Al-ʿana - Revision history

KhalidAlAjaji at 19:38, 17 September 2026

2026-09-17T19:38:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:38, 17 September 2026
Line 203:		Line 203:
	\|}		\|}

	==~~Notes~~==		==IAU Working Group Star Names==

	~~<references group="note"/>~~		In 2026, the name Al-Aana was suggest as a star name in the area that is covered by the historical asterism. It is suggested to be used for ι Cet.

			WGSN decided in ... 202x to name ... ...

	==References==		==References==

KhalidAlAjaji at 20:46, 16 September 2026

2026-09-16T20:46:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:46, 16 September 2026
Line 41:		Line 41:
	;English translation		;English translation
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	In addition to the four ''Saʿds'' associated with the lunar stations, there are six connected ''Saʿds'' that are not themselves lunar stations. The first is ''Saʿd Nāshira'', which rises with ''al-Sharaṭān''; it is followed by ''Saʿd al-Malik'', ''Saʿd al-Bahāʾim'', ''Saʿd al-Humām'', ''Saʿd al-Bāriʿ'', and ''Saʿd Maṭar''. Beneath ''Saʿd al-Bahāʾim'' are small, rounded stars called ''al-~~Ribq~~''. Each ''Saʿd'' consists of two stars, separated in appearance by about one cubit.		In addition to the four ''Saʿds'' associated with the lunar stations, there are six connected ''Saʿds'' that are not themselves lunar stations. The first is ''Saʿd Nāshira'', which rises with ''al-Sharaṭān''; it is followed by ''Saʿd al-Malik'', ''Saʿd al-Bahāʾim'', ''Saʿd al-Humām'', ''Saʿd al-Bāriʿ'', and ''Saʿd Maṭar''. Beneath ''Saʿd al-Bahāʾim'' are small, rounded stars called ''[[Al-ribq]]''. Each ''Saʿd'' consists of two stars, separated in appearance by about one cubit.

	Among the stellar features near these ''Saʿds'' are ''al-ʿāna'', white stars below the ''Suʿūd'' toward the horizon; and ''al-Sullam'', below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right. There is also the Ship (''al-Safīna''), faint stars extending in sequence from ''al-Dalw'' to ''Saʿd al-Suʿūd'' and resembling a ship. At its beginning is the Foremost Frog (''al-Ḍifdaʿ al-Muqaddam''), and at its end the Hindmost Frog (''al-Ḍifdaʿ al-Muʾaḫḫar''). According to the astronomers, Suhayl marks the tip of its oar.		Among the stellar features near these ''Saʿds'' are ''al-ʿāna'', white stars below the ''Suʿūd'' toward the horizon; and ''al-Sullam'', below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right. There is also the Ship (''al-Safīna''), faint stars extending in sequence from ''al-Dalw'' to ''Saʿd al-Suʿūd'' and resembling a ship. At its beginning is the Foremost Frog (''al-Ḍifdaʿ al-Muqaddam''), and at its end the Hindmost Frog (''al-Ḍifdaʿ al-Muʾaḫḫar''). According to the astronomers, Suhayl marks the tip of its oar.
Line 59:		Line 59:
	After the four ''Saʿds'' mentioned among the lunar stations are six further ''Saʿds'' associated with them but not counted as lunar stations. The first is ''Saʿd Nāshira'', below ''Saʿd al-Aḫbiya''; it is followed by ''Saʿd al-Malik'', ''Saʿd al-Bahām'', ''Saʿd al-Humām'', ''Saʿd al-Bāriʿ'', and ''Saʿd Maṭar''.		After the four ''Saʿds'' mentioned among the lunar stations are six further ''Saʿds'' associated with them but not counted as lunar stations. The first is ''Saʿd Nāshira'', below ''Saʿd al-Aḫbiya''; it is followed by ''Saʿd al-Malik'', ''Saʿd al-Bahām'', ''Saʿd al-Humām'', ''Saʿd al-Bāriʿ'', and ''Saʿd Maṭar''.

