Auriga - Revision history

Sushoff: /* Eratosthenes */

2026-08-26T14:51:50Z

Eratosthenes

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 26 August 2026
Line 64:		Line 64:
	Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 41-44)<blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Ἡνιὁχου):''' According to the story, this was the first man Zeus saw harnessing horses to a chariot: Erichthonius, son of Hephaestus and Earth. Zeus was impressed by the fact that Erichthonius drove a chariot of white horses which he had yoked, imitating Helios; and that he was the first to lead a procession on the Acropolis in honour of Athena and to build her a sanctuary <…>. Euripides also speaks of the manner in which Erichthonius was born.</blockquote><blockquote>Others say that he was Myrtilos, son of Hermes, the charioteer of Oenomaus.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Ἡνιὁχου):''' It is said that he was the first man Zeus saw harnessing horses to a chariot: Erichthonius, son of Hephaestus and Earth. Zeus was impressed by the fact that Erichthonius drove white horses in tandem, which he had yoked together, imitating Helios; that he was the first to lead a procession on the Acropolis in honour of Athena; and that he lent all his splendour and solemnity to the sacrificial ceremony dedicated to her <…> </blockquote><blockquote>Here, according to Euripides, is how Erichthonius came into being: Hephaestus, who was in love with Athena, sought to unite with her; but she rejected him, because she preferred to remain a virgin, and went to hide in a place in Attica, which was, it is said, called ‘Hephaesteion’ after the god’s name. Whilst he was standing before her and imagining that he was about to possess her, he was struck by the goddess with a spear, which aroused his desire, and his semen fell to the ground. It is said that a child was born from this semen, who was therefore named “Erichthonius”. Once he had grown up, he invented the chariot, and his performances in the races aroused admiration. He took great care in organising the Panathenaea, with, at his side, a [charioteer] passenger equipped with a shield and a helmet with three plumes on his head. And it was on the model of this “passenger” (parabates) that the figure known as “the Chariot Jumper” (apobates) was introduced.		Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 41-44)<blockquote></blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Ἡνιὁχου):''' According to the story, this was the first man Zeus saw harnessing horses to a chariot: Erichthonius, son of Hephaestus and Earth. Zeus was impressed by the fact that Erichthonius drove a chariot of white horses which he had yoked, imitating Helios; and that he was the first to lead a procession on the Acropolis in honour of Athena and to build her a sanctuary <…>. Euripides also speaks of the manner in which Erichthonius was born.</blockquote><blockquote>Others say that he was Myrtilos, son of Hermes, the charioteer of Oenomaus.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Ἡνιὁχου):''' It is said that he was the first man Zeus saw harnessing horses to a chariot: Erichthonius, son of Hephaestus and Earth. Zeus was impressed by the fact that Erichthonius drove white horses in tandem, which he had yoked together, imitating Helios; that he was the first to lead a procession on the Acropolis in honour of Athena; and that he lent all his splendour and solemnity to the sacrificial ceremony dedicated to her <…> </blockquote><blockquote>Here, according to Euripides, is how Erichthonius came into being: Hephaestus, who was in love with Athena, sought to unite with her; but she rejected him, because she preferred to remain a virgin, and went to hide in a place in Attica, which was, it is said, called ‘Hephaesteion’ after the god’s name. Whilst he was standing before her and imagining that he was about to possess her, he was struck by the goddess with a spear, which aroused his desire, and his semen fell to the ground. It is said that a child was born from this semen, who was therefore named “Erichthonius”. Once he had grown up, he invented the chariot, and his performances in the races aroused admiration. He took great care in organising the Panathenaea, with, at his side, a [charioteer] passenger equipped with a shield and a helmet with three plumes on his head. And it was on the model of this “passenger” (parabates) that the figure known as “the Chariot Jumper” (apobates) was introduced.

