E2.TUR3 - Revision history

HermannHunger at 16:52, 5 June 2026

2026-06-05T16:52:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:52, 5 June 2026
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	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is ~~aSumerian~~ name ~~meaning~~ with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359		<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Sumerian name with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

	https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).		https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).
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	** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].		** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
	** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is ~~called~~ "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].		** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is said "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
	* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>		* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>
	** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].		** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].

WayneHorowitz at 17:51, 24 May 2026

2026-05-24T17:51:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 24 May 2026
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	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is aSumerian name meaning with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra ~~range~~ includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359		<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is aSumerian name meaning with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

	https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).		https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

WayneHorowitz: I changed the teaser and added a reference to the discussion in my Astrolabe book of the commentary passage.

2026-05-24T17:50:45Z

I changed the teaser and added a reference to the discussion in my Astrolabe book of the commentary passage.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:50, 24 May 2026
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	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a ~~Babylonian name~~ meaning "Enclosure" ~~and designates~~ a star or ~~constellation~~ in [[Leo]]~~. Other ideas may have been held by~~ other ~~ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with~~ e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range ~~from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to~~ the ~~closest sense of what might be a full-~~sky ~~constellation in cuneiform. EAE~~ (2) ~~equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky~~, ~~based on a view of the stars~~ as ~~cattle in their enclosure:~~ this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359		<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is aSumerian name meaning with a literal meaning "House of the Enclosure" (Akkadian ''bīt tarbāṣi''), with reference to animal enclosures, in particular cattle-pens. In astronomy it occurs both as a designation for a star or asterism in [[Leo]], with other references, particularly a commentary to Enuma Anu Enlil suggesting e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range includes all three paths of the traditional Mesopotamian sky (The Paths of Anu, Enlil, Ea), perhaps to be interpreted as this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Horowitz 2014: 11-13, Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

	https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).		https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004186569/B9789004186569-s022.xml</ref>).

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

2026-05-22T18:44:41Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 22 May 2026
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexical texts'''		\|'''Lexical texts'''
	Urra XXII ~~series~~:		Series Urra XXII:

	* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''		* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''
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	** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].		** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
	* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>		* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>
	** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].		** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, in this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
	\|Here we are not sure how to read the text		\|Here we are not sure how to read the text

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	* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation		* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List and ~~Miscellenea~~." ~~??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???~~'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea."'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)		* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)
	* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].		* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the AN ~~series~~: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu". [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].		In astrological and lexical texts Eturammi is associated with the goddess Anunitu. In the series AN : <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (V 202): [<sup>d</sup>''E'']-''tu-ra-am-mi'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Bi-i-ir-du''.ke<sub>4</sub> "Eturammi is a messenger of Birdu" [Litke 1998<ref name=":5">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 187]; <sup>d</sup>Bi.ir.du (= <sup>d</sup>Binibu) is one of the names of Nergal [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 277; Litke 1998<ref name=":5" />, 185, note 191].

	==== Previous Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and ~~Miscellenea~~" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].		According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellanea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

YoulaAzkarrula at 03:29, 19 May 2026

2026-05-19T03:29:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:29, 19 May 2026
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	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]] [[Category:Leo]]

JanSafford: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

2026-04-23T14:51:07Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 23 April 2026
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	* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME,		* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME,
	* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;		* <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.AM.MA/MI;
	* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].		* = <sup>mul</sup>''eturammi'' 'Eturammi star' [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 130, 131].
	The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the ~~genetive~~ MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.		The surviving Sumerian also allows for readings with the genitive MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra'', the Star(s) of the Enclosure, and plural MUL ''e''<sub>2</sub>-''tu-ra''-ME 'the stars of the enclosure'.
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
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	\|Here we are not sure how to read the text		\|Here we are not sure how to read the text

	* (1) not translated in BPO 2		* (1) not translated in BPO 2<ref name=":0" />

	* (2) can be read as ~~genetive~~ or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation		* (2) can be read as genitive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea." ??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea." ??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???'''

Sushoff at 16:27, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:27:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:27, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]

Sushoff at 14:44, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:44:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 22 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]

