DINGIR.GUB.BA - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:24, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:24:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.		<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

Sushoff at 14:42, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:42:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:42, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.		<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

Sushoff at 07:06, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:06:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:06, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.		<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-01-06T17:33:52Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:33, 6 January 2026
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	\|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]		\|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
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	\|'''"The Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~."'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea."'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>dingir.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu		* <sup>mul</sup>dingir.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu
	* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].		* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-01-06T17:31:50Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:31, 6 January 2026
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	\|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''		\|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
	* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].		* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in [...] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
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	*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings: (I iii 27):		*(2) Simultaneous diurnal risings and settings: (I iii 27):
	** a) <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL KUR<sup>me mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi''		** a) <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>LUGAL KUR<sup>me mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-''bi''
	** "The Bow and the King ~~rises~~, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),		** "The Bow and the King rise, the Goat sets" (I iii 19),
	** b) <sup>mul</sup>''Pa-bil-sag'' <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> ''u'' DINGIR. GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' / <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup>		** b) <sup>mul</sup>''Pa-bil-sag'' <sup>mul</sup>''Za-ba''<sub>4</sub>-''ba''<sub>4</sub> ''u'' DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> KUR<sup>meš</sup>-''ma'' / <sup>mul</sup>KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>PAN ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>GAM<sub>3</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub><sup>meš</sup>
	** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the ~~Staff~~ rise, the Arrow, Bow and ~~thee Staff goes down~~" (I iii 27-28).		** "Pabilsag, Zababa and the Standing Gods rise, and the Arrow, the Bow and the Crook set" (I iii 27-28).
	see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].		see also (Kurtik b06) [[PAN]].
	\|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]		\|[[File:StandGods MUL.APIN-Iiii27stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Standing Gods in MUL.APIN I iii 27. ]]
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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	* (3) List of ziqpu stars:		* (3) List of ziqpu stars:
	** <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> on the third place after <sup>mul</sup>BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A before <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (I iv 4).		** <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> in the third place after <sup>mul</sup>BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A, before <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (I iv 4).
	\|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between <sup>mul</sup>BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.		\|This text could be corrupted as there is actually no space between <sup>mul</sup>BAL.TEŠ<sub>2</sub>.A and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> where the constellation could be placed. We assume that the scribe in this case accidentally copied the rubric marker from MUL.APIN (1) to here so that it imposes a constellation.
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	* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:		* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
	** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> MIN(=''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''		** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> MIN(=''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
	** "The 15th of ~~Tebet~~, the Standing Gods in the middle of ~~heaven against~~ your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].		** "The 15th of Ṭebetu, the Standing Gods stand in the middle of the sky opposite your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
	\|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]		\|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
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	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur		* <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur
	* "Standing (Gods~~) from~~ Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].		* "Standing <Gods> of Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
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	\|}		\|}
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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A\|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods ~~from~~ Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities ~~from~~ Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].		"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A\|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was dingir.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods of Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities of Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' ~~<sup>mul</sup>~~A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 bl[~~essed~~] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].		Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' MUL.MEŠ A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 are the b[right] stars of the Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

	==== Previous Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-01-06T15:50:22Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:50, 6 January 2026
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	* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].		* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

	Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote><sup>mul</sup>DIĜIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> & <sup>mul</sup>DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup>. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are angubbû (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIR<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BA<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>		Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote><sup>mul</sup>DIĜIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> & <sup>mul</sup>DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup>. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are ''angubbû'' (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIR<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BA<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''		\|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
	* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th ~~tebetu~~ Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].		* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th Ṭebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
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Sushoff at 15:11, 12 December 2025

2025-12-12T15:11:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 12 December 2025
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	<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.		<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~Variant readings:~~ <~~sup~~>~~mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods"~~ [~~BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981~~ (~~Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two~~).~~</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":~~0~~">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom~~, ~~1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2)~~.</ref> ~~22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name~~=":~~1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].~~		Variant readings:

	~~=== Krebernik (2023) ===~~		* <sup>mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ;
	<sup>mul</sup>~~DIĜIR~~.GUB.BA<~~sup~~>~~meš~~</~~sup~~> & <~~sup~~>~~mul</sup>DIĜIR~~.~~TUŠ~~.A<~~sup~~>~~meš~~<~~/sup~~>. ~~The sumerograms are ambiguous~~, ~~since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”~~, ~~and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU~~. ~~However~~, ~~the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain~~. ~~In the same manner~~, ~~BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA~~. The ~~Sum~~. ~~forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”~~, ~~respectively~~.		* = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

