GAN2.UR3 - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:56, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:56:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

Sushoff at 17:16, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T17:16:54Z

WayneHorowitz at 13:41, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T13:41:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 12 March 2026
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	*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>		*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>
	*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].		*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
	For the god Mar-biti see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson 2020 136 n. 8. Karlsson ??, 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, ~~N.A.B.U~~. 2020 no. ~~???~~.		For the god Mar-biti see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson 2020 136 n. 8. Karlsson M., 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.
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WayneHorowitz at 13:38, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T13:38:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:38, 12 March 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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	*MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E<sub>2</sub>) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>		*MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E<sub>2</sub>) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>
	*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of ~~Marbiti~~, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36-37].		*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of Mar-biti, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36-37].
	List of stars VR 46, 1:25.		List of stars VR 46, 1:25.
	*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>		*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>
	*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].		*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
			For the god Mar-biti see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson 2020 136 n. 8. Karlsson ??, 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, N.A.B.U. 2020 no. ???.
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WayneHorowitz at 13:21, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T13:21:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:21, 12 March 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	* <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>		* <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>

Sushoff at 08:14, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:14:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:14, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.

Sushoff at 07:21, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:21:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:21, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

JanSafford at 17:08, 9 January 2026

2026-01-09T17:08:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:08, 9 January 2026
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	= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];		= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79];

	= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; ~~ASM~~<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].		= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

	====Parts of the constellation.====		====Parts of the constellation.====
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)
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	\|вар.: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; G. 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).		\|вар.: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>.(RA); = maškakātu «Борона» [BPO 2, 11; Gössmann 1950, 66]; созвездие, включавшее восточную часть Парусов (Vela) и, возможно, часть Центавра (Centaurus).
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

	Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> ina A<sub>2</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Mār(A)-bīti(E<sub>2</sub>) (в [G. 17] – <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ša<sub>2</sub> ina lib<sub>3</sub>-bi-šu<sub>2</sub> ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u<sub>2</sub> «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ina lib<sub>3</sub>-bi-šu<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub> «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.		Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> = maš-ka-ka-ti/tu<sub>2</sub> [SpTU III, 114A v 44; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 109:301ʹ]. EAE. Cм. [BPO 2, II 12e–f; BPO 3, K.2226+:ii 40; Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 17′; SpTU III, 101:27]. MUL.APIN. Список звезд Эа (№ 6): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> ina A<sub>2</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Mār(A)-bīti(E<sub>2</sub>) (в [Gössmann 1950, 17] – <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ša<sub>2</sub> ina lib<sub>3</sub>-bi-šu<sub>2</sub> ZU:AB i-bar-ru-u<sub>2</sub> «Созвездие, которое с его (т.е. Энтенабархума) стороны стоит, Борона, оружие Марбити, внутри которого Апсу можно увидеть» (I ii 23–24) [MA, 36–37]. Список звезд VR 46, 1:25. <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> ina lib<sub>3</sub>-bi-šu<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub> «Борона, оружие Марбити, в котором Апсу видно» [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 163–3]. GU-текст. (I) ni-šik ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> «Укус Бороны» (μ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14–15]; cм. также u17UR.A.

	См. также: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> u <sup>mul</sup>APIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].		См. также: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> u <sup>mul</sup>APIN idi šūti [izzazzu] «Борона и Поле на юге стоят» (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), цит. по [CAD M/1, 368].
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	IV. Отождествление.		IV. Отождествление.

	= Crux [G. 66];		= Crux [Gössmann 1950, 66];

	= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];		= Ara (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

	= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; ~~ASM~~, 273].		= восточная часть Vela [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273].

	V. Части созвездия.		V. Части созвездия.

Sushoff: /* Additional */

2025-12-18T11:57:29Z

Additional

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	===Additional ===		===Additional ===