Sushoff at 07:09, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:09:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:09, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]		[[File:ZeissHeaven1905 2017 s.JPG\|thumb\|the entire sky - Zeiss Planetarium Berlin (SMH 2017).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359		<sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒂍𒉣𒇬) is a Babylonian name meaning "Enclosure" and designates a star or constellation in [[Leo]]. Other ideas may have been held by other ancient scholars as well: The exact sense of the various renderings of the terms with e<sub>2</sub>.tur.ra range from identifications with 'The Lion' constellation to the closest sense of what might be a full-sky constellation in cuneiform. EAE (2) equates <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA with the entire sky, based on a view of the stars as cattle in their enclosure: this enclosure being the entire sky, wild cattle being the planets, and domesticated cattle being the fixed-stars (Horowitz 2010,<ref>Horowitz W. 2010: “Stars, Cows, Semicircles and Domes: Astronomical Creation Myths and the Mathematical Universe,” in W. Horowitz, U. Gabbay, and F. Vukosavoviæ, eds., A Woman of Valor: Jerusalem Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Joan Goodnik W estenholz: 263-285.</ref> Rochberg 2010<ref>Francesca Rochberg (2010). S'''HEEP AND CATTLE, COWS AND CALVES: THE SUMERO-AKKADIAN ASTRAL GODS AS LIVESTOCK''' In: Opening the Tablet Box, Brill, 347–359

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[3] */

2026-01-07T10:10:06Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:10, 7 January 2026
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';		= ''tarbāṣu,'' 'enclosure (for cattle)';

	Variant designations:		Variant designations:
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	* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''		* [<sup>mul</sup>''e''-TU-''r'']''a-am-me'' = sukkal <sup>d</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum''
	** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r'']''a''<sup>?</sup>-''am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."		** "Enclosure = Messenger of Anunitu", [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r'']''a''<sup>?</sup>-''am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la "Eturammi? = Lion."
	** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].		** [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:19-20; Bloch and Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 110:313ʹ], see also [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7].
	\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.		\|These restaurations of the text are not secure.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>		* (1) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> NAM ''ar-ku'': ''pa-ar-ku'' E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>
	** "The star of the Enclosure ~~along~~ (~~moves~~), ~~(which corresponds to) lying across~~ the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].		** "The star of the Enclosure ... long(?), or ... of the enclosure" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 21; Koch 1989<ref name=":3">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 120-121].
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN.NA [DUG<sub>4</sub>.GA?] / ''a-na nap-ḫar'' AN-''e'' DIM<sub>2</sub>: ''na''[''p-ḫa-ru'' (DIM<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' )] ''a-na bi-nu-ut'' AN-''e i-qab-bi''
	** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = banû "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].		** "The Enclosure (refers to) DIM<sub>2</sub>.MA.AN. NA / that is, to the whole heavens, (because) dim<sub>2</sub> (means) "to[tality," (besides) dim<sub>2</sub> = ''banû'' "to create"], (therefore) it is called "for the creatures? of heaven."" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 22-22a; Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 121].
	* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>		* (3) DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub>.RA.ME SUKKAL <sup>mul</sup>''A-nu-ni-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA TE / ''ina'' MU BI ''ina'' TIL MU LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ''nap-ša''<sub>2</sub> KUR GU<sub>7</sub> BURU<sub>14</sub> ŠE ''u'' ŠE.GIŠ. I<sub>3</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>
	** "If ~~Eturamme~~, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches ~~towards Shupe~~, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will ~~have~~ a harvest ~~of plenty~~; a harvest of ~~bread~~ and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].		** "If Eturame, the messenger of Anunitu, approaches Šupa, this year (at the end of the year) the king will die; the country will enjoy a plentyful harvest; there will be a harvest of barley and sesame" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":2" /> 2, 78 i 7].
	\|Here we are not sure how to read the text		\|Here we are not sure how to read the text

	* (1)		* (1) not translated in BPO 2

	* (2) can be read as genetive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation		* (2) can be read as genetive or plural, leading to the interpretation of an all sky-constellation
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~."'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea." ??? The word for "mixed stuff" is miscellanea; miscellania occurs in films etc. as a topographic feature ???'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)		* <sup>mul</sup>''e-tu''<sup>!</sup>-''ram-mi'' = <sup>mul</sup>min(=ur.gu.la)
	* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].		* "Eturammi = Lion." [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:137].
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	==== Previous Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, ~~the~~ rising point ~~that~~ which moves throughout the year ~~relative to~~ the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].		According to [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11] the given names refer to one luminary whose identification is not clear. Gössmann treats <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TUR.RA and <sup>mul</sup>E<sub>2</sub>.TU.RA.ME as two different luminaries without providing any reasoning [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 130, 131]. <sup>mul</sup>eturammi in the "Great Star List and Miscellenea" may be considered as being an integral part of the constellation UR.GU.LA "Lion" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 193, notes]. In the prediction [ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 i 7] <sup>mul</sup>E.TU.RA.ME moves relative to fixed stars, which makes its identification with a planet (Venus, Mars?) probable. See (Kurtik t10) [[TUR3\|TUR<sub>3</sub>]] also in this connection. According to Koch, <sup>mul</sup>''tarbāṣu'' — is the Sun, its rising point which moves throughout the year within the area of the horizon, which had the mythological name E<sub>2</sub>.TUR<sub>3</sub> [Koch 1989<ref name=":3" />, 123], see also [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, III 24b].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==