DAR.LUGAL - Revision history

YoulaAzkarrula at 01:48, 19 May 2026

2026-05-19T01:48:07Z

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	*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]		*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]
	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Lep]]

WayneHorowitz at 06:12, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T06:12:00Z

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	\|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''		\|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
	* ~~List of the 12~~ stars of Ea ~~(no~~. ~~6):~~ <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].		CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and Parallels
			* CT 33 9 r. 17' <sup>mul┌</sup>DAR<sup>┐</sup>.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (Ea 6) [Horowitz 2014, 210]
			* LBAT 1502 r. 4', 17' (Antagubba Month VI, Antašurra Month XII, Fincke 2025: 70-71).
			*
			** <s>T 33 9, NV 10, and parallels</s>
			** <s>CT 33 9 rev. 13' (Anu 12), NV 10: 18: '''Janet add entry??''' (Fincke 2025: 67) LBAT 1502: 5, 16 (Fincke 2025: 70-71).</s>
			** <s>See previously Horowitz 2014: 220, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64, 66, 69.</s>
			** <s>The stars of Ea, Anu and Enlil.</s>
			* <s>Nv. 10, and Parallels</s>
			* <s><sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].</s>
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	\|'''Uranology'''		\|'''Uranology'''
	'''MLC 1866.'''		'''MLC 1866 ii 16-17:''' ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL, "The constellation that stands below the Faithful Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
	* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL
	* "The constellation that stands below the Faithful Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
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WayneHorowitz at 05:49, 14 May 2026

2026-05-14T05:49:47Z

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	\|'''"Three Stars Each (~~Astrolabes~~).”'''		\|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
	* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].		* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
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Sushoff at 05:23, 13 May 2026

2026-05-13T05:23:55Z

HermannHunger: /* References */

2026-05-10T19:20:18Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:20, 10 May 2026
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	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	* Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. ~~Aspect~~ of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le ~~Tabole~~ I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].		* Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].
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	==== Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====
	(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. ~~Aspect~~ of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].		(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].

	(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); ~~Shamasz~~; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le ~~Tabole~~ I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.		(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Šamaš; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.
	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

HermannHunger at 12:58, 11 April 2026

2026-04-11T12:58:06Z

Sushoff at 14:50, 9 April 2026

2026-04-09T14:50:01Z

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	\|[[File:GU II.jpg\|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations\|thumb\|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]		\|[[File:GU II.jpg\|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations\|thumb\|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
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	\|'''MLC 1866.'''		\|'''Uranology'''
			'''MLC 1866.'''
	* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL		* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL
	* "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].		* "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].

Sushoff at 11:19, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T11:19:44Z

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			{{distinguish\|Darlugal}}
	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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Sushoff at 09:56, 25 March 2026

2026-03-25T09:56:15Z

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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]		[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]

Sushoff at 06:53, 20 March 2026

2026-03-20T06:53:27Z

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	\|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''		\|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].		* <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da
			* "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].
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← Older revision		Revision as of 05:23, 13 May 2026
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	[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]		[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
	<sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative <sup>mušen</sup> indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtaṭâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”		<sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative <sup>mušen</sup> indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtaṭâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”
	[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg\|thumb\|Rooster south of The ~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]		[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg\|thumb\|Rooster south of The Faithful Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
	The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation form into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''.		The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation form into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''.

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	* (A)		* (A)
	** <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu		** <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu
	** "~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91],		** "Faithful Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91],
	* the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].		* the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
	* (B)		* (B)
	** ˹gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš˺ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺<sup>II</sup>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu		** ˹gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš˺ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺<sup>II</sup>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu
	** "The feet and hands of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the ~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - a string"		** "The feet and hands of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - a string"
	* [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šu<sup>II</sup>.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> is λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].		* [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šu<sup>II</sup>.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> is λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].
	\|[[File:GU II.jpg\|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations\|thumb\|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]		\|[[File:GU II.jpg\|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations\|thumb\|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
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	'''MLC 1866.'''		'''MLC 1866.'''
	* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL		* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL
	* "The constellation that stands below the ~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].		* "The constellation that stands below the Faithful Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
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	==== Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====
	(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the ~~True~~ Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].		(1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the Faithful Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspects of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].

	(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Šamaš; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.		(2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Šamaš; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 11 April 2026
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	[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]		[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
	<sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative <sup>mušen</sup> indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''~~taḫtatâ~~ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”		<sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative <sup>mušen</sup> indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtaṭâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”
	[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg\|thumb\|Rooster south of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]		[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg\|thumb\|Rooster south of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
	The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation ~~from~~ into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''.		The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation form into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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	\|'''"Three Stars Each (~~Astroabes~~).”'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).”'''
	* The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.
	* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].		* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 17; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
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	** MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL		** MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL
	** "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5)		** "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5)
	[MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.		[MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see MLC 1866.
	\|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]		\|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart\|thumb\|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
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	\|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''		\|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:27.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da		* <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da
	* "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].		* "The Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:27].
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	* (A)		* (A)
	** <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu		** <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu
	** "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91],		** "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91],
	* the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].		* the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
	* (B)		* (B)
	** ˹gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš˺ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺<sup>II</sup>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu		** ˹gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš˺ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺<sup>II</sup>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu
	** "The ~~legs~~ and ~~arms~~ of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - GU"		** "The feet and hands of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - a string"
	* [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šu<sup>II</sup>.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> is λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].		* [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger and Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šu<sup>II</sup>.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> is λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].
	\|[[File:GU II.jpg\|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations\|thumb\|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]		\|[[File:GU II.jpg\|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations\|thumb\|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
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	'''MLC 1866.'''		'''MLC 1866.'''
	* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL		* ˹MUL˺ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''šap-li'' / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL
	* "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].		* "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al., 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 36, 40].
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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	In astronomical contexts <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated with <sup>d</sup>~~˹''En''˺~~-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' and <sup>d</sup>''Nusku'' [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.		In astronomical contexts <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated with <sup>d</sup>˹En˺-[me-šar<sub>2</sub>]-ra and <sup>d</sup>Nusku [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115; KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.

	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
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	= [[Canis Minor]] (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];		= [[Canis Minor]] (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];

	= [[Lepus]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].		= [[Lepus]] [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger and Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].

	(2) [[:Category:Mars\|Mars]]; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];		(2) [[:Category:Mars\|Mars]]; cf. [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];

	==== Parts of the constellation. ====		==== Parts of the constellation. ====