Balinese (All Terms) - Revision history

Sushoff at 13:37, 22 September 2026

2026-09-22T13:37:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 22 September 2026
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	\|Cancer		\|Cancer
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~Leo~~		\|Leontos
	\|Lion		\|Lion
	\|Simha		\|Simha

YoulaAzkarrula: /* A Balinese Calendar */

2026-09-22T07:42:05Z

A Balinese Calendar

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:42, 22 September 2026
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	\|Kuda		\|Kuda
	\|Tangis		\|Tangis
	\|Sangkal Tikel		\|style="background-color: #ACD8A7;"\| Sangkal Tikel
	\|Banyak Angrem		\|Banyak Angrem
	\|Depat		\|Depat
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Paing'''		\|'''Paing'''
	\|Gajah		\|style="background-color: #FFFFCC;"\| Gajah
	\|Dupa		\|Dupa
	\|Yuyu		\|style="background-color: #FFFFCC;"\|Yuyu
	\|Gajahmina		\|Gajahmina
	\|Salah Ukur		\|style="background-color: #FFFFCC;"\| Salah Ukur
	\|Bubu Bosor		\|Bubu Bosor
	\|Ru		\|Ru
Line 56:		Line 56:
	\|'''Wage'''		\|'''Wage'''
	\|Tenggala		\|Tenggala
	\|Lembu		\|style="background-color: #FFFFCC;"\| Lembu
	\|Perahu Sarat		\|Perahu Sarat
	\|Kartika		\|style="background-color: #ACD8A7;"\| Kartika
	\|Kumba		\|style="background-color: #FFFFCC;"\| Kumba
	\|Rebut Utang		\|Rebut Utang
	\|Puwuh Atarung		\|style="background-color: #FFFFCC;"\| Puwuh Atarung
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Kliwon'''		\|'''Kliwon'''
	\|Laweyan		\|Laweyan
	\|Pedati Suung		\|Pedati Suung
	\|Sidamalung		\|style="background-color: #ACD8A7;"\| Sidamalung
	\|Atiwa-tiwa		\|Atiwa-tiwa
	\|Naga		\|Naga
	\|Udang		\|style="background-color: #FFFFCC;"\| Udang
	\|Larung Paglangan		\|Larung Paglangan
	\|}		\|}
	~~... highlighted~~ are those ~~constellations~~, which are also in the Indian zodiac ...		Highlighted in yellow are those ''lintang'', which are also Balinese adoptions of the Indian zodiac (in all but one case renamed). Highlighted in green are the ''lintang'' that are derived from Vedic nakshatras (all cases renamed/ adopted: Kartika might be close to Vedic Krittika, but not the same term).

	The Indians adopted the Babylonian zodiac through Greek transmission: invented around 400 BCE, the zodiac was directly taken over by the Greeks and was adopted by Hindu astral science as an addition to their traditional nakṣatra division of the "path of the moon" in the so--called Greek period of Indian art around 400 CE. From the beginning on, the Indians used a Greek transformation of the zodiac constellation that had no meaning in the Greek culture (as the Babylonian deities were not worshipped any more), and that were even more changed in the Indian culture:		The Indians adopted the Babylonian zodiac through Greek transmission: invented around 400 BCE, the zodiac was directly taken over by the Greeks and was adopted by Hindu astral science as an addition to their traditional nakṣatra division of the "path of the moon" in the so--called Greek period of Indian art around 400 CE. From the beginning on, the Indians used a Greek transformation of the zodiac constellation that had no meaning in the Greek culture (as the Babylonian deities were not worshipped any more), and that were even more changed in the Indian culture:

