In this ritual, not all kinds of animals could be used. The requirements are:

# Dogs with special colors. Only dogs that have the characteristics of a red body with a black muzzle and tail, can be used in the ritual
# Dogs must be placed in the southwest direction in the ritual to neutralize negative energy
# Must not be replaced with other animals or other types of dogs
# The chosen dog must be an adult and not have children, because its power is believed to be greater, thus maximizing the purification effect
# Certain body parts that are processed into offerings. The intact head of the Asu Bang Bungkem is prioritized and processed into offerings in the form of red and white urab and special satay

=== Barong ===
In addition to Leak, Barong is another Balinese mythological creature that is also quite popular. Although it looks scary, Barong is a symbol of virtue and is considered the leader of the army of good. He is also a spiritual protector for the Balinese people. They believe that Barong can increase the aura of positive energy for humans.

This creature is often depicted in the form of various animals, such as lions, tigers, elephants, buffalo, wild boars or dogs. In many art performances such as the Barongan and Calonarang dances, this figure often appears against Rangda, the leader of the evil army.

In addition to art performances, the Barong figure also often appears on Galungan. People usually bring Barong to ngelawang or dance around the village.

=== Yudhisthira and his loyal dog ===
This story tells of Yudhisthira who did not want to go to heaven if he was not with his dog. But the God Indra did not allow the dog to enter heaven at all. Because Yudhisthira was not allowed to enter heaven with his dog, Yudhisthira explained to the God Indra: "In the teachings of truth (Dharma) it has been explained that underestimating loyalty is the same sin as killing a Brahman. Until finally Yudhisthira was allowed to go to heaven with his dog. This story is part of the famous Mahabharata epic. A story about the loyalty of a dog to its master and vice versa the loyalty of the master to always wanting to be with and protect his dog.

The story of Yudistira with a dog entering heaven is well-known in Bali. This story is etched in the hearts of the Balinese people, and until now, they still believe that dogs are animals that must be given respect and affection.

=== Asu Gaplong ===
Asu Gaplong is a Balinese mythological creature, which is one of two dogs owned by the God Yama Dipati, the other is called Asu Yaksa, both serve as guardian dogs of the afterlife, it is said that they are the first to be met by the spirits of the dead when entering the afterlife.

Asu Gaplong and Asu Yaksa are very large dogs, have four eyes, and are striped. In India, these two dogs are called Sharvara and Shabala, they are the children of Sarama, a mighty female dog kept by the God Indra, therefore they are also known by the nickname Sarameya which means children of Sarama.

The main task of Asu Gaplong and Asu Yaksa is to guide the spirits to Yama Loka, precisely to the Court of the Dead, which will then be judged by the God Yama, they are also tasked with torturing the spirits of sinners in hell by tearing their bodies apart. In the Atma Prasangsa palm leaf manuscript, Asu Gaplong and Asu Yaksa are encountered by the spirits when crossing Marga Sanga (nine paths to the afterlife).

Just like Lord Yama, Asu Gaplong and Asu Yaksa can change their form, if they bring the spirit of a holy person, they will take the form of a dog with a glowing body that guides the spirit to meet Lord Yama. However, if the spirit of a sinner is brought, they will take the form of a giant dog with sharp teeth, fire all over their body, dripping saliva that can blister the skin, and a long chain around their neck, they drag the spirit with the chain to hell.

In addition to being called a hell dog, Asu Gaplong is also a nickname for a supernatural creature that guards Setra or graves in the form of a very scary skinny dog, he serves as the mount of Goddess Durga, unlike Yama's Asu Gaplong, this version of Asu Gaplong is often identified with the science of Leak Cambra Berag or Leak Skinny Dog.

In the pecalonarangan play "Diah Cempaka Gadang", a student of Cempaka Gadang who is very powerful and has mastered the science of Leak Cambra Berag calls herself Nyai Asu Gaplong.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hasu.png|Lintang Hasu (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinASU.jpg|Lintang Asu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangASU.jpg|Lintang Asu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sena.jpg|Lintang Sena (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Anggara (Tuesday, in saptawara) has a value of 3 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 10. <ref name=":0">Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum), “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
knightly soul and very suitable to be a soldier. Great people love them, have many servants, and are liked by people. They are very generous to people who are suitable and have the same ideas, are careful, but unfortunately involved with excessive jealousy until disappointed in the future.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Nila (sapphire), Narigangga (Chrysoberyl cat’s eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Sirius
| HIP 32349
| within constellation lines
| -1.46
|-
| 2
| NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
| NAME CMa Dwarf Galaxy
| Inside the Hull
| -0.1
|-
| 3
| Adhara
| HIP 33579
| within constellation lines
| 1.5
|-
| 4
| Wezen
| HIP 34444
| within constellation lines
| 1.84
|-
| 5
| Mirzam
| HIP 30324
| within constellation lines
| 1.97
|-
| 6
| Aludra
| HIP 35904
| within constellation lines
| 2.45
|-
| 7
| Cl Collinder 121
| Cl Collinder 121
| Inside the Hull
| 2.6
|-
| 8
| Furud
| HIP 30122
| within constellation lines
| 2.99
|-
| 9
| ο 2 Canis Majoris
| HIP 33977
| within constellation lines
| 3.02
|-
| 10
| Nganurganity / Unurgunite
| HIP 33856
| Inside the Hull
| 3.47
|-
| 11
| Unurgunite
| HIP 33856
| Inside the Hull
| 3.49
|-
| 12
| ω Canis Majoris
| HIP 35037
| within constellation lines
| 3.82
|-
| 13
| ο 1 Canis Majoris
| HIP 33152
| Inside the Hull
| 3.87
|-
| 14
| ν 2 Canis Majoris
| HIP 31592
| within constellation lines
| 3.91
|-
| 15
| θ Canis Majoris
| HIP 33160
| within constellation lines
| 4.08
|-
| 16
| Muliphein
| HIP 34045
| within constellation lines
| 4.12
|-
| 17
| ξ 1 Canis Majoris
| HIP 31125
| Inside the Hull
| 4.33
|-
| 18
| ι Canis Majoris
| HIP 33347
| within constellation lines
| 4.385
|-
| 19
| ν 3 Canis Majoris
| HIP 31700
| Inside the Hull
| 4.43
|-
| 20
| ξ 2 Canis Majoris
| HIP 31416
| Inside the Hull
| 4.5
|-
| 21
| M 41
| M 41
| Inside the Hull
| 4.5
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 35205
| Inside the Hull
| 4.64
|-
| 23
| 27 CMa
| HIP 34981
| Inside the Hull
| 4.65
|-
| 24
| π Canis Majoris
| HIP 33302
| Inside the Hull
| 4.664
|-
| 25
| 15 CMa
| HIP 33092
| Inside the Hull
| 4.83
|-
| 26
| μ Canis Majoris
| HIP 33345
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 27
| 11 CMa
| HIP 32492
| Inside the Hull
| 5.272
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 35427
| Inside the Hull
| 5.288
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 32411
| Inside the Hull
| 5.298
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 33316
| Inside the Hull
| 5.3
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 34624
| Inside the Hull
| 5.448
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 33478
| Inside the Hull
| 5.47
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 32677
| Inside the Hull
| 5.51
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 35044
| Inside the Hull
| 5.582
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 33575
| Inside the Hull
| 5.583
|-
| 36
| -
| HR 2522
| Inside the Hull
| 5.59
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 30436
| Inside the Hull
| 5.6
|-
| 38
| LS CMa
| HIP 33804
| Inside the Hull
| 5.635
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 33077
| Inside the Hull
| 5.648
|-
| 40
| LZ CMa
| HIP 34579
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 41
| ν 1 Canis Majoris
| HIP 31564
| Inside the Hull
| 5.695
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 30836
| Inside the Hull
| 5.761
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 32809
| Inside the Hull
| 5.771
|-
| 44
| 17 CMa
| HIP 33248
| Inside the Hull
| 5.792
|-
| 45
| FV CMa
| HIP 34360
| Inside the Hull
| 5.83
|-
| 46
| 26 CMa
| HIP 34798
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 47
| -
| HIP 31037
| Inside the Hull
| 5.903
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 34914
| Inside the Hull
| 5.96
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 31758
| Inside the Hull
| 6.03
|-
| 50
| -
| HIP 32368
| Inside the Hull
| 6.033
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 33094
| Inside the Hull
| 6.04
|-
| 52
| -
| HIP 31859
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 30711
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 54
| -
| HIP 34142
| Inside the Hull
| 6.072
|-
| 55
| 12 CMa
| HIP 32504
| Inside the Hull
| 6.08
|-
| 56
| -
| HIP 34318
| Inside the Hull
| 6.088
|-
| 57
| GY CMa
| HIP 34924
| Inside the Hull
| 6.101
|-
| 58
| -
| HIP 33079
| Inside the Hull
| 6.123
|-
| 59
| -
| HIP 33126
| Inside the Hull
| 6.22
|-
| 60
| -
| HIP 32144
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 61
| -
| HIP 33492
| Inside the Hull
| 6.23
|-
| 62
| -
| HIP 33666
| Inside the Hull
| 6.26
|-
| 63
| -
| HIP 34940
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 64
| -
| HIP 33760
| Inside the Hull
| 6.279
|-
| 65
| -
| HIP 33703
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 66
| -
| HIP 32827
| Inside the Hull
| 6.314
|-
| 67
| -
| HIP 31469
| Inside the Hull
| 6.32
|-
| 68
| -
| HIP 35132
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 69
| -
| HIP 33532
| Inside the Hull
| 6.361
|-
| 70
| -
| HIP 30503
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 31266
| Inside the Hull
| 6.402
|-
| 72
| V415 CMa
| HIP 31593
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 73
| -
| HIP 32322
| Inside the Hull
| 6.43
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 35326
| Inside the Hull
| 6.434
|-
| 75
| -
| HIP 30988
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 76
| KX CMa
| HIP 33040
| Inside the Hull
| 6.44
|-
| 77
| -
| HIP 31736
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 78
| NGC 2354
| NGC 2354
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Asu" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star omi2 CMa or HIP 33977 is on of the stars attached in the dog's body. Constellation Asu is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:CMa]]

References

2026-03-04T10:58:59Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Balinese */

__FORCETOC__

In many cases, there is a very limited corpus of literature dealing with the identifications of constellations. In these cases, we give a list here (below); in case of huge amount of literature, we create an extra page and link it here.