	In this constellation, the '''Goat and the Kids''' are depicted. The Museum relates, in fact, that Zeus, at his birth, was entrusted by Rhea to the care of Themis; that she gave the newborn to Amalthea; that the latter entrusted him to a goat she owned; and that this goat was Zeus’s nurse. </blockquote><blockquote>'''This goat''' was a daughter of Helios and of such a dreadful appearance that the gods in the time of Cronus, horrified by the little one’s appearance, had asked Earth to hide her in one of the caves of Crete. Earth therefore hid her from view and entrusted her to Amalthea, who nourished Zeus with the milk of this goat. When the child reached manhood and prepared to wage war against the Titans, an oracle advised Zeus, who had no weapons, to use the goat’s skin as a weapon, because of its invulnerable and terrifying nature, and because it bore the face of the Gorgon in the middle of its back. Zeus followed the oracle’s advice, and thanks to this stratagem appeared twice as strong. He covered the goat’s bones with another skin, breathed life into it and made it immortal. It is said that <…> as a celestial body.</blockquote><blockquote>Others say that this refers to Myrtilos, son of Hermes, the charioteer of Oenomaus. The Charioteer has one star on his head, one on each shoulder (the left one, called ‘the Goat’, is bright), one on each elbow, one on his right hand, and two on his left hand, called ‘the Kids’. Eight in all.</blockquote>		In this constellation, the '''Goat and the Kids''' are depicted. The Museum relates, in fact, that Zeus, at his birth, was entrusted by Rhea to the care of Themis; that she gave the newborn to Amalthea; that the latter entrusted him to a goat she owned; and that this goat was Zeus’s nurse. </blockquote><blockquote>'''This goat''' was a daughter of Helios and of such a dreadful appearance that the gods in the time of Cronus, horrified by the little one’s appearance, had asked Earth to hide her in one of the caves of Crete. Earth therefore hid her from view and entrusted her to Amalthea, who nourished Zeus with the milk of this goat. When the child reached manhood and prepared to wage war against the Titans, an oracle advised Zeus, who had no weapons, to use the goat’s skin as a weapon, because of its invulnerable and terrifying nature, and because it bore the face of the Gorgon in the middle of its back. Zeus followed the oracle’s advice, and thanks to this stratagem appeared twice as strong. He covered the goat’s bones with another skin, breathed life into it and made it immortal. It is said that <…> as a celestial body.</blockquote><blockquote>Others say that this refers to Myrtilos, son of Hermes, the charioteer of Oenomaus. The Charioteer has one star on his head, one on each shoulder (the left one, called ‘the Goat’, is bright), one on each elbow, one on his right hand, and two on his left hand, called ‘the Kids’. Eight in all.</blockquote>'''Eratosthenes's star catalogue''' can be reconstructed from the list of stars he mentions in the last section of each of the constelllation descriptions. Hoffmann (2017)<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M., <nowiki><i>Hipparchs Himmelsglobus</i></nowiki>. Springer Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8.</ref> made such a catalogue and used it for computational comparison with Hipparchus's, Ptolemy's and Babylonian data; it is based on the edition and translation by Pamias and Geus (2007)<ref>Eratosthenes: Sternsagen, übersetzt von Pamìas, Jordi und Geus, Klaus, Verlag Utopica, Oberhaid 2007</ref> and presented here in English translation.

	{\|class="wikitable"		{\|class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+

Sushoff: /* Stars Mentioned */

2026-08-26T13:03:23Z

Stars Mentioned

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 26 August 2026
Line 204:		Line 204:
	\|}		\|}