Sushoff at 07:27, 22 September 2026

2026-09-22T07:27:15Z

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 In this preliminary state, we present the material from a genre called "Palelintangan" preserved in many documents on palm leaf and cloth but only from the centuries of the last millennium. In further studies, we will also explore the roots of this in the first millennium CE, prior to the arrival of Hindu and Buddhist inspirations.
 Since Palelintang adopts the Pawukon system, or the combination of a five-day cycle (pancawara) and a seven-day cycle (saptawara), the total is 35 lintangs.
@@ Line 69: / Line 72: @@
 |Larung Paglangan
 |}
 Concerning the '''identifications of constellations''', Maaß (1929)<ref name=":0" /> is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: No doubt, our knowledge is insufficient here... sparse references... too many assumptions.) Yet, in this work he gives a table of identifications for the 35 constellations based on other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his own earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref>.
@@ Line 74: / Line 163: @@
 He also denotes on page 154 that the islands Java and Bali are leading with regard to astronomy:  <blockquote>"Ausserdem muss im Auge behalten werden, dass Java und Bali zu jenen Ländern gehören, die bezüglich der Himmelskunde in Inselindien an der Spitze stehen. 35 Sternbilder auf einer so kleinen Insel wie Bali, zu denen noch die Planeten und der Tierkreis hinzutreten, bedeutet eine Glanzleistung an Wissen dort unten im Reiche der grünen Smaragden, die sich zu beiden Seiten des Aequators hinziehen." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "It should also be borne in mind that Java and Bali are among the countries that are at the forefront of astronomy in the Indian archipelago. Thirty-five constellations on an island as small as Bali, to which the planets and the zodiac are added, represent a remarkable achievement of knowledge down there in the realm of green emeralds that stretch out on both sides of the equator." </blockquote>
 === Source/ References ===
 The sources for the information provided here is the research by Youla Azkarrula. The preliminary list here is made with the starting point of her research:

YoulaAzkarrula at 01:48, 16 May 2026

2026-05-16T01:48:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:48, 16 May 2026
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	\|}		\|}
	[[Category:Overviews]]		[[Category:Overviews]]
	[[Category:Balinese]]		[[Category:Balinese]] [[Category:Indonesia]]
	[[Category:~~Oceania~~]]		[[Category:Southeast Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Service]]		[[Category:Service]]

YoulaAzkarrula at 03:09, 13 May 2026

2026-05-13T03:09:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:09, 13 May 2026
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	[[Category:Oceania]]		[[Category:Oceania]]
	[[Category:Service]]		[[Category:Service]]
	~~[[Category:Southeast Asian]]~~

Sushoff at 06:50, 30 January 2026

2026-01-30T06:50:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:50, 30 January 2026
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	\|Larung Paglangan		\|Larung Paglangan
	\|}		\|}
	Concerning the '''identifications of constellations''', Maaß (1929)<ref name=":0" /> is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: ~~Without a~~ doubt, our knowledge is ~~lacking~~ here... sparse references... too many assumptions.) Yet, in this work he gives a table of identifications for the 35 constellations based on other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his own earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref>.		Concerning the '''identifications of constellations''', Maaß (1929)<ref name=":0" /> is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: No doubt, our knowledge is insufficient here... sparse references... too many assumptions.) Yet, in this work he gives a table of identifications for the 35 constellations based on other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his own earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref>.

	On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.		On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.

Sushoff at 06:48, 30 January 2026

2026-01-30T06:48:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:48, 30 January 2026
Line 69:		Line 69:
	\|Larung Paglangan		\|Larung Paglangan
	\|}		\|}
	Concerning the identifications of constellations, Maaß (1929)<ref name=":0" /> is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: Without a doubt, our knowledge is lacking here... sparse references... too many assumptions.) Yet, in this work he gives a table of identifications for the 35 constellations based on other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his own earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref>.		Concerning the '''identifications of constellations''', Maaß (1929)<ref name=":0" /> is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: Without a doubt, our knowledge is lacking here... sparse references... too many assumptions.) Yet, in this work he gives a table of identifications for the 35 constellations based on other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his own earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref>.

	On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.		On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.

Sushoff at 06:48, 30 January 2026

2026-01-30T06:48:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:48, 30 January 2026
Line 12:		Line 12:
	Since Palelintang adopts the Pawukon system, or the combination of a five-day cycle (pancawara) and a seven-day cycle (saptawara), the total is 35 lintangs.		Since Palelintang adopts the Pawukon system, or the combination of a five-day cycle (pancawara) and a seven-day cycle (saptawara), the total is 35 lintangs.

	Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> writes: <blockquote>"Eine jede Zeitrechnung ist eng mit der Religion, aus welcher sie hervorgegangen, verknüpft. Die Religion, die Kulturträgerin für Kunst und Ethik, gibt auch in unserem Fall, d.h. in der Chronologie der Balinesen, einen Zusammenhang mit ihr, den wir als notwendige Lebensbedingungen aufzufassen haben. Der mit der hindujavanischen, bezw. indischen Religion im weiteren Sinne intim verquickte Sabäismus gab auch den Balinesen früh Gelegenheit, auf die Sterne zu achten. Eine natürliche Folgeerscheinung dieses Sterndienstes war die intensive Beschäftigung mit ihm, namentlich der Priester, padanda, die durch höhere Bildung, Musse und durch ihren Beruf dafür am besten geeignet waren. Es entstand eine neue Kultform... Stellen wir also den Zeiger der grossen Himmelsuhr auf das in den Sternen ruhende geheimnisvolle Walten ein. 35 Stück sind es, welche im Leben der Balinesen von gewisser Bedeutung sind." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' Every calendar is closely linked to the religion from which it originated. Religion, the bearer of culture for art and ethics, also has a connection with it in our case, i.e. in the chronology of the Balinese, which we must regard as necessary conditions of life. Worshipping stars and constellations as seat of divine power, which was closely intertwined with the Hindu-Javanese or Indian religion in the broader sense, also gave the Balinese an early opportunity to observe the stars. A natural consequence of this service to the stars was an intense preoccupation with them, particularly on the part of the priests, padanda, who were best suited to this task due to their higher education, leisure time and profession. A new form of worship arose, ... . So let us set the hand of the great celestial clock to the mysterious workings that rest in the stars. There are 35 of them that are of particular significance in the lives of the Balinese." </blockquote>		Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref name=":0">Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> writes: <blockquote>"Eine jede Zeitrechnung ist eng mit der Religion, aus welcher sie hervorgegangen, verknüpft. Die Religion, die Kulturträgerin für Kunst und Ethik, gibt auch in unserem Fall, d.h. in der Chronologie der Balinesen, einen Zusammenhang mit ihr, den wir als notwendige Lebensbedingungen aufzufassen haben. Der mit der hindujavanischen, bezw. indischen Religion im weiteren Sinne intim verquickte Sabäismus gab auch den Balinesen früh Gelegenheit, auf die Sterne zu achten. Eine natürliche Folgeerscheinung dieses Sterndienstes war die intensive Beschäftigung mit ihm, namentlich der Priester, padanda, die durch höhere Bildung, Musse und durch ihren Beruf dafür am besten geeignet waren. Es entstand eine neue Kultform... Stellen wir also den Zeiger der grossen Himmelsuhr auf das in den Sternen ruhende geheimnisvolle Walten ein. 35 Stück sind es, welche im Leben der Balinesen von gewisser Bedeutung sind." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' Every calendar is closely linked to the religion from which it originated. Religion, the bearer of culture for art and ethics, also has a connection with it in our case, i.e. in the chronology of the Balinese, which we must regard as necessary conditions of life. Worshipping stars and constellations as seat of divine power, which was closely intertwined with the Hindu-Javanese or Indian religion in the broader sense, also gave the Balinese an early opportunity to observe the stars. A natural consequence of this service to the stars was an intense preoccupation with them, particularly on the part of the priests, padanda, who were best suited to this task due to their higher education, leisure time and profession. A new form of worship arose, ... . So let us set the hand of the great celestial clock to the mysterious workings that rest in the stars. There are 35 of them that are of particular significance in the lives of the Balinese." </blockquote>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
Line 68:		Line 68:
	\|Udang		\|Udang
	\|Larung Paglangan		\|Larung Paglangan
	\|}Concerning the identifications of constellations, Maaß (1929) is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: Without a doubt, our knowledge is lacking here... sparse references... too many assumptions.)		\|}
			Concerning the identifications of constellations, Maaß (1929)<ref name=":0" /> is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: Without a doubt, our knowledge is lacking here... sparse references... too many assumptions.) Yet, in this work he gives a table of identifications for the 35 constellations based on other scholars<ref>Friedrich, R. (1849). Voorloopig verslag van het eiland Bali, Batavia, Verb. Bat Gen. Deel 23, Nr. 13</ref><ref>HINLOOPEN LABBERT0N, D. VAN (1910). Geillustreerd handboek van Insulinde. Amsterdam: "Vivat"</ref><ref>PIGEAUD, TH. (1925). Een stuk over sterrenkunde uit het Anggastyaparwwa ...... Weltevreden: Albrecht. Tijdsch. v. lnd, T.-, L.- en Vk. deel LXV</ref><ref>Nieuwenkamp, W. O. J. (1905), Schetsen van Bali en Lombok. (Eigen Haard)</ref> and his own earlier work<ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1920). Sterne und Sternbilder im malaiischen Archipel. Berlin. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Jg. 1920/21, H. 1</ref><ref>MAASS, ALFRED (1924). Sternkunde und Sterndeuterei im malaiischen Archipel. Batavia, den Haag. Tijdsch. v. T.-, L.-en Vk. deel LX IV</ref>.

