Anunitu - Revision history

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

2026-04-08T16:28:33Z

Sources and Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 8 April 2026
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	*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''<sub>2</sub> "<sup>mul</sup>KA[...],		*** [mu]l ka x x x [...] x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' 3 mul.meš maš ''šar''<sub>2</sub> "<sup>mul</sup>KA[...],
	*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar<sub>2</sub>";		*** fin of Anunitu (υ Psc): 3 stars, maš šar<sub>2</sub>";
	** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58],		** according to [Koch 1995, 45, 58]ː
	*** ~~[mu]l ka x x =~~ <sup>[mu]l</sup>ka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), [~~...] = [mul~~ ''giš-ši'' lu.lim]? "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),		*** <sup>[mu]l</sup>ka l[u?.li]m? "Deer's mouth"(ε Cas), m[ul ''giš-ši'' lu.lim] "[Deer's thigh]" (γ Cas),
	*** ~~x-''ab-ri a-nu-ni-ti'' =~~ <sup>˹mul˺</sup>''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".		*** <sup>˹mul˺</sup>''ab-ri A-nu-ni-ti'' "Fin of Anunitu".
	* §L. ~~[mul ...] x [...] =~~ [<sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''A-nu-ni-ti'']<sup>?</sup> "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].		* §L. [<sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ''A-''[''nu-ni-ti'']<sup>?</sup> "[Star with great brilliance of Anunitu]" (γ Peg) [Koch 1995, 45, 58].
	* §T. <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E\|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E]].		* §T. <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E\|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E]].
	* §x. <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A\|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].		* §x. <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat ''a-nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A\|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].
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	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:34.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ši-nu-nu-tu''<sub>4</sub> = <sup>íd</sup>~~idigna~~ ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>~~buranun~~ "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see ~~also~~ [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].		* <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>''Ši-nu-nu-tu''<sub>4</sub> = <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' <sup>íd</sup>BURANUN "Anunitu and Swallow = Tigris and Euphrates", see [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162:34].
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	\|'''MLC 1866~~??not a diary but uranology??~~''' . See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].		\|'''MLC 1866''' See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
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	== Transformation of the constellation ==		== Transformation of the constellation ==
	[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is <sup>mul</sup>[[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian ~~constellations~~ of The Swallow.		[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]Originally, "Anunītu" was a by-name of the goddess Ištar of particular importance to the Old Akkadian dynasty of the third millennium BCE. The name first appears as a name for a constellation in Astrolabe B ca. 1200 BCE (Horowitz 2014: 115) but is not in any way associated with fish. In contrast, the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian fish constellation is <sup>mul</sup>[[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]] = ''[[Nūnu]]'', ‘The Fish’ = [[Piscis Austrinus]], south of Aquarius and separated from this region by the Babylonian constellation of The Swallow.

	Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called <sup>mul</sup>ZIB at its tip. <sup>mul</sup>ZIB means ‘The Tails' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).		Later in the first millennium, the northern parts of the constellation ''Anunītu'' were changed into the Syrian image of the goddess Derketo (from Bambyke, depicted with accompanying fish), the goddess of Ashkelon (which was a syncretism of Babylonian Ištar and Egyptian Isis, depicted with fish-tail), and the chained maiden Andromeda honoured with a rock in Jaffa (Tel Aviv). The southern parts of the region of ''Anunītu'' and the constellation <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'' were transformed into the two fish of classical Pisces. An intermediate step between the original image of "a giant swallow and a goddess" and the later (Greco-Egyptian) "two fish connected with a ribbon", there was a Mesopotamian constellation called "Swallow-Fish". This connects most commonly Anunītu as a fish and <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ = ''Šinūnūtu'', ‘The Swallow,’ as a bird (see fig. 44-46 = Kurtik’s plates, p. 738-739). The outline of the two figures held together by a V-shaped ribbon with a star called <sup>mul</sup>ZIB at its tip. <sup>mul</sup>ZIB means ‘The Tails' and was later translated to Al-Risha, The Cord, in Arabic. The V-shaped cord apparently reminded Ancient Mesopotamians of the courses of the middle Tigris and Euphrates, which nearly touched in the vicinity of Babylon (Beaulieu et al. 2018: 44-45).
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	There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>		There is yet no native Sumerian name for the group of stars that are later seen as the goddess Anunitu from at least the end of the second millennium onwards. One might guess that an original Sumerian name for an asterism in this area of the sky was forgotten when it became associated with the Akkadian goddess Anunitum, perhaps even as early as the Old Akkadian period when the goddess Anunitum first became important. <gallery>
	File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg\|~~Ishtar~~ holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From ~~Eshnunna~~ (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)		File:Ishtar Eshnunna Louvre AO12456.jpg\|Ištar holding her symbol. Terracotta relief, early 2nd millennium BC. From Ešnunna (figurine AO 12456, Louvre, dating between 2004 and 1595 BCE)
	File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg\|~~Ishtar~~ as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess ~~Ishtar~~ (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).		File:Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ishtar. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum.jpg\|Ištar as naked beauty. Terracotta plaque, showing the goddess Ištar (Inanna), wearing the horned headdress and a necklace. 19th-17th century BCE. From Iraq. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, Germany (CC By Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin).
	File:And-rock2023.png\|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)		File:And-rock2023.png\|Andromeda's Rock in front of the skyline of modern Tel Aviv. (Susanne M Hoffmann, 2023)
	File:DemetriusIIICoin.png\|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.		File:DemetriusIIICoin.png\|Coin from Ashkelon, reign of Demetrios III Eucairos (115-98 BCE; Greek Δημήτριος Θεός Φιλοπάτωρ Σωτήρ Dēmḗtrios Theós Philopátōr Sōtḗr) with the revers showcasing the goddess with a fish-tail.
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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	~~Anunit—goddess~~, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian 'anantu,' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>pan ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of ~~Anunit~~ see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].		Anunitu—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian '''anantu'',' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>pan ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunitu see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

	===== Prayers and rituals. =====		===== Prayers and rituals. =====
	* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].		* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik a48) [[AŠ.GAN\|AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>]].

	Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest ~~texts~~ in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).		Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest text in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
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	==== Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====
	(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>~~Idigna~~ ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup>] "[If the Moon] ~~eclipses within~~ Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg ~~and~~ Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ...EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' ''A-ga-de''<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>3</sub> EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA<sup>ki</sup> KUR.˹DILMUN˺<sup>ki</sup> "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, ~~Table~~ IIa:7′].		(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu: [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup>] "[If the Moon] is dark in the area of Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ... EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' A-ga-de<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>3</sub> EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA<sup>ki</sup> KUR.˹DILMUN˺<sup>ki</sup> "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [Verderame 2002, 54 Tablet IIa:7′].

	(2) Venus and Anunitu; DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''<sup>!</sup>-''tum gup-pu''<sup>!</sup>-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši'' / <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely ~~big~~: / in the country will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see. [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].		(2) Venus and Anunitu: DIŠ ''mu''[''l t'']''ul''<sup>!</sup>-''tum gup-pu''<sup>!</sup>-''šat'' / ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu ina'' KUR GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši'' / <sup>mul</sup>''dil-bat ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum'' GUB-''ma'' "If the Worm is extremely massive: / in the country there will be welfare and peace. / (This means:) Venus stands within Anunitu" [SAA 8, 357:3-5]; for parallels see [ibid. 538:3-5; BPO 2, III 10a, XV 25].

	(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 10.		(3) Saturn stands within the Swallow or Anunitu; see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 10.

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-04-08T16:04:46Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

