Anunitu - Revision history

Sushoff at 19:46, 17 July 2026

2026-07-17T19:46:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:46, 17 July 2026
Line 30:		Line 30:
	''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and <sup>mul</sup>[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.		''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and <sup>mul</sup>[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.
	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
	<sup>mul / d</sup>''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (~~constellation~~): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
			* <sup>mul / d</sup>''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436),
			* = "''Anunītu''" (goddess): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].
	Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, <sup>mul</sup>''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: <sup>mul.íd</sup>Idigna = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (MSL 11, 40: 229). <sup>mu''l''</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):		Goddess:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <blockquote>Anunītu(m). By-name of the goddess Ištar, originally a local hypostasis of particular importance to the dynasty of Akkad. The association with ‘fish’ (cf. SpTU III 114A v 46, <sup>mul</sup>''Nu-nu'' ‘fish’ = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni-tú/ti'') seems to be based on the partial homophony with Akk. ''nūnu'' ‘fish’, cf. the association of ''Anunītu(m)'' with the ‘Tigris-star’ in Hg: <sup>mul.íd</sup>Idigna = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (MSL 11, 40: 229). <sup>mu''l''</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> (AN 3r).</blockquote>Introduced in MUL.APIN I i 42 (Hunger & Steele 2019):
	* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>		* Transliteration: DIŠ MUL ''ša'' EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB''-zu'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>

Sushoff: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

2026-07-17T19:28:17Z

Sources and Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 17 July 2026
Line 48:		Line 48:
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''
	See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): ~~MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM.[ULU.lu GUB]~~ / MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 Section II iii 4-5).		See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2):

	Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].		* MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM.[ULU.lu GUB] / MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum'']
			* "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 Section II iii 4-5).

			Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923

			* <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>
			* "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].

	Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161-162): Rising in Month II, Setting in Month VIII.		Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 161-162): Rising in Month II, Setting in Month VIII.
Line 56:		Line 62:
	CT 39, Nv. 10, and parallels:		CT 39, Nv. 10, and parallels:

	Nv. 10 rev. 29': <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> for Month II (Simanu), Fincke 2025, 68 [see previously Horowitz 2014: 216, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 65-66]		Nv. 10 rev. 29':

			* <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> for Month II (Simanu), Fincke 2025, 68 [see previously Horowitz 2014: 216, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 65-66]

	Parallels: Fincke 2025 70: 11', 72: 4'.		Parallels: Fincke 2025 70: 11', 72: 4'.
Line 87:		Line 95:
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].		* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3):
	* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 25 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).		** MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>
	* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).		** "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
	* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>~~, after <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ, before~~ <sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>		* (2) Dates of heliacal rising:
			** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 25 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>
			** "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
			* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings:
			** <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi''
			** "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
			* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon":
			** KUN<sup>me</sup> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ, <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4,</sub> <sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>
	** "the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man."(I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019) 30, 46, 49, 69].		** "the Tails of the Swallow, Anunitu, and the Hired Man."(I iv 37), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]'' [Hunger and Steele (2019) 30, 46, 49, 69].
	Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].		Text BM 77054. See (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]].
Line 144:		Line 159:
	'''Uranologiesː'''		'''Uranologiesː'''

	MLC 1866 i 6-9: MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR.MEŠ <sup>mul</sup>IKU GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''na-a-ru'' / <sup>[mu]l</sup>''Si''<sub>2</sub>''-nu-nu-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu it-gu-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN<sup>ki</sup> ''ina ṣip-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''<sub>4</sub>˺ <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''man-za-za'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat''		MLC 1866 i 6-9:

			* MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR.MEŠ <sup>mul</sup>IKU GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''na-a-ru'' / <sup>[mu]l</sup>''Si''<sub>2</sub>''-nu-nu-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu it-gu-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN<sup>ki</sup> ''ina ṣip-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''<sub>4</sub>˺ <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''man-za-za'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat''

	* The star that stands behind the Field is Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, by the crest of "The Tail" they are held together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — the station of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].		* The star that stands behind the Field is Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, by the crest of "The Tail" they are held together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — the station of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].