	Each of these ''Saʿds'' consists of two stars, with an apparent separation comparable to that of the two stars of ''Saʿd Bulaʿ''. Below ''Saʿd al-Bahām'' are small, rounded stars called ''al-~~Ribq~~''. Below the aforementioned ''Saʿds'', toward the horizon, are white stars called ''al-ʿāna''; below ''al-ʿāna'', and to its right, is a star called ''al-Sullam''.		Each of these ''Saʿds'' consists of two stars, with an apparent separation comparable to that of the two stars of ''Saʿd Bulaʿ''. Below ''Saʿd al-Bahām'' are small, rounded stars called ''[[Al-ribq]]''. Below the aforementioned ''Saʿds'', toward the horizon, are white stars called ''al-ʿāna''; below ''al-ʿāna'', and to its right, is a star called ''al-Sullam''.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

KhalidAlAjaji at 14:35, 14 September 2026

2026-09-14T14:35:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:35, 14 September 2026
Line 131:		Line 131:
	;English translation		;English translation
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	Behind ''al-Qubba'' are ''al-Ṣuradān''. Their arrangement is like that of the two ''Zubānayān'': one follows a course close to the horizon, while the other is directly above it. Behind the upper ''Ṣurad'' are ''al-Yamāmatān''; their apparent separation from the ''Ṣuradān'' is about twenty cubits.		Behind ''[[al-Qubba]]'' are ''al-Ṣuradān''. Their arrangement is like that of the two ''Zubānayān'': one follows a course close to the horizon, while the other is directly above it. Behind the upper ''Ṣurad'' are ''al-Yamāmatān''; their apparent separation from the ''Ṣuradān'' is about twenty cubits.

	Near the upper ''Ṣurad'', on its eastern side, are ''al-Makākī'', which resemble the stars of ''al-Šarāsīf''. Above ''al-Makākī'' is ''al-Qaṭā'': stars strung out in succession, like sandgrouse in flight, not bright, and for the most part two by two.		Near the upper ''Ṣurad'', on its eastern side, are ''al-Makākī'', which resemble the stars of ''al-Šarāsīf''. Above ''al-Makākī'' is ''al-Qaṭā'': stars strung out in succession, like sandgrouse in flight, not bright, and for the most part two by two.

KhalidAlAjaji at 14:03, 14 September 2026

2026-09-14T14:03:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:03, 14 September 2026
Line 245:		Line 245:
	}}		}}

			[[Category:Africa]][[Category:North Africa]]
			[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:West Asian]]
	[[Category:Arabic]]		[[Category:Arabic]]
	[[Category:Asterism]]		[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
	~~[[Category:Cultural astronomy]]~~		[[Category:Star Name]]
	~~[[Category:Arabic astronomy]]~~
	~~[[Category:Aquarius (constellation)]]~~
	[[Category:~~Capricornus~~]]
	[[Category:~~Piscis Austrinus~~]]

KhalidAlAjaji: Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE:''al-ʿāna'' (العانة)}} Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} ---- A wild ass rock art, Saudi Arabia. (CC BY Mohammad Al-Shawi 2026) A wild ass rock art, Saudi Arabia. (CC BY Mohammad Al-Shawi 2026) A reconstruction of the stellar region of ''al-ʿāna'', based on the relative descriptions in Ibn Qutayba. (CC BY Khalid Al-Ajaji 2026) '''al-ʿāna'''..."

2026-09-14T14:01:14Z

Created page with "{{DISPLAYTITLE:''al-ʿāna'' (العانة)}} Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} ---- thumb|A wild ass rock art, Saudi Arabia. (CC BY Mohammad Al-Shawi 2026) thumb|A wild ass rock art, Saudi Arabia. (CC BY Mohammad Al-Shawi 2026) thumb|A reconstruction of the stellar region of ''al-ʿāna'', based on the relative descriptions in Ibn Qutayba. (CC BY Khalid Al-Ajaji 2026) '''al-ʿāna'''..."