HermannHunger: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

2026-04-08T09:43:06Z

Sources and Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:43, 8 April 2026
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	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* Urra XXII ~~series~~: <sup>mul d</sup>nu.nu = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''<sub>2</sub> "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3\|E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>]].		* Series Urra XXII: <sup>mul d</sup>nu.nu = <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni-ti''/''tu''<sub>2</sub> "Fish = Anunitu" [SpTU III, 114A v 46; Bloch and Horowitz 2015, 109:303]; see also [[E2.TUR3\|E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>]].
	Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative as also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.		Variant MUL NU.NU without the divine determinative also in Fadhil and Hilgert 2007: 99, 29'.
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	\|'''"Astrolabes”'''		\|'''Three Stars Each ("Astrolabes”)'''
	* Astrolabe P. Month of Ayaru, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].		* Astrolabe P. Month Ayaru, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].
	* Astrolabe B:		* Astrolabe B:
	** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''<sub>2</sub> igi-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''		** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''<sub>2</sub> igi-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''
	** (2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>gu<sub>4</sub> ... <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''lil''<sub>2</sub>] "Month of Ayaru: ... Anunitu, (the ~~path~~ of) Enlil" (C iii 2).		** (2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>gu<sub>4</sub> ... <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''lil''<sub>2</sub>] "Month Ayaru: ... Anunitu, (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 2).
	** (3) List (~~sunrise~~-~~sunset~~=6m): ~~sunrise–ayaru~~, ~~sunset– arahsamnu~~ [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].		** (3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Ayaru, set– Arahsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
	* BM 82923. Month of Ayaru, stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker-Hunger 1977, 30:6].		* BM 82923. Month Ayaru, stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].
	* BM 34713. <sup>múl</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>2</sub> (twice!):		* BM 34713. <sup>múl</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>2</sub> (twice!):
	** a) Month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];		** a) Month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];

Sushoff at 16:15, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:15:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.		[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.

Sushoff at 14:37, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:37:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 22 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.		[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.

JanSafford at 18:35, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T18:35:47Z

Show changes

Sushoff at 06:59, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T06:59:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:59, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Anunītu''}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
			[[File:Psc-And-Aqr grp-GIF engl.gif\|alt=Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation.\|thumb\|Andromeda, Pisces and adjacent constellation in their transformation (animated GIF).]]''Anunītu'' (𒀭𒀀𒉡𒉌𒌓) is the Mesopotamian name of the area (constellation) that is now considered the head and breast of [[Andromeda]] and the northernmost part of [[Pisces]]. It was transformed into the image of Andromeda.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

Sushoff: /* Deity. */

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Deity.

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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Anunit—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, ~~literally means "Referring~~ to ~~the fight.~~'''~~?? in what language? ??~~'''" She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>pan ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunit see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].		Anunit—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, perhaps to be connected with Akkadian 'anantu,' a poetic term for 'battle, strife,' with reference to Inanna's role as a goddess of war. She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>pan ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunit see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

	===== Prayers and rituals. =====		===== Prayers and rituals. =====

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Stars within the Constellation Area

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	\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''		\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts"'''
	* DUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''<sub>4</sub>] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [ADRT I, No.-567, Month XI: 20]. ~~MLC 1866~~'''??not a diary but uranology??''' . See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].		* DUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''A-nu-n''[''i-tu''<sub>4</sub>] "Ribbon of Anunitu" [ADRT I, No.-567, Month XI: 20].
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			\|'''MLC 1866??not a diary but uranology??''' . See (Kurtik s19) [[SIM.MAḪ]].
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	=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===		=== Addition (Kurtik and Horowitz) ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Anunit—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, literally means "Referring to the fight.'''?? in what language? ??'''" She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>pan ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunit see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].		Anunit—goddess, probably of Western Semitic origin, had a warlike character. Her name, originally used as an epithet of Inanna, literally means "Referring to the fight.'''?? in what language? ??'''" She was considered as an independent goddess during the Ur III era and further towards the end of the first millennium BC in Mesopotamia, where she retained her warlike characteristics. According to Nabonidus, she is "the mistress of battle, the one who carries a bow and a quiver" (gašan me<sub>3</sub> ''na-ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ta'' <sup>giš</sup>pan ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''iš-pa-ti'') [Schaudig 2001, 424: III 23, 439]. On the early history of Anunit see [Gelb 1987: 130-132]. [Gelb 1987, 130-132; Roberts 1972, 147; Selz 2000, 34-35, note 81; Tallqvist 1938, 255].

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	Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest texts in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).		Exactly when Anunitu acquired astral significance is unknown. The earliest texts in which Anunitu is mentioned as a constellation is Astrolabe B (Horowitz 2014, 115).