	On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.		On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.

Sushoff at 06:45, 30 January 2026

2026-01-30T06:45:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:45, 30 January 2026
Line 12:		Line 12:
	Since Palelintang adopts the Pawukon system, or the combination of a five-day cycle (pancawara) and a seven-day cycle (saptawara), the total is 35 lintangs.		Since Palelintang adopts the Pawukon system, or the combination of a five-day cycle (pancawara) and a seven-day cycle (saptawara), the total is 35 lintangs.

	Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> writes: <blockquote>"Eine jede Zeitrechnung ist eng mit der Religion, aus welcher sie hervorgegangen, verknüpft. Die Religion, die Kulturträgerin für Kunst und Ethik, gibt auch in unserem Fall, d.h. in der Chronologie der Balinesen, einen Zusammenhang mit ihr, den wir als notwendige Lebensbedingungen aufzufassen haben. Der mit der hindujavanischen, bezw. indischen Religion im weiteren Sinne intim verquickte Sabäismus gab auch den Balinesen früh Gelegenheit, auf die Sterne zu achten. Eine natürliche Folgeerscheinung dieses Sterndienstes war die intensive Beschäftigung mit ihm, namentlich der Priester, padanda, die durch höhere Bildung, Musse und durch ihren Beruf dafür am besten geeignet waren. Es entstand eine neue Kultform... Stellen wir also den Zeiger der grossen Himmelsuhr auf das in den Sternen ruhende geheimnisvolle Walten ein. 35 Stück sind es, welche im Leben der Balinesen von gewisser Bedeutung sind." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' Every calendar is closely linked to the religion from which it originated. Religion, the bearer of culture for art and ethics, also has a connection with it in our case, i.e. in the chronology of the Balinese, which we must regard as necessary conditions of life. Worshipping stars and constellations as seat of divine power, which was closely intertwined with the Hindu-Javanese or Indian religion in the broader sense, also gave the Balinese an early opportunity to observe the stars. A natural consequence of this service to the stars was an intense preoccupation with them, particularly on the part of the priests, padanda, who were best suited to this task due to their higher education, leisure time and profession. A new form of worship arose, ... . So let us set the hand of the great celestial clock to the mysterious workings that rest in the stars. There are 35 of them that are of particular significance in the lives of the Balinese." </blockquote>On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.		Alfred Maaß (1929)<ref>Maass, Alfred, “Astrologische Kalender der Balinesen,” in Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Feestbundel bij gelegenheid van zijn 150 jarig bestaan 1778-1928, 2 vols. (Weltevreden, 1929), Vol. 2, 126-157.</ref> writes: <blockquote>"Eine jede Zeitrechnung ist eng mit der Religion, aus welcher sie hervorgegangen, verknüpft. Die Religion, die Kulturträgerin für Kunst und Ethik, gibt auch in unserem Fall, d.h. in der Chronologie der Balinesen, einen Zusammenhang mit ihr, den wir als notwendige Lebensbedingungen aufzufassen haben. Der mit der hindujavanischen, bezw. indischen Religion im weiteren Sinne intim verquickte Sabäismus gab auch den Balinesen früh Gelegenheit, auf die Sterne zu achten. Eine natürliche Folgeerscheinung dieses Sterndienstes war die intensive Beschäftigung mit ihm, namentlich der Priester, padanda, die durch höhere Bildung, Musse und durch ihren Beruf dafür am besten geeignet waren. Es entstand eine neue Kultform... Stellen wir also den Zeiger der grossen Himmelsuhr auf das in den Sternen ruhende geheimnisvolle Walten ein. 35 Stück sind es, welche im Leben der Balinesen von gewisser Bedeutung sind." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' Every calendar is closely linked to the religion from which it originated. Religion, the bearer of culture for art and ethics, also has a connection with it in our case, i.e. in the chronology of the Balinese, which we must regard as necessary conditions of life. Worshipping stars and constellations as seat of divine power, which was closely intertwined with the Hindu-Javanese or Indian religion in the broader sense, also gave the Balinese an early opportunity to observe the stars. A natural consequence of this service to the stars was an intense preoccupation with them, particularly on the part of the priests, padanda, who were best suited to this task due to their higher education, leisure time and profession. A new form of worship arose, ... . So let us set the hand of the great celestial clock to the mysterious workings that rest in the stars. There are 35 of them that are of particular significance in the lives of the Balinese." </blockquote>