	====== ~~Stars Mentioned~~ ======		====== Hipparchus's "lost" star Catalogue ======
	{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		The star catalogue of Hipparchus is not preserved. Yet, several scholars have reconstructed it in the past century: Vogt (1925)<ref>Vogt, H., “Versuch einer Wiederherstellung von Hipparchs Fixsternver zeichnis”, <nowiki><i>Astronomische Nachrichten</i></nowiki>, vol. 224, no. 2, Wiley, p. 17, 1925. doi:10.1002/asna.19252240202.</ref>, Grasshoff (1990)<ref>Graßhoff, G., <nowiki><i>The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue</i></nowiki>, Springer, New York, 1990 </ref>, Hoffmann (2017)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M., <nowiki><i>Hipparchs Himmelsglobus</i></nowiki>. Springer Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8.</ref> and Glover (2026)<ref>Glover, E. (2026). ''The Astronomy of Hipparchus'', Cambridge University Press</ref>. Grasshoff's catalogue and computations are not published digitally, Hoffmann published three versions of the Manitius+Hoffmann<ref>Hipparchus's Lost Star Catalogue (1/2 reconstructed) (Hoffmann, 2017) in VizieR</ref> star lists in the CDS [https://vizier.unistra.fr/ VizieR] "catalog of catalogs", and Glover printed the star lists constellationwise in his book.
	!		{\|class="wikitable"
	!~~Greek~~		\|+ Hipparchus's star in Aquarius (Glover 2026)
	!~~German~~
	!~~English~~		!hipp.Cat.ID
	!ident.		!constStarID
	!~~src~~		!starName
	!		!ident.Bayer
	!~~lam_culm~~		!ident.HIP
			!concordance
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|79
	\|		\|1
	\|		\|
	\|		\|α Aur
	\|		\|24608
	\|~~Lib II Cap V §10~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|rising, east, first~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|80
	\|		\|2
	\|		\|
	\|		\|β Aur
	\|		\|28360
	\|~~Lib II Cap V §10~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|rising, east, last~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|81
	\|		\|3
	\|		\|
	\|		\|δ Aur
	\|		\|28358
	\|~~Lib II Cap VI §2~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|setting CrB, south, last~~
	~~\|Psc 13.5~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|82
	\|		\|4
	\|		\|
	\|		\|ε Aur
	\|		\|23416
	\|~~Lib II Cap VI §13~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|setting Aql, south, first~~
	~~\|Ari 2~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|83
	\|		\|5
	\|		\|
	\|		\|ζ Aur
	\|		\|23453
	\|~~Lib III Cap I §9~~		\|CPAE
	\|~~rising Ori, south, last~~		\|-
	\|~~Psc 13~~		\|84
			\|6
			\|
			\|η Aur
			\|23767
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|85
			\|7
			\|
			\|θ Aur
			\|28380
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|86
			\|8
			\|
			\|ι Aur
			\|23015
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|87
			\|9
			\|
			\|λ Aur
			\|24813
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|88
			\|10
			\|
			\|ξ Aur
			\|27949
			\|CPAE
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff: /* Eratosthenes */

2026-08-24T11:06:11Z

Eratosthenes

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:06, 24 August 2026
Line 65:		Line 65:

	In this constellation, the '''Goat and the Kids''' are depicted. The Museum relates, in fact, that Zeus, at his birth, was entrusted by Rhea to the care of Themis; that she gave the newborn to Amalthea; that the latter entrusted him to a goat she owned; and that this goat was Zeus’s nurse. </blockquote><blockquote>'''This goat''' was a daughter of Helios and of such a dreadful appearance that the gods in the time of Cronus, horrified by the little one’s appearance, had asked Earth to hide her in one of the caves of Crete. Earth therefore hid her from view and entrusted her to Amalthea, who nourished Zeus with the milk of this goat. When the child reached manhood and prepared to wage war against the Titans, an oracle advised Zeus, who had no weapons, to use the goat’s skin as a weapon, because of its invulnerable and terrifying nature, and because it bore the face of the Gorgon in the middle of its back. Zeus followed the oracle’s advice, and thanks to this stratagem appeared twice as strong. He covered the goat’s bones with another skin, breathed life into it and made it immortal. It is said that <…> as a celestial body.</blockquote><blockquote>Others say that this refers to Myrtilos, son of Hermes, the charioteer of Oenomaus. The Charioteer has one star on his head, one on each shoulder (the left one, called ‘the Goat’, is bright), one on each elbow, one on his right hand, and two on his left hand, called ‘the Kids’. Eight in all.</blockquote>		In this constellation, the '''Goat and the Kids''' are depicted. The Museum relates, in fact, that Zeus, at his birth, was entrusted by Rhea to the care of Themis; that she gave the newborn to Amalthea; that the latter entrusted him to a goat she owned; and that this goat was Zeus’s nurse. </blockquote><blockquote>'''This goat''' was a daughter of Helios and of such a dreadful appearance that the gods in the time of Cronus, horrified by the little one’s appearance, had asked Earth to hide her in one of the caves of Crete. Earth therefore hid her from view and entrusted her to Amalthea, who nourished Zeus with the milk of this goat. When the child reached manhood and prepared to wage war against the Titans, an oracle advised Zeus, who had no weapons, to use the goat’s skin as a weapon, because of its invulnerable and terrifying nature, and because it bore the face of the Gorgon in the middle of its back. Zeus followed the oracle’s advice, and thanks to this stratagem appeared twice as strong. He covered the goat’s bones with another skin, breathed life into it and made it immortal. It is said that <…> as a celestial body.</blockquote><blockquote>Others say that this refers to Myrtilos, son of Hermes, the charioteer of Oenomaus. The Charioteer has one star on his head, one on each shoulder (the left one, called ‘the Goat’, is bright), one on each elbow, one on his right hand, and two on his left hand, called ‘the Kids’. Eight in all.</blockquote>

