Bašmu - Revision history

YoulaAzkarrula at 04:31, 16 May 2026

2026-05-16T04:31:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:31, 16 May 2026
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	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Akkadian]]		[[Category:Akkadian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:Hya]]		[[Category:Hya]]

HermannHunger: /* Deity. */

2026-04-09T13:35:32Z

Deity.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 9 April 2026
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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA\|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with ~~Iškara~~ (see i17) and some other deities.		Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA\|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with Išḫara (see i17) and some other deities.

	Urra XIV cites identities: muš.ušum.gal, muš.ša<sub>3</sub>.tur<sub>3</sub>, muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' [Landsberger 1932, 3:6-8], describing three aspects of ''bašmu''. One Akkadian word corresponds to three Sumerian terms. Perhaps, we are talking here about different mythological characters. Wiggermann distinguishes two characters:		Urra XIV cites identities: muš.ušum.gal, muš.ša<sub>3</sub>.tur<sub>3</sub>, muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' [Landsberger 1932, 3:6-8], describing three aspects of ''bašmu''. One Akkadian word corresponds to three Sumerian terms. Perhaps, we are talking here about different mythological characters. Wiggermann distinguishes two characters:
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	To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:		To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:

	* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].		* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].

	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].		Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid. 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BCE. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

	==== Identification. ====		==== Identification. ====
	Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and ~~his~~ connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.		Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and its connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

Sushoff at 16:18, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:18:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]		[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]

Sushoff at 14:39, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:39:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:39, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]		[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]

JanSafford at 15:40, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T15:40:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:40, 18 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}
	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].		A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].

	* (a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL,		* (a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL,
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	To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:		To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:

	* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; ~~MCG~~, 35].		* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].

	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; ~~LABS~~, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].		Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

	==== Identification. ====		==== Identification. ====
	Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.		Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
	\|= a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL, b) MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>/TUR, с) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = «(мифологическая) ядовитая змея», согласно [Landsberger 1934, 3:6–8, 58; AHw, 112a]; созвездие в Гидре (Hydra) (?) [CAD B, 141–142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166–168; 1997].		\|= a) UŠUM, UŠUMGAL, b) MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>/TUR, с) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = «(мифологическая) ядовитая змея», согласно [Landsberger 1934, 3:6–8, 58; AHw, 112a]; созвездие в Гидре (Hydra) (?) [CAD B, 141–142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166–168; 1997].
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

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	Bašmu — мифологическое животное, змеиный дракон бога Нингишзиды (см. n29) (согласно Виггерману, последнее утверждение нельзя считать надежно доказанным [Wiggermann 1992, 165–6]). Bašmu был связан также с Ишхарой (см. i17) и некоторыми другими божествами.		Bašmu — мифологическое животное, змеиный дракон бога Нингишзиды (см. n29) (согласно Виггерману, последнее утверждение нельзя считать надежно доказанным [Wiggermann 1992, 165–6]). Bašmu был связан также с Ишхарой (см. i17) и некоторыми другими божествами.

	В Urra XIV приводятся тождества: muš.ušumgal, muš.ša<sub>3</sub>.tur<sub>3</sub>, muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu [Landsberger 1932, 3:6–8], характеризующие три аспекта bašmu. Трем шумерским терминам поставлено в соответствие одно аккадское слово. Возможно, здесь речь идет о разных мифологических персонажах. Виггерман различает два персонажа: (1) ušum, ušumgal = bašmu «Ядовитая змея» или «Большая ядовитая змея»; рогатая змея с передними когтистыми лапами, изображавшаяся вертикально или в горизонтальном положении; основная ее функция — устрашение богов, убийство, вероятно, при помощи яда; (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = bašmu, букв. «Змея – материнская утроба», или «Змея – рождение»; рогатая змея, у которой не было передних лап [Wiggermann 1992, 166–8]. К этому, на наш взгляд, необходимо добавить: (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu «Морской змей». В новоассирийском мифе определяются его размеры: ina tāmti(a.ab.ba) ib-ba-ni mušba-[aš-mu] / 1 šu.ši bērū(danna) ša<sub>2</sub>-kin<sub>2</sub> u<sub>2</sub>-rak-[šu] «Змей Ба[шму] сотворен в море. [Его] длина составляет 60 двойных миль» [KAR, 6 ii 21–22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; ~~MCG~~, 35].		В Urra XIV приводятся тождества: muš.ušumgal, muš.ša<sub>3</sub>.tur<sub>3</sub>, muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu [Landsberger 1932, 3:6–8], характеризующие три аспекта bašmu. Трем шумерским терминам поставлено в соответствие одно аккадское слово. Возможно, здесь речь идет о разных мифологических персонажах. Виггерман различает два персонажа: (1) ušum, ušumgal = bašmu «Ядовитая змея» или «Большая ядовитая змея»; рогатая змея с передними когтистыми лапами, изображавшаяся вертикально или в горизонтальном положении; основная ее функция — устрашение богов, убийство, вероятно, при помощи яда; (2) muš.ša3.tur3/tur = bašmu, букв. «Змея – материнская утроба», или «Змея – рождение»; рогатая змея, у которой не было передних лап [Wiggermann 1992, 166–8]. К этому, на наш взгляд, необходимо добавить: (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ba-aš-mu «Морской змей». В новоассирийском мифе определяются его размеры: ina tāmti(a.ab.ba) ib-ba-ni mušba-[aš-mu] / 1 šu.ši bērū(danna) ša<sub>2</sub>-kin<sub>2</sub> u<sub>2</sub>-rak-[šu] «Змей Ба[шму] сотворен в море. [Его] длина составляет 60 двойных миль» [KAR, 6 ii 21–22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; Horowitz 1998, 35].