*

==Dictionaries and Tools==

=== [[Historical Maps]] ===

=== Interactive digitals Maps and Globes ===

* Chinese [http://www.chinesehsc.org/chinese_astronomy.shtml Suzhou Map] (13th century with older data)
* [https://digicult2.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/digicult_derivate_00115090/Sternkarte2.tif 1395 Korean Map] (Uni Jena)
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1279_al-Urdi/1279_al-Urdi.obj 1279 al-Urdi's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1626_Greuter_Sky/1626_Greuter_Sky.obj 1626 Nicolai&Greuter's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1688_Coronelli_Sky/1688_Coronelli_Sky.obj 1688 Coronelli's Celestial Globe]
* [https://homepage.univie.ac.at/georg.zotti/virtual_globes/modelviewer.html?obj=globes/1792_Cassini_Sky/1792_Cassini_Sky_optLayout.obj 1792 Cassini's Celestial Globe]

=== Standard References ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Barentine (2016)
|Barentine, John C. (2016). The Lost Constellations - A History of Obsolete, Extinct, or Forgotten Star Lore, Springer
|-
|Blume, Haffner, Metzger (2012/16)
|Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild and Metzger, Wolfgang, ''Der gemalte Himmel zwischen Wissenschaft und Phantasie.'' (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012/ 2016)

* Vol. 1 (2012). ''800-1200'' ''Sternbilder des Mittelalters.''
* Vol. 2 (2016). ''Sternbilder des Mittelalters und der Renaissance.''
|-
|Delporte (1930)
|Delporte, Eugène, ''Délimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930) [[https://historiadelaastronomia.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/delporte.pdf online link]] -- published on behalf of the International Research Council of the International Astronomical Union.
|-
|Dekker (2013)
|Dekker, Elly, ''Illustrating the Phaenomena: Celestial Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press) ISBN 978-0-19-960969-7.
|-
|Gössmann (1950)||Gössmann, Felix, ''Planetarium Babylonicum oder Die sumerisch-babylonischen Stern-Namen'' (Rome: Verlag des Päpstl. Bibelinstituts, 1950 [= ''Šumerisches Lexikon'', Teil IV, Band 2]) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/goessmann_planetarium_babylonicum_1950.pdf online link]].
|-
|Hoffmann (2021)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021
|-
|Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (2022)
|Hoffmann, Susanne M and Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy. Proceedings of the Splinter Meeting in the Annual Meeting of the German Astronomical Society, Sept. 14-16, 2021;'' Nuncius Hamburgensis 57, (Ahrensburg: tredition & Berlin:OpenScienceTechnology, 2022)
|-
|Kanas (2012, 2019)
|Kanas, Nick (2012, 2019). Star Maps. History, Artistry, and Cartography, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 1461409179, 9781461409175 https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-13613-0.
|-
|Kurtik (2007)
|Куртик, Г.Е., ''Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies]'' (St. Petersburg: Aletejja, 2007) [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/kurtik_zvezdnoe_nebo_drevnei_mesopotamii_2007.pdf online link]].
|-
|Ridpath (1988, 2018)
|Ridpath, Ian, ''Star Tales'' (Cambridge: Lutterworth Press, 1988) ISBN 0-7188-2695-7 [[https://archive.org/details/startales0000ridp_w3y6 Internet Archive link]] -- a revised and expanded edition was published in 2018 [ISBN 978-07188-9478-8] -- online version on [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/contents.html Ridpath's website].
|-
|Warner (1979)
|Warner, Deborah Jean, ''The Sky Explored: Celestial Cartography 1500-1800'' (New York / Amsterdam: Alan R. Liss, Inc. / Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Ltd., 1979) ISBN 90-221-2003-1.
|-
|Zotti et al. (2020).||Zotti, Georg; Hoffmann, Susanne M.; Wolf, Alexander; Chéreau, Fabien & Chéreau, Guillaume, "The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research", ''Journal of Skyscape Archaeology'', '''6(2)''' (2020), 221--258 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822</nowiki>.
|}

=== Contemporary Star Name Literature ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Allen (1899).||Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899). Star Names - Their Lore and Meaning. Dover Publications, Inc., New York
|-
|Hoffmann et al. WGSN (2025a)
|Susanne M. Hoffmann, Doris Vickers, Eric Mamajek, Danielle Adams, Khalid AlAjaji, Juan Antonio Belmote Avilés, Cheung Sze-leung, Daniel Cunnama, Jörg Matthias Determann, Beatriz García, Steven Gullberg, Duane Hamacher, Roland Laffitte, Alejandro M. López, Javier Mejuto, Thierry Montmerle, Ian Ridpath, Clive Ruggles, Yunli Shi, B.S. Shylaja, Xiaochun Sun, Hitoshi Yamaoka, Boshun Yang (2025): The IAU-Working Group on Star Names (WGSN): '''A Review of Recent Activities''', ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'', 28(1), 280–286.
|-
|Hoffmann et al. WGSN (2025b)
|Susanne M. Hoffmann,* Khalid AlAjaji, B.S. Shylaja, Yang Boshun, Danielle Adams, Eric Mamajek, Ian Ridpath, Paul Baki, Juan Antonio Belmonte Avilés, Sze-Leung Cheung, Daniel Cunnama, Jörg Matthias Determann, M. Sadegh Faghanpour, Steven Gullberg, Duane Hamacher, Roland Laffitte, Alejandro M. López, Javier Mejuto, Thierry Montmerle, Clive Ruggles, Shi Yunli, Doris Vickers, Sun Xiaochun, and Hitoshi Yamaoka (2025). The IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN): '''Research Finds in 2025'''. ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'', 28(4), 1026–1038 (2025).
|-
|Kunitzsch and Smart (2006)
|Kunitzsch, Paul and Tim Smart (2006). A Dictionary of Modern Star Names. A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations., Sky and Telescope, Sky Publishing, Cambridge MA (USA).
|-
|Rhoads (1971)
|Rhoads, Jack W. (1971). A Reduced Star Catalog Containing 537 Named Stars. NASA JPL CIT, Technical Memorandum 33-507, Pasadena, 15 November 1971
|}

== Library ==

=== Arabic ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
|-
|Adams (2018)
|Adams, Danielle, ''Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise'', 2018
|-
|Adams (online)
|[http://onesky.arizona.edu/ Two Deserts - One Sky,] Univ. of Arizona
|-
|Hafez (2010)
|Ihsan Hafez (2010). Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi and his book of the fixed stars: a journey of re-discovery, [https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28854/ PhD Thesis], James Cook University (Australia) Publisher Website: https://doi.org/10.25903/6xsf-aa64
|-
|Kunitzsch (1961)
|Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber.'' Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
|-
|Laffitte (2012)
|Roland Laffitte (2012), ''Le ciel des Arabes''
|-
|Laffitte (2025)
|Roland Laffitte (2025), ''Nommer les étoile: 500 noms hérités des Arabes - Apport de l'uranographie arabe'', Orient des Mots
|-
|Laffitte (online)
|Laffitte: URANOS.FR https://uranos.fr/
|-
|al-Marzuqi (2002)
|Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-Amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)., الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.
|-
|ibn Qutayba (1956)
|Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbdallah b. Muslim. 1956. ''Kitāb al-anwāʾ (fī mawāsim al-ʿArab)''. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya
|-
|as-Sufi (1981)
|al-Ṣūfī, Abū al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. 1981. ''Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thamāniya wa al-arbaʿīn.'' Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda.
|}

=== [[References (Babylonian)|Babylonian]] ===
The dictionary of Babylonian celestial names had been compiled by G. Kurtik (2007) based on Gössmann (1950). Kurtik's version is much improved and enriched, however it has been reworked by himself until his death in April 2023 and further reworked and translated to English by the research group led by Wayne Horowitz and Susanne M. Hoffmann.

As we present them here, the references for the Babylonian Sky Culture are so rich that they need to go to [[References (Babylonian)|another website]].

=== Balinese ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Maas (1929)
|Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.
|-
|Palelintangan Museum Study Team (Tim Kajian Palelintangan Museum) (2021)
|Tim Kajian Palelintangan, ''Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan'' (Denpasar: Museum Bali, 2021), pp 1-149.
|-
|Rapini & Mayun (1979)
|Rapini, Nyoman & Mayun, Ida Bagus, ''Palalintangan Kalender Astronomi Bali Koleksi Museum Bali'' (Denpasar: Proyek Pengembangan Permuseuman Bali, 1979), pp 1-69.
|-
|Wikarman & Sutarya (2023)
|Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin & Sutarya, I Gede, ''Wariga'' (Denpasar: Yayasan Wikarman, 2023).
|-
|Ardhana (2006)
|Ardhan, I.B. Suparta, ''Pokok-Pokok Wariga'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2006).
|-
|Sanjaya (2016)
|Sanjaya, Putu, ''Hari Suci & Wariga Dewasa'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2016).
|-
|Suhardana (2005)
|Suhardana, K.M., ''Babad Nyuhaya'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2005)
|-
|Adiputra (2003)
|Adiputra, Gede Rudia, ''Pengetahuan Dasar Agama Hindu'' (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya Mitra, 2003)
|-
|Wikarman & Sutarya (2005)
|Wikarman, I Nyoman Singgin & Sutarya, I Gede, ''Hari Raya Hindu Bali-India'' (Surabaya: PARAMITA, 2005).
|}

=== [[References (Chinese)|Chinese]] ===
The rich literature is compiled at the separate page linked above; here are the main sources:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Ho (1962)
|Peng-Yoke Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', '''5''' (1962), 127-225 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962VA......5..127H/abstract ADS link]].
|-
|Pan Nai (2009)
|Pān Nài [潘鼐], ''Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncè Shǐ [中国恒星观测史]'' (Shanghai: Xuélín Chūbǎnshè, 2009) [[https://archive.org/download/Ancient-Chinese-Astronomy/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E5%8F%B22009_%E6%BD%98%E9%BC%9012259369.pdf Internet Archive link]] -- revised edition of a work first published in 1989.
|-
|Pan Nai & Wang De-chang (1981)
|Pān Nài [潘鼐] & Wang De-chang, “The Huang-You Star List of the Song Dynasty: A Chinese Star List of the Early Medieval Period”, ''Chinese Astronomy & Astrophysics'', '''5''' (1981), 441-448 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981ChA%26A...5..441P/abstract ADS link]] -– first published in Chinese in ''Acta Astronomica Sinica'', '''22''' (1981), 107-119.
|-
| Pankenier (2013)
|Pankenier, David W., ''Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) ISBN 978-1-107-00672-0 -- the appendix [pp. 444-511] contains an English translation of Sīmǎ Qiān [司馬遷]'s "Treatise of the Celestial Offices" [chapter 27 of the ''Shǐjì [史記]''] with the earliest comprehensive description of the Chinese constellations.
|-
| Rufus & Hsing-chih T'ien (1945)
|Rufus, Will Carl & Hsing-chih T'ien, ''The Soochow Astronomical Chart'' (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1945) [[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001475761 HathTtrust link]].
|-
|Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker (1997)
|Sun Xiaochun & Kistemaker, Jacob, ''The Chinese Sky during the Han: Constellating Stars and Society'' (Leiden [etc.]: Brill, 1997 [= ''Sinica Leidensia'', vol. XXXVIII]) ISBN 90-04-10737-1.
|-
|Boshun Yang (2023)
|杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD Dissertation, University of Science and Technology of China (Hefei)
|}

=== [[References (Greco-Roman)|Greco-Roman]]===
The dictionary of Greco-Roman celestial names is compiled by members of the IAU WGSN.