	The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are angubbû (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIR<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BA<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).		Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote><sup>mul</sup>DIĜIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> & <sup>mul</sup>DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup>. The sumerograms are ambiguous, since the first sign can be read as DIĜIR “god” or AN “heaven”, and TUŠ can also be read DÚR (both meaning “to sit”) or KU. However, the addition of A makes the reading TUŠ virtually certain. In the same manner, BA confirms the reading of GUB.BA. The Sum. forms mean “seated, sitting” and “standing”, respectively. </blockquote><blockquote>The corresponding entries in the dictionaries are angubbû (AHw, CAD) and ''ankurû'' (CAD), ''antušû'' (AHw), respectively. The first sumerogram, which is much more common than the second, designates a type of priest and describes the function of certain (minor) deities in god lists. In the OB Ištar ritual from Mari, the DIĜIR<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR-''gub-bu-ú'' are obviously (representations of) deities, who “sit down to the left of Ištar together with (the god) Latarak” (ii 1’-3’, see Ziegler 1997, 58). The usage in MUL.APIN, where the two expressions are connected with Enlil’s temple Ekur in Nippur (“The stars of the Standing/Sitting Gods of the Ekur”) seems to be comparable. In 5R 46: 15–16., the “Standing Gods of the Ekur” are interpreted as “Sîn and Nergal”, and the “Sitting Gods” as “Anu and Enlil”, which is not applicable to MUL.APIN. The same is true of [M]UL.DIĜIR.GUB].BA<sup>meš</sup> DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> in Hg, where they are identified with Sîn and Šamaš (MSL 11, 41: 52). MUL.DIĜIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR / MUL.DIĜIR.TUŠ.A<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut'' É.KUR (after EN 21).</blockquote>

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~
	Constellation in Hercules, see also [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</~~ref~~> ~~A/2, 117-118].~~
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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A\|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].		"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A\|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].		Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

	==== ~~IV.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
			Constellation in [[Hercules]], see also [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118].

	= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];		= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

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	<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.		<sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> (𒀯𒀭𒁺𒁀𒈨𒌍) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism or a group of asterisms.

	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	Variant readings: <sup>mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32].		Variant readings: <sup>mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32].

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	\|'''Text BM 77054.'''		\|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
	* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th tebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].		* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th tebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	Variant readings: <sup>mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2, 11; G. 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 32].		Variant readings: <sup>mul</sup>AN.GUB.BA.MEŠ; = ''angubbû'' "Standing Gods" [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 22; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 32].

	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===
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	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	Constellation in Hercules, see also [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117-118].		Constellation in Hercules, see also [AHw<ref name=":2">''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 51; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/2, 117-118].
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	Series Ḫg. B VI:		Series Ḫg. B VI:

	* a) <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>an.gub].ba<sup>meš</sup><''u'' <sup>mul</sup>>an.tuš.a<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>''sin u'' <sup>d</sup>utu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI, 41:52],		* a) <sup>m</sup>[<sup>ul</sup>an.gub].ba<sup>meš</sup><''u'' <sup>mul</sup>>an.tuš.a<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>''sin u'' <sup>d</sup>utu = ''mul-te-šir'' SAL.LA [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:52],
	* b) <sup><mul></sup>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = <sup>d</sup>''sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III, 116 Rs. iii 20].		* b) <sup><mul></sup>an.gub.ba.meš ''ḫi-pí eš-šú'' = <sup>d</sup>''sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Šamaš''(utu) [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116 Rs. iii 20].