New page

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''al-ʿāna'' (العانة)}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:onager_rock_art_1.png|thumb|A wild ass rock art, Saudi Arabia. (CC BY Mohammad Al-Shawi 2026)]]
[[File:onager_rock_art_2.png|thumb|A wild ass rock art, Saudi Arabia. (CC BY Mohammad Al-Shawi 2026)]]

[[File:01s_alaana_white.png|thumb|A reconstruction of the stellar region of ''al-ʿāna'', based on the relative descriptions in Ibn Qutayba. (CC BY Khalid Al-Ajaji 2026)]]

'''al-ʿāna''' (Arabic: العانَة; “the herd of wild asses”) is an Arabic stellar region described in ''anwāʾ'' literature. Ibn Qutayba defines it as a group of white or conspicuous stars below the ''al-Suʿūd'', toward the horizon.<ref name="qutayba"/>

==Concordance, Etymology, History==

The name العانَة (''al-ʿāna'') is recorded by Ibn Qutayba (p. 81)<ref name="qutayba"/> and Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī (p. 74)<ref name="thaqafi"/>. Kunitzsch lists the form ''al-ʿāna'' (entry 32, p. 42).<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>

===Etymology===

''Lisān al-ʿarab'' defines العانَة, from the root عون, as follows:<ref name="lisan"/>

<blockquote dir="rtl">
«والعَانة: الْقَطِيعُ مِنْ حُمُر الْوَحْشِ. وَالْعَانَةُ: الأَتان.»
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
“''Al-ʿāna'' is a herd of wild asses; it may also mean a female wild ass.”
</blockquote>

==Sources==

===Ibn Qutayba===

Ibn Qutayba (d. 276 AH / 889 CE) places ''al-ʿāna'' among the stellar features near the ''al-Suʿūd''.(p. 81)<ref name="qutayba"/>

;Original Arabic
<blockquote dir="rtl">
باقى السعود المتصلة بهذه وليست من المنازل، وهى السعود الاربعة: ستة سعود. أولها سعد ناشرة، وهو يطلع مع الشرطين. ثم سعد الملك. ثم سعد البهائم، وتحته كواكب صغار مستديره تسمّى «الربق». ثم «سعد الهمام» . ثم «سعد البارع» . ثم «سعد مطر» . وكل سعد منها كوكبان. بين كل كوكبين منها فى رأى العين قدر ذراع.
الكواكب المقاربة لهذه السعود: منها «العانة» وهى كواكب بيض أسفل من السعود إلى الافق و«السلم» أسفل من «العانة» عن يمينها، و «السفينة» كواكب خفية متتابعة من عند الدلو إلى سعد السعود، تشبه السفينة وعند أولها «الضفدع المقدّم» وآخرها «الضفدع المؤخر» . ويقول أصحاب النجوم: إن سهيلا طرف المجداف.
</blockquote>

;English translation
<blockquote>
In addition to the four ''Saʿds'' associated with the lunar stations, there are six connected ''Saʿds'' that are not themselves lunar stations. The first is ''Saʿd Nāshira'', which rises with ''al-Sharaṭān''; it is followed by ''Saʿd al-Malik'', ''Saʿd al-Bahāʾim'', ''Saʿd al-Humām'', ''Saʿd al-Bāriʿ'', and ''Saʿd Maṭar''. Beneath ''Saʿd al-Bahāʾim'' are small, rounded stars called ''al-Ribq''. Each ''Saʿd'' consists of two stars, separated in appearance by about one cubit.