	====~~II.~~ Deity. ====		====Deity. ====
	The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' <sup>d</sup>MUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Nirah'' (<sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''mār bīti ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>uru</sup>''De-e-erki'' "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name <sup>(giš)</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].		The epithet ''mār bīti'', used in MUL.APIN in connection with the Harrow, had two serpent deities venerated in Der: ''Šaḫan'' (the correct reading is ''Irḫan'' [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6">''McEwan G.J.P.'' <sup>d</sup>MUŠ and Related Matters // Or. 1983. Vol. 52, Fasc. 2. P. 215-229.</ref>, 223; Krebernik 1984<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Beschwörungen aus Fara und Ebla. Hildesheim-Zürich-N.Y., 1984</ref>, 298ff.]), and ''Nirah'' (<sup>d</sup>''Niraḫ ilu šu-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''mār bīti ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>uru</sup>''De-e-erki'' "Nirah, the brilliant god, prince of Der" [McEwan 1983<ref name=":6" />, 222, note 31]), see also [Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 120, 440]. Could one claim on this basis that the Harrow constellation was associated with one of these deities? The name <sup>(giš)</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> as a royal name is given in the "Sumerian King List", in the section related to Kish, see [Jacobsen 1939, 76-77:43-45; Hallo 1963<ref>''Hallo W.W.'' Beginning and End of the Sumerian King List in the Nippur Recension // JCS. 1963. Vol. 17. P.</ref>, 52].

	====~~III.~~ Symbol.====		====Symbol.====
	Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].		Unknown. For a description on the designs of the harrow used in tilling the fields in ancient Mesopotamia, see [Salonen 1968<ref>''Salonen A''. Agricultura Mesopotamica. Helsinki, 1968. </ref>, 109-115].

	====~~IV.~~ Identification. ====		====Previous Identification. ====
	= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];		= Crux [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 66];

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	= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].		= eastern part of Vela [MA<ref name=":5" />, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

	====V. Parts of the constellation.====		====Parts of the constellation.====
	''ni-šik ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.		''ni-šik ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>. “Harrow’s bite,” see above.

	====~~VI.~~ Astrology.*====		====Astrology.*====
	Identifications:		Identifications:

Sushoff at 19:53, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T19:53:48Z

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	<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~===Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim =~~==
	* <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>		* <sup>mul</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub>
	* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];		* "Harrow" [BPO 2<ref name=":0">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 66];

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 12 March 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
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	<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> (𒀯𒄑𒃷𒃡) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Maškakātu,'' 'The Harrow', is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the shape of the farming implement, the harrow. MUL.APIN I ii 23 identifies the asterism with the weapon of the deity ''mār-bīti, '''The child of the Temple.' Presumably the arrangement of the stars in the constellation 'The Harrow' could also be recognized as a weapon in the sky.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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	*MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E<sub>2</sub>) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>		*MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>TUKUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''Mār''(A)-''bīti''(E<sub>2</sub>) (in [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 17], <sup>d</sup>A.MAL) / ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>-''bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU ''i-bar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub>
	*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. Entenabarguz) stands the Harrow, the weapon of ~~Mar~~-~~biti~~, within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36-37].		*"Constellation, which with it (ie. i.e. [[EN.TE.NA.BAR.GUZ\|Entenabarguz]]) stands the Harrow, the weapon of ''Mār-bīti'', within which Apsu can be seen" (I ii 23-24) [MA<ref name=":5">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 36-37].
	List of stars VR 46, 1:25.		List of stars VR 46, 1:25.
	*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>		*<sup>mul giš</sup>gan<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> <sup>giš</sup>tukul ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>A.E<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina lib''<sub>3</sub>''-bi-šu''<sub>2</sub> ABZU igi.kar<sub>2</sub>
	*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].		*"The Harrow, the weapon of Marbiti, in which Apsu is seen" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 163-3].
	For the god ~~Mar~~-~~biti~~ see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson 2020 136 n. 8. Karlsson M., 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.		For the god ''Mār-bīti'' see Brinkman 1968 165 fn. 1002 with a recent reference in Karlsson (2020 136 n. 8)<ref>Karlsson M. (2020). 'The Divine Determinative and the Names of the Rulers of Babylon, NABU. 2020 no. 64, pp. 134-137.</ref>.
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	See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.ur<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').		See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>.UR<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>mul</sup>APIN ''idi šūti'' [''izzazzu''] "The Harrow and the Pole stands in the south" (K.6211:9, K.6185 r.14), quoted in [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M/1, 368], (Fincke and Horowitz forthcoming: BM 35408 ii 6', BM 82865 6').
	[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png\|thumb\|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]		[[File:GISGANUR Screenshot 2025-11-30 181652.png\|thumb\|Convex Hull for the stars inside GAN2.UR3 (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]