The [[References (Greco-Roman)|original sources are compiled in a separate pag]]<nowiki/>e.

=== India ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Shylaja & Pai (2019)
|Shylaja & Pai (2019). Āpa and Apāṃvatsa – enigmatic stars catalogued in Sūryasiddhānta, J. Astrophys. Astr 40:48 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-019-9614-1
|-
|
|
|-
|Shylaja (2022)
|
|}

=== Indonesian Archipelago ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Maaß (1920/21)
|Alfred Maaß, "Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiïschen Archipel", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''52/53''' (1920/21), 38-63 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23031518 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Maaß (1924 & 1926)
|Alfred Maaß, "Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiïschen Archipel", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''64''' (1924), 1-172 & 347-460 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1924_64.pdf KITLV link]] with a "Nachtrag" in ''ibid.'', '''66''' (1926), 618-670 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1926_66.pdf KITVL link]].
|-
|Maaß (1932)
|Alfred Maaß, "Altjavanische Tierkreisbecher", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''64''' (1932), 105-112 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25839369 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Maaß (1933)
|Alfred Maaß, "Die Sterne im Glauben der Indonesier", ''Zeitschrift für Ethnologie'', '''65''' (1933), 264-303 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25839449 JSTOR link]].
|-
|Oudemans (1881)
|Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans, "Mededeeling betreffende de sterrenbeelden, wier hoogte boven den horizon, op een bepaald oogenblik van den nacht, door de Javanen ten behoeve van den landbouw geraadpleegd wordt", ''Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen'', Afdeeling Natuurkunde, Tweede Reeks, '''16''' (1881), 177-194 [[https://books.google.com/books?id=1jk-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA177 Google Books link]] -- also published as a separatum [[https://books.google.com/books?id=_iCC20ooLsgC Google Books link]].
|-
|Pannekoek (1919)
|Antonie Pannekoek, "Een merkwaardig Javaansch sterrenbeeld", ''Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde'', '''69''' (1929), 51-57 [[https://kitlv-docs.library.leiden.edu/open/Metamorfoze/TBG/MMKITLV01_PDF_TS2332_1929_69.pdf KITVL link]].
|-
|Schadee (1914)
|Schadee, Merie C., "De Tijdrekening bij de Landak-Dajaks in de Westerafdeeling van Borneo", ''Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië'', '''69''' (1914), 130-139 [[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20769751 JSTOR link]].
|}

=== [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|Early Modern]] ===
Secondary literature (modern authors who write about specific cases of identifications or constellation history) is [[References (Medieval and Early Modern)|collected on a separate page]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
!Citation Form!!Bibliography
|-
|Lodewijcksz (1598)
|Lodewijcksz, Willem, ''D'eerste boeck. Historie van Indien, waer inne verhaelt is de avontueren die de Hollandtsche schepen bejeghent zijn ...: Daer by ghevoecht ... de conterfeytsels der inwoonderen'' (Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz, 1598) [[https://books.google.com/books?id=SzNmAAAAcAAJ online link]] , [https://xing.fmi.uni-jena.de/mediawiki/images/4/42/Lodewijcksz_-The_Description_of_a_Voyage_made_by_certaine_Ships_of_Holland_into_the_East_Indies_%281598%29.pdf PDF].

Several partial or complete journals describing the events of the "[[wikipedia:First_Dutch_Expedition_to_the_East_Indies|Eerste Schipvaart]]" have been preserved - the journal of Willem Lodewijcksz, published in Amsterdam in April 1598, is generally considered to be the most important one.

Reprinted with copious notes in the first volume of:

*Rouffaer, Gerret Pieter & Ijzerman, Jan Willem (eds.), ''De Eerste Schipvaart der Nederlanders naar Oost-Indië onder Cornelis de Houtman, 1595-1597 : Journalen, documenten en andere bescheiden, uitgegeven en toegelicht'' (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1915--1929 [= ''Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten-Vereeniging'', vols. VII, XXV & XXXII]), 3 vols. [[https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa01rouf/ Internet Archive link 1]] / [https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa02rouf/ link 2]] / [https://archive.org/details/deeersteschipvaa03rouf/ link 3]].

Some of the other journals were already published in October 1597 by the Middelburg publisher Berent Langenes who issued revised and expanded editions in December 1597 and early 1598:

*Langenes, Barent (ed.), ''Iournael Vande Reyse der Hollandtsche Schepen ghedaen in Oost Indien, haer Coersen, Streckinghen ende vreemde avonturen die haer bejegent zijn'' (Middelburg: Barent Langenes, 1597) [[https://books.google.com/books?id=S-JjAAAAcAAJ online link of the 1598 edition]].

Contemporary translations, mainly based on the 1597/98 edition of Langenes, were published in English, German, Latin and French:

*German: Hulsius, Levinus (transl.), ''Kurtze Warhafftige Beschreibung der newen Reyse oder Schiffahrt, so die Hollendischen Schiff, in denn Orientalischen Indien; verricht : Welche Anno 1595. in Martio, Alda außgefahrn und erst im Augusto deß verlauffenen 1597 Jahrs, widerkommen seind. Darinne der gantz succes der Reyse, was sich täglich verlauffen und zugetragen, erzält wird'' (Nürnberg: Christoff Lochner, 1598) [[https://archive.org/details/kurtzewarhafftig00hout/ Internet Archive link]].

*English: Phillip, William (transl.), ''The Description of a voyage made by certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies : With their adventures and successe : Together with the description of the Countries, Townes, and inhabitants of the same : Who set forth on the second of April 1595. and returned on the 14. of August, 1597'' (London: John Wolfe, 1598) [[:File:Lodewijcksz -The Description of a Voyage made by certaine Ships of Holland into the East Indies (1598).pdf |(pdf)]].

*Latin:

*French:
|-
|de Houtman (1603)
|De Houtman, Frederick, ''Spraeck ende woord-boeck inde Maleysche ende Madagaskarsche Talen, met vele Arabische ende Turcsche woorden ... : Noch zijn hier byghevoecht de declinatien van vele vaste sterren, staende omtrent den Zuyd-pool, voor desen tijdt noyt ghesien'' (Amsterdam: Jan Evertsz. Cloppenburgh, 1603) [[https://objects.library.uu.nl/reader/index.php?obj=1874-205055 online link]] (in Dutch).

Translations are available in:
*French (Marre 1881): Marre, Aristide, “Catalogue des étoiles circumpolaires australes observées dans l'Ile de Sumatra”, ''Bulletin sciences mathématiques et astronomiques'', '''1''' (1881), 336–352 [[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881BSMA....5..336H/abstract ADS link]].
*English (Knobel 1917): Knobel, Edward Ball, “On Frederick de Houtman's catalogue of southern stars, and the origin of the southern constellations”, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', '''77''' (1917), 414–432 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.5.414 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..414K/abstract ADS link]] with errata in ''ibid.'', '''77''' (1917), 580 [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/77.8.580 doi link] / [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MNRAS..77..580K/abstract ADS link]].
*Spanish (Selga 1918/19): Selga, Miguel, "Un catálogo antiguo de estrellas australes", ''Revista de la Sociedad Astronómica de España y América'', '''8''' (1918), 84-90 & '''9''' (1919), 11, 44-46 & 62-63 [[https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/wgsn/selga_1918-1919.pdf online link]].
|}

__DISAMBIG__

[[Category: References]]
[[Category:Service]]

Kala Sungsang

2026-03-04T08:58:47Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Identification */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:KASU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Kala Sungsang.png|thumb|Lintang Kala Sungsang in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250917-124804432.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Kala Sungsang (an inverted demon), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48.jpg|alt=image of the demon, historical depiction|thumb|De demon Kala Sungsang TMnr 1646-48 (CC-BY SA I. Dewa Gedé Soberat (Schilder)).]]
Kala Sungang is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). "Kala" means "demon" and "sungsang" means "upside down". It is the demon who stole and drank the holy water of the gods that makes them immortal. The constellation (lintang) of kala sungsang is found in intersection of Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) and Umanis (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang kala sungsang means an upside-down demon constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in ''Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928'', 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
This constellation term is consisted of two words, "kala" (IPA: /kala/) and "sungsang" (IPA: /ˈsʊŋsaŋ/).

=== Spelling Variants ===

* sungsang kala
* antja-antja (old spelling)
* anca-anca (enhanced spelling)

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Kala is derived from Sanskrit काल, that means time or death. Kala is son of the god Shiva who titled the god of time. The god Kala is often symbolized as a giant, with a scary face, dark in color and almost does not resemble a god. Kala is a symbol that no one can fight the law of karma. When it is time for someone to leave the mortal world, then at that time Kala will come to pick him up. If anyone insists on living along with their own will, then they will be destroyed by Kala. Therefore, Kala's face is very scary. But, in this case, kala sungsang is not the son of the god Shiva and goddess Durga.

While "sungsang" is from Javanese which means upside-down. This word depicts an abnormal position, what is above becomes below or what is in front becomes behind. The other meaning of "sungsang" is return back, has a meaning whatever we think, say and do, the results will definitely come back to us according to our karma.

Kala Sungsang is one of the demonic entities or negative forces that are considered to be present in traditional Balinese beliefs. He is often associated with the ''bala rencang'' at ''Pura Dalem'' and acts as a guard for Ida Bhatara Pengulun Setra. In the imagination of the Balinese people, Kala sungsang is depicted as a tall and large giant figure, with a scary face, and an upside-down body position, where his head is below and his feet are above. He walks using both hands.

Kala Sungsang symbolizes the figure who is the cause of all times or conditions that are contrary to the conditions that should be, especially in the Kali Yuga era. This includes an abnormal natural phenomenon, such as weather that is not in accordance with the season, as well as human traits that are contrary to their nature.
==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian." </blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-04 133652.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Kala Sungsang in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mention "ein Stern im Sternbild des grossen Bären bei den Indern" in German means "a star in the constellation of the Great Bear among the Indians".]]
While Maaß (1929) just locates the constellation in the vicinity of Ursa Major as a huge area, the precise identification is mentioned by UPTD Museum Bali where Kala Sungsang is in the area of [[Bootes]].<ref name=":0" /> They claim it is not true if lintang kala sungsang is within the constellation of Ursa Major. Kala Sungsang is always in upside-down position, in all the month even if the position is not at the night. We could not just rely on the Maaß documentation because the whole lintang in Palelintangan are still used until now and it is the part of their ritual.