Among the stellar features near these ''Saʿds'' are ''al-ʿāna'', white stars below the ''Suʿūd'' toward the horizon; and ''al-Sullam'', below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right. There is also the Ship (''al-Safīna''), faint stars extending in sequence from ''al-Dalw'' to ''Saʿd al-Suʿūd'' and resembling a ship. At its beginning is the Foremost Frog (''al-Ḍifdaʿ al-Muqaddam''), and at its end the Hindmost Frog (''al-Ḍifdaʿ al-Muʾaḫḫar''). According to the astronomers, Suhayl marks the tip of its oar.
</blockquote>

===Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī===

Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī (d. 403 AH / c. 1013 CE) gives a closely related account.(p. 74)<ref name="thaqafi"/>

;Original Arabic
<blockquote dir="rtl">
وبعد هذه السعود الأربعة الـمذكورة في الـمنازل ستة سعود متصلة بها من ناحية الـجنوب، وليست من الـمنازل، أولها سعد ناشرة، وهو أسفل من سعد الأخبية، ثم سعد الـملك على أثره، ثم سعد البهام، ثم سعد الهمام، ثم سعد البارع على أثره، ثم سعد مطر، كل سعد من هذه السعود كوكبان بينهما في رأي العين كما بين كوكبي سعد بلع، وأسفل من سعد البهام كواكب مستديرة صغار تسمى: الربق، وأسفل من السعود الـمذكورة إلى الأفق كواكب بيض يقال لها: العانة، وأسفل من العانة وعن يمينها كوكب يقال له: السلم.
</blockquote>

;English translation
<blockquote>
After the four ''Saʿds'' mentioned among the lunar stations are six further ''Saʿds'' associated with them but not counted as lunar stations. The first is ''Saʿd Nāshira'', below ''Saʿd al-Aḫbiya''; it is followed by ''Saʿd al-Malik'', ''Saʿd al-Bahām'', ''Saʿd al-Humām'', ''Saʿd al-Bāriʿ'', and ''Saʿd Maṭar''.

Each of these ''Saʿds'' consists of two stars, with an apparent separation comparable to that of the two stars of ''Saʿd Bulaʿ''. Below ''Saʿd al-Bahām'' are small, rounded stars called ''al-Ribq''. Below the aforementioned ''Saʿds'', toward the horizon, are white stars called ''al-ʿāna''; below ''al-ʿāna'', and to its right, is a star called ''al-Sullam''.
</blockquote>

Ibn ʿĀṣim’s placement of the six additional ''Suʿūd'' south of the station-related ''Saʿds'' is problematic; al-Marzūqī’s independent wording resolves the difficulty by placing them in the direction of ''al-Dalw''. (vol 1, p. 178)<ref name="marzuqi"/>

Al-Marzūqī (d. 421 AH / 1030 CE) states:

;Original Arabic
<blockquote dir="rtl">
وبعد هذه الأربعة ستة سعود متناسقة في جهة الدلّو، وليست هي من المنازل.
</blockquote>

;English translation
<blockquote>
After these four are six ''Saʿds'' arranged successively in the direction of ''al-Dalw''; they are not among the lunar stations.
</blockquote>

Here ''al-Dalw'' denotes the four stars α Andromedae and α, β, and γ Pegasi, the prominent quadrilateral known as the Great Square of Pegasus. Al-Marzūqī’s wording therefore places the six additional ''Suʿūd'' in the region of this figure and resolves the difficulty in Ibn ʿĀṣim’s statement that they lie من ناحية الجنوب (“on the southern side”).

==Al-Sullam==

A separate textual question concerns ''al-Sullam''. Unlike the disputed placement of the six additional ''Suʿūd'', this issue concerns whether the name denotes a single star or a group of stars.

The wording concerning ''al-Sullam'' differs among the sources. Ibn ʿĀṣim calls it a single star (''kawkab''), whereas Ibn Qutayba’s received wording gives only its position: below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right.

The lexicographical tradition, however, consistently defines ''al-Sullam'' as ''kawākib'' (“stars”) below ''al-ʿĀna'' and to its right. This formulation occurs in Ibn ʿAbbād’s ''al-Muḥīṭ fī al-lugha'', al-Ṣaghānī’s ''al-Takmila wa-al-dhayl wa-al-ṣila'', al-Fayrūzābādī’s ''al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ'', and al-Zabīdī’s ''Tāj al-ʿArūs''.<ref name="muhit"/><ref name="takmila"/><ref name="qamus"/><ref name="taj"/>

The plural ''kawākib'' is absent from both surviving manuscripts of Ibn Qutayba’s ''Kitāb al-Anwāʾ'', one of which is copied from the other. The two manuscripts therefore constitute a single textual line for the shorter wording. The consistent lexicographical reading suggests that this manuscript line has lost the fuller formulation, in which ''al-Sullam'' is explicitly described as a group of stars.

