En-lil2 - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:39, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:39:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:39, 26 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]		[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]

Sushoff at 14:46, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:46:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 22 January 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]		[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]

Sushoff at 07:13, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:13:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:13, 17 January 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]		[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
	Enlil (𒀭𒂗𒆤) is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.		Enlil (𒀭𒂗𒆤) is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.

HermannHunger at 14:43, 7 January 2026

2026-01-07T14:43:13Z

Sushoff at 07:34, 13 December 2025

2025-12-13T07:34:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:34, 13 December 2025
Line 3:		Line 3:

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>}}
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
			The most supreme of the three supreme gods of the Akkadian pantheon.

	~~=== Krebernik (2023) ===~~		The '''astral aspects of Enlil''':
	Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. <sup>d</sup>''~~En-líl~~'' ~~(MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7)~~

	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim ===~~
	~~The most supreme of the three supreme gods of the Akkadian pantheon. The~~ astral aspects of Enlil:

	(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, ''kakkabāni''(mul.meš) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']]) or ''ḫarrān'' (kaskal) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: ''man-za-az'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "standings of Enlil and Aa", see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']].		(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, ''kakkabāni''(mul.meš) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']]) or ''ḫarrān'' (kaskal) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: ''man-za-az'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "standings of Enlil and Aa", see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']].

	Lists of Enlil stars:		Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. <sup>d</sup>''En-líl'' (MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7) </blockquote>'''Lists of Enlil stars:'''

	* a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39),		* a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39),

Sushoff at 18:34, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:34:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:34, 16 August 2025
Line 3:		Line 3:

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>}}
	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==

	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===

InitTeam at 10:24, 24 May 2025

2025-05-24T10:24:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:24, 24 May 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]		[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
	Enlil is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.		Enlil (𒀭𒂗𒆤) is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>}}

InitTeam at 07:10, 12 May 2025

2025-05-12T07:10:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:10, 12 May 2025
Line 6:		Line 6:

	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===
	Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. <sup>d</sup>En-líl (MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7)		Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. <sup>d</sup>''En-líl'' (MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7)

	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz and Kim ===
	The most supreme of the three supreme gods of the Akkadian pantheon. The astral aspects of Enlil:		The most supreme of the three supreme gods of the Akkadian pantheon. The astral aspects of Enlil:

	(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, kakkabāni(mul.meš) šu-ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see e04[[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a]]) or ḫarrān (kaskal) šu-ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: man-za-az <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> u <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "standings of Enlil and Aa", see e04[[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a]]. Lists of Enlil stars: a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39), b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7], c) 12 stars of Enlil in Astr. B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].		(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, ''kakkabāni''(mul.meš) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']]) or ''ḫarrān'' (kaskal) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: ''man-za-az'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "standings of Enlil and Aa", see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']].

			Lists of Enlil stars:

			* a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39),
			* b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7],
			* c) 12 stars of Enlil in Astr. B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].

	[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021 (CC BY).]]		[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021 (CC BY).]]
	(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized: (a) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "Constellation Plough, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to Astr. B (B iii 1), b) <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ši-mat KUR i-šim-mu "Shupa, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI], (c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].		(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized:

			* a) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Constellation Plough, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to Astr. B (B iii 1),
			* b) <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim-mu'' "Shupa, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI],
			* c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].

	(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:		(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:

	<sup>mul</sup>šu.gi <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> / ša<sub>2</sub> Nibru<sup>ki</sup> "old man - Enlil of Nippur",		<sup>mul</sup>šu.gi <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''Nibru''<sup>ki</sup> "old man - Enlil of Nippur",

	<sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> / ša<sub>2</sub> E<sub>2</sub>-nam-ti-la "Fox — Enlil of Enamtil,		<sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''E''<sub>2</sub>-''nam-ti-la'' "Fox — Enlil of Enamtil,

	<sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> / ša<sub>2</sub> Ḫur-sag-kalam-ma<sup>ki</sup> "Wolf — Enlil of Ḫursagkalam,		<sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> Ḫur-sag-kalam-ma<sup>ki</sup> "Wolf — Enlil of Ḫursagkalam,

	<sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> / ša<sub>2</sub> Kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> "The rooster — Enlil of Kulaba",		<sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> Kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> "The rooster — Enlil of Kulaba",

	<sup>mul</sup>am.an.na <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> / ša<sub>2</sub> LAM´KUR.RU<sup>ki</sup> "Heavenly Bull - Enlil from Shuruppak (=Aratta)",		<sup>mul</sup>am.an.na <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> LAM´KUR.RU<sup>ki</sup> "Heavenly Bull - Enlil from Shuruppak (=Aratta)",