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	\|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''		\|'''Text BM 77054 (MUL.APIN parallel).'''
	* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th tebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].		* ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>ab ud.15.kam <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup><meš></sup> ''ina'' ''r''[''a-be''<sub>2</sub>-''e''...] / <sup>mul</sup>''ši-nu-nu-tum'' [...] "15th tebetu Standing Gods in[os] / Swallow [...]" [George 1991<ref>''George A.R.'' Review of H.Hunger and D.Pingree MUL.APIN. An astronomical Compendium in Cuneiform. Horn 1989 // ZA. 1991. Bd. 81, Halbband 2. S. 301-306.</ref>, 304-305, r. 9′-10′].
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	** <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur''		** <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur''
	** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),		** "Standing Gods of the Ekur" (I i 23),
	** for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:10'].		** for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:10'].
	\|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg\|thumb\|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]		\|[[File:EkurGodsSchema on stellarium txt.jpg\|thumb\|The constellations of "The Ekur" in Stellarium and a schema overlay: The Sitting Gods are bluish, and the Standing Gods are darker gray. The two additional Non-Ekur divine "entities" with their entourage (Susanne M Hoffmann 2025).]]
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	* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:		* (4) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings:
	** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> MIN(=''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''		** ''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>AB UD 15 KAM <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> MIN(=''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> AN-''e'') / IGI-''it'' GABA-''ka'' GUB<sup>meš</sup> <sup>mul</sup>SIM.MAḪ KUR-''ḫa''
	** "The 15th of Tebet, the Standing Gods in the middle of heaven against your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA, 25, 51, 58, 66].		** "The 15th of Tebet, the Standing Gods in the middle of heaven against your chest, and the Swallow rises" (I iv 28) [MA<ref name=":4">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 51, 58, 66].
	\|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]		\|[[File:Swallow MULAPIN Iiv28 stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The Swallow of the MUL.APIN uranology just risen: no one of the Standing Gods of the first list is in the middle of the sky during its rising, so the meaning of the term in this case has completely changed. It is even the opposite of what it indicated before (map with Stellarium; Susanne M Hoffmann 2025). ]]
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	\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>dingir.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu		* <sup>mul</sup>dingir.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>utu
	* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:154].		* "Standing Gods = Sin and Shamash" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:154].
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	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:15.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur		* <sup>mul</sup><dingir>.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''šu-ut E''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' = <sup>d</sup>30 ''u'' <sup>d</sup>u.gur
	* "Standing (Gods) from Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA, 51:15; Wee 2016, 162-3:15].		* "Standing (Gods) from Ekur = Sîn and Nergal". [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51:15; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3:15].
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A\|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw, 51; CAD A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968, 323; Sidersky 1920, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938, 25].		"Standing deities" (among epithets: ''ilū ṣīrūtu'' "High gods") are known both from lists of gods and from other texts. Worshiped as protectors, guardians of temples; mentioned as a pair with [[DINGIR.KU.A\|DINGIR.KU.A<sup>meš</sup>]] "Sitting deities". [AHw<ref name=":2" />, 51; CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Heimpel 1968<ref>''Heimpel W.'' Tierbilder in der sumerischen Literature. Roma, 1968 (Studia Pohl, 2).</ref>, 323; Sidersky 1920<ref>''Sidersky M.'' Tablet of Prayers for a King (?) (K.2279) / JRAS. 1920. P. 565-572.</ref>, 567:16]. A special group was an.gub.ba<sup>meš</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''kur'' "Standing gods from Ekur", which apparently had astral significance. In the AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (I 364-366) they are defined as: <sup>d</sup>UL.maš / <sup>d</sup>AŠ.daḫ / 2 dingir.gub.ba e<sub>2</sub>.kur.ra.ke<sub>4</sub> "Ulmash, AŠ.daḫ = 2 standing deities from Ekur". [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 24, 24:67-68; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 65]. For other versions of the identification of the "Standing gods" see. [CAD<ref name=":3" /> A/2, 117-118; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 25].

	==== III. Symbol. ====		==== III. Symbol. ====
	Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927, 75-76; Beaulieu et al, 2018, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].		Description in VAT 9428 r. 12: 3 MUL.MEŠ ''n''[''a-bu-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>A]N.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> "3 bl[essed] stars, Standing [G]ods" [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75-76; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 23, 25, 32, Section IX, i 12].

	==== IV. Identification. ====		==== IV. Identification. ====
	= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927, 84; 3 Erg. 333-334; G. 22];		= α, β Ophiuchi to approximately α Herculis [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84; 3 Erg.<ref>''Kugler F.X. '' Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel. 3.Ergänzungsheft zum ersten und zweiten Buch von J.Schaumberger. Münster, 1935.</ref> 333-334; Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 22];

	= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59, 78];		= probably α Herculis and α + β Ophiuchi [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 78];

	= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 278].		= ζ and η Herculis (?) [MA<ref name=":4" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 278].

	= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol., 208, App. C].		= part of Hercules [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":5" />, 208, App. C].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==