{| class="wikitable"
! Source
! Arabic wording
! English rendering
|-
| Ibn Qutayba
| و«السلم» أسفل من «العانة» عن يمينها
| “And ''al-Sullam'', below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right.”
|-
| Ibn ʿAbbād, ''al-Muḥīṭ''
| والسُّلَّمُ: كَواكِبُ أسْفَل من العَانَة عن يَمِيْنِها
| “''Al-Sullam'': stars below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right.”
|-
| Al-Ṣaghānī, ''al-Takmila''
| والسُّلّمُ: كَواكِبُ أسفَل من العانةِ عن يَمينِهَا
| “''Al-Sullam'': stars below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right.”
|-
| Al-Fayrūzābādī, ''al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ''
| وكواكِبُ أسْفَلَ من العانَةِ عن يَمِينِها
| “And stars below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right.”
|-
| Al-Zabīdī, ''Tāj al-ʿArūs''
| كَواكِبُ أَسْفَل من العانَةِ عَن يَمِينِها، على التَّشْبِيه بالسّلم
| “Stars below ''al-ʿāna'' and to its right, so called by resemblance to a ladder.”
|}

==Identification==

The modern identification of ''al-ʿāna'' is uncertain. Kunitzsch regarded Ibn Qutayba’s definition as too imprecise for a secure identification, but placed the likely area within the right-ascension range of the ''Saʿd'' stars and farther south in declination. He associated the probable region principally with the Ptolemaic Southern Fish and adjacent stars, now within Piscis Austrinus and Grus. (entry 32, p. 42)<ref name="Kunitzsch1961"/>

Danielle K. Adams likewise treated the identification as uncertain, suggesting the brighter stars of Piscis Austrinus and the southern parts of Aquarius and Capricornus. (p. 257)<ref name="adams"/>

The identification proposed here is based on the wider spatial sequence in Ibn Qutayba’s descriptions. The expression أسفل من السعود إلى الأفق (“below the ''Suʿūd'' toward the horizon”) is interpreted as placing ''al-ʿāna'' south of the ''Suʿūd'', in accordance with the directional usage adopted in this work.<ref name="terminology"/> It should not be read as a closed boundary or as a claim that every star within the broadly southerly area belongs to ''al-ʿāna''.

Ibn Qutayba separately describes a southern complex of named stellar figures. The sequence includes ''al-Ṣuradān'', ''al-Yamāmatān'', ''al-Makākī'', ''al-Qaṭā'', ''al-Ẓalimān'', ''al-Riʾāl'', ''al-Naʿāmāt'', and ''al-Udḥiyy''. (p. 73)<ref name="qutayba"/> Their explicit names and relative positions exclude them from ''al-ʿāna'', even where their stars lie within the broad southerly zone below the ''Suʿūd''.

;Normalized reading of the relevant passage
<blockquote dir="rtl">
ووراء القبّة «الصردان»، وهما يطلعان كالزُّبانيين: يجري أحدهما قريبًا من الأفق، والآخر فوقه بحياله. وخلف الصرد الأعلى «اليمامتان»، وبينهما وبين الصردين في رأي العين نحو من عشرين ذراعًا. وعند الصرد الأعلى، مما يلي المشرق، «المكاكي»، وهي تشبه كواكب الشراسيف. و«القطا» فوق المكاكي، وهي كواكب متقاطرة كتقاطر القطا في طيرانها، غير نَيِّرة، أكثرها كوكبان كوكبان. ثم «الظليمان» فوق ذلك، وهما كوكبان نَيِّران، وبينهما في رأي العين إذا استويا في السماء قدر مائة ذراع، وبينهما «الرئال»، كواكب مُدَرَّجة. وبعد الرئال «النعامات»، وهي خمسة كواكب على تربيع النعش. وعلى إثرها «الأدحى»، وهي كواكب مستديرة على قدر دارة القمر.
</blockquote>

