BALAG - Revision history

WayneHorowitz at 10:17, 10 April 2026

2026-04-10T10:17:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:17, 10 April 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’		<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’ Given that the Sumerian balag was a string instrument an identification with classical Lyra is suspected, but not provable on the basis of the single attested entry in the star-list.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Kurtik mentions [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub><sup>(?)</sup>" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]		Kurtik mentions [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub><sup>(?)</sup>" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]
	'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp). ~~Later~~ re-used ~~as a name~~ for a cultic drum.		'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp) whose appearance finds visual expression in the cuneiform sign for its name. In later periods, the name was re-used for a cultic drum.

	'''Astronomy'''. The name occurs only once in an exemplar of the Nippur 'forerunner' to Urra XXI (Horowitz 2005: 169). This appears to refer to a constellation since in the list of star names before and after it come the names of constellations. Still, the identification is unclear.		'''Astronomy'''. The name occurs only once in an exemplar of the Nippur 'forerunner' to Urra XXI (Horowitz 2005: 169). This appears to refer to a constellation since in the list of star names before and after it come the names of constellations. Still, the identification is unclear.

Sushoff at 16:18, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:18:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’		<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’

Sushoff at 14:38, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:38:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’		<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’

JanSafford at 16:03, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T16:03:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 18 January 2026
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	'''Pronunciation:''' The final ‘G’ was pronounced in the original Sumerian something akin to English ‘ng’ or Spanish ‘ñ’ as in ‘señor.’		'''Pronunciation:''' The final ‘G’ was pronounced in the original Sumerian something akin to English ‘ng’ or Spanish ‘ñ’ as in ‘señor.’

	Gabbay 2019:<ref>Gabbay, U. (2019): ‘The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia’, in J.G. Westenholz ed., ''Sounds of ancient music of Ancient Mesopotamia'', [https://jewish-music.huji.ac.il/en/yuval/22869 on-line], Hebrew University, original print: see Westenholz (ed. 2007). </ref> 133 n. 7, in his discussion of the ancient Sumerian stringed 'instruments' points out that the name of the Sumerian BALAG is onomatopoetic for the sound one makes when plucking a stringed instrument such as a harp or lyre. In later times BALAG came to be a name for a drum (Gabbay 2019).		Gabbay 2019:<ref>Gabbay, U. (2019): ‘The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia’, in J.G. Westenholz ed., ''Sounds of ancient music of Ancient Mesopotamia'', [https://jewish-music.huji.ac.il/en/yuval/22869 on-line], Hebrew University, original print: see Westenholz (ed. 2007). </ref> 133 n. 7, in his discussion of the ancient Sumerian stringed 'instruments' points out that the name of the Sumerian BALAG is onomatopoetic for the sound one makes when plucking a stringed instrument such as a harp or lyre. In later times BALAG came to be a name for a drum (Gabbay 2019).

	'''An identification''' with what would later become classical Lyra remains unproven despite the fact that both Sumerian BALAG and Lyra are in the shape of string instruments: The Lyra-region is known as <sup>mul</sup>[[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>,]] 'The She-Goat' in later Sumerian and Akkadian sources. In fact, the constellation name <sup>mul</sup>[[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]] was already in use at the time of the Nippur Forerunner (Horowitz 2005: 169). This suggests that <sup>mul</sup>BALAG may have been an asterism within the larger 'The She-Goat' constellation, and so that the name <sup>mul</sup>BALAG was already falling out of use by the early second millennium BCE. Greek sources only start in the early first millennium leaving a time gap of roughly a millennium.		'''An identification''' with what would later become classical Lyra remains unproven despite the fact that both Sumerian BALAG and Lyra are in the shape of string instruments: The Lyra-region is known as <sup>mul</sup>[[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>,]] 'The She-Goat' in later Sumerian and Akkadian sources. In fact, the constellation name <sup>mul</sup>[[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]] was already in use at the time of the Nippur Forerunner (Horowitz 2005: 169). This suggests that <sup>mul</sup>BALAG may have been an asterism within the larger 'The She-Goat' constellation, and so that the name <sup>mul</sup>BALAG was already falling out of use by the early second millennium BCE. Greek sources only start in the early first millennium leaving a time gap of roughly a millennium.

JanSafford at 15:58, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T15:58:43Z

Sushoff at 07:01, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:01:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:01, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’		<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’

HermannHunger: /* Deity and symbol. */

2026-01-02T17:01:34Z

Deity and symbol.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 2 January 2026
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	==== Deity and symbol. ====		==== Deity and symbol. ====
	The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III ~~dynastic~~ and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.		The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynasty and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.
	===Historical Dictionaries===		===Historical Dictionaries===
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Sushoff at 14:46, 12 December 2025

2025-12-12T14:46:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 12 December 2025
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	<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’		<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Kurtik mentions [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub><sup>(?)</sup>" but this may not exist - maybe.		Kurtik mentions [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub><sup>(?)</sup>" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~
	[[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]
	'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp). Later re-used as a name for a cultic drum.		'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp). Later re-used as a name for a cultic drum.

