EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:40, 26 March 2026

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]

Sushoff at 14:46, 22 January 2026

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]

Sushoff at 07:14, 17 January 2026

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man."		Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man."

Sushoff: /* Historical Dictionaries */

2026-01-08T16:10:50Z

Historical Dictionaries

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:10, 8 January 2026
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: <sup>d</sup>imin.bi dumu.meš <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (<sup>giš</sup>gigir ''ša''<sub>2</sub> kur elam.ma<sup>ki</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>giš</sup>''kussê-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ja''<sup>!</sup>-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation <sup>giš</sup>GIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR\|<sup>giš</sup>GIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>GIGIR and <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI.		Enmešarra — an ancient deity associated with the underworld; among his epithets: ''ṣābit kippat kigalli'' "He who holds the circle of the underworld" [MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 275, 361]. The name has been known since the third dynasty of Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 103]. Together with Ninmešarra, he was formulated as the divine pair of Enlil's ancestors in the divine genealogies of the Old Babylonian period [Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 col. i 28-29; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 34, Tablet I 136-137; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4">''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 153]. Later identified with Anu, Dumuzi, and Kingu [TU<ref name=":5">''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47 obv. 2-3, rev.; Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 145, 190-191, 194,198-199]. Enmešarra was considered the father of the divine Seven: <sup>d</sup>imin.bi dumu.meš <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "Seven, the sons of Enmešarra", 7 dumu.meš <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "The Seven Sons of Enmešarra" [Livingstone 1986<ref name=":4" />, 126-127:5, 176-177:29]. In the Neo-Assyrian period in the temple dedicated to Enmešarra (''bīt'' <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'') there were rituals connected with it. The description of one of them (VAT 8917 obv. 24-29) mentions a sacred chariot (<sup>giš</sup>gigir ''ša''<sub>2</sub> kur elam.ma<sup>ki</sup> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>giš</sup>''kussê-ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ja''<sup>!</sup>-''a᾽-nu'' "A chariot of Elam, without a seat") in which the body of the deity was transported (add ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra'') [ibid.<ref name=":4" />, 124-125, 147]. The image of this chariot with Enmešarra in it was probably regarded as a symbol of the constellation <sup>giš</sup>GIGIR, which name is already present in the early monolingual Nippur list of stars, see (Kurtik g15) [[GIGIR\|<sup>giš</sup>GIGIR]]. The constellation Enmešarra, located in the zodiacal belt north of Taurus, was part of the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man" [Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352; 3. Erg., 327]. Therefore Enmešarra as a deity was identified with both <sup>mul</sup> <sup>giš</sup>GIGIR and <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI.

	==== ~~II.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].		= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, 11].

	= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].		= north of Taurus [ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 271-272].

	==== ~~III.~~ Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	(1) <sup>mul d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.		(1) <sup>mul d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "Frontal star of Enmešarra", see IV,1 below.

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	(4) [<sup>mul</sup>ŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''<sub>2</sub> EN ''a-si-di-šu''<sub>2</sub>: <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].		(4) [<sup>mul</sup>ŠU].GI TA TA ''kin-ṣi-šu''<sub>2</sub> EN ''a-si-di-šu''<sub>2</sub>: <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' ''šum''-[''šu''] "[Old m]an from his knee to his heel = [his] name is Enmesharra" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 15; Weidner 1925<ref name=":2" />, 352].

