Apdu - Revision history

YoulaAzkarrula at 23:22, 15 May 2026

2026-05-15T23:22:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:22, 15 May 2026
Line 94:		Line 94:


	[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]][[Category:~~Egypt~~]]		[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egyptian]]
	[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]		[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
	[[Category:Tri]][[Category:Per]]		[[Category:Tri]][[Category:Per]]

YoulaAzkarrula at 23:21, 15 May 2026

2026-05-15T23:21:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:21, 15 May 2026
Line 94:		Line 94:


	[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:~~Egyptian~~]]		[[Category:Africa]] [[Category:North Africa]][[Category:Egypt]]
	[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]		[[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
	[[Category:Tri]][[Category:Per]]		[[Category:Tri]][[Category:Per]]

JuanBelmonte at 19:11, 2 April 2026

2026-04-02T19:11:20Z

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ==Concordance, Etymology, History==
 === Origin of Constellation ===
 The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star clocks (RSC) are astronomical devices developed in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars.  These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.
@@ Line 46: / Line 56: @@
 |}
 Being imaginative and avoiding interference with the stars in the Ramesside tables, which were probably the brightest in the constellation, we may even suggest for γ Tri a name of something certainly located in the head of Apdu, for example the Eye (the peak is already another hour-star).
 ==== Identifications ====

IanRidpath: Copyedit

2026-02-17T19:13:55Z

Copyedit

Sushoff at 13:57, 20 January 2026

2026-01-20T13:57:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 20 January 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
			Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|thumb\|Detail of RSC in tomb of Ramses IX with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]		[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|thumb\|Detail of RSC in tomb of Ramses IX with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]
	[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]		[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]

Sushoff: /* Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

2025-11-17T16:56:02Z

Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 17 November 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|thumb\|Detail of RSC with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]		[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|thumb\|Detail of RSC in tomb of Ramses IX with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]
	[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]		[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
	Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.		Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.
Line 66:		Line 66:
	File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg\|schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.		File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg\|schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.
	File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg\|explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier		File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg\|explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
	File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg~~\|thumb~~\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)		File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)
	File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif		File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|Tomb of Ramses IX with a RSC, detail photograph by J. Belmonte.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Sushoff at 16:53, 17 November 2025

2025-11-17T16:53:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 17 November 2025
Line 5:		Line 5:
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	=== Origin of Constellation ===		=== Origin of Constellation ===
	[[File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg\|thumb\|schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.]]
	The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star clocks (RSC) are astronomical devices developed in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.		The constellation is mentioned in the Ramesside Star Clocks and identified by right ascension. Ramesside Star clocks (RSC) are astronomical devices developed in ancient Egypt to measure time by the, most likely, meridian or close to meridian transit of stars. These hour stars were single stars in a few cases or belong to constellations, some of them very large, of Egyptian sky maps.

Line 65:		Line 64:
	There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focussed on the so-called decan-constellation (further south). <gallery>		There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focussed on the so-called decan-constellation (further south). <gallery>
	File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg\|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).		File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg\|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).
			File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg\|schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.
	File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg\|explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier		File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg\|explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
	File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|thumb\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)		File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|thumb\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)

Sushoff at 16:52, 17 November 2025

2025-11-17T16:52:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 17 November 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif]]		[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|thumb\|Detail of RSC with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]
	[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]		[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
	Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.		Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.

Sushoff at 16:51, 17 November 2025

2025-11-17T16:51:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:51, 17 November 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:~~The tomb of Seti I 6~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)~~]]		[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif]]
	[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]		[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
	Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.		Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.
Line 63:		Line 63:

	=== Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===		=== Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
	There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focussed on the so-called decan-constellation (further south).		There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focussed on the so-called decan-constellation (further south). <gallery>
			File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg\|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).
			File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg\|explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
			File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|thumb\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)
			File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif
			</gallery>

	== Religion/ Mythology ==		== Religion/ Mythology ==
	mnemonic tales and cultural significance		mnemonic tales and cultural significance

Sushoff at 16:51, 16 November 2025

2025-11-16T16:51:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:51, 16 November 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|thumb\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)]]		[[File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|thumb\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)]]
			[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
	Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.		Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hierglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.

Line 68:		Line 69:

	== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==		== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
			[[File:Apdu stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN (1).jpg\|thumb\|Apdu stickfigure (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN)]]
	Alpha and Beta Trianguli are already named but Gamma is not. Apdu is the name of a constellation so it is not appropriate for a single star. Considering RA, γ Tri could have served as an hour-star as well as β Tri (similar RA) and possibly formed part of the head of the Bird "Tep en Apdu" which could be a good name for it but this can cause confusion with β Tri. Hence, Irt-nt-apd(w) or "Iret net Apdu", the Eye of the Bird, would describe the position of γ Tri. Irtentapdu (for the eye of the bird, γ Tri) was proposed as a star name in 2023/5 in WGSN. Egyptian language does not spell all letters; in Irt-nt-Apd(w) some vowels can be added for easier pronounciation.		Alpha and Beta Trianguli are already named but Gamma is not. Apdu is the name of a constellation so it is not appropriate for a single star. Considering RA, γ Tri could have served as an hour-star as well as β Tri (similar RA) and possibly formed part of the head of the Bird "Tep en Apdu" which could be a good name for it but this can cause confusion with β Tri. Hence, Irt-nt-apd(w) or "Iret net Apdu", the Eye of the Bird, would describe the position of γ Tri. Irtentapdu (for the eye of the bird, γ Tri) was proposed as a star name in 2023/5 in WGSN. Egyptian language does not spell all letters; in Irt-nt-Apd(w) some vowels can be added for easier pronounciation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:13, 17 February 2026
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|thumb\|Detail of RSC in tomb of Ramses IX with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]		[[File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|thumb\|Detail of RSC in tomb of Ramses IX with Apdu (CC BY Juan Belmonte).]]
	[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]		[[File:Apdu profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|Apdu profile card (CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU-WGSN).]]
	Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in ~~hierglyphs~~, and it is probably not any specific one.		Apd(w), ''ȝpd'', The Bird, is an ancient Egyptian constellation. There are at least 21 spelling variants<ref>Bojowald, Stefan (2024). Überlegungen zu den Schreibungen des ägyptischen Wortes ȝpd „Vogel“, Équipe Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne: [http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2024/16/Bojowald_ENiM17_p267-272.swf.pdf PDF]</ref> throughout the millennia in hieroglyphs, and it is probably not any specific one.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
Line 11:		Line 11:
	There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.		There has been two dedicated approaches including an attempt to identify these hour stars: Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0">Leitz, Ch., 1995. Altägyptische Sternuhren. OLA, 62. Leuven: Peeters.</ref> and Belmonte (2003)<ref name=":1">Belmonte, J. A., 2003. The Ramesside star clocks and the ancient Egyptian constellations. In M. Blomberg, P. E. Blomberg and G. Henriksson (Eds.), ''Calendars, Symbols, and Orientations: Legacies of Astronomy in Culture'' (pp. 57–65). ''Uppsala Astronomical Observatory report'', 59. Uppsala Ocarina Books.</ref>. Pioneers Neugebauer and Parker (1969)<ref>Neugebauer, O. and Parker, R. A., 1969. ''Egyptian Astronomical Texts'', vol. III. Providence: Brown University.</ref> thought this was a worthless exercise.

	Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for ~~varios motives~~. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>). The constellation Bird could be the one represented in the northern sector of several celestial diagrams.		Leitz (1995)<ref name=":0" /> followed N&P hypothesis of stars transiting close to the southern horizon and reached a solution which for Belmonte (2003) was not satisfactory for various reasons. These are amply discussed in Lull and Belmonte (2006 & 2009)<ref name=":2">Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>. This new hypothesis suggests that several RSC constellations were located in the northern skies such as the Giant (Nekht), the She-Hippo (Reret), the Mooring Post (Menyt) and the Bird (Apdu), among others of lesser entity (see also Davies, 1985<ref>Davis, V. L., 1985. Identifying Ancient Egyptian Constellations. ''Journal of the History of Astronomy'', ''16'', 102–104.</ref>). The constellation Bird could be the one represented in the northern sector of several celestial diagrams.

	Belmonte first defended his ideas at SEAC2001 in Stockholm (Belmonte, 2003)<ref name=":1" /> that were later used for posterior works such as Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>.		Belmonte first defended his ideas at SEAC2001 in Stockholm (Belmonte, 2003)<ref name=":1" /> that were later used for posterior works such as Belmonte and Lull (2023)<ref>Belmonte, J.A. andd Lull, J., 2023. Astronomy in ancient Egypt: a cultural perspective. Cham: Springer. </ref>.
Line 64:		Line 64:

	=== Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===		=== Sources, Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
	There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works ~~focussed~~ on the so-called decan-constellation (further south). <gallery>		There is no identification of this constellation in Neugebauer and Parker, or in Leitz (1995), as their works focused on the so-called decan-constellation (further south). <gallery>
	File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg\|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).		File:Tumba de Ramsés V y de Ramsés VI, Valle de las Reyes, Luxor, Egipto, 2022-04-03, DD 69.jpg\|Tombs of Ramses V and VI (Diego Delso).
	File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg\|~~schema~~ of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.		File:Lepsius-228-III-ramsèsVI-détail.jpg\|Schema of a Ramesside Star Clock (Fonctionnement d'une horloge ramesside.) from Karl Richard Lepsius - Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien: Nach den Zeichnungen der von Seiner Majestät dem Könige von Preussen Friedrich Wilhelm IV nach diesen Ländern gesendeten und in den Jahren 1842-1845 ausgeführten wissenschaftlichen Expedition.
	File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg\|~~explanation~~ of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier		File:Culmination-horloge-ramesside.jpg\|Explanation of Ramesside Star Clock by Frank Monnier
	File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)		File:The tomb of Seti I 6.jpg\|Tomb of Sethy I - front (CC BY Leon Petrosyan)
	File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|Tomb of Ramses IX with a RSC, detail photograph by J. Belmonte.		File:Ramses IX - fig6.gif\|Tomb of Ramses IX with a RSC, detail photograph by J. Belmonte.