	He also denotes on page 154 that the islands Java and Bali are leading with regard to astronomy: <blockquote>"Ausserdem muss im Auge behalten werden, dass Java und Bali zu jenen Ländern gehören, die bezüglich der Himmelskunde in Inselindien an der Spitze stehen. 35 Sternbilder auf einer so kleinen Insel wie Bali, zu denen noch die Planeten und der Tierkreis hinzutreten, bedeutet eine Glanzleistung an Wissen dort unten im Reiche der grünen Smaragden, die sich zu beiden Seiten des Aequators hinziehen." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "It should also be borne in mind that Java and Bali are among the countries that are at the forefront of astronomy in the Indian archipelago. Thirty-five constellations on an island as small as Bali, to which the planets and the zodiac are added, represent a remarkable achievement of knowledge down there in the realm of green emeralds that stretch out on both sides of the equator." </blockquote>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
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	\|Udang		\|Udang
	\|Larung Paglangan		\|Larung Paglangan
	\|}		\|}Concerning the identifications of constellations, Maaß (1929) is disappointed about the lack of knowledge. He writes "Ohne Zweifel ist hier unser Wissen mangelhaft, ... spärlichen Literaturangaben ... zuviel Vermutungen" (English: Without a doubt, our knowledge is lacking here... sparse references... too many assumptions.)
			On page 146, Maaß denotes that there are two versions of the Balinese calendar: <blockquote>"die, welche den Uneingeweihten verständlich ist, andererseits jene, die für die Eingeweihten bestimmt, aber geheimgehalten wird."</blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "that which is understandable to the uninitiated, and that which is intended for the initiated but kept secret." </blockquote>The public belief deals with the visible fraction of the sky, so what is visible in a well-defined temporal frame. The esoteric view, however, uses divisions of the sky instead of constellations. This is equivalent to the Graeco-Babylonian zodiac in our time where the sign "Aries" does not match the constellation "Aries" any more.