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš\|KUN<sup>meš</sup>]], III 2.		Anunitu as a deity originally had no attributes of water. However, in the astronomical texts she is closely connected with water. In the 1st millennium BCE her symbol in the sky was considered to be a fish. In the only lexical text where we meet the name Anunitu, it corresponds to mul.nu.nu "fish" in the column of Sumerian (?!) names. For Seleucid depictions of fish in various combinations and especially of the astral pair "fish (=Anunitu) and bird (= flying fish or Swallow)" on the seals from Uruk see [AUWE 19, 128-12]. [AUWE 19, 128-129, 156; Kurtik 2007, Figures 25-27, 44-46)]. See also the astrological prediction in which two fish are mentioned when describing Mercury's position in the constellation Tails, (Kurtik k27) [[KUNmeš\|KUN<sup>meš</sup>]], III 2.

	==== ~~VI.~~ Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====
	(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>Idigna ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup>] "[If the Moon] eclipses within Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [ABCD 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ...EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' ''A-ga-de''<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>3</sub> EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA<sup>ki</sup> KUR.˹DILMUN˺<sup>ki</sup> "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [NSAM 2, Table IIa:7′].		(1) Eclipse of the Moon in Anunitu; [DIŠ 30 ''ina''] KI <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum a-d''[''ir'' EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>Idigna ''u'' EŠ.BAR A.GA.DE<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup>] "[If the Moon] eclipses within Anunitu: decision for the Tigris River and for Akkad" [ABCD 219, BM 38164:4]; for a parallel see. [Weidner 1963, 118, MNB 1849 Rs. 50; Steele 2015, 209; Kurtik 2010]; apodosis variant: ...EŠ.BAR <sup>íd</sup>IDIGNA ''u'' ''A-ga-de''<sub>3</sub><sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>3</sub> EŠ.BAR A.AB.BA<sup>ki</sup> KUR.˹DILMUN˺<sup>ki</sup> "...: decision for the Tigris River and Akkad and decision for the sea country and Dilmun" [NSAM 2, Table IIa:7′].

