APIN - Revision history

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-04-08T17:05:50Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

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	!Sources!!Identifications		!Sources!!Identifications
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	\|'''''Lexical texts.'''''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].		* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
	*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].		*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
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	\|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''''		\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
	*Astrolabe P.		*Astrolabe P.
	**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].		**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-04-08T17:04:31Z

Sources & Identification(s)

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	** '''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].		** '''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
	**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).		**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).
	**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, ~~setting—Tešritu~~ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].		**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].
	* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].		* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
	*BM 34713.		*BM 34713.
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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).		* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
	*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).		*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
	\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]		\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
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	\|'''"Planisphere."'''		\|'''"Planisphere."'''
	In sector of the 1 inscription:		In sector 1 of the inscription:

	*<sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]		*<sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]
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	====Deity. ====		====Deity. ====
	The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium ~~B.C.~~ it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [~~Amier~~ 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected ~~with~~. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii ~~30—with~~ Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.		The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

	=====Prayers and rituals.=====		=====Prayers and rituals.=====
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	====Symbol.====		====Symbol.====
	Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see ~~[Salonen 1968; ].~~ [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].		Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

	====Astrology.====		====Astrology.====

	=====Identifications:=====		=====Identifications:=====
	(1) = ~~Mars;~~ [...<sup>mul</sup>]APIN <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).		(1) = Marsː [...<sup>mul</sup>]APIN <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

	(2) = ~~Mercury;~~ [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>MU.BU.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>].DA ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke ~~approaches~~ the Plough, (it means:) Venus ~~approaches~~ Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].		(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>MU.BU.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>].DA ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

	(3) = ~~Saturn;~~ see above for identifications with Ninurta.		(3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

	(4) = Jupiter(?); the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.		(4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

	=====Predictions:=====		=====Predictions:=====
	(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].		(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

	(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].		(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

	(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: <sup>mul</sup>APIN = <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].		(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: <sup>mul</sup>APIN = <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

	(8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE ... <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].		(8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE ... <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

	(9) Crab and ~~Plough;~~ DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." SAA 8, 452:1-3].		(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

	==Historical Dictionaries ==		==Historical Dictionaries ==

HermannHunger at 16:49, 8 April 2026

2026-04-08T16:49:09Z

Sushoff at 16:16, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:16:20Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>APIN}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>APIN}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]		[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]

Sushoff at 10:30, 27 February 2026

2026-02-27T10:30:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:30, 27 February 2026
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Var.:		[[File:Hoffmann Krebernik2023 Fig1 plough.jpeg\|thumb\|Cassiopeia (map from Stellarium software: right) and a drawing of a seeder plough as depicted on the kudurru Sb 22 (Louvre; detail: left). Fig.1 in Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023).<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> ]]
			'''Var.:'''

	*<sup>mul</sup>APIN		*<sup>mul</sup>APIN

Sushoff at 14:37, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:37:30Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>APIN}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>APIN}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]		[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]

JanSafford at 18:44, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T18:44:46Z

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	(3) = Saturn; see above for identifications with Ninurta.		(3) = Saturn; see above for identifications with Ninurta.

	(4) = Jupiter(?); the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; G. 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.		(4) = Jupiter(?); the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