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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity and symbol. ====		==== Deity and symbol. ====
	The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynastic and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.		The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynastic and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.
	===Historical Dictionaries===		===Historical Dictionaries===

Sushoff at 20:34, 3 December 2025

2025-12-03T20:34:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 3 December 2025
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	[[Category:Sumerian]]		[[Category:Sumerian]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Sco]]

InitTeam at 12:32, 1 September 2025

2025-09-01T12:32:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:32, 1 September 2025
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	<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’		<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘’The Scorpion.’

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	Kurtik mentions [G. 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub>(??)" but this may not exist - ~~may be~~		Kurtik mentions [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub><sup>(?)</sup>" but this may not exist - maybe.

	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexic. texts.'''		\|'''Lexic. texts.'''
	* Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars from Nippur: <sup>mul</sup>balag [MSL XI, 108:404].		* Unilingual Sumerian lists of stars from Nippur: <sup>mul</sup>balag [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:404].
	\|unknown		\|unknown
	\|}		\|}
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	==== II. Deity and symbol. ====		==== II. Deity and symbol. ====
	The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynastic and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II, B 75-78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.		The sacred lyre as a musical instrument has been known since the Early Dynastic period [Borovskaya 1997<ref>''Боровская Н. Ф.'' Лиры из “Царских гробниц” Ура как памятник шумерской культуры раннединастического периода // ВДИ. 1997, № 4. С. 3-13.</ref>; Stauder 1972-75]. Many Mesopotamian gods had lyres. During the Ur III dynastic and later periods, lyres played important roles during temple rituals in Nippur and other cities. The name was recorded often without the determinative d [PSD II<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref>, B 75-78; Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 100]. Which lyre served as the basis for this constellation is unknown.
	===Historical Dictionaries===		===Historical Dictionaries===
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:58, 18 January 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ~~‘’The~~ Scorpion.’		<sup>mul</sup>BALAG (𒀯𒁆) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. With unclear identification, it is not certain what type of asterism (likely a constellation) it was. It occurs only once around 1700 BCE, in the lexical list known as the Old Babylonian Nippur forerunner to Urra XXII (MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref> 108: 404, Horowitz 2005: 166) inserted between the two entries for ‘The Snake’ and ‘The Scorpion.’

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Kurtik mentions [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub><sup>(?)</sup>" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]		Kurtik mentions [Gössmann 1950,<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub><sup>(?)</sup>" but this may not exist - maybe. [[File:Vega+Antares 1250BCE.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The two bright stars Vega and Antares rising over Babylon 1250 BCE (Stellarium). Antares rises prior to Vega. This effect is stronger in the 3rd millennium. ]]
	'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp). Later re-used as a name for a cultic drum.		'''General Meaning:''' Sumerian balag, originally a string instrument used in the cult (a lyre or harp). Later re-used as a name for a cultic drum.

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	!scope="col" style="width: 46%;"\|Gössmann (1950)		!scope="col" style="width: 46%;"\|Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
	\|= «Лира (Арфа)»; в [G. 3] <sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub>(??); по-видимому, это созвездие, поскольку в списке названий звезд до и после него идут названия созвездий, отождествление неясно.		\|= «Лира (Арфа)»; в [Gössmann 1950, 3] <sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub>(??); по-видимому, это созвездие, поскольку в списке названий звезд до и после него идут названия созвездий, отождествление неясно.
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

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	Священная лира как музыкальный инструмент известна с раннединастического периода [Боровская 1997; Stauder 1972–75]. Лиры имелись у многих месопотамских богов. В эпоху III династии Ура и позднее они играли важную роль в храмовом ритуале в Ниппуре и других городах. Название фиксировалось часто без детерминатива d [PSD II, B 75–78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Какая именно лира послужила основой для данного созвездия, неизвестно.		Священная лира как музыкальный инструмент известна с раннединастического периода [Боровская 1997; Stauder 1972–75]. Лиры имелись у многих месопотамских богов. В эпоху III династии Ура и позднее они играли важную роль в храмовом ритуале в Ниппуре и других городах. Название фиксировалось часто без детерминатива d [PSD II, B 75–78; Sallaberger I, 100]. Какая именно лира послужила основой для данного созвездия, неизвестно.
	\|no entry for "BALAG"		\|no entry for "BALAG"
	Kurtik refers to Gössman's [G. 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub>(??)" which may be a misreading		Kurtik refers to Gössman's [Gössmann 1950, 3] "<sup>mul</sup>AB<sub>2</sub>.BIR<sub>3</sub>(??)" which may be a misreading
	\|}		\|}