APIN - Revision history

WayneHorowitz at 13:28, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T13:28:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:28, 14 May 2026
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	\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
	*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 II iii ~~103~~).		*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 Section II iii 1-3).
	*		*
	*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>		*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>

WayneHorowitz at 11:40, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T11:40:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:40, 14 May 2026
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	<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.		<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

	It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods. ~~<nowiki>[[Is the 2023 article before or after our article on MUL.APIN??]]</nowiki>~~		It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

YoulaAzkarrula at 02:32, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T02:32:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:32, 14 May 2026
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	*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]		*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]

	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Cas]]		[[Category:Cas]]

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-05-10T16:48:09Z

Sources & Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 10 May 2026
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	\|'''"Reports."'''		\|'''"Reports."'''
	See. [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].		See [SAA 8, 49 r. 4, 219:1, 452:1, 502 r. 1].
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	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014" 145-146).		*<sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014, 145-146).
	*<sup>mul</sup>apin = AN.ŠAR<sub>2</sub> "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]		*<sup>mul</sup>apin = AN.ŠAR<sub>2</sub> "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]
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	====Deity. ====		====Deity. ====
	The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On ~~the~~ seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.		The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

	=====Prayers and rituals.=====		=====Prayers and rituals.=====
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	=====Predictions:=====		=====Predictions:=====
	(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].		(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> ''šur-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

	(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].		(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].
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	(8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE ... <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].		(8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE ... <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

	(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] ... "If ~~The~~ Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].		(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] ... "If the Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

	==Historical Dictionaries ==		==Historical Dictionaries ==

WayneHorowitz: What about our article in 2022 on identifying MUL.APIN

2026-05-04T05:51:47Z

What about our article in 2022 on identifying MUL.APIN

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:51, 4 May 2026
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	<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.		<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

	It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.		It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods. <nowiki>[[Is the 2023 article before or after our article on MUL.APIN??]]</nowiki>

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

WayneHorowitz at 05:38, 4 May 2026

2026-05-04T05:38:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:38, 4 May 2026
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	<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.		<sup>mul</sup>APIN (𒀯𒀳; or <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>APIN) means "Plough", Akkadian equivalent ''epinnu'', and designates an ancient Mesopotamian constellation.

	It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]].		It is the first constellation mentioned in the first list of the earliest astronomical compendium (MUL.APIN) and so gives the series its name. As such the asterism must be remarkably bright and easily recognizable. Yet the identificastion of the Plough has remained in dispute. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) argued for the identification with the brightest stars of [[Cassiopeia]]. 'The Plough' is traditionally identified with the Sumerian-Akkadian King of the Gods, Enlil. A variation of this idea is found in VR 46 1 and duplicate where the asterism is identified with Assur, the Assyrian King of the Gods.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:1.'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", ~~according to [HBA, 51],~~		*<sup>mul</sup>apin = <sup>d</sup>''Aššur''(AŠ) "Plough = Aššur", (Horowitz 2014" 145-146).
	*<sup>mul</sup>apin = AN.ŠAR<sub>2</sub> "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", ~~according to~~ [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]~~. '''''??I cannot find AN.ŠAR2 on these pages???'''''~~		*<sup>mul</sup>apin = AN.ŠAR<sub>2</sub> "Plough = Anšar (lit. Heaven in all its entirety)", [Wee 2016, 162-3:1]
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WayneHorowitz at 05:26, 4 May 2026