Maaß's description (p. 140):<blockquote>Kala sungsang, ein auf Kopf und Händen stehender böser Geist; antja-antja, Figur, die auf Kopf und Händen steht; buta, ein böser Geist. Lippen krumm im Reden;</blockquote>'''English:''' Kala sungsang, an evil spirit standing on its head and hands; antja-antja, a figure standing on its head and hands; buta, an evil spirit. Lips twisted when speaking.

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
Based on the chronicle in the Purwa Bhumi Kamulan Lontar, Kala Sungsang was created when the goddess Durga was meditating.

Based on Andhabhuwana lontar, it is mentioned that the origin of the existence of Dewi Uma changed into Dewi Durga (ruler of the grave) because she received a curse from Lord Shiva. The curse caused Dewi Uma, who was titled Dewi Durga, to stay in the world and would return to Siwa Loka after being purified.

After descending to the world, she did a ritual. When Goddess Durga was meditating, various spirits and negative forces emerged from the hairs all over her body. These spirits, with their strange and scary appearances, have the task of misleading and testing the determination of humans in carrying out dharma. Among these creatures, '''Bhuta Sungsang''' has a special task of confusing the minds of humans so that they have difficulty distinguishing between reality and illusion and become reversed in their thoughts and actions.

In the Nusa Penida chronicle, Goddess Durga resides as the ruling deity of the grave followed by 108 Bhuta-Bhuti. The following are the names of the butha kala and butha kali that accompany the presence of Goddess Durga in the grave, namely, bhùta banaspati, yamapati, mregapati, banaspatiraja, bhùta saliwah, bhùta salah rupa, bhùta Enjek-pupu, Tangan-tangan, '''[[Laweyan]]''', '''Kumangmang''', '''Anja-anja''', Mamedi, Bhùta Sungsang, Udug-Basur, Ileg-ileg, Papengkah, Barong Asepek, I Gagendu, Suku-tunggal, kakawa, Mretyu, Togtogsil, Raregek, Raparayu, Kala Ngadang, bhùta Tan-pakuping, bhùta Bungut-sasibak, and so on. The task of Dewa Durga and her 108 followers is to spread disease, create drought, disaster in the world. However, the main target is humans who forget to devote themselves to the Almighty God.

Kala Sungsang is considered one of the 15 most powerful Bhutas among the soldiers. Kala Sungsang is believed to be the cause of human thoughts and behavior being reversed or not in accordance with the norms that should be. This is reflected in the decline of customary norms, religion, manners, and community ethics.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Kala Sungsang.png|Lintang Kala Sungsang (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinKALA.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:KASU.jpg|Lintang Kala Sungsang in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sungsang Kala.jpg|Lintang Sungsang Kala (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Redite (Sunday, in saptawara) has a value of 5 and Umanis (in pancawara) has a value of 5. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 10.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Self-torture, often hit by disasters and misfortunes. Unable to heed people's advice, act as they please, act as if they can do any job, are brave towards their parents, often get hurt by people, are good at hiding their feelings, are good at expressing complicated problems, like to interfere in other people's business.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Osadi (Zambrut /emerald), Daluman (Giok/Jade), Ijo Gading (Peridot), Narigangga (Chrysoberyl cat’s eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arcturus
| HIP 69673
| within constellation lines
| -0.05
|-
| 2
| Izar
| HIP 72105
| within constellation lines
| 2.45
|-
| 3
| Muphrid
| HIP 67927
| within constellation lines
| 2.68
|-
| 4
| Seginus
| HIP 71075
| within constellation lines
| 3.02
|-
| 5
| δ Boötis
| HIP 74666
| within constellation lines
| 3.49
|-
| 6
| Nekkar
| HIP 73555
| within constellation lines
| 3.52
|-
| 7
| ρ Boötis
| HIP 71053
| Inside the Hull
| 3.59
|-
| 8
| Alkalurops
| HIP 75411
| Inside the Hull
| 4.31
|-
| 9
| σ Boötis
| HIP 71284
| Inside the Hull
| 4.47
|-
| 10
| * zet Boo B
| HIP 71795
| within constellation lines
| 4.51
|-
| 11
| ο Boötis
| HIP 72125
| Inside the Hull
| 4.6
|-
| 12
| W Boo
| HIP 71995
| Inside the Hull
| 4.79
|-
| 13
| * eps Boo B
| HR 5505
| Inside the Hull
| 4.801
|-
| 14
| 12 Boo
| HIP 69226
| Inside the Hull
| 4.83
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 70027
| Inside the Hull
| 4.85
|-
| 16
| π 1 Boötis
| HIP 71762
| Inside the Hull
| 4.893
|-
| 17
| 22 Boo
| HIP 70602
| Inside the Hull
| 5.394
|-
| 18
| -
| HIP 72582
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 19
| -
| HIP 73634
| Inside the Hull
| 5.513
|-
| 20
| 40 Boo
| HIP 73369
| Inside the Hull
| 5.634
|-
| 21
| * pi.02 Boo
| HR 5476
| Inside the Hull
| 5.761
|-
| 22
| -
| HIP 72552
| Inside the Hull
| 5.8
|-
| 23
| HP Boo
| HIP 72567
| Inside the Hull
| 5.867
|-
| 24
| 26 Boo
| HIP 71115
| Inside the Hull
| 5.897
|-
| 25
| -
| HIP 71571
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 26
| V* CN Boo
| HR 5343
| Inside the Hull
| 5.957
|-
| 27
| -
| HIP 71277
| Inside the Hull
| 5.999
|-
| 28
| -
| HIP 71094
| Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 70892
| Inside the Hull
| 6.05
|-
| 30
| -
| HIP 73068
| Inside the Hull
| 6.122
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 72469
| Inside the Hull
| 6.13
|-
| 32
| -
| HIP 72139
| Inside the Hull
| 6.145
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 71729
| Inside the Hull
| 6.15
|-
| 34
| -
| HIP 70762
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 35
| -
| HIP 71490
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 36
| -
| HIP 70310
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 37
| -
| HIP 72124
| Inside the Hull
| 6.28
|-
| 38
| -
| HIP 71243
| Inside the Hull
| 6.306
|-
| 39
| -
| HIP 73941
| Inside the Hull
| 6.351
|-
| 40
| -
| HIP 71406
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 41
| -
| HIP 69592
| Inside the Hull
| 6.377
|-
| 42
| -
| HIP 71168
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 43
| -
| HIP 71857
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 44
| -
| HR 5346
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 45
| -
| HIP 70385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.41
|-
| 46
| -
| HIP 70051
| Inside the Hull
| 6.445
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Kalasungsang" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star Delta Boo or HIP 74666 is in the demon's elbow which was selected because this is a sign of the meaning of sungsang, which is upside down. Constellation Kalasungsang is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.
== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Boo]]

Lembu

2026-03-04T08:49:24Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangLEMBU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Lembu.png|thumb|Lintang Lembu in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20250920-122136092.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Lembu (an ox), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Lěmbu is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of lěmbu is found in intersection of Coma (Monday, in saptawara) and Wage (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang lěmbu means ox constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==
Lembu (IPA: [ləmˈbu]) is inherited from the Malay, Proto-Mon-Khmer meaning cow, ox.

=== Spelling Variants ===

*Sapi

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Lembu is a sacred animal in Bali. Although not as sacred as in India, Lembu still have an important place in traditional ceremonies, especially as a symbol of fertility, strength, and perseverance. In some villages, Lembu are used in agricultural rituals such as traditional ploughing of fields, which contains the meaning of respect for nature. In addition, the majority of Hindus do not eat cows because cows are the mounts of the god Shiva.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Screenshot 2026-02-05 114717.png|center|thumb|800x800px|Lembu in the identification table by Maaß (1929). He mentioned "der Stier" which means "the Taurus".]]
Maaß (1929), p. 142:<blockquote>lembu; - lembu; -,- ein Rind, ein weisser Stier.</blockquote>'''English:''' lembu; - lembu; -,- a cow, a white bull.
=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
It is said that Bhatari Uma wanted to listen to the teachings of Bhatara Guru (Lord Shiva). However, before these teachings were given, Bhatari Uma was asked by Bhatara Guru to look for the milk of a female black cow. Bhatari Uma's loyalty was tested by Batara Guru. "Bhatari Uma went to Earth," he said. Unbeknownst to Bhatari Uma, Bhatara Guru also changed his form into a black cattle herder.

Furthermore, the herdsman was named Rare Angon. The black ox that Rare Angon grazes is the white ox belonging to Bhatara Guru who was cursed to become a female black ox. Next, Rare Angon met Bhatari Uma. Bhatari Uma appeared to buy milk from the black cow owned by Rare Angon.

Rare Angon in his dialogue asked Dewi Uma why she bought milk. However, Bhatari Uma answered that the milk would certainly be useful. In fact, Rare Angon was even offered gold as a substitute. Rare Angon was not interested in gold. He would give milk as long as his beauty was used as a ransom. Because according to him, Dewi Uma's beauty is very valuable, worthy of being bought with a thousand countries.

What Rare Angon said made Bhatari Uma's heart blush. Rare Angon's words were just let go. Her mind was confused, thinking about it again, there was no other way but to follow Rare Angon's wishes. In fact, Dewi Uma even hid that she was married. Rare Angon's heart was happy, then he did their deal. After completing her promise, Rare Angon gave the black cow's milk. Rare Angon excused himself to Bhatari Uma to go ride the female black cow.

Rare Angon disappeared, it is unimaginable where he went. Bhatari Uma thought about her cheating in getting her wish. While walking home, the milk was carried in a golden jug. It is not told on the journey. It is told that before Bhatari Uma met Batara Guru, Bhatara Guru was crowning Sang Hyang Pancadewata.

In his coronation, Sang Hyang Pancadewata was given advice, and given a title by Bhatara Guru, namely Sang Hyang Kusika, Sang Hyang Gargha, Sang Hyang Maitri, Sang Hyang Kurusya and Sang Hyang Pretanjala. He is a member of the Pancakasika group because he was born from the holiness of Bhatara Guru's hands. Sang Hyang Kusika was born from the thumb (Anggusta), in the form of Pradhana.

Sang Hyang Garga was born from the index finger (tarjini), in the form of Purusa. Sang Hyang Maitri was born from the middle finger (madiamika) in the form of Brahma. Sang Hyang Kurusya was born from the ring finger (manamika) in the form of Vishnu. Sang Hyang Pretanjala was born from the little finger (kanistika) in the form of Mahadewa. Thus his manifestation became Bhatara Pancasiwa. He is worthy of purifying the entire universe. Next they were asked to meditate by Bhatara Guru. Sang Hyang Pancasiwa excused himself, and worshiped at the feet of Bhatara Guru. It is said that Bhatari Uma came to worship at the feet of Bhatara Guru. He offered milk.

