E2.TUR3 - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:27, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:27:01Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]

Sushoff at 14:44, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:44:41Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]

Sushoff at 07:09, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:09:55Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359		<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

2026-01-07T10:10:06Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

Sushoff at 17:17, 12 December 2025

2025-12-12T17:17:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 12 December 2025
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	https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).		https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';		= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

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	* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].		* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
	The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genetive MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.		The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genetive MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].		In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

	==== ~~III.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenia" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, the rising point that which moves throughout the year relative to the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].		According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenia" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, the rising point that which moves throughout the year relative to the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

InitTeam at 07:27, 6 October 2025

2025-10-06T07:27:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:27, 6 October 2025
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	* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME,		* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME,
	* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;		* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
	* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].		* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
	The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genetive MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.		The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genetive MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.

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	* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''		* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''
	** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r'']''a''<sup>?</sup>-''am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."		** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r'']''a''<sup>?</sup>-''am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
	** [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7].		** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
	\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.		\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>		* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>
	** "The star of the Enclosure along (moves), (which corresponds to) lying across the enclosure" [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120-121].		** "The star of the Enclosure along (moves), (which corresponds to) lying across the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
	** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = banû "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2, III 22-22a; Koch 1989, 121].		** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = banû "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
	* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>		* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>
	** "If Eturamme, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches towards Shupe, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will have a harvest of plenty; a harvest of bread and sesame" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7].		** "If Eturamme, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches towards Shupe, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will have a harvest of plenty; a harvest of bread and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
	\|Here we are not sure how to read the text		\|Here we are not sure how to read the text

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	* (2) can be read as genetive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation		* (2) can be read as genetive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation

	* (3)
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)		* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)
	* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].		* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
	\|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]		\|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]
	\|}		\|}
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].		In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

	==== III. Identification. ====		==== III. Identification. ====
	According to [BPO 2, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [G. 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenia" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol., 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>tarbāṣu — is the Sun, the rising point that which moves throughout the year relative to the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989, 123], see also [BPO 2, III 24b].		According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenia" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, the rising point that which moves throughout the year relative to the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

Sushoff at 18:32, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:32:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:32, 16 August 2025
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	https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).		https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';		= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

Sushoff at 09:12, 4 August 2025

2025-08-04T09:12:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:12, 4 August 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}
			[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359		<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}

	Babylonian name ~~means~~ "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359		<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

	https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).		https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

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	= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';		= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

	~~variant~~ designations:		Variant designations:

	* <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA,		* <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA,
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	* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;		* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
	* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].		* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2, 11; G. 130, 131].
	The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genetive MUL e<sub>2</sub>-tu-ra, the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL e<sub>2</sub>.-tu-ra-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.		The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genetive MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.

	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
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	!Sources!!Identifications		!Sources!!Identifications
	\|-		\|-
	\|Lexical texts		\|'''Lexical texts'''
	Urra XXII series:		Urra XXII series:

	* [<sup>mul</sup>e-TU-r]a-am-me = sukkal <sup>d</sup>a-nu-ni-tum		* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''
	** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>e-tu-r]a<sup>?</sup>-am-me = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."		** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r'']''a''<sup>?</sup>-''am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
	** [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7].		** [Cavigneaux 1979, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7].
	\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.		\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
	\|-		\|-
	\|EAE.		\|'''EAE.'''
			* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>
	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ar-ku: pa-ar-ku E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>
	** "The star of the Enclosure along (moves), (which corresponds to) lying across the enclosure" [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120-121].		** "The star of the Enclosure along (moves), (which corresponds to) lying across the enclosure" [BPO 2, III 21; Koch 1989, 120-121].
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / a-na nap-ḫar AN-e DIM<sub>2</sub>: na[p-ḫa-ru (DIM<sub>2</sub> = banû )] a-na bi-nu-ut AN-e i-qab-bi		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
	** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = banû "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2, III 22-22a; Koch 1989, 121].		** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = banû "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2, III 22-22a; Koch 1989, 121].
	* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>A-nu-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> ana <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ina MU BI ina TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> nap-ša<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE u ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>		* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>
	** "If Eturamme, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches towards Shupe, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will have a harvest of plenty; a harvest of bread and sesame" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7].		** "If Eturamme, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches towards Shupe, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will have a harvest of plenty; a harvest of bread and sesame" [ACh Suppl. 2, 78 i 7].
	\|Here we are not sure how to read the text		\|Here we are not sure how to read the text
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	* (3)		* (3)
	\|-		\|-
	\|"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
			* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)
	* <sup>mul</sup>e-tu<sup>!</sup>-ram-mi = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)
	* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].		* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:137].
	\|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]		\|In this case, the identification seems to be the constellation [[Leo]], [[UR.GU.LA]]
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: <sup>d</sup>Anum (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>E]-tu-ra-am-mi = sukkal <sup>d</sup>Bi-i-ir-du.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].		In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN series: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938, 277; Litke 1998,185, note 191].

	==== III. Identification. ====		==== III. Identification. ====

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:10, 7 January 2026
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';		= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

	Variant designations:		Variant designations:
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	* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''		* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''
	** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r'']''a''<sup>?</sup>-''am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."		** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r'']''a''<sup>?</sup>-''am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
	** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].		** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
	\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.		\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>		* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>
	** "The star of the Enclosure ~~along~~ (~~moves~~), ~~(which corresponds to) lying across~~ the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].		** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
	** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = banû "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].		** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
	* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>		* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>
	** "If ~~Eturamme~~, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches ~~towards Shupe~~, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will ~~have~~ a harvest ~~of plenty~~; a harvest of ~~bread~~ and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].		** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
	\|Here we are not sure how to read the text		\|Here we are not sure how to read the text

	* (1)		* (1) not translated in BPO 2

	* (2) can be read as genetive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation		* (2) can be read as genetive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~."'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea." ??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)		* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)
	* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].		* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
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	==== Previous Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, ~~the~~ rising point ~~that~~ which moves throughout the year ~~relative to~~ the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].		According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==