Sushoff at 11:45, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T11:45:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:45, 5 July 2026
Line 26:		Line 26:
	\| bordering = And, Psc		\| bordering = And, Psc
	\| notes =		\| notes =
			\| cat = constellation
	}}		}}
	''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and <sup>mul</sup>[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.		''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and <sup>mul</sup>[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.

Sushoff at 08:03, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T08:03:14Z

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ----
 [[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.|right|366x366px]]
 ''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar.  The  stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]].  Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and <sup>mul</sup>[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.
 == Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

Sushoff at 11:48, 2 June 2026

2026-06-02T11:48:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:48, 2 June 2026
Line 428:		Line 428:
	* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)		* Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)

	[[Category:Asterism]]		[[Category:Asterism]][[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]][[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Akkadian]]
	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Lunar System]] [[Category:Zodiac]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:~~Eurasia~~]]
	[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]		[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

2026-05-30T13:57:26Z

Sources and Identification(s)

YoulaAzkarrula at 23:15, 15 May 2026

2026-05-15T23:15:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:15, 15 May 2026
Line 430:		Line 430:
	[[Category:Asterism]]		[[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]		[[Category:And]][[Category:Psc]]

WayneHorowitz at 13:27, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T13:27:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:27, 14 May 2026
Line 23:		Line 23:
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''
	See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): mul ''ša''<sub>2</sub> igi-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 II iii 4-5).		See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): mul ''ša''<sub>2</sub> igi-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 Section II iii 4-5).

	Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].		Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].

WayneHorowitz at 11:35, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T11:35:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:35, 14 May 2026
Line 3:		Line 3:
	----		----
	[[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|right\|366x366px]]		[[File:Psc-And-Aqr_grp-GIF_engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|right\|366x366px]]
	''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and <sup>mul</sup>[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.		''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is an asterism in human form bearing the name of the goddess Anunitu, this being an aspect or by-name for Inanna = Ištar. The stars comprising this asterism are now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. Together, astral ''Anunītu'' and <sup>mul</sup>[[SIM.MAḪ]], a huge 'Swallow,' were transformed into the images of Andromeda and Pisces with the step in between of fish and a (small) swallow connected with a ribbon, as known in Mesopotamian uranology, normal star text and seals in Uruk. The multi-step transformation is visualised in the animated GIF.
	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
	<sup>mul / d</sup>''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].		<sup>mul / d</sup>''An(n)unītu(m)'' (436), = "''Anunītu''" (constellation): a constellation corresponding to the eastern fish in [[Pisces]] (Pisces) [Gössmann 27].

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

2026-05-13T19:36:40Z

Sources and Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:36, 13 May 2026
Line 117:		Line 117:
	\|-		\|-
	\|<s>'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].</s>		\|<s>'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].</s>
	~~Uranologies~~		'''Uranologiesː'''

	MLC 1866 i 6-9: MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR.MEŠ <sup>mul</sup>IKU GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''na-a-ru'' / <sup>[mu]l</sup>''Si''<sub>2</sub>''-nu-nu-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu it-gu-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN<sup>ki</sup> ''ina ṣip-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''<sub>4</sub>˺ <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''man-za-za'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat''		MLC 1866 i 6-9: MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR.MEŠ <sup>mul</sup>IKU GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''na-a-ru'' / <sup>[mu]l</sup>''Si''<sub>2</sub>''-nu-nu-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''u''<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ina'' KUN.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu it-gu-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' / ˹MUL˺.MEŠ <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN<sup>ki</sup> ''ina ṣip-ri'' <sup>mul</sup>ZIB / ˹''ṣab-tu''<sub>4</sub>˺ <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ ''u'' GU<sub>2</sub>.LA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''man-za-za'' <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat''