The milk was received by Bhatara Guru with a gentle gaze. Next Bhatara Guru asked Sang Hyang Ghana to divine the journey of his mother (Bhatari Uma) on her journey to find black cow's milk. Sang Hyang Ghana obeyed, then took the library, a gift from Bhatara Guru previously. Before the library was read, a mantra was given to it.

The image of his mother appearing to be unfaithful to the shepherd. This was conveyed to Bhatara Guru. Bhatara Guru looked blushing. How angry Bhatari Uma was and immediately said harshly.

“What did you say, Ghana? You are still a baby, pretending to know how to predict something unclear. You are so cruel to criticize your mother's behavior! You do not know the secret! If only you did not hold the sacred library, you would have been eaten by me. Who do you think your mother is? Am I not the embodiment of Durga? I can swallow the earth!

Thus said Bhatari Uma blaspheming. Fire came out of Bhatari Uma's eyes. It was very powerful and destroyed the library so that in an instant it turned into ashes. Sang Hyang Ghana's heart was saddened by the burning of the library. The script was rewritten by Sang Hyang Ghana. Bhatari Uma told Sang Hyang Kumara to trample on the dust of the library.

Immediately Sang Hyang Kumara trampled on the ashes of the library with both feet. Because of the trampling, the ashes of the library scattered and spread so that they could no longer be seen by the eye. Sang Hyang Ghana was angry with Sang Hyang Kumara. Sang Hyang Ghana transformed into Sang Hyang Ghanamurti, with four arms, and four fangs. Sang Hyang Kumara was captured and massacred. Soon Bhatara Guru came and greeted Sang Hyang Ghana in a friendly manner.

"O Ghana, don't do that! That is called Brahmatya, which can result in your purity being lost! He is still a child. If someone is not yet fourteen years old, don't be punished, stop your anger towards Sang Hyang Kumara! Later, when Sang Hyang Kumara is older, more than ten years old, there you will continue your anger towards Sang Hyang Kumara," said Bhatara Guru.

"From the short story above, a common thread can be drawn that the black cattle that exist in this world originate from white cattle which were cursed to become black cattle by Bhatara Guru when he transformed into a cattle herder," he explained.

The white ox found in Taro Village is the belief of the people of Taro Village that the ox belonged to Bhatara Guru who was entrusted to them to be looked after by a maharesi named Rsi Markandeya.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Lembu.png|Lintang Lembu (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinLEMBU.jpg|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangLEMBU.jpg|Lintang Lembu in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Lembu2.jpg|Lintang Lembu (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Coma (Monday, in saptawara) has a value of 4 and Wage (in pancawara) has a value of 4. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 8.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Rarely finds happiness, his life is in regret. Acts carefully and thoughtfully, honestly and attentively to other people's plight. When angry he loses self-control.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Daluman (Giok/Jade), Nari Gangga/ Mata Kucing (Chrysobery Cat Eye).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Aldebaran
| HIP 21421
| within constellation lines
| 0.86
|-
| 2
| Elnath
| HIP 25428
| within constellation lines
| 1.65
|-
| 3
| Alcyone
| HIP 17702
| within constellation lines
| 2.87
|-
| 4
| Tianguan
| HIP 26451
| within constellation lines
| 3.03
|-
| 5
| λ Tauri
| HIP 18724
| within constellation lines
| 3.41
|-
| 6
| Chamukuy
| HIP 20894
| Inside the Hull
| 3.41
|-
| 7
| Ain
| HIP 20889
| within constellation lines
| 3.53
|-
| 8
| ο Tauri
| HIP 15900
| within constellation lines
| 3.6
|-
| 9
| Atlas
| HIP 17847
| Inside the Hull
| 3.63
|-
| 10
| Prima Hyadum
| HIP 20205
| within constellation lines
| 3.65
|-
| 11
| ξ Tauri
| HIP 16083
| within constellation lines
| 3.75
|-
| 12
| Secunda Hyadum
| HIP 20455
| Inside the Hull
| 3.76
|-
| 13
| θ 1 Tauri
| HIP 20885
| Inside the Hull
| 3.84
|-
| 14
| ν Tauri
| HIP 18907
| within constellation lines
| 3.883
|-
| 15
| 5 Tau
| HIP 16369
| Inside the Hull
| 4.1
|-
| 16
| κ 1 Tauri
| HIP 20635
| Inside the Hull
| 4.201
|-
| 17
| τ Tauri
| HIP 21881
| within constellation lines
| 4.258
|-
| 18
| 90 Tau
| HIP 21589
| Inside the Hull
| 4.27
|-
| 19
| μ Tauri
| HIP 19860
| Inside the Hull
| 4.279
|-
| 20
| υ Tauri
| HIP 20711
| Inside the Hull
| 4.282
|-
| 21
| δ 3 Tauri
| HIP 20648
| Inside the Hull
| 4.298
|-
| 22
| 37 Tau
| HIP 19038
| Inside the Hull
| 4.37
|-
| 23
| 71 Tau
| HIP 20713
| Inside the Hull
| 4.48
|-
| 24
| ι Tauri
| HIP 23497
| Inside the Hull
| 4.615
|-
| 25
| ρ Tauri
| HIP 21273
| Inside the Hull
| 4.65
|-
| 26
| σ 2 Tauri
| HIP 21683
| Inside the Hull
| 4.665
|-
| 27
| π Tauri
| HIP 20732
| Inside the Hull
| 4.69
|-
| 28
| ο 1 Orionis
| HIP 22667
| Inside the Hull
| 4.721
|-
| 29
| -
| HIP 21029
| Inside the Hull
| 4.764
|-
| 30
| δ 2 Tauri
| HIP 20542
| Inside the Hull
| 4.8
|-
| 31
| 114 Tau
| HIP 25539
| Inside the Hull
| 4.868
|-
| 32
| ω 2 Tauri
| HIP 19990
| Inside the Hull
| 4.914
|-
| 33
| 109 Tau
| HIP 24822
| Inside the Hull
| 4.948
|-
| 34
| * 47 Tau A
| HIP 19740
| Inside the Hull
| 4.95
|-
| 35
| 75 Tau
| HIP 20877
| Inside the Hull
| 4.969
|-
| 36
| 79 Tau
| HIP 20901
| Inside the Hull
| 5.014
|-
| 37
| 30 Tau
| HIP 17771
| Inside the Hull
| 5.07
|-
| 38
| σ 1 Tauri
| HIP 21673
| Inside the Hull
| 5.076
|-
| 39
| 97 Tau
| HIP 22565
| Inside the Hull
| 5.085
|-
| 40
| Pleione
| HIP 17851
| Inside the Hull
| 5.09
|-
| 41
| 66 Tau
| HIP 20522
| Inside the Hull
| 5.098
|-
| 42
| 4 Tau
| HIP 16322
| Inside the Hull
| 5.124
|-
| 43
| 43 G. Tau
| HIP 19799
| Inside the Hull
| 5.218
|-
| 44
| 58 Tau
| HIP 20261
| Inside the Hull
| 5.242
|-
| 45
| κ 2 Tauri
| HIP 20641
| Inside the Hull
| 5.264
|-
| 46
| l Tau
| HIP 23871
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 47
| 46 Tau
| HIP 19719
| Inside the Hull
| 5.29
|-
| 48
| 56 Tau
| HIP 20186
| Inside the Hull
| 5.346
|-
| 49
| χ Tauri
| HIP 20430
| Inside the Hull
| 5.378
|-
| 50
| 83 Tau
| HIP 21036
| Inside the Hull
| 5.395
|-
| 51
| -
| HIP 18975
| Inside the Hull
| 5.42
|-
| 52
| 93 Tau
| HIP 21735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.445
|-
| 53
| -
| HIP 17776
| Inside the Hull
| 5.45
|-
| 54
| 81 Tau
| HIP 21039
| Inside the Hull
| 5.454
|-
| 55
| 118 Tau
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.48
|-
| 56
| 53 Tau
| HIP 20171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.482
|-
| 57
| -
| HIP 23043
| Inside the Hull
| 5.49
|-
| 58
| 103 Tau
| HIP 23900
| Inside the Hull
| 5.5
|-
| 59
| ω 1 Tauri
| HIP 19388
| Inside the Hull
| 5.504
|-
| 60
| 36 Tau
| HIP 19009
| Inside the Hull
| 5.512
|-
| 61
| 72 Tau
| HIP 20789
| Inside the Hull
| 5.514
|-
| 62
| 80 Tau
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.552
|-
| 63
| 57 Tau
| HIP 20219
| Inside the Hull
| 5.568
|-
| 64
| 32 Tau
| HIP 18471
| Inside the Hull
| 5.617
|-
| 65
| 63 Tau
| HIP 20484
| Inside the Hull
| 5.625
|-
| 66
| 51 Tau
| HIP 20087
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 67
| * 80 Tau A
| HIP 20995
| Inside the Hull
| 5.666
|-
| 68
| 13 Tau
| HIP 17309
| Inside the Hull
| 5.69
|-
| 69
| 26 G. Tau
| HIP 18805
| Inside the Hull
| 5.691
|-
| 70
| 60 Tau
| HIP 20400
| Inside the Hull
| 5.71
|-
| 71
| -
| HIP 20842
| Inside the Hull
| 5.711
|-
| 72
| 6 Tau
| HIP 16511
| Inside the Hull
| 5.757
|-
| 73
| 89 Tau
| HIP 21588
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 74
| -
| HIP 22913
| Inside the Hull
| 5.776
|-
| 75
| 98 Tau
| HIP 23088
| Inside the Hull
| 5.785
|-
| 76
| 99 Tau
| HIP 23068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.806
|-
| 77
| -
| HR 1243
| Inside the Hull
| 5.81
|-
| 78
| * 118 Tau A
| HIP 25695
| Inside the Hull
| 5.84
|-
| 79
| HU Tau
| HIP 21604
| Inside the Hull
| 5.842
|-
| 80
| -
| HIP 18735
| Inside the Hull
| 5.865
|-
| 81
| -
| HIP 20804
| Inside the Hull
| 5.87
|-
| 82
| 76 Tau
| HIP 20873
| Inside the Hull
| 5.892
|-
| 83
| 39 Tau
| HIP 19076
| Inside the Hull
| 5.9
|-
| 84
| 105 Tau
| HIP 23883
| Inside the Hull
| 5.92
|-
| 85
| -
| HIP 19376
| Inside the Hull
| 5.927
|-
| 86
| -
| HIP 19284
| Inside the Hull
| 5.94
|-
| 87
| -
| HIP 18170
| Inside the Hull
| 5.946
|-
| 88
| -
| HIP 20417
| Inside the Hull
| 5.95
|-
| 89
| -
| HIP 20614
| Inside the Hull
| 5.965
|-
| 90
| -
| HIP 22176
| Inside the Hull
| 5.981
|-
| 91
| V1141 Tau
| HIP 20493
| Inside the Hull
| 5.986
|-
| 92
| 85 Tau
| HIP 21137
| Inside the Hull
| 5.998
|-
| 93
| V1116 Tau
| HIP 21459
| Inside the Hull
| 6.019
|-
| 94
| 33 Tau
| HIP 18485
| Inside the Hull
| 6.038
|-
| 95
| -
| HIP 17921
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 96
| -
| HIP 19261
| Inside the Hull
| 6.07
|-
| 97
| -
| HIP 17453
| Inside the Hull
| 6.074
|-
| 98
| -
| HIP 19641
| Inside the Hull
| 6.087
|-
| 99
| -
| HIP 20255
| Inside the Hull
| 6.094
|-
| 100
| -
| HIP 24820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.107
|-
| 101
| 96 Tau
| HIP 22441
| Inside the Hull
| 6.11
|-
| 102
| V1137 Tau
| HIP 19672
| Inside the Hull
| 6.12
|-
| 103
| 14 Tau
| HIP 17408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.14
|-
| 104
| -
| HIP 20284
| Inside the Hull
| 6.141
|-
| 105
| 95 Tau
| HIP 21961
| Inside the Hull
| 6.151
|-
| 106
| -
| HIP 17900
| Inside the Hull
| 6.153
|-
| 107
| -
| HIP 18508
| Inside the Hull
| 6.165
|-
| 108
| -
| HIP 17058
| Inside the Hull
| 6.168
|-
| 109
| -
| HIP 23589
| Inside the Hull
| 6.188
|-
| 110
| -
| HIP 21689
| Inside the Hull
| 6.2
|-
| 111
| -
| HIP 24977
| Inside the Hull
| 6.205
|-
| 112
| 40 G. Tau
| HIP 19720
| Inside the Hull
| 6.249
|-
| 113
| -
| HIP 19736
| Inside the Hull
| 6.25
|-
| 114
| 108 Tau
| HIP 24512
| Inside the Hull
| 6.27
|-
| 115
| -
| HIP 25806
| Inside the Hull
| 6.291
|-
| 116
| 48 Tau
| HIP 19877
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 117
| 47 G. Tau
| HIP 20188
| Inside the Hull
| 6.3
|-
| 118
| 84 Tau
| HIP 21082
| Inside the Hull
| 6.303
|-
| 119
| -
| HIP 18717
| Inside the Hull
| 6.305
|-
| 120
| -
| HIP 22949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.324
|-
| 121
| -
| HIP 22128
| Inside the Hull
| 6.329
|-
| 122
| -
| HIP 24984
| Inside the Hull
| 6.33
|-
| 123
| 62 Tau
| HIP 20533
| Inside the Hull
| 6.337
|-
| 124
| 25 G. Tau
| HIP 18658
| Inside the Hull
| 6.34
|-
| 125
| -
| HIP 22850
| Inside the Hull
| 6.347
|-
| 126
| -
| HIP 21408
| Inside the Hull
| 6.35
|-
| 127
| SZ Tau
| HIP 21517
| Inside the Hull
| 6.37
|-
| 128
| V766 Tau
| HIP 18033
| Inside the Hull
| 6.38
|-
| 129
| -
| HIP 20558
| Inside the Hull
| 6.39
|-
| 130
| NGC 1647
| NGC 1647
| Inside the Hull
| 6.4
|-
| 131
| -
| HIP 16924
| Inside the Hull
| 6.42
|-
| 132
| 70 Tau
| HIP 20661
| Inside the Hull
| 6.439
|-
| 133
| 26 Tau
| HIP 17832
| Inside the Hull
| 6.464
|-
| 134
| -
| HIP 21053
| Inside the Hull
| 6.491
|-
| 135
| -
| HIP 23949
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|-
| 136
| -
| HIP 24252
| Inside the Hull
| 6.79
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Lembu" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star del02 Tau or HIP 20542 is in its neck part. Constellation Lembu is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Tau]] [[Category:Ori]]