	=====Predictions:=====		=====Predictions:=====
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	===Gössmann (1950, 39)===		===Gössmann (1950, 39)===
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	\|вар.: <sup>mul</sup>APIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; G. 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].\|\|<sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN (44)		\|вар.: <sup>mul</sup>APIN; = ''epinnu'' «Плуг»; созвездие в пределах Северного Треугольника и Андромеды (Triangulum Borealе + Andromeda), по другой версии, только Андромеды (Andromeda) [BPO 2, 10; Gössmann 1950, 39; Koch 1989, 104–110].\|\|<sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN (44)
	\|-		\|-
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	====I. Источники.====		====I. Источники.====
	'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> …<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6<sup>m</sup>): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: <sup>múl</sup>apin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): <sup>mul</sup>apin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [MA 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [~~ARAK~~, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BARAG / [UD-1-K]AM<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>]BARAG UD-20-KAM<sub>2</sub> / [<sup>mul</sup>Z]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [~~LABS~~, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>min(=<sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: <sup>mul</sup>apin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], <sup>mul</sup>apin = AN.ŠAR<sub>2</sub> «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: <sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.		'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки: <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar IV/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6]. '''(2)''' Cерия ''Urra'' XXII: <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu''/''ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 108:299′]. «'''''Астролябии'''''». Astrolabe P. Нисану, звезды Энлиля, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573]. Astrolabe B. '''(1)''' Список (12´3): <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' mul ''šu''(bi) (в тексте: ''dil-bat'', см. примечание Хунгера в [Koch 1989, 104, Anm. 344]) / <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šеm-''[''mu''] «Плуг, который при восходе восточного ветра напротив Колесницы стоит, звезда эта(?) ― Энлиль, который судьбу страны определяет» (B iii 1–3); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, ''Enlil'' 1]. '''(2)''' Cписок (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> …<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> «Месяц нисану …Плуг (на пути) Энлиля (восходит)» (C iii 1). '''(3)''' Список (восход–заход=6<sup>m</sup>): восход — нисану, заход — ташриту [KAV 218, С 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], см. a48AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>. BM 82923:3. Месяц нисану, звезды Энлиля: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> «Плуг // 50 // Энлиль» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 27–28:3]. BM 34713. Месяц айяру, звезды Энлиля: <sup>múl</sup>apin [LBAT, 1499:2], см. m35MUL.MUL. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Энлиля (№ 1): <sup>mul</sup>apin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. '''(1)''' Звезды Энлиля (№ 1): <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд Энлиля» (I 1). '''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN «Волк, приспособление Плуга (для сева) » (I i 2) [Hunger and Steele (2019), 18]. «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1]. «'''''Письма'''''». Упоминание трактата MUL.APIN: [GIŠ].DA ''ša'' MUL.APIN / [''ki'']-''i an-ni-i-e'' / [''iq-ṭ'']''i-bi ma-a ina'' <sup>iti</sup>BARAG / [UD-1-K]AM<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> IGI-''m''[''ar''] / [''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>]BARAG UD-20-KAM<sub>2</sub> / [<sup>mul</sup>Z]UBI IGI-''mar'' «В [таб]лице MUL.APIN об этом сказано следующее: «[1-г]о нисана Наемник появляет[ся]; 20-го нисана Посох появляется» [SAA 10, 62:13–18]. «'''''Большой список звезд'''''». '''(1)''' Список имен Марса: <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>min(=<sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') «Плуг = Марс»; '''(2)''' 12 звезд Аккада: <sup>mul</sup>apin [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:101, 208]. '''''Список звезд V R 46'', ''1:1'''''. <sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>''Aššur''(AŠ) «Плуг = Ашшур», согласно [HBA, 51], <sup>mul</sup>apin = AN.ŠAR<sub>2</sub> «Плуг = Аншар (букв. Небо во всей полноте)», согласно [Wee 2016, 162–3:1]. «'''''Планисфера'''''». В секторе 1 надпись: <sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> ''šu-ut'' [<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] «Плуг, Энлиль, который идет впереди звезд [Энлиля]» [Koch 1989, 56, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. '''''Поздняя астрология.''''' Экстиспиция, включающая соответствие между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами, см. a20ALLA.

	См. также g08<sup>giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>.		См. также g08<sup>giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>.
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	====IV. Отождествление.====		====IV. Отождествление.====
	= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [G. 39];		= Andromeda или Triangulum Boreale [Gössmann 1950, 39];

	= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];		= вероятно, Triangulum + γ Andromeda [Waerden 1949 13; Waerden 1974 72; Weidner 1957–59, 78; BPO 2, 10];

	= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [MA 137; ~~ASM~~ 275];		= α, β Trianguli и γ Andromedae [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 275];

	= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];		= Треугольник и часть Андромеды [Horowitz 2014, 245];
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	====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====		====V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.====
	(1) <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [MA, 137; ~~ASM~~, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].		(1) <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN «Звезда Волк, Сеятель (= конструктивный элемент для высева семян) Плуга» (MUL.APIN I 2); = α Trianguli [Hunger and Steele (2019), 137; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 286]; = αδεπ Andromedae [Koch 1989, 106, Anm. 347].

	==== VI. Астрология.====		==== VI. Астрология.====
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	(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.		(3) = ''Сатурн''; отождествления с Нинуртой см. выше.

	(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; G. 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.		(4) ''= Юпитер''(?); предполагаемое в [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] отождествление с Юпитером, насколько нам известно, не имеет текстового подтверждения.

	Предсказания:		Предсказания:
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	(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].		(6) ''Венера и Плуг''(= ''Марс''); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE… «Если Венера подходит близко к Плугу: жены будут нарушать супружескую верность, прелюбодеяние распространится в стране, женщины не будут жить со своими мужьями, мужчины не будут жить со своими женами» [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; параллель [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

	(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''<sub>2</sub>''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [~~ARAK~~, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: <sup>mul</sup>APIN = <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.		(7) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс'') и ''Сатурн''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' … <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''<sub>2</sub>''-ad-ma'' «Если звезда Плуг достигает Пути Солнца (= Сатурн): голод скота; будет голод. Марс достигает Сатурна» [SAA 8, 49 r. 4–6]; параллели см. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. Данное предсказание предполагает тождества: <sup>mul</sup>APIN = <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' «Плуг = Марс», KASKAL 20 = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ «Путь Солнца = Сатурн», см. k17KASKAL.UD.