	==== ~~IV.~~ Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====
	(1) Visibility of the constellation; <sup>mul d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA<sub>5</sub> ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L<sub>2</sub> "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI<sub>4</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub> A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA<sup>?</sup> [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.[RA] / MUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA<sub>5</sub>] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra ma-diš'' SA<sub>5</sub> A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR<sub>4</sub>-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].		(1) Visibility of the constellation; <sup>mul d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-diš e-kil'' EN.TE.NA ''dan-nu'' G[AL<sub>2</sub><sup>?</sup>] "If the front star of Enmešarra is very dark: there will be severe cold" [BPO 2, XVI 8], apodosis version: GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI IGI-''ma'' "Mercury appeared in the Old Man " [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 18; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 8 + Parallels]; [DIŠ] <sup>mul</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL IGI.BI GIM ''ka-ra-ri-e ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> 1 MUL ''ma-diš'' SA<sub>5</sub> ''um-šum dan-nu'' [GA]L<sub>2</sub> "If the front star of Enmešarra is like the midday sun (and) in its middle one star is very red: [there wi]ll be severe heat" [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9], a variant of the apodosis: AN ''ina'' IL<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ru-ru'' KI ''Dil-bat ina'' MUL [...] "Mars in exceptional brilliance (reaches) the place of Venus within the constellation [...]". [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 16-17; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 9 + Parallels]; ˹DIŠ˺ MUL GIŠ.KAK <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' MUL.BI IGI.BI LUL.AŠ AL.SI<sub>4</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub> A.ZI.GA DUGUD.DA KALAM.MA<sup>?</sup> [...] "If the front star of the axis (chariot) of Enmešarra is very red: a strong flood (will ...) the country." [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 11 + Parallels]; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.[RA] / MUL-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ma-a᾽-diš'' [SA<sub>5</sub>] / A.KAL ''uṣ-ṣa''-[''pa''] "If Enmešar[ra], its star is very [red]: floodings will increase" [SAA 8<ref name=":3" />, 549:1-3]; parallel: DIŠ <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra ma-diš'' SA<sub>5</sub> A.KAL [...] [BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12], apodosis variant: GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ina'' ŠU.GI GUR<sub>4</sub>-''m''[''a''] "Mercury in the Old Man is very bright" [TU<ref name=":5" />, 18 r. 14; BPO 2<ref name=":0" />, XVI 12 + Parallels].

HermannHunger at 18:04, 7 January 2026

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	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~."'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenea."'''
	* [...] = [<sup>d</sup>en.me].šar<sub>2</sub>.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].		* [...] = [<sup>d</sup>en.me].šar<sub>2</sub>.ra [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:114].
	\|		\|

HermannHunger at 18:03, 7 January 2026

2026-01-07T18:03:20Z

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Sushoff at 07:36, 13 December 2025

2025-12-13T07:36:30Z

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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]
			[[Category:Per]]

Sushoff at 07:36, 13 December 2025

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	[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is an one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man."		Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is an one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man."
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
			Lit. "Lord of all me"; Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298. </blockquote>
	~~===~~ Krebernik (2023) ~~===~~
	The last of Enlil’s primeval ancestors who were killed (in the act of creation?). <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šár-ra'' (EN 3r). For a late myth in which Enmešarra and his seven sons are defeated by Marduk, see Lambert 2013, 281-298.

	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===~~
	~~Lit. "Lord of all me";~~

	* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI\|<sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI]] "Old Man",		* 1) the deity of the constellation [[ŠU.GI\|<sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI]] "Old Man",
	* 2) the deity of the constellation <sup>[[GIGIR\|mul]]</sup> [[GIGIR\|<sup>giš</sup>GIGIR]] "Chariot",		* 2) the deity of the constellation <sup>[[GIGIR\|mul]]</sup> [[GIGIR\|<sup>giš</sup>GIGIR]] "Chariot",

InitTeam at 17:03, 5 October 2025

2025-10-05T17:03:55Z

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Sushoff at 18:35, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:35:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:35, 16 August 2025
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	[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Enmesharra+Plough stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA, The Old Man (older generation of gods), behind Enlil's constellation of the Plough. Painted for Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is an one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man."		Enmesharra (𒀭𒂗𒈨𒄭𒊏) is an one of a number of ancestor deities of Enlil, the traditional King of the Sumerian-Akkadian Pantheon. Thus it is natural for him to be identified with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI "Old Man."
	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==

	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===