Ru

2026-03-04T08:44:29Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangRU.jpg|thumb|Lintang Ru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Hru.png|thumb|Lintang Hru in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-213134109.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Ru (an arrow), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Ru is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of ru is found in intersection of Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) and Paing (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang ru means arrow constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref>

==Etymology and History==

Ru (IPA:[ˈrhu]) means arrow.
=== Spelling Variants ===

* hru
* panah
* jurit mati
* kapěrang
* panah rhu
* sajaka

=== Origin of Constellation ===
Ru is a variant word for arrow used in ancient texts. Ru is an arrow with a typical metal tip that possesses great destructive power. This concept was brought to Bali from Indian literature, such as the Arjunawiwaha text, the Ramayana, and so on. In Sanskrit texts such as the Mahabharata epic, arrows have various shapes and different names. Many of them indicate various types of arrowheads.<ref>Jákl, JiŘí (2025) "Archery and target-shooting in pre-Islamic Java; What can be known?," Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia: Vol. 26: No. 3, Article 8. DOI: 10.17510/wacana.v26i3.1895</ref>

In the Sarasamuscaya Sloka 120, evil is analogized to an arrow:<ref>Tirta, I Made Danu, "Wacika Parisudha : Membangun Hita Melalui Kata", Ditjen BIMAS Hindu Kementrian Agama RI (2023) https://bimashindu.kemenag.go.id/video/wacika-parisudha-membangun-hita-melalui-kata</ref><blockquote>“Ikang ujar ahala-tan pahi lawan hru, songkabnya sakatempuhan denya juga alara, resep ri hati, tatankenengpanhan turu ring rahina wengi ikang wwang denya, matangnyat, tan inujaraken ika de sang dhira purusa, sang ahning maneb manah nira”.</blockquote>Translation:

"Words that contain evil intentions are no different from arrows, which are released; everything they hit hurts; these words sink into the heart, making it impossible to eat or sleep during the day and night, therefore these words are not spoken by people who are virtuous and powerful, nor by people who remain pure in heart."

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische und malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

In UPTD Museum Bali, they mentioned that lintang Ru is within the Aquila constellation and having intersection that created arrow and bow.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==

=== Hru types in old manuscript ===
Some of manuscript mentioned arrow as hru:

==== Rāmāyaṇa 9.78 ====
God Indra is said to be afraid of sharp arrows (hrūnya tīkṣṇa) shot by Rāvaṇa’s giant archers.

==== Rāmāyaṇa 20.54; Arjunavivāha 8.11 ====
An arrow as big as mountain (hrū vuṅkal savukir).

==== Arjunavivāha 8.14 ====
Name for the 'Destroyer Arrow' (hrū sambartaka).

==== Arjunavivāha 9.1 ====
An arrow with the head of a snake is shot to Arjuna by Rudra God.

==== Sumanasāntaka 150.1 ====
The arrows shot by the king of Magadha are represented as "mountains, feathered with blazing blades" (hrū-arrows)

==== Sumanasāntaka 151.1 ====
King Aṅga charges his arrows (hrū) with mantras to fire all kinds of divine missiles.

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Hru.png|Lintang Hru (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinRU.jpg|Lintang Panah in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:LintangRU.jpg|Lintang Ru in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Sayaka.jpg|Lintang Sayaka (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Saniscara (Saturday, in saptawara) has a value of 9 and Paing (in pancawara) has a value of 9. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 18.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Respected by people and they have many servants. Loved by great and influential people. Do not be a soldier, avoid physical combat (fighting) and avoid the battlefield. Easily angered but quickly calm down, easily regret and they are forgiving and kind although a bit greedy.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Kecubung (amethyst), Biduri Bulan (Moon stone), mirah (ruby).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
==== Stars within the Constellation Area ====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Altair
| HIP 97649
| within constellation lines
| 0.76
|-
| 2
| Tarazed
| HIP 97278
| within constellation lines
| 2.72
|-
| 3
| Okab
| HIP 93747
| within constellation lines
| 2.99
|-
| 4
| Antinous
| HIP 99473
| within constellation lines
| 3.22
|-
| 5
| δ Aquilae
| HIP 95501
| within constellation lines
| 3.36
|-
| 6
| λ Aquilae
| HIP 93805
| within constellation lines
| 3.43
|-
| 7
| Alshain
| HIP 98036
| Inside the Hull
| 3.71
|-
| 8
| η Aquilae
| HIP 97804
| Inside the Hull
| 3.8
|-
| 9
| ι Aquilae
| HIP 96468
| Inside the Hull
| 4.36
|-
| 10
| μ Aquilae
| HIP 96229
| Inside the Hull
| 4.45
|-
| 11
| ν Aquilae
| HIP 95585
| Inside the Hull
| 4.72
|-
| 12
| 36 Aql
| HIP 95937
| Inside the Hull
| 5.03
|-
| 13
| 18 Aql
| HIP 93867
| Inside the Hull
| 5.086
|-
| 14
| 21 Aql
| HIP 94477
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 95447
| Inside the Hull
| 5.15
|-
| 16
| σ Aquilae
| HIP 96665
| Inside the Hull
| 5.17
|-
| 17
| 19 Aql
| HIP 94068
| Inside the Hull
| 5.23
|-
| 18
| 23 Aql
| HIP 94885
| Inside the Hull
| 5.28
|-
| 19
| ω 1 Aquilae
| HIP 94834
| Inside the Hull
| 5.283
|-
| 20
| 27 Aql
| HIP 95073
| Inside the Hull
| 5.451
|-
| 21
| 28 Aql
| HIP 94982
| Inside the Hull
| 5.518
|-
| 22
| 22 Aql
| HIP 94727
| Inside the Hull
| 5.569
|-
| 23
| 58 Aql
| HIP 97980
| Inside the Hull
| 5.631
|-
| 24
| 45 Aql
| HIP 96807
| Inside the Hull
| 5.637
|-
| 25
| 62 Aql
| HIP 98844
| Inside the Hull
| 5.68
|-
| 26
| 35 Aql
| HIP 95793
| Inside the Hull
| 5.783
|-
| 27
| 42 G. Aql
| HIP 95222
| Inside the Hull
| 5.811
|-
| 28
| 49 G. Aql
| HIP 95732
| Inside the Hull
| 5.839
|-
| 29
| υ Aquilae
| HIP 97229
| Inside the Hull
| 5.91
|-
| 30
| 64 Aql
| HIP 99171
| Inside the Hull
| 5.968
|-
| 31
| -
| HIP 96481
| Inside the Hull
| 5.975
|-
| 32
| ω 2 Aquilae
| HIP 95002
| Inside the Hull
| 6.012
|-
| 33
| -
| HIP 95898
| Inside the Hull
| 6.042
|-
| 34
| V923 Aql
| HIP 95929
| Inside the Hull
| 6.082
|-
| 35
| R Aql
| HIP 93820
| Inside the Hull
| 6.09
|-
| 36
| 34 G. Aql
| HIP 94833
| Inside the Hull
| 6.174
|-
| 37
| 101 G. Aql
| HIP 98385
| Inside the Hull
| 6.18
|-
| 38
| 52 G. Aql
| HIP 95812
| Inside the Hull
| 6.245
|-
| 39
| 37 G. Aql
| HIP 94916
| Inside the Hull
| 6.311
|-
| 40
| 25 G. Aql
| HIP 94149
| Inside the Hull
| 6.321
|-
| 41
| 44 G. Aql
| HIP 95253
| Inside the Hull
| 6.346
|-
| 42
| 67 G. Aql
| HIP 96630
| Inside the Hull
| 6.358
|-
| 43
| 61 G. Aql
| HIP 96351
| Inside the Hull
| 6.368
|-
| 44
| 24 Aql
| HIP 94913
| Inside the Hull
| 6.404
|-
| 45
| 75 G. Aql
| HIP 97144
| Inside the Hull
| 6.428
|-
| 46
| V1339 Aql
| HIP 97607
| Inside the Hull
| 6.478
|-
| 47
| V450 Aql
| HIP 96204
| Inside the Hull
| 6.48
|-
| 48
| -
| HIP 94478
| Inside the Hull
| 6.49
|-
| 49
| -
| HIP 93990
| Inside the Hull
| 6.5
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Hru" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star eta Aql or HIP 97804 is in the bow string. Constellation Hru is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Aql]]