2026-05-04T05:26:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:26, 4 May 2026
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	\|'''"Three Stars Each (~~Astrolabes~~).”'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabe Group)'''
	*~~Astrolabe P~~.		*Star-Catalogues (Horowitz 2014: 105-106, Enlil 1) <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plough' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (KAV 218 II iii 103).
	**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].		*
	*Astrolabe B.		*<s>Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 190, Enlil 1, LBAT 1499 (Enlil 2). BM 82923: 3: [<sup>mul</sup>apin // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>, ['The Plough'] // 50 // Enlil, (Horowitz 2014: 140-141, Walker and Hunger 1977, 30: 3).</s>
	** '''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The ~~plough,~~ which stands at the rising of the east wind ~~opposite the~~ Wagon, this ~~asterism (?)~~ is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" ~~(B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98,~~ Enlil 1].		*
	**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).		*<s>Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 106-161 (Rising in Month I, Nisanu, Month VII, Adaru: <sup>mul</sup>apin ''kal šat-te iz-za-a''[''z''], 'The Plough stand[s] all year (circumpolar).</s>
	**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].		*
	* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].		*
	*BM 34713.		**<s>Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].</s>
	**The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: <sup>múl</sup>apin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].		*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
	**A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>apin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].		** <s>'''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''i''[''t''] / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL /BI/ <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] 'The Plow' which stands at the rising of the east wind in front of 'The Wagon,' this star is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country"Enlil 1].</s>
			**<s>'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).</s>
			**<s>'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].</s>
			* <s>BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].</s>
			*<s>BM 34713.</s>
			**<s>The month Ayyaru, the stars of Enlil: <sup>múl</sup>apin [LBAT, 1499:2], see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].</s>
			**<s>A list of 12 asterisms of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul</sup>apin [TCL 6, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b, 212].</s>
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JanSafford: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-04-23T13:30:53Z

Sources & Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 23 April 2026
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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, ~~which~~ goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).		* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, who goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
	*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).		*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
	\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]		\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-04-08T17:05:50Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:05, 8 April 2026
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	!Sources!!Identifications		!Sources!!Identifications
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	\|'''''Lexical texts.'''''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].		* '''(1)''' Unilingual Sumerian lists: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin [MSL XI, 108:396; Emar VI/4, 154:113], <sup>[mul]</sup>apin [MSL XI, 133, col. ix 6].
	*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].		*'''(2)''' Series Urra XXII: <sup>mul giš</sup>apin = ''e-pi-in-nu/ni'' [SpTU III 228, 114A v 43; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 108:299′].
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	\|'''''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''''		\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
	*Astrolabe P.		*Astrolabe P.
	**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].		**Nisanu, stars of Enlil, 50 [Pinches 1900, 573].

HermannHunger: /* Sources & Identification(s) */

2026-04-08T17:04:31Z

Sources & Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 8 April 2026
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	** '''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].		** '''(1)''' List (12´3): <sup>mul giš</sup>apin ''ša ina'' zi im.kur.ra igi-''it'' / <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da gub-''zu'' MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim''-[''mu''] "The plough, which stands at the rising of the east wind opposite the Wagon, this asterism (?) is Enlil, who determines the destinies of the country" (B iii 1-3); for a parallel, see [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98, Enlil 1].
	**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).		**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>bara<sub>2</sub> ...<sup>mul</sup>apin ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The month Nisanu ...the Plough (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 1).
	**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, ~~setting—Tešritu~~ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].		**'''(3)''' List (rising-setting=6months): rising—Nisanu, no setting in Tešritu, the Plough is circumpolarǃ [KAV 218, C 13, 26; Horowitz 2014, 40-41], see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].
	* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].		* BM 82923:3. The month Nisanu, the stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>APIN] // 50 // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Plough // 50 // Enlil." [Walker and Hunger 1977, 27-28:3].
	*BM 34713.		*BM 34713.
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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).		* '''(1)''' The stars of Enlil (no. 1): <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pa-ni'' MUL<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "The plough, Enlil, which goes in front of the stars of Enlil" (I 1).
	*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).		*'''(2)''' <sup>mul</sup>UR.BAR.RA <sup>giš</sup>NINDA<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>APIN "The Wolf, the seed-funnel of the Plough (for sowing)" (I i 2).
	\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]		\|[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021.]]
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Planisphere."'''		\|'''"Planisphere."'''
	In sector of the 1 inscription:		In sector 1 of the inscription:

	*<sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]		*<sup>mul</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik pān''(IGI) MUL.<MEŠ> [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]
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	====Deity. ====		====Deity. ====
	The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium ~~B.C.~~ it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [~~Amier~~ 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected ~~with~~. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii ~~30—with~~ Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.		The plough has been known as a religious symbol since the Early Dynastic period. On the seals of the 3rd millennium BCE it was portrayed as an attribute of a "deity in a boat", as an attribute of a goddess or deity, in scenes of religious processions, in scenes of ploughing, etc. [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1968; Seidl 1968, 125-128.] It is not known with which deity the Plough constellation was connected. In a ''kudurru'' the plough has been correlated with the god Ningirsu [Seidl 1968, 127], in the list of gods K.4339 rev. iii 30 with Ninurta (<sup>d</sup>apin = min(=<sup>d</sup>''Nin-urta'') [CT 25, 13:30]), but it is not clear whether these identifications have astral significance.