	<sup>mul</sup>ḪUM.BA <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> / ša<sub>2</sub> ZA.MUŠ<sub>2</sub>.<UNUG><sup>ki</sup> KUR.NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> "Humba - Enlil from Zabalam, Elam",		<sup>mul</sup>ḪUM.BA <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ZA.MUŠ<sub>2</sub>.<UNUG><sup>ki</sup> KUR.NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> "Humba - Enlil from Zabalam, Elam",

	<sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> / ša<sub>2</sub> tin.tir<sup>ki</sup> "Shupa - Enlil from Babylon"		<sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> tin.tir<sup>ki</sup> "Shupa - Enlil from Babylon"

	en <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>amar.utu / <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>en-lil<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ši-mat kur i-šim-mu "Lord Enlil, Marduk. Shupa, Enlil, who establishes the fate of the country." [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9-18,7292; HBA, 58-59]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 iii 3-10].		en <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>amar.utu / <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>''en-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'' "Lord Enlil, Marduk. Shupa, Enlil, who establishes the fate of the country." [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9-18,7292; HBA, 58-59]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 iii 3-10].

	(4) The list of the "4 Enlils": <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>mul</sup>ka.a<sub>5</sub>: 4 en.lil<sub>2</sub>.meš ša<sub>2</sub> tur<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.e<sub>2</sub>.gal.meš "Lion, Dog, Wolf, Fox : the '4 Enlils' from the 'palace women'". [KAR, 142 iv 9--11].		(4) The list of the "4 Enlils": <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>mul</sup>ka.a<sub>5</sub>: 4 en.lil<sub>2</sub>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> tur<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.e<sub>2</sub>.gal.meš "Lion, Dog, Wolf, Fox : the '4 Enlils' from the 'palace women'". [KAR, 142 iv 9--11].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

Sushoff at 17:37, 1 April 2025

2025-04-01T17:37:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:37, 1 April 2025
Line 75:		Line 75:
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Deity]]

Sushoff at 20:38, 31 March 2025

2025-03-31T20:38:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:38, 31 March 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
			[[File:BabGlobe Fig5 hoffmann+krebernik.png\|thumb\|Schema of the Babylonian Globe devided into the paths of three main gods of the Babylonian pantheon in the early 2nd millennium BCE (by SMH, published in Hoffmann and Krebernik 2023).]]
	Enlil is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.		Enlil is the King of the Gods, head of the traditional Sumerian-Akkadian pantheon going back into the third millennium BCE, and King of the Earth's Surface, ruling in the human realm for his holy city of Nippur. In traditional astronomy, Enlil’s stellar path is the northernmost in the sky.

Line 11:		Line 12:

	(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, kakkabāni(mul.meš) šu-ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see e04[[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a]]) or ḫarrān (kaskal) šu-ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: man-za-az <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> u <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "standings of Enlil and Aa", see e04[[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a]]. Lists of Enlil stars: a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39), b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7], c) 12 stars of Enlil in Astr. B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].		(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, kakkabāni(mul.meš) šu-ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see e04[[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a]]) or ḫarrān (kaskal) šu-ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: man-za-az <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> u <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a "standings of Enlil and Aa", see e04[[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a]]. Lists of Enlil stars: a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39), b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7], c) 12 stars of Enlil in Astr. B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].
			[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021 (CC BY).]]
	(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized: (a) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "Constellation ~~Plow~~, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to Astr. B (B iii 1), b) <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ši-mat KUR i-šim-mu "Shupa, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI], (c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI, see sh16[[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].		(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized: (a) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> "Constellation Plough, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to Astr. B (B iii 1), b) <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ši-mat KUR i-šim-mu "Shupa, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI], (c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].

	(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:		(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:43, 7 January 2026
Line 8:		Line 8:
	The '''astral aspects of Enlil''':		The '''astral aspects of Enlil''':

	(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, ''kakkabāni''(mul.meš) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']]) or ''ḫarrān'' (kaskal) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: ''man-za-az'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "standings of Enlil and Aa", see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']].		(1) In the division of the sky into three regions, the stars north of the equatorial zone, including the circumpolar, ''kakkabāni''(mul.meš) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "stars of Enlil" (first in the Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night, see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']]) or ''ḫarrān'' (kaskal) ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "path of Enlil"; in Ee V 8: ''man-za-az'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "standings of Enlil and Ea", see (Kurtik e04) [[E2-a\|<sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'']].

	Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. <sup>d</sup>''En-líl'' (MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7) </blockquote>'''Lists of Enlil stars:'''		Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> elaborate: <blockquote>Head of the Sum. pantheon; created the present cosmos by separating heaven and earth, therefore commonly understood as “Lord Air (sum. líl)”; originally a god of agriculture (= civilization): his mother-in-law is the grain goddess Nissaba, his first-born son Ninurta/Ningirsu, whose emblem is the plough. <sup>d</sup>''En-líl'' (MUL.APIN I i 1, I ii 7) </blockquote>'''Lists of Enlil stars:'''
Line 14:		Line 14:
	* a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39),		* a) 33 Enlil stars in MUL.APIN (I i 1-39),
	* b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7],		* b) 12 Enlil stars in the corrupted list 82-5-22,512 [CT 33, 9 r. 1-7],
	* c) 12 stars of Enlil in ~~Astr.~~ B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].		* c) 12 stars of Enlil in Astrolabe B [KAV 218, B iii 1-27, C 1-12; Horowitz 2014, 39].

	[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021 (CC BY).]]		[[File:Stellarium Plough APIN.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellation APIN as in MUL.APIN, identification by Hoffmann and Horowitz 2022, painting by Jessica Gullberg 2021 (CC BY).]]
	(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized:		(2) In a number of cases the constellation belonging to the stars of Enlil was emphasized:

	* a) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Constellation Plough, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to ~~Astr.~~ B (B iii 1),		* a) <sup>mul giš</sup>APIN <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> "Constellation Plough, Enlil" (MUL.APIN I i 1), parallel to Astrolabe B (B iii 1),
	* b) <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim-mu'' "~~Shupa~~, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI],		* b) <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.PA <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' KUR ''i-šim-mu'' "Šupa, Enlil, who determines the fate of the country" (MUL.APIN I i 12, ii 46, iii 21), for a parallel see. [VR, 46,1:11; PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI],
	* c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].		* c) in astrological contexts, Enlil was identified with <sup>mul</sup>ŠU.GI, see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 4, and also [VR, 46, 1:16].

	(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:		(3) The list of the "7 astral Enlils" (7 <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ), the "star - Enlil - city (or temple)" correspondences:

	<sup>mul</sup>šu.gi <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''Nibru''<sup>ki</sup> "~~old~~ man - Enlil of Nippur",		<sup>mul</sup>šu.gi <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''Nibru''<sup>ki</sup> "Old man - Enlil of Nippur",

	<sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''E''<sub>2</sub>-''nam-ti-la'' "Fox — Enlil of ~~Enamtil~~,		<sup>mul</sup>ka<sub>5</sub>.a <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''E''<sub>2</sub>-''nam-ti-la'' "Fox — Enlil of Enamtila,

	<sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> Ḫur-sag-kalam-ma<sup>ki</sup> "Wolf — Enlil of ~~Ḫursagkalam~~,		<sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> Ḫur-sag-kalam-ma<sup>ki</sup> "Wolf — Enlil of Ḫursagkalama,

	<sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> Kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> "The rooster — Enlil of Kulaba",		<sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> Kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> "The rooster — Enlil of Kulaba",
Line 37:		Line 37:
	<sup>mul</sup>ḪUM.BA <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ZA.MUŠ<sub>2</sub>.<UNUG><sup>ki</sup> KUR.NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> "Humba - Enlil from Zabalam, Elam",		<sup>mul</sup>ḪUM.BA <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ZA.MUŠ<sub>2</sub>.<UNUG><sup>ki</sup> KUR.NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> "Humba - Enlil from Zabalam, Elam",

	<sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> tin.tir<sup>ki</sup> "~~Shupa~~ - Enlil from Babylon"		<sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> tin.tir<sup>ki</sup> "Šupa - Enlil from Babylon"

	en <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>amar.utu / <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>''en-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'' "Lord Enlil, Marduk. ~~Shupa~~, Enlil, who establishes the fate of the country." [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9-18,7292; HBA, 58-59]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 iii 3-10].		en <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub>.MEŠ <sup>d</sup>amar.utu / <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa <sup>d</sup>''en-lil''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ši-mat'' kur ''i-šim-mu'' "Lord Enlil, Marduk. Šupa, Enlil, who establishes the fate of the country." [PSBA XXXIII, Pl. XI, Text 82,9-18,7292; HBA, 58-59]; for a parallel see. [KAR, 142 iii 3-10].

	(4) The list of the "4 Enlils": <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>mul</sup>ka.a<sub>5</sub>: 4 en.lil<sub>2</sub>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> tur<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.e<sub>2</sub>.gal.meš "Lion, Dog, Wolf, Fox : the '4 Enlils' from the 'palace women'". [KAR, 142 iv 9--11].		(4) The list of the "4 Enlils": <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>ur.bar.ra <sup>mul</sup>ka.a<sub>5</sub>: 4 en.lil<sub>2</sub>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> tur<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>mi<sub>2</sub>.ša<sub>3</sub>.e<sub>2</sub>.gal.meš "Lion, Dog, Wolf, Fox : the '4 Enlils' from the enclosure of 'palace women'". [KAR, 142 iv 9--11].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==