Bade

2026-03-04T08:32:46Z

YoulaAzkarrula: /* IAU Working Group on Star Names */

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
[[File:LintangBADE.jpg|thumb|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)]]
[[File:Bade'.png|thumb|Lintang Bade in lontar Prasi Palelintangan (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)]]
[[File:Stellarium-20251010-212753689.png|thumb|Balinese constellation: Bade (corpse tower), re-drawn by Jessica Gullberg for the planetarium software Stellarium (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula & Jessica Gullberg)]]
Bade is an Oceanic name from Bali (Indonesia). The lintang of bade is found in intersection of Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) and Pon (in pancawara) in a series of palelintangan. Lintang bade means balinese corpse tower constellation.<ref name=":1">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> Bade is a funeral bier or tower that carries the corpse to Setra (cemetery where the corpse will be burned there). A Bade has a different number of levels/stages, and must be an odd number. The higher its stages, the higher his/her caste. To maintain such high stages, the foundation of the container should be strong. Constellation Bade is mentioned in Palelintangan Prasi, dating roughly 700 CE, and is still used in Bali.

==Etymology and History==
The word bade is interpreted as a large and high place to carry the body that will be burned in the cemetery. Bade as a form of architecture is a type/form of traditional building in Bali that is temporary and light in the form of rocks and pepalihan, on top of which stand pavilions, specially designed for the place of the body when it will be carried from the funeral home to the cemetery.

=== Spelling Variants ===

* bade'

=== Origin of Constellation ===
In Balinese Hindu tradition, according to the Yama Purwana Tattwa lontar, every dead person (pitra) must perform a sacred offering (Yadnya). After doing atiwa-tiwa (purification), the corpse is then carried up to wadah or bade.

The maker of Bade is called undagi. Undagi creates different kinds of bade. The structure of the bade varies based on caste/social structure, level of ceremony, and the concept of imitation. This provision is judged by which family descendants can use bade with solas (11), sanga (9), pitu (7), lima (5) and so on.

==== General information ====

[[File:AlfredMaas1929 Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen ocr IdentTab cut.jpg|thumb|Identification of Balinese constellations (Maaß 1929, appendix). ]]
The astronomical identification of the constellation is taken from Maaß (1929)<ref name=":1" /> who explains in general that these constellations and the according ritual practice <blockquote>"sind seit alten Zeiten in einem Werk ,,wariga" niedergelegt, in dem wir zwei Kulturschichten, nämlich indische unq malaio-polynesische Bestandteile wiederfinden." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "are written down in a work called "wariga" since old times; there we recognise two cultural layers, i.e. the Indian and the Malayo-Polynesian."</blockquote>He also quotes other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref> reporting that this work dates back to the 9th century CE when Bali was part of a Hindu empire on the neighbouring island of Java.<ref name=":1" /> Neubronner van der Tuuk even uses the Old Javanese spelling.

==== Identification ====
The identifications, Maaß (1929) gives according to the aforementioned and his own studies during visits of the country and in European and Batavian libraries (p.150).<ref name=":1" />

Maaß (1929), p. 142: <blockquote>bade; - bade; - eine leere wadah, das Gerüst, auf dem Leichen zum Verbrennungsplatz gebracht werden.</blockquote>'''English:''' bade; - bade; - an empty wadah, the scaffold on which corpses are taken to the cremation site.

Furthermore, the UPTD Museum Bali gave a certain area of Lepus and named it by lintang Bade.<ref name=":0" />

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Mythology / Religion ==
The architecture of the bade form in Bali continues to develop over time. If we trace it back, the development of the bade actually refers to the stone throne in Bali in the village of Gelgel Klungkung, which then developed into a padmasana. The stone throne is stacked and has right and left hand rests, most likely developed vertically to form a padmasana. Other forms of the stone throne are jempana, gayot or joli, container, and bade.

Another view, but not much different, is conveyed by Wiana (2004: 78-79) who stated that the development of bade originated from the simplest form, namely from pepaga, which is thought to be the oldest form of a means of carrying the bodies of Hindus in Bali. Further development became a joli, which resembles a simple bale-balean, and changed into a container or bade. The form of bade is either overlapping or without overlapping, which is called padma. The stone throne, which became the basis for the development of bade, is a medium for worshiping ancestors, such as the common belief in the megalithic era, whose influence has survived strongly until now in Bali, for example, the ngodalin ceremony in the temple and the cremation ceremony.<ref>Segara, I Nyoman Yoga, “Bade Beroda”: Transformasi dan Komodifikasi Budaya dalam Upacara Ngaben di Bali," in Mudra Jurnal Seni Budaya (2020), Vol 35(1), 94-102. DOI: 10.31091/mudra.v35i1.810</ref>

=== Image Variants ===
<gallery>
File:Bade'.png|Lintang Bade (CC-BY Alfred Maaß, (1929), Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen)
File:LinBADE.jpg|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.746)
File:LintangBADE.jpg|Lintang Bade in the cloth (CC-BY UPTD Museum Bali Inventary no. 09.752)
File:Lintang Baddhe.jpg|Lintang Baddhe (CC-BY Youla Azkarrula taken in the ceiling of Taman Gili Klungkung Palace Bali)
</gallery>

== Cultural Beliefs ==

=== Numerology (Neptu/Urip) ===
Wraspati (Thursday, in saptawara) has a value of 8 and Pon (in pancawara) has a value of 7. Thus, the total urip on this lintang is 15.<ref name=":0">Tim Kajian Palelintangan, “Gabungan Kajian Palelintangan,” Museum Bali (2021), 1-149.</ref>

=== Astrological Characteristics ===
Various dangers and diseases come in the middle age, be careful to take care of yourself and your health at the age of 50. Diseases are caused by people who are jealous of them or people who feel hurt. They are active in any business but often show off their services and skills.<ref name=":0" />

=== Matching Gemstones ===
Mirah (Ruby), Kalimayah (opal).<ref name=":0" />

== Weblinks ==

* {{NAMESPACE}}

== All HIP Stars within this constellation ==
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
! id
! Label
! IAU design.
! description
! Vmag
|-
| 1
| Arneb
| HIP 25985
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 2.57
|-
| 2
| Nihal
| HIP 25606
| Inside the hull
| 2.84
|-
| 3
| ϵ Leporis
| HIP 23685
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.18
|-
| 4
| μ Leporis
| HIP 24305
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.29
|-
| 5
| γ Leporis
| HIP 27072
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.6
|-
| 6
| δ Leporis
| HIP 27654
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 3.85
|-
| 7
| -
| HIP 24927
| Inside the hull
| 4.729
|-
| 8
| 10 Lep
| HIP 25853
| Inside the hull
| 5.525
|-
| 9
| -
| HIP 25397
| Inside the hull
| 5.817
|-
| 10
| 12 Lep
| HIP 26865
| Inside the hull
| 5.89
|-
| 11
| -
| HIP 24786
| Inside the hull
| 5.96
|-
| 12
| -
| HIP 25532
| Inside the hull
| 6.065
|-
| 13
| V* AK Lep
| HR 1982
| Inside the hull
| 6.15
|-
| 14
| -
| HIP 27075
| Inside the hull
| 6.341
|-
| 15
| -
| HIP 24825
| Inside the hull
| 6.39
|-
| 16
| -
| HIP 25059
| Inside the hull
| 6.47
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In November 2025, it has been proposed to use the name "Bade" for a star in the area to preserve the Balinese heritage. The star gam Lep or HIP 27072 is in the stage level of the corpse tower / funeral bier which was selected because it shows the status of the person.

== References ==

* [[References]] (general)

[[Category:Indonesia]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Lep]]

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==Etymology and History==
The Greek constellation ...