			{\|class="wikitable"
			\|+
			!erat.Cat.ID
			!constStarID
			!starName
			!ident.Bayer
			!ident.HIP
			!certainty
			\|-
			\|205
			\|1
			\|one star on the head
			\|delta Aur
			\|28358
			\|1
			\|-
			\|206
			\|2
			\|one on each shoulder [right]
			\|beta Aur
			\|28360
			\|1
			\|-
			\|207
			\|3
			\|one on each shoulder; the bright one, called the Goat, on the left
			\|alpha Aur
			\|24608
			\|1
			\|-
			\|208
			\|4
			\|one on each elbow [left]
			\|eps Aur
			\|23416
			\|1
			\|-
			\|209
			\|5
			\|one on each elbow [right]
			\|nu Aur
			\|27673
			\|1
			\|-
			\|210
			\|6
			\|one on the right hand
			\|theta Aur
			\|28380
			\|1
			\|-
			\|211
			\|7
			\|two on the left [hand], called the Kids
			\|eta Aur
			\|23767
			\|1
			\|-
			\|212
			\|8
			\|two on the left [hand], called the Kids
			\|zeta Aur
			\|23453
			\|1
			\|}

	===== Hipparchus =====		===== Hipparchus =====

Sushoff at 07:31, 29 July 2026

2026-07-29T07:31:47Z

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ----
 [[File:Auriga (aur).tif|alt=star chart|thumb|Auriga star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
 One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The three ancient globes (Farnese, Mainz, Kugel) depict completely different versions of this person: the Kugel Globe is the only one showing him in a chariot; in all other depictions he is drawn as shepherd carrying a goat or goatlets. Hoffmann (2022)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Multiple Greek Sky Cultures., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 491-523</ref> suggested to interpret this variety as an attempt to depict different stories/ legends. This could, of course, also be due to different cultures of origin of the makers.

IanRidpath: Inserted missing ID numbers

2026-07-24T17:30:08Z

Inserted missing ID numbers

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:30, 24 July 2026
Line 234:		Line 234:
	\|tet Aur		\|tet Aur
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|7
	\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀγκῶνος.		\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀγκῶνος.
	\|The star on the left elbow		\|The star on the left elbow
	\|eps Aur		\|eps Aur
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|8
	\|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ καρποῦ β καλουμένων Ἑρίφων ὁ ἐπόμενος		\|τῶν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ καρποῦ β καλουμένων Ἑρίφων ὁ ἐπόμενος
	\|The rearmost of the two stars on the left wrist, which are called 'Haedi'		\|The rearmost of the two stars on the left wrist, which are called 'Haedi'
	\|eta Aur		\|eta Aur
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|9
	\|ὁ προηγούμενος αὐτῶν.		\|ὁ προηγούμενος αὐτῶν.
	\|The more advanced of these		\|The more advanced of these
	\|zet Aur		\|zet Aur
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|10
	\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ.		\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ σφυροῦ.
	\|The star on the left ankle		\|The star on the left ankle
	\|iot Aur		\|iot Aur
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|11
	\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ κοινὸς κέρατος.		\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ σφυροῦ κοινὸς κέρατος.
	\|The star on the right ankle, which is [applied in] common to the horn [of Taurus]		\|The star on the right ankle, which is [applied in] common to the horn [of Taurus]
	\|bet Tau		\|bet Tau
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|12
	\|ὁ τούτου ἀπ’ ἄρκτων ἐν τῷ περιποδύῳ.		\|ὁ τούτου ἀπ’ ἄρκτων ἐν τῷ περιποδύῳ.
	\|The one to the north of the latter, in the lower hem [of the garment]		\|The one to the north of the latter, in the lower hem [of the garment]
	\|chi Aur		\|chi Aur
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|13
	\|ὁ ἔτι τούτου βορειότερος ἐπὶ τοῦ γλουτοῦ.		\|ὁ ἔτι τούτου βορειότερος ἐπὶ τοῦ γλουτοῦ.
	\|The one north again of this, on the buttock		\|The one north again of this, on the buttock
	\|phi Aur		\|phi Aur
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|14
	\|ὁ ὑπὲρ τὸν ἀριστερὸν πόδα μικρός		\|ὁ ὑπὲρ τὸν ἀριστερὸν πόδα μικρός
	\|The small star over the left foot		\|The small star over the left foot