	III. Символ.		III. Символ.

	Bašmu — рогатый змеиный дракон с короной (или без нее), двумя передними когтистыми лапами (или без них), длинным хвостом, иногда с крыльями [Black–Green 1992, 167–8; ~~LABS~~, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a–c; 1997]. Похожее изображение (лежащий змеиный дракон с передними лапами льва(?), крыльями и длинным хвостом) находим на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847, рядом надпись: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ «Змея» [Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Виггерман полагает, что это сокращение от MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = bašmu [ibid., 166], т.е. здесь, возможно, мы имеем изображение непосредственно bašmu, как он мыслился в конце I тыс. до н. э. См. также изображение на кудурру [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].		Bašmu — рогатый змеиный дракон с короной (или без нее), двумя передними когтистыми лапами (или без них), длинным хвостом, иногда с крыльями [Black–Green 1992, 167–8; SAA 10, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a–c; 1997]. Похожее изображение (лежащий змеиный дракон с передними лапами льва(?), крыльями и длинным хвостом) находим на селевкидской табличке VAT 7847, рядом надпись: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ «Змея» [Куртик 2007, рис. 11]. Виггерман полагает, что это сокращение от MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = bašmu [ibid., 166], т.е. здесь, возможно, мы имеем изображение непосредственно bašmu, как он мыслился в конце I тыс. до н. э. См. также изображение на кудурру [Куртик 2007, рис. 48].

	IV. Отождествление.		IV. Отождествление.

	Bašmu, как правило, отождествляют с <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, месопотамским прообразом греческой Гидры [Black–Green 1992, 140; СAD B, 141–142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], хотя надежные свидетельства отсутствуют. Однако водный характер Bašmu и его связь с Нингишзидой делают такое отождествление вероятным.		Bašmu, как правило, отождествляют с <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, месопотамским прообразом греческой Гидры [Black–Green 1992, 140; СAD B, 141–142; Gössmann 1950, 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], хотя надежные свидетельства отсутствуют. Однако водный характер Bašmu и его связь с Нингишзидой делают такое отождествление вероятным.
	\|Example		\|Example
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff at 07:02, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:02:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:02, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]		[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]
	[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png\|thumb\|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two clay tablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]		[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png\|thumb\|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two clay tablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]

HermannHunger at 17:22, 2 January 2026

2026-01-02T17:22:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 2 January 2026
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	[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]		[[File:Hya+crt+crv stellarium mulapin.jpg\|thumb\|the Babylonian version of the "Hydra, Crater, Corvus" super-constellation does not contain a cup or jar. It is visualized in Stellarium (drawing by Jessica Gullberg).]]
	[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png\|thumb\|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two clay tablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]		[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png\|thumb\|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two clay tablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
	<sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Hydra]].<sup>(mul) d</sup>''Bašmu'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the form of a mythological sea-serpent of some type which is for now attested in Akkadian just ~~the one time~~ in the St. Petersburg edition of the ‘Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.’ Outside astronomical/astrological texts, ''bašmu'' is a regular member of the group of monsters of the sea-goddess Tiamat who are defeated by Marduk which also include the ''mušhuššu'' [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ\|<sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ]] (Lambert 2013: 230-234). An identification with [[Hydra]] has been proposed in the past but cannot be proved on the basis of the single ~~occurance~~ of the name in the prayer.		<sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ (𒀯𒈲𒄭𒄊) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Hydra]].<sup>(mul) d</sup>''Bašmu'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the form of a mythological sea-serpent of some type which is for now attested in Akkadian just once in the St. Petersburg edition of the ‘Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night.’ Outside astronomical/astrological texts, ''bašmu'' is a regular member of the group of monsters of the sea-goddess Tiamat who are defeated by Marduk which also include the ''mušhuššu'' [[MUŠ.ḪUŠ\|<sup>(mul)</sup>MUŠ.ḪUŠ]] (Lambert 2013: 230-234). An identification with [[Hydra]] has been proposed in the past but cannot be proved on the basis of the single occurrence of the name in the prayer.

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''		\|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
	Erm. 15642: <sup>(mul)</sup>''ba-aš-mu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-8:20], and also see. [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].		Erm. 15642: <sup>(mul)</sup>''ba-aš-mu-um'' [Horowitz 2000, 196-8:20], and also see [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306].
	\|}		\|}

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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA\|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with ~~Ishkara~~ (see i17) and some other deities.		Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA\|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with Iškara (see i17) and some other deities.