	=====Prayers and rituals.=====		=====Prayers and rituals.=====
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	====Symbol.====		====Symbol.====
	Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see ~~[Salonen 1968; ].~~ [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].		Plough. For descriptions and images in glyptics of various models of the Mesopotamian plough see [Salonen 1968; Black and Green 1992, 149; Hempelmann 2004, 38-40]. The figure of the Plough constellation corresponds probably to the images of plough-sowing (found on seals and ''kudurru''s), which included a device for sowing seeds [Salonen 1968, Taf. VI-VII; Kurtik 2007, Fig. 47, 48].

	====Astrology.====		====Astrology.====

	=====Identifications:=====		=====Identifications:=====
	(1) = ~~Mars;~~ [...<sup>mul</sup>]APIN <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).		(1) = Marsː [...<sup>mul</sup>]APIN <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' [BPO 3, 84, K.6021+ rev. 15], parallel [ibid. 102, K.35:24]; see also Great Star List and below (6)-(8).

	(2) = ~~Mercury;~~ [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>MU.BU.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>].DA ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke ~~approaches~~ the Plough, (it means:) Venus ~~approaches~~ Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].		(2) = Mercuryː [DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>MU.BU.KEŠ<sub>2</sub>].DA ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE <sup>d</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>d</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.UD TE-''ma'' "[If the Yo]ke comes close to the Plough, (it means:) Venus comes close to Mercury" [ACh Ištar, 30:17].

	(3) = ~~Saturn;~~ see above for identifications with Ninurta.		(3) = Saturnː see above for identifications with Ninurta.

	(4) = Jupiter(?); the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.		(4) = Jupiter(?)ː the supposed identification with Jupiter in [Bezold 1920, 122:185; Gössmann 1950, 39, III 4] has no textual confirmation as far as we know.

	=====Predictions:=====		=====Predictions:=====
	(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].		(5) Plough and the beginning of ploughing: <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''a-na'' AB.SIN<sub>2</sub> ''šu-ri-i'' "The Plough (is) to start the furrow" [BPO 2, I 3, III 2].

	(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].		(6) Venus and the Plough (= Mars)ː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE ... "If Venus comes close to the Plough: ..." [BPO 3, K.2226:32]; parallel [ibid., K.7169+:2, K.35:24].

	(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see. [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: <sup>mul</sup>APIN = <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].		(7) Plough (= Mars) and Saturn: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN KASKAL 20 KUR-''ud'' ... <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ ''i-kaš-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ad-ma'' "If the Plough constellation reaches the path of the Sun (= Saturn): ... Mars reaches Saturn" [SAA 8, 49 r. 4-6]; for parallels see [ACh Suppl., 49:9, 50:28, 55:27]. This prediction assumes identities: <sup>mul</sup>APIN = <sup>mul</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Plough = Mars", KASKAL 20 = <sup>mul</sup>UDU.IDIM.SAG.UŠ "Path of the Sun = Saturn", see (Kurtik k17) [[KASKAL.UTU]].

	(8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE ... <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].		(8) Plough (= Mars) and Scorpius: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB TE ... <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB<sup>?</sup> GUB-''az''<sup>?</sup>-''ma'' "If the Plough constellation comes close to Scorpius: ... (This means:) Mars stands inside Scorpius." [SAA 8, 502 r. 1-3]; parallel [ibid., 219].

	(9) Crab and ~~Plough;~~ DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." SAA 8, 452:1-3].		(9) Crab and Ploughː DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>AL.[LUL ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN TE] ... "If The Cr[ab comes close to the Plough]: the plough of the country [will (idly) be hung on a peg], there [will be] flood in the country..." [SAA 8, 452:1-3].

	==Historical Dictionaries ==		==Historical Dictionaries ==