;English translation
<blockquote>
Behind ''al-Qubba'' are ''al-Ṣuradān''. Their arrangement is like that of the two ''Zubānayān'': one follows a course close to the horizon, while the other is directly above it. Behind the upper ''Ṣurad'' are ''al-Yamāmatān''; their apparent separation from the ''Ṣuradān'' is about twenty cubits.

Near the upper ''Ṣurad'', on its eastern side, are ''al-Makākī'', which resemble the stars of ''al-Šarāsīf''. Above ''al-Makākī'' is ''al-Qaṭā'': stars strung out in succession, like sandgrouse in flight, not bright, and for the most part two by two.

Above these are ''al-Ẓalimān'', two bright stars. When they are at the same altitude in the sky, their apparent separation is about one hundred cubits. Between them are ''al-Riʾāl'', a graduated sequence of stars. Beyond ''al-Riʾāl'' are ''al-Naʿāmāt'', five stars arranged in the configuration of the first five stars of ''Banāt Naʿsh''.<ref name="naamat-configuration"/> Following them is ''al-Udḥiyy'', a rounded group of stars whose apparent extent is approximately that of the lunar halo.<ref name="udhiyy-halo"/>
</blockquote>

<ref name="suradan-reading">The Hyderabad edition prints وهما يطلعان [مع] الزبانيين and اليمانيان. The bracketed مع is absent from Bodleian Library, MS Hunt. 480. The context supports كالزبانيين, which compares the tilted arrangement of the two ''Ṣuradān'' with that of the two ''Zubānayān'', not their time of rising. The two pairs rise at substantially different times, but their separations are both approximately 9°. Hunt. 480 gives an ambiguous form for the following name, read as الىمامتان or الىمامنان; the manuscript of Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Ṯaqafī reads clearly اليمامتان. The normalized readings are adopted here provisionally.</ref>

On this reading, ''al-ʿāna'' is provisionally reconstructed as an intervening stellar region below the northern band of the ''Suʿūd'' and outside the separately named southern complex. The region is not starless; rather, it is unoccupied by the neighbouring stellar figures that Ibn Qutayba identifies individually. The shading on the accompanying chart is an interpretive reconstruction, not an attested historical outline.

===Candidate stars===

The following table lists the ten brightest stars within the provisional reconstruction shown in the accompanying chart. It is an illustrative modern selection, not a secure list of the individual historical members of ''al-ʿāna''. Visual magnitudes are apparent Johnson ''V'' magnitudes.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! ''V'' magnitude
! Bayer designation
! IAU proper name
|-
| 1
| 3.27
| δ Aquarii
| Skat
|-
| 2
| 3.56
| ι Ceti
| —
|-
| 3
| 3.73
| λ Aquarii
| Shatabhisha
|-
| 4
| 3.74
| ζ Capricorni
| —
|-
| 5
| 3.98
| τ² Aquarii
| —
|-
| 6
| 4.21
| ψ¹ Aquarii
| —
|-
| 7
| 4.22
| φ Aquarii
| —
|-
| 8
| 4.27
| ι Aquarii
| —
|-
| 9
| 4.37
| 30 Piscium
| —
|-
| 10
| 4.51
| ε Capricorni
| —
|}

==Notes==

<references group="note"/>

==References==

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="lisan">ابن منظور، محمد بن مكرم (ت. 711 هـ)، ''لسان العرب''، مادة «عون». 
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram (d. 711 AH / c. 1312 CE), ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', s.v. عون.</ref>

<ref name="qutayba">أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (ت. 276 هـ / 879 م)، ''كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب''، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر آباد، 1375 هـ / 1956 م. 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim (d. 276 AH / 889 CE), ''Kitāb al-Anwāʾ fī Mawāsim al-ʿArab''. Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, Hyderabad, 1375 AH / 1956 CE.</ref>