	* The star that stands behind the Field, Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu ~~that~~ have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, the ~~points~~ of ~~their tails~~ are ~~placed~~ together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — ~~anchor point~~ of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].		* The star that stands behind the Field is Anunitu, the river. / The [Swa]llow and Anunitu have their tails crossing each other, / the stars of the Tigris and Euphrates, by the crest of "The Tail" they are held together. The swallow and the elongated neck of Anunitu — the station of Venus" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35, 39].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
Line 279:		Line 279:
	[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is <sup>mul</sup>[[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.		[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is <sup>mul</sup>[[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.

	Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called <sup>mul</sup>ZIB at its tip. <sup>mul</sup>ZIB means ‘The ~~Tails~~' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).		Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called <sup>mul</sup>ZIB at its tip. <sup>mul</sup>ZIB means ‘The Tail' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
	[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg\|alt=geo map\|thumb\|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]		[[File:RiversPlt labelled.jpg\|alt=geo map\|thumb\|The two rivers of Mesopotamia with Babylon roughly at the closest encounter (equalling the knot of the cords in the sky).]]
	A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.		A related philological link between the two constellations and fish is that the Akkadian word for ‘fish,’ ''Nūnu'', forms part of both Akkadian constellation names, ''A'''nun'''ītu'' and ''Ši'''nūnū'''tu,'' making classical Pisces in Babylonian terms a super-constellation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 30 May 2026
Line 23:		Line 23:
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each" (Astrolabes Group)'''
	See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): ~~mul~~ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ~~igi~~-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ~~zi im~~.[ULU.lu ~~gub~~] / ~~mul.bi~~ <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 Section II iii 4-5).		See Horowitz 2014, 105-106 (= Enlil 2): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ZI IM.[ULU.lu GUB] / MUL BI <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (KAV 218 Section II iii 4-5).

	Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].		Month-Star Lists: (Horowitz 2014: 195, Anu II), BM 34713 (LBAT 1499, Anu 3); BM 82923 <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "[Anunit]u // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Horowitz 2014: 140-141,Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].
Line 63:		Line 63:
	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].		* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> "The star which stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
	* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 25 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).		* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 25 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
	* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).		* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
	* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>, after <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ, before <sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>		* (4) Stars "in the path of the moon": <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub>, after <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ, before <sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>
Line 75:		Line 75:
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List".'''		\|'''"The Great Star List".'''
	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum'' = <sup>d</sup>ištar min(= ''bēlet'' ~~kur~~.~~kur~~) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";		* (1) <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum'' = <sup>d</sup>ištar min(= ''bēlet'' KUR.KUR) "Anunītum = Ištar, ruler of countries";
	* (2) <sup>mul íd</sup>idigna = <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";		* (2) <sup>mul íd</sup>idigna = <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Tigris River = Anunītum";
	* (3) <sup>mul</sup>tul-''tum'' = <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku<sub>6</sub>.meš ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen.meš ''ḫu-u''<sub>8</sub>-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];		* (3) <sup>mul</sup>tul-''tum'' = <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum'' "Worm = Anunītum", the next line probably contains a commentary: ku<sub>6</sub><sup>meš</sup> ''tu-la-a-tum'' ''u'' mušen<sup>meš</sup> ''ḫu-u''<sub>8</sub>-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Fishes–worms, and birds..." whose meaning is unclear, cf. [CAD Ḫ, 212b, N/2, 337b];
	* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].		* (4) the 12 stars of Akkad [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:31, 146, 165, 208]; see also [Weidner 1959-60, 107ff].
	\|		\|
Line 296:		Line 296:

	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (~~gašan me~~<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>~~pan~~ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see ~~[Gelb 1987: 130-132].~~ [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].		Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (GAŠAN ME<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>PAN ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

	===== Prayers and rituals. =====		===== Prayers and rituals. =====