	(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE… <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [~~ARAK~~, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].		(8) ''Плуг'' (= ''Марс) и Скорпион''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE… <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' «Если звезда Плуг подходит близко к Скорпиону: правитель умрет от жала скорпиона, вариант: он будет схвачен в своем дворце; [после него] его [сын] не наследует трон; разум страны изменится, страна получит другого господина и жизнь страны не будет стабильной; плач великих богов о стране. (Это означает): Марс стоит в Скорпионе» [SAA 8, 502 r. 1–3]; параллель [ibid., 219].

	(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [~~ARAK~~, 452:1–3].		(9) ''Краб и Плуг''; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] … «Если Ра[к подходит близко к звезде Плуг]: плуг страны [будет (праздно) висеть на колышке], наводнение [будет] в стране…» [SAA 8, 452:1–3].
	\|		\|
	====I <sup>kakkab</sup>epinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====		====I <sup>kakkab</sup>epinnu, das "Pflug-Gestirn", ====

Sushoff at 06:59, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T06:59:29Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>APIN}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>APIN}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]		[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
	[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]		[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-01-02T11:35:45Z

Sources & Identification(s)

Show changes

Sushoff at 14:25, 12 December 2025

2025-12-12T14:25:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:25, 12 December 2025
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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	====~~II.~~ Deity. ====		====Deity. ====
	The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium B.C. it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of plowing, etc. [Amier 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plow constellation was connected with. In the Kudurru the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30—with Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.		The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium B.C. it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of plowing, etc. [Amier 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plow constellation was connected with. In the Kudurru the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30—with Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

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	(2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(<sup>giš</sup>APIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Star-Plough, they have harnessed (a pair of bulls) to the plough-sower in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; i 91a; RAcc, 63:44].		(2) The prayer of the flour-miller over the millstone: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ina ṣēri''(EDIN) ''epin zēri''(<sup>giš</sup>APIN.ŠE.NUMUN) ''iṣ-mi-du'' "O Star-Plough, they have harnessed (a pair of bulls) to the plough-sower in the field" (beginning of the prayer) [CAD E, 236-237; i 91a; RAcc, 63:44].

	====~~III.~~ Symbol.====		====Symbol.====
	Plow. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plow see [Salonen 1968; Black-Green, 1948]. [Salonen 1968; Black-Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plow constellation corresponds probably to the images of plow-sowing (found on seals and kudurru), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].		Plow. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plow see [Salonen 1968; Black-Green, 1948]. [Salonen 1968; Black-Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plow constellation corresponds probably to the images of plow-sowing (found on seals and kudurru), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

	====~~VI.~~ Astrology.====		====Astrology.====

	=====Identifications:=====		=====Identifications:=====

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:49, 8 April 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and ~~Horowitz 2022~~), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]		[[File:Stellarium Plough.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN identified with the bright stars in Cassiopeia (Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023), previously also suggested for the regions of And and Tri.]]
	[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]		[[File:Shugi stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|The Old Man walking behind the (seeder) Plough in Stellarium 25.3 (paintings CC BY Jessica Gullberg, implementation Susanne M Hoffmann). ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.		<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

	It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and ~~Horowitz~~ (~~2022~~) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].		It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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	\|'''''Lexical texts.'''''		\|'''''Lexical texts.'''''
	* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].		* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
	*'''(2)''' Urra XXII ~~series~~: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].		*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
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	*Astrolabe B.		*Astrolabe B.
	** '''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].		** '''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
	**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month of Nisanu ...the Plough (on the ~~way towards~~) Enlil ~~(rises)~~" (C iii 1).		**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).
	**'''(3)''' List (rising-~~sunset~~=6m): rising—Nisanu, setting—Tešritu [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].		**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, setting—Tešritu [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].
	* BM 82923:3. The month of Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].		* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
	*BM 34713.		*BM 34713.
	**The month ~~Ayaru~~, the stars of Enlil: <sup>múl</sup>apin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].		**The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: <sup>múl</sup>apin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
	**~~The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.~~ A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>apin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].		**A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>apin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].
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	\|'''EAE'''.		\|'''EAE'''.
	See. [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].		See [BPO 2, I 3, III 2; BPO 3, K.6025+: r. 15, K.2226+:32, K.35:24, K.7169:2].
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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, which goes ~~ahead~~ of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).		* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
	*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).		*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
	\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]		\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]