Erra - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:53, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:53:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]		[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]

Sushoff at 14:49, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:49:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:49, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]		[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]

Sushoff at 07:18, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:18:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:18, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]		[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
	<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.		<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.

HermannHunger at 20:35, 9 January 2026

2026-01-09T20:35:50Z

Sushoff at 19:41, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T19:41:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:41, 15 December 2025
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	[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]		[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
	<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.		<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
			= <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' "Erra, Irra";

	~~=== Hoffmann~~ and ~~Krebernik (2023) ===~~		deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];
	Reading the first list of MUL.APIN as an explanatory list:
			Reading the first list of MUL.APIN as an explanatory list:<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!		!
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	\|}		\|}
	Akk. name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. <sup>d</sup>Èr-ra (EN 17r).		Akk. name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. <sup>d</sup>Èr-ra (EN 17r).

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~
	~~= <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' "Erra, Irra"; deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];~~

	Var. designations:		Var. designations:

Sushoff at 18:39, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:39:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:39, 16 August 2025
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	[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]		[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
	<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.		<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.
	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==

	=== Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023) ===

InitTeam at 15:18, 5 August 2025

2025-08-05T15:18:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:18, 5 August 2025
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	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= <sup>d</sup>Ir<sub>3</sub>-ra "Erra, Irra"; deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];		= <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' "Erra, Irra"; deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];

	Var. designations:		Var. designations:

Sushoff at 10:02, 4 August 2025

2025-08-04T10:02:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:02, 4 August 2025
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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]

	~~[[Category:4workWayne]]~~

InitTeam at 12:04, 27 July 2025

2025-07-27T12:04:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:04, 27 July 2025
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	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= <sup>d</sup>Ir<sub>3</sub>-ra "Erra, Irra"; deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];		= <sup>d</sup>Ir<sub>3</sub>-ra "Erra, Irra"; deity of war and plague, one of the names of Nergal [Roberts 1972, 21-29; Tallqvist 1938, 329];

			Var. designations:

	* 1) a group of stars in the constellation of the Great Bear,		* 1) a group of stars in the constellation of the Great Bear,
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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]

			[[Category:4workWayne]]

InitTeam at 10:34, 24 May 2025

2025-05-24T10:34:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 24 May 2025
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	[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]		[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|The Wagon in Mesopotamian uranography identifies with the seven brightest stars in Ursa Major (drawing by Jessica Gullberg). The Fox and the Ewe are reported in MUL.APIN next to the Wagon constellation but their identification is uncertain: The names could refer to single stars or small asterisms in the areas indicated here: just to not limit the image to a single dot, we sketched them as (arbitrary) stickfigures in Stellarium.]]
	<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.		<sup>d</sup>''Erra'' (𒀭𒀴𒊏) is an Akkadian name for the King of the Underworld, more commonly known as Nergal, and associated with <sup>mul</sup>[[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]] (the Fox, an asterism in [[Ursa Major]]). Erra is already in use as a name for an Akkadian asterisms in the Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, but there cannot be positively identified with 'The Fox'-asterism as is explicit in MUL.APIN and the GSL.
	==Dictionary==		==Dictionary==

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 9 January 2026
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	\|I i 16,17		\|I i 16,17
	\|1		\|1
	\|asterism by the ~~pole~~ of <sup>STAR</sup>''EREQQU'' : <sup>STAR</sup>ŠĒLEBU(Fox)		\|asterism by the shaft of <sup>STAR</sup>''EREQQU'' : <sup>STAR</sup>ŠĒLEBU(Fox)
	\|<sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the strong of the gods		\|<sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the strong of the gods
	\|}		\|}
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	\|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''		\|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
	* Old Babylonian prayer:		* Old Babylonian prayer:
	** a) Erm. 15642: ''qu''<sub>2</sub>-''ra-du-um'' <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' "Heroic ~~Err.~~" [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:16], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],		** a) Erm. 15642: ''qu''<sub>2</sub>-''ra-du-um'' <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' "Heroic Erra" [Horowitz 2000, 196-197:16], and also [Shileiko 1924, 147; Dossin 1935, 180; von Soden 1936, 306],
	** b) AO 6769: ''qu''<sub>2</sub>-''ra-du Ir-ra'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60],		** b) AO 6769: ''qu''<sub>2</sub>-''ra-du Ir-ra'' [Dossin 1935, 181-182:16; Horowitz 1996, 60],
	** c) CBS 574: ˹''qu''<sub>3</sub>-''ra''˺-[''d'']''u'' [''I'']''r''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' [Horowitz-Wasserman 1996, 58:13].		** c) CBS 574: ˹''qu''<sub>3</sub>-''ra''˺-[''d'']''u'' [''I'']''r''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' [Horowitz and Wasserman 1996, 58:13].
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	* The stars of Enlil (no. 16, 17):		* The stars of Enlil (no. 16, 17):
	** DIŠ MUL ''ša ~~ina~~'' KI ''~~zar~~-ri-ri ša'' <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''zu''		** DIŠ MUL ''ša'' KI ''za-ri-i ša'' <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA GUB-''zu''
	*** The asterism which stands in the shaft of the Wagon.		*** The asterism which stands in the shaft of the Wagon.
	** <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra gaš-ri'' DINGIR<sup>meš</sup>		** <sup>mul</sup>KA<sub>5</sub>.A <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra gaš-ri'' DINGIR<sup>meš</sup>
	*** "Fox, Erra, strong ~~among~~ the gods" (I i 17) [MA, 23].		*** "the Fox, Erra, strong one of the gods" (I i 17) [MA, 23].
	\|[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Wagon, Fox and Ewe in Stellarium. ]]		\|[[File:Wagon+fox+ewe stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Wagon, Fox and Ewe in Stellarium. ]]
	\|-		\|-
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	* a) See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]],		* a) See (Kurtik k06) [[KA5.A\|KA<sub>5</sub>.A]],
	* b) ''kak-kab'' <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš''<sub>2</sub>-''ši''		* b) ''kak-kab'' <sup>d</sup>''Er''<sub>3</sub>-''ra um-mu-lu ša-ru-ri i-na-aš''<sub>2</sub>-''ši''
	** "Erra's star sparkles and ~~emits~~ radiance." [Al-Rawi-Black 1989, 118:10′]. See also [Kurtik 2019, note 34].		** "Erra's star sparkles and carries radiance." [Al-Rawi and Black 1989, 118:10′]. See also [Kurtik 2019, note 34].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	* UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' ZI-''ma'' UN.MEŠ ''ul u''<sub>2</sub>-[''šam-qat'']		* UL.UL ''ni-iḫ-su-ma'' UD.DA-''su-nu'' NU GAL<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Ir''<sub>3</sub>-''ra'' ZI-''ma'' UN.MEŠ ''ul u''<sub>2</sub>-[''šam-qat'']
	* "If the Stars (stand) aside and have no light: Erra will rise, but will not kill ~~men~~" [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].		* "If the Stars (stand) aside and have no light: Erra will rise, but will not kill people" [BPO 2, XV 29 + Parallels].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==