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	\|'''Three Stars Each ("Astrolabes”)'''		\|'''Three Stars Each ("Astrolabes”)'''
	* Astrolabe P. Month ~~Ayaru~~, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].		* Astrolabe P. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil, 55 [Pinches 1900, 573].
	* Astrolabe B:		* Astrolabe B:
	** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''<sub>2</sub> igi-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''		** (1) List (12´3): mul ''ša''<sub>2</sub> igi-''it'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' zi im.[ULU.lu gub] / mul.bi <sup>d</sup>''A-nu-ni''-[''tum''] "The star that [stands] in front of Enlil (= <sup>mul</sup>apin "Plow") at the rising of the [south] wind, / this star is Anunitu" (B iii 4-5). '''??changed according to Horowitz 2014!! ??'''
	** (2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>gu<sub>4</sub> ... <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''lil''<sub>2</sub>] "Month ~~Ayaru~~: ... Anunitu, (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 2).		** (2) List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>gu<sub>4</sub> ... <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tum šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''lil''<sub>2</sub>] "Month Ayyaru: ... Anunitu, (of the stars) of Enlil" (C iii 2).
	** (3) List (rise-set=6months): ~~rise–Ayaru~~, set– ~~Arahsamnu~~ [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].		** (3) List (rise-set=6months): rise–Month Ayyaru, set– Month Araḫsamnu [KAV 218, C 15, 28 '''??where is C 15, 28 in Horowitz 2014???'''; Horowitz 2014, 39 col. iii 4-5, 40-41 '''??cannot find 40-41 in Horowitz 2014, 39??''']; see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
	* BM 82923. Month ~~Ayaru~~, stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].		* BM 82923. Month Ayyaru, stars of Enlil: [<sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu'']''m'' // 45 // <sup>d</sup>INNIN ''be-let mat nu-kur''<sub>2</sub>-''tim'' <sup>d</sup>''I''<sub>2</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub>-''gi''<sub>3</sub> "Anunītu // 45 // Ištar, mistress of the hostile country, Igigi" [Walker and Hunger 1977, 30:6].
	* BM 34713. <sup>múl</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>2</sub> (twice!):		* BM 34713. <sup>múl</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>2</sub> (twice!):
	** a) Month of Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];		** a) Month Simanu, stars of Enlil, see (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]];
	** b) Month ~~of Arahsamnu~~, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7\|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].		** b) Month Araḫsamnu, stars of Anu, see (Kurtik u19) [[UR.GI7\|UR.GI<sub>7</sub>]] [LBAT, 1499: 3, 8].
	* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.		* The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.
	** a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [<sup>mul</sup>''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].		** a) A list of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): [<sup>mul</sup>''A-nu'']-''ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> [CT 33, 9 r. 9; Horowitz 1998, 176].
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	\|'''EAE'''.		\|'''EAE'''.
	See. [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].		See [Rochberg and Halton 1988, 219, BM 38164:4; Verderame 2002, 246; SpTU III, 101:35].
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	\|'''Text Nv. 10.'''		\|'''Text Nv. 10.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month of Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].		* <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> is the star AN.TA.GUB.BA in the month Simanu, see (Kurtik sh17) [[ŠU.PA]].
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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> "The star that stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018].		* (1) The stars of Anu (no. 3): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR <sup>mul</sup>AŠ.IKU GUB-''zu'' ''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> "The star that stands behind the Field: Anunītu" (I i 42); parallel in MLC 1866 i 6 [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 35].
	* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 25 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).		* (2) Dates of heliacal rising: ina <sup>iti</sup>ZIZ<sub>2</sub> UD 25 KAM <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub> "On the 25th of Šabaṭu, Anunītu becomes visible" (I iii 11).
	* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).		* (3) Simultaneous daily risings and settings: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-''ma'' <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi'' "Ninmaḫ rises and Anunītu sets" (I iii 22).
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	\|'''"Reports."'''		\|'''"Reports."'''
	See. [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].		See [SAA 8, 355 r. 3, 357:5, 538:5].
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	* §D.		* §D.
	** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]		** [Walker 1995, 29; ASM, 105]
	*** [mul] ˹gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' [mul ...-''ḫu''<sup>?</sup>-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> z]ag AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u<sub>3</sub>]		*** [mul] ˹gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ...-''ḫu''<sup>?</sup>-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> z]ag AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.meš ˹sag˺.d[u<sub>3</sub>]
	*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars. a triangle.";		*** "Left [star]. New [da]mage. A star with great brilliance of Anuni[tu] (γ Peg) ... ri]ght of the Field (α Peg). 3 stars, a triangle.";
	** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],		** According to [Koch 1995, 44, 57],
	*** [mul] ˹gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> = ~~[mul] ˹gub<sub>3</sub>˺~~ [''ša''<sub>2</sub> zag AŠ-''iku''] "The left star of the right side of the Field,"		*** [mul] ˹gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [''ḫe'']-''pi''<sub>2</sub> ''eš-šu''<sub>2</sub> (= [''ša''<sub>2</sub> zag AŠ-''iku'']) "The left star of the right side of the Field,"
	*** [<sup>mul</sup>~~.u<sub>2</sub>~~ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ~~z]ag AŠ~~-''~~iku~~'' ~~= [~~mul ''a-ḫu''~~<sub>2</sub>~~-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "side star on the right side of the Field."		*** <sup>mul</sup>dil-bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''A-nu-ni-t''[''i'' mul ''a-ḫu''?-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> z]ag AŠ-''iku'' "the first star of Anunitu (and) the side star of the right side of the Field."
	* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great ~~luster~~ of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E\|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E]].		* §E. mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ˹''a''˺-[''nu-ni-ti''] "star with great brilliance of Anu[nitu]" (γ Peg), see (Kurtik k05) [[KA.MUŠ.I3.KU2.E\|KA.MUŠ.I<sub>3</sub>.KU<sub>2</sub>.E]].
	* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].		* §F. mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-t''[''i''], mul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''a-nu-ni-ti maḫ-r''[''u''], see (Kurtik sh02) [[ŠAḪ]].
	* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A\|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].		* §J. m[ul dil.bat ''ša''<sub>2</sub>] ˹''a''˺-''nu-ni-ti'', see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A\|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].