			He also denotes on page 154 that the islands Java and Bali are leading with regard to astronomy: <blockquote>"Ausserdem muss im Auge behalten werden, dass Java und Bali zu jenen Ländern gehören, die bezüglich der Himmelskunde in Inselindien an der Spitze stehen. 35 Sternbilder auf einer so kleinen Insel wie Bali, zu denen noch die Planeten und der Tierkreis hinzutreten, bedeutet eine Glanzleistung an Wissen dort unten im Reiche der grünen Smaragden, die sich zu beiden Seiten des Aequators hinziehen." </blockquote><blockquote>'''English:''' "It should also be borne in mind that Java and Bali are among the countries that are at the forefront of astronomy in the Indian archipelago. Thirty-five constellations on an island as small as Bali, to which the planets and the zodiac are added, represent a remarkable achievement of knowledge down there in the realm of green emeralds that stretch out on both sides of the equator." </blockquote>
	=== Source/ References ===		=== Source/ References ===
	The sources for the information provided here is the research by Youla Azkarrula. The preliminary list here is made with the starting point of her research:		The sources for the information provided here is the research by Youla Azkarrula. The preliminary list here is made with the starting point of her research:

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Solar System Names */

2026-01-29T23:58:53Z

Solar System Names

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:58, 29 January 2026
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	!commentary		!commentary
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|ᬭᬤᬶᬢᬾ
	\|		\|Radite
	\|Sun		\|Sun
	\|		\|Radite stands for Sunday and following the India's system where it's refer to the Sun (Graha: Ravi). In India, Sunday is Ravivāra (रविवार) and protected by Surya God (Sun God). Meanwhile in Palelintangan, this day is protected by Bhatara Indra / Sang Hyang Indra.
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|ᬲᭀᬫ
	\|		\|Soma
	\|Moon		\|Moon
	\|		\|Soma stands for Monday and following the India's system where it's refer to the Moon (Graha: Soma/Chandra). In India, Monday is Somavāra (सोमवार) and protected by Shiva God. Meanwhile in Palelintangan, this day is protected by Bhatara Cri / Sang Hyang Sri.
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|ᬅᬗ᭄ᬕᬭ
	\|		\|Anggara
	\|~~Mercury~~		\|Mars
	\|		\|Anggara stands for Tuesday and following the India's system where it's refer to the Mars (Graha: Maṅgala). In India, Tuesday is Maṅgalavāra (मङ्गलवार) and protected by Hanuman/Kartikeya. Meanwhile in Palelintangan, this day is protected by Bhatara Brahma / Sang Hyang Brahma.
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|ᬩᬸᬤ᭄ᬥ
	\|		\|Buddha
	\| ~~Venus~~		\| Mercury
	\|		\|Buddha stands for Wednesday and following the India's system where it's refer to the Mercury (Graha: Budha). In India, Wednesday is Budhavāra (बुधवार) and protected by Vishnu/Ganesha God. Meanwhile in Palelintangan, this day is protected by Bhatara Wisnu / Sang Hyang Wisnu.
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|ᬯᬺᬳᬲ᭄ᬧᬢᬶ
	\|		\|Wṛěhaspati
	\|~~Mars~~		\|Jupiter
	\|		\|Wrehaspati stands for Thursday and following the India's system where it's refer to the Jupiter (Graha: Guru/Bṛhaspati). In India, Thursday is Guruvāra (गुरुवार) or Bṛhaspativāra (बृहस्पतिवार) and protected by Brihaspati (Guru of Devas). Meanwhile in Palelintangan, this day is protected by Bhatara Guru / Sang Hyang Siwa.
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|ᬰᬸᬓ᭄ᬭ
	\|		\|śukra
	\|Jupiter		\|Jupiter
	\|		\|Sukra stands for Friday and following the India's system where it's refer to the Venus (Graha: Śukra). In India, Friday is Śukravāra (शुक्रवार) and protected by Lakshmi/Durga. Meanwhile in Palelintangan, this day is protected by Bhatari Uma / Sang Hyang Sri/Uma.
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|ᬰᬦᬶᬰ᭄ᬘᬭ
	\|		\|śaniścara
	\| Saturn		\| Saturn
	\|		\|Saniscara stands for Saturday and following the India's system where it's refer to the Saturn (Graha: Śani). In India, Saturday is Śanivāra (शनिवार) and protected by Shani Dev. Meanwhile in Palelintangan, this day is protected by Bhatari Durga / sang Hyang Durga.
	\|}		\|}