IanRidpath: No space after M in Messier numbers

2026-07-24T12:12:22Z

No space after M in Messier numbers

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:12, 24 July 2026
Line 518:		Line 518:
	\|-		\|-
	\|38		\|38
	\|~~M 36~~		\|M36
	\|~~M 36~~		\|M36
	\|Inside the hull		\|Inside the hull
	\|6		\|6
Line 620:		Line 620:
	\|-		\|-
	\|55		\|55
	\|~~M 38~~		\|M38
	\|~~M 38~~		\|M38
	\|Inside the hull		\|Inside the hull
	\|6.4		\|6.4

IanRidpath: Copy edit

2026-07-22T21:50:47Z

Copy edit

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 22 July 2026
Line 701:		Line 701:
	==== Rudolphine Tables (1627) ====		==== Rudolphine Tables (1627) ====
	[[File:Aur RudolphTab.png\|thumb\|Aur in Rudolphine Tables (Kepler 1627).]]		[[File:Aur RudolphTab.png\|thumb\|Aur in Rudolphine Tables (Kepler 1627).]]
	~~TheTabulae~~ Rudolphinae were ordered and dedicated to Emperor Rudolph II of the Holy Roman Empire. The main purpose was to allow the computation of the positions of the ~~then known~~ five classically known planets, but the tables also consist of a star catalogue. They were published by Johannes Kepler (1627), including earlier work and observational data by Tycho Brahe. The original Latin title is "Tabulæ Rudolphinæ, Quibus Astronomicæ Scientiæ, Temporum longinquitate collapsæ Restauratio continetur".		The Tabulae Rudolphinae were ordered and dedicated to Emperor Rudolph II of the Holy Roman Empire. The main purpose was to allow the computation of the positions of the five classically known planets, but the tables also consist of a star catalogue. They were published by Johannes Kepler (1627), including earlier work and observational data by Tycho Brahe. The original Latin title is "Tabulæ Rudolphinæ, Quibus Astronomicæ Scientiæ, Temporum longinquitate collapsæ Restauratio continetur".

	Kepler gives even three name variants of the constellation: '''Auriga''' (Latin), '''Heniochus''' (Greek), and '''Ericthonius''' (a mythological interpretation).		Kepler gives even three name variants of the constellation: '''Auriga''' (Latin), '''Heniochus''' (Greek), and '''Ericthonius''' (a mythological interpretation).

IanRidpath: /* Weblinks */

2026-07-21T23:29:19Z

Weblinks

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:29, 21 July 2026
Line 730:		Line 730:

	* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017050 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Auriga]		* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017050 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Auriga]
			* Ian Ridpath's ''Star Tales'' [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/auriga.html – Auriga]

	== References ==		== References ==

Sushoff: /* Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

2026-06-20T10:52:09Z

Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation

@@ Line 685: / Line 685: @@
 |6.5
 |}
 === Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
@@ Line 690: / Line 709: @@
 File:Aur Duerer1515 hi.jpg|Auriga labelled "Erichthonius" in Dürer (1515).
 File:Auriga - Johann Bayer.jpg|Auriga in Bayer (1603), coloured
 File:Aur Fortin1795.jpg|Auriga as Erichtonius in Fortin's Atlas Céleste, 3rd edition (1795).
 File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Auriga, The Charioteer (with Hercules Telescope).jpg|Auriga in Jamieson (1822)

Sushoff: /* Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

2026-06-15T16:56:06Z

Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 15 June 2026
Line 688:		Line 688:
	=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===		=== Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation ===
	<gallery>		<gallery>
			File:Aur Duerer1515 hi.jpg\|Auriga labelled "Erichthonius" in Dürer (1515).
			File:Auriga - Johann Bayer.jpg\|Auriga in Bayer (1603), coloured
	File:Aur Fortin1795.jpg\|Auriga as Erichtonius in Fortin's Atlas Céleste, 3rd edition (1795).		File:Aur Fortin1795.jpg\|Auriga as Erichtonius in Fortin's Atlas Céleste, 3rd edition (1795).
			File:1822 - Alexander Jamieson - Auriga, The Charioteer (with Hercules Telescope).jpg\|Auriga in Jamieson (1822)
	File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-087.png\|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Auriga		File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-087.png\|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Auriga
	File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-088.png\|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Auriga		File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-088.png\|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Auriga