=== Origin of Constellation ===

=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===

== Greek Mythology ==

== Weblinks ==

*

== References ==

[[Category:Service]]

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2026-02-06T11:10:19Z

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{{Infobox constellation
| name = ᬓᬮᬲᬸᬗ᭄ᬲᬂ (kala sungsang)
| native = ᬓᬮᬲᬸᬗ᭄ᬲᬂ
| translation = an upside-down demon
| pronounce = kala sungsang
| IPA = [ˈka.lə ˈsuŋ.saŋ]
| culture = Balinese
| RA = 208.6711622 to 228.8756784
| dec = 13.72841686 to 40.39056857
| areatotal = 295.17
| numbermainstars = 46
| numberbfstars = 21
| numberstarsplanets =
| numberbrightstars = 3
| numbernearbystars =
| brighteststarname = Arcturus
| starmagnitude = -0.05
| neareststarname =
| stardistance =
| numbermessierobjects =
| meteorshowers =
| bordering = Boo
| notes =
}}

{{Starbox begin
| name = Alpha Centauri AB{{efn|Proxima Centauri is gravitationally bound to the {{nobr|α Centauri}} system, but for practical and historical reasons it is described in detail in [[Proxima Centauri|its own article]].}}
}}
{{Starbox image
| image = [[File:The sky around Alpha Centauri and Proxima Centauri (eso1629i).jpg|300px|alt=One bright star against a dense background of fainter stars, with one of the fainter stars circled and annotated.]]
| caption = {{longitem|Alpha Centauri AB (left) forms a triple star system with [[Proxima Centauri]] (below, south of, {{nobr|α Centauri AB}}). (See [[:File:The sky around Alpha Centauri and Proxima Centauri (annotated) (eso1629f).jpg|labelled version]])|style=font-size: 1em; padding: 4px 0;}}
}}
{{Starbox observe 2s
| epoch = [[J2000.0]]
| constell = [[Centaurus]]
| component1 = {{nobr|α Centauri A}} (Rigil Kentaurus)
| ra1 = {{RA|14|39|36.49400}}<ref name=hipparcos>{{cite journal |last1=Van Leeuwen |first1=F. |year=2007 |title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=474 |issue=2 |pages=653–664 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 |arxiv=0708.1752 |bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V |s2cid=18759600}}</ref>
| dec1 = {{DEC|−60|50|02.3737}}<ref name=hipparcos/>
| appmag_v1 = +0.01<ref name=ducati>{{cite report |last1=Ducati |first1=J. R. |year=2002 |title=Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11 color system |series=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues |volume=2237 |department = VizieR Online Data Catalog |bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D }}</ref>
| component2 = {{nobr|α Centauri B}} (Toliman)
| ra2 = {{RA|14|39|35.06311}}<ref name=hipparcos/>
| dec2 = {{DEC|−60|50|15.0992}}<ref name=hipparcos/>
| appmag_v2 = +1.33<ref name=ducati/>
}}
{{Starbox character
| engvar = en-UK
| component = A
| class = G2V<ref name=torres2006>{{cite journal |last1=Torres |first1=C.A.O. |last2=Quast|first2=G.R. |last3=da Silva |first3=L. |last4=de la Reza |first4=R. |last5=Melo |first5=C.H.F. |last6=Sterzik |first6=M. |year=2006 |title=Search for associations containing young stars (SACY) |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=460 |issue=3 |pages=695–708 |issn=0004-6361 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065602 |arxiv=astro-ph/0609258 |bibcode=2006A&A...460..695T |s2cid=16080025}}</ref>
| b-v = +0.71<ref name=ducati/>
| u-b =
| component2 = B
| class2 = K1V<ref name=torres2006/>
| b-v2 = +0.88<ref name=ducati/>
| u-b2 =
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| component1 = A
| radial_v = {{val|−21.4|0.76}}<ref name=valenti2005>{{cite journal |last1=Valenti |first1=Jeff A. |last2=Fischer |first2=Debra A. |year=2005 |title=Spectroscopic properties of cool stars (SPOCS) I. 1040 F, G, and K dwarfs from Keck, Lick, and AAT planet search programs |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=141–166 |issn=0067-0049 |doi=10.1086/430500 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2005ApJS..159..141V }}</ref>
| prop_mo_ra = −3679.25<ref name=hipparcos/>
| prop_mo_dec = +473.67<ref name=hipparcos/>
| parallax = 750.81
| p_error = 0.38
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=Akeson2021>{{cite journal |last1=Akeson |first1=Rachel |last2=Beichman |first2=Charles |last3=Kervella |first3=Pierre |last4=Fomalont |first4=Edward |last5=Benedict |first5=G. Fritz |date=20 April 2021 |title=Precision millimeter astrometry of the {{nobr|α Centauri AB}} system |journal= [[The Astronomical Journal]] |volume=162 |issue=1 |page=14 |s2cid=233307418 |doi-access=free |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/abfaff |bibcode=2021AJ....162...14A |arxiv=2104.10086 }}</ref>
| absmag_v = 4.38<ref name=Wiegert/>
| component2 = B
| radial_v2 = {{val|−18.6|1.64}}<ref name=valenti2005/>
| prop_mo_ra2 = −3614.39<ref name=hipparcos/>
| prop_mo_dec2 = +802.98<ref name=hipparcos/>
| parallax2 = 750.81
| p_error2 = 0.38
| parallax_footnote2 = <ref name=Akeson2021/>
| absmag_v2 = 5.71<ref name=Wiegert/>
}}
{{Starbox orbit
| primary = A
| name = B
| period = {{val|79.762|0.019}}
| axis = {{val|17.493|0.0096}}
| axis_unitless = 23.299 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]{{efn|Semi-major axis in AU {{=}} {{sfrac|semimajor axis in seconds| parallax}} {{=}} {{sfrac|17.493″|0.75081}} {{=}} 23.299 AU; as the eccentricity is 0.52, the distance fluctuates between 48% and 152% of that, roughly from 11 AU to 35 AU.}}
| eccentricity = {{val|0.51947|0.00015}}
| inclination = {{val|79.243|0.0089}}
| node = {{val|205.073|0.025}}
| periastron = {{val|1875.66|0.012}}
| periarg = {{val|231.519|0.027}}
| reference = <ref name=Akeson2021/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| component1 = {{nobr|α Centauri A}}
| mass = {{Val|1.0788|0.0029}}<ref name=Akeson2021/>
| radius = {{Val|1.2175|0.0055}}<ref name=Akeson2021/>
| gravity = 4.30<ref name=aaa449>{{cite journal |last1=Gilli |first1=G. |last2=Israelian |first2=G. |last3=Ecuvillon |first3=A. |last4=Santos |first4=N.C. |last5=Mayor |first5=M. |year=2006 |title=Abundances of refractory elements in the atmospheres of stars with extrasolar planets |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=449 |issue=2 |pages=723–736 |id=libcode 2005astro.ph.12219G |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053850 |arxiv=astro-ph/0512219 |bibcode=2006A&A...449..723G |s2cid=13039037}}</ref>
| luminosity = {{Val|1.5059|0.0019}}<ref name=Akeson2021/>
| temperature = {{val|5804|13|fmt=commas}}<ref name="soubiran">{{Cite journal |last1=Soubiran |first1=C. |last2=Creevey |first2=O. L. |last3=Lagarde |first3=N. |last4=Brouillet |first4=N. |last5=Jofré |first5=P. |last6=Casamiquela |first6=L. |last7=Heiter |first7=U. |last8=Aguilera-Gómez |first8=C. |last9=Vitali |first9=S. |last10=Worley |first10=C. |last11=de Brito Silva |first11=D. |date=2024-02-01 |title=Gaia FGK benchmark stars: Fundamental Teff and log g of the third version |bibcode=2024A&A...682A.145S |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=682 |pages=A145 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202347136 |arxiv=2310.11302 |issn=0004-6361}} [https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=J/A%2BA/682/A145&Plx=%3E500 Alpha Centauri's database entry] at [[VizieR]].</ref>
| metal_fe = {{val|0.20|0.01}}<ref name=soubiran/>
| rotational_velocity = {{val|2.7|0.7}}<ref name=aaa470>{{cite journal |last1=Bazot |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Asteroseismology of {{nobr|α Centauri A.}} Evidence of rotational splitting |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=470 |issue=1 |pages=295–302 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065694 |bibcode=2007A&A...470..295B |arxiv=0706.1682 |s2cid=118785894 }}</ref>
| rotation = {{val|28.3|0.5|ul=days}}<ref name=Huber2020>{{cite journal |last1=Huber |first1=Daniel |last2=Zwintz |first2=Konstanze |collaboration=the BRITE team |date=July 2020 |title=Solar-like oscillations: Lessons learned & first results from TESS |journal=Stars and Their Variability Observed from Space |page=457 |bibcode=2020svos.conf..457H |arxiv=2007.02170 }}</ref>
| age_gyr = {{val|5.26|0.95}}<ref name=joyce/>
| component2 = {{nobr|α Centauri B}}
| mass2 = {{Val|0.9092|0.0025}}<ref name=Akeson2021/>
| radius2 = {{Val|0.8591|0.0036}}<ref name=Akeson2021/>
| gravity2 = 4.37<ref name=aaa449/>
| luminosity2 = {{Val|0.4981|0.0007}}<ref name=Akeson2021/>
| temperature2 = {{val|5207|12|fmt=commas}}<ref name=soubiran/>
| metal_fe2 = {{val|0.24|0.01}}<ref name=soubiran/>
| rotational_velocity2 = {{val|1.1|0.8}}<ref name=raassen2003>{{cite journal |last1=Raassen |first1=A.J.J. |last2=Ness |first2=J.-U. |last3=Mewe |first3=R. |last4=van der Meer |first4=R.L.J. |last5=Burwitz |first5=V. |last6=Kaastran |first6=J.S. |year=2003 |title=Chandra-LETGS X-ray observation of {{nobr|α Centauri:}} A nearby (G2V + K1V) binary system |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume=400 |issue=2 |pages=671–678 |bibcode=2003A&A...400..671R |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20021899 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| rotation2 = {{val|36.7|0.3|ul=days}}<ref name=Dumusque2014>{{cite journal |last1=Dumusque |first1=Xavier |date=December 2014 |title=Deriving Stellar Inclination of Slow Rotators Using Stellar Activity |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=796 |issue=2 |page=133 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/796/2/133 |arxiv=1409.3593 |bibcode=2014ApJ...796..133D|s2cid=119184190 }}</ref>
| age_gyr2 = {{val|5.26|0.95}}<ref name=joyce>{{cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=M. |last2=Chaboyer |first2=B. |year=2018 |title=Classically and asteroseismically constrained 1D stellar evolution models of {{nobr|α Centauri A}} and B using empirical mixing length calibrations |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=864 |issue=1 |page=99 |arxiv=1806.07567 |bibcode=2018ApJ...864...99J |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aad464 |doi-access=free |s2cid=119482849 }}</ref>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=α Cen | CCDM=J14396-6050 | CD=-60°5293 | CPD=-60°5483 | FK5=538 | GC=19728 | GJ=559 | SAO=252838}}
| component1 = α Cen A
| names1 = {{odlist | name=Rigil Kentaurus, Rigil Kent | B=α1 Cen | HD=128620 | HIP=71683 | HR=5459 | LHS=50 | PLX=3309}}
| component2 = α Cen B
| names2 = {{odlist | name=Toliman | B=α2 Cen | HD=128621 | HIP=71681 | HR=5460 | LHS=51}}
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = alpha+centauri|sn = AB
| Simbad2 = TYC+9007-5849-1|sn2 = A
| Simbad3 = TYC+9007-5848-1|sn3 = B
| NSTED = HR_5459
| ARICNS = 01151
}}
{{Starbox end}}

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