	Urra XIV cites identities: muš.ušum.gal, muš.ša<sub>3</sub>.tur<sub>3</sub>, muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' [Landsberger 1932, 3:6-8], describing three aspects of bašmu. One Akkadian word corresponds to three Sumerian terms. Perhaps, ~~here~~ we are talking about different mythological characters. ~~Wiggerman~~ distinguishes two characters:		Urra XIV cites identities: muš.ušum.gal, muš.ša<sub>3</sub>.tur<sub>3</sub>, muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' [Landsberger 1932, 3:6-8], describing three aspects of ''bašmu''. One Akkadian word corresponds to three Sumerian terms. Perhaps, we are talking here about different mythological characters. Wiggermann distinguishes two characters:

	* (1) ušum, ušumgal = ''bašmu'' 'The poisonous snake' or 'The great poisonous snake'; a horned snake with clawed front paws, depicted vertically or horizontally; its main function — to frighten the gods, killing, probably with the help of its poison;		* (1) ušum, ušumgal = ''bašmu'' 'The poisonous snake' or 'The great poisonous snake'; a horned snake with clawed front paws, depicted vertically or horizontally; its main function — to frighten the gods, killing, probably with the help of its poison;
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	To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:		To this, in our opinion, it is necessary to add:

	* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni ~~mušba~~''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 ~~double~~ miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; MCG, 35].		* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni'' MUŠ ''ba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; MCG, 35].

	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black-Green 1992, 167-8; LABS, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" ~~[Kurtik 2007.~~ [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. ~~Wiggerman~~ thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here, probably~~, we~~ have a direct image of bašmu presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on kudurru [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].		Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black and Green 1992, 167-8; LABS, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggermann thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here we probably have a direct image of ''bašmu'' presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on ''kudurru''s [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

	==== Identification. ====		==== Identification. ====
	Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black-Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.		Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black and Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

Sushoff at 14:48, 12 December 2025

2025-12-12T14:48:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:48, 12 December 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].		A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].

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	* (b) MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>/TUR,		* (b) MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>/TUR,
	* (c) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = "(mythological) poisonous snake", according to [Landsberger 1934, 3:6-8, 58; AHw, 112a];		* (c) MUŠ.A.AB.BA; = "(mythological) poisonous snake", according to [Landsberger 1934, 3:6-8, 58; AHw, 112a];

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA\|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with Ishkara (see i17) and some other deities.		Bašmu — a mythological animal, a serpent dragon of the god [[NIN.GIŠ.ZI.DA\|Ningišzida]] (see n29) (according to Wiggermann, the latter statement cannot be reliably proven [Wiggermann 1992, 165-6]). Bašmu was also connected with Ishkara (see i17) and some other deities.

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	* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni mušba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 double miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; MCG, 35].		* (3) muš.a.ab.ba = ''ba-aš-mu'' "Sea serpent". In Neo-Assyrian myths, its dimensions are defined: ''ina tāmti''(a.ab.ba) ''ib-ba-ni mušba''-[''aš-mu''] / 1 šu.ši ''bērū''(danna) ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''kin''<sub>2</sub> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''rak''-[''šu''] "The serpent Ba[šmu] was created in the sea. [Its] length is 60 double miles" [KAR, 6 ii 21-22; CAD B, 141a; Livingstone 1986, 91; MCG, 35].

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black-Green 1992, 167-8; LABS, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007. [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggerman thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here, probably, we have a direct image of bašmu presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on kudurru [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].		Bašmu — a horned serpent dragon with (or without) a crown, two front clawed paws (or without), a long tail, sometimes with wings [Black-Green 1992, 167-8; LABS, Fig. 29; Van Buren, 1946; Wiggermann 1992, 188, fig. 2 a-c; 1997]. A similar depiction (a reclining dragon with forelegs of a lion(?), with wings, and a long tail) is presented on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847; next to it there is an inscription: <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ "Snake" [Kurtik 2007. [Kurtik 2007, fig. 11]. Wiggerman thinks that this is an abbreviation of MUŠ.ŠA<sub>3</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> = ''bašmu'' [ibid, 166], i.e. here, probably, we have a direct image of bašmu presented, as it was thought at the end of the 1st millennium BC. See also the picture on kudurru [Kurtik 2007, fig. 48].

	==== ~~IV.~~ Identification. ====		==== Identification. ====
	Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black-Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.		Bašmu is usually identified with <sup>mul d</sup>MUŠ, a Mesopotamian prototype of the Greek Hydra [Black-Green 1992, 140; CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Livingstone 1986, 91; Reiner 1995, 66], although reliable evidence is lacking. However, Bašmu's aquatic character and his connection with Ningišzida make such an identification probable.

Sushoff at 20:35, 3 December 2025

2025-12-03T20:35:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 3 December 2025
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	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Hya]]

Sushoff at 18:01, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:01:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:01, 16 August 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Bašmu''}}
	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].		A constellation in Hydra (?) [CAD B, 141-142; G. 51; Wiggermann 1992, 166-168; 1997].