<ref name="thaqafi">عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (ت. 403 هـ)، ''الأنواء والأزمنة ومعرفة أعيان الكواكب في النجوم''، تحقيق نوري حمودي القيسي ومحمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، 1416 هـ / 1996 م. 
Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥusayn ibn ʿĀṣim (d. 403 AH / c. 1013 CE), ''al-Anwāʾ wa-al-Azminah wa-Maʿrifat Aʿyān al-Kawākib fī al-Nujūm'', ed. Nūrī Ḥammūdī al-Qaysī and Muḥammad Nāyif al-Dulaymī. Dār al-Jīl, Beirut, 1416 AH / 1996 CE.</ref>

<ref name="marzuqi">أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (ت. 421 هـ)، ''الأزمنة والأمكنة''، تحقيق محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، 1422 هـ. 
Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (d. 421 AH / 1030 CE), ''al-Azminah wa-al-Amkinah'', ed. Muḥammad Nāyif al-Dulaymī. ʿĀlam al-Kutub, Beirut, 1422 AH / 2002 CE.</ref>

<ref name="muhit">الصاحب إسماعيل بن عبّاد (ت. 385 هـ)، ''المحيط في اللغة''، مادة «عون». 
Ibn ʿAbbād, al-Ṣāḥib Ismāʿīl ibn ʿAbbād (d. 385 AH / 995 CE), ''al-Muḥīṭ fī al-lugha'', s.v. عون.</ref>

<ref name="takmila">الحسن بن محمد الصاغاني (ت. 650 هـ)، ''التكملة والذيل والصلة لكتاب تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية''، مادة «عون». 
Al-Ṣaghānī, al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad (d. 650 AH / 1252 CE), ''al-Takmila wa-al-dhayl wa-al-ṣila li-Kitāb Tāj al-lugha wa-Ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿArabiyya'', s.v. عون.</ref>

<ref name="qamus">مجد الدين محمد بن يعقوب الفيروزآبادي (ت. 817 هـ)، ''القاموس المحيط''، مادة «عون». 
Al-Fayrūzābādī, Majd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb (d. 817 AH / 1415 CE), ''al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ'', s.v. عون.</ref>

<ref name="taj">مرتضى محمد بن محمد الزبيدي (ت. 1205 هـ)، ''تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس''، مادة «عون». 
Al-Zabīdī, Murtaḍā Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (d. 1205 AH / 1791 CE), ''Tāj al-ʿArūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs'', s.v. عون.</ref>

<ref name="Kunitzsch1961">Kunitzsch, Paul. 1961. ''Untersuchungen zur Sternnomenklatur der Araber''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</ref>

<ref name="adams">Danielle Adams, Rain Stars Set, Lunar Stations Rise, 2018]</ref>

<ref name="terminology">''Terminology of the Anwāʾ Books: Direction, Brightness, and Measure'', section 2.1, “''Asfal min''.” Work in progress.</ref>

<ref name="naamat-configuration">The expression على تربيع النعش identifies the pattern by comparison with the first five stars of ''Banāt Naʿsh'': α, β, δ, γ, and ε Ursae Majoris. It should not be translated only as “in the pattern of a bier.”</ref>

<ref name="udhiyy-halo">The expression على قدر دارة القمر means “approximately the extent of the lunar halo.” دارة القمر is the ring of light surrounding the Moon, not the apparent diameter of the lunar disk. The proposed identification of ''al-Udḥiyy'' includes η Eridani, π Ceti, π1, π2, π3, and π4 Ceti, together with adjacent stars; the proposed configuration spans approximately 13°.</ref>
}}

[[Category:Arabic]]
[[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Cultural astronomy]]
[[Category:Arabic astronomy]]
[[Category:Aquarius (constellation)]]
[[Category:Capricornus]]
[[Category:Piscis Austrinus]]