GIŠ.KUN - Revision history

Sushoff at 19:11, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T19:11:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism being a body-part of the lion in [[Leo]].		<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism being a body-part of the lion in [[Leo]].

WayneHorowitz at 14:15, 12 February 2026

2026-02-12T14:15:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 12 February 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].		<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism being a body-part of the lion in [[Leo]].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Sushoff at 08:41, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:41:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:41, 17 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----

	<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].		<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].

Sushoff at 07:24, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:24:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:24, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----

	<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].		<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].

Sushoff at 16:54, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T16:54:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 8 January 2026
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	<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].		<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg\|thumb\|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]		[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg\|thumb\|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
	= <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' (𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈) Akkadian parallel, a body part. Kurtik translates GIŠ.KUN as "Thigh"<sup>(?)</sup>, but <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' "hip", although they are equated in ancient texts.		= <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' (𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈) Akkadian parallel, a body part. Kurtik translates GIŠ.KUN as "Thigh"<sup>(?)</sup>, but <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' "hip", although they are equated in ancient texts.
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	* 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),		* 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),
	* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].		* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-

Sushoff at 10:38, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T10:38:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 8 January 2026
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	= δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],		= δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],

JanSafford at 16:56, 26 December 2025

2025-12-26T16:56:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 26 December 2025
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	* 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),		* 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),
	* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [AD I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].		* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].

	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
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	\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''		\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
	As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [AD I-III<ref name=":0" />, passim]; the earliest example: ''dele-bat ina'' ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣa'' GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was on the west side, opposite Leo's Thigh" [AD I<ref name=":0" />, -567:13].		As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I-III<ref name=":0" />, passim]; the earliest example: ''dele-bat ina'' ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣa'' GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was on the west side, opposite Leo's Thigh" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref name=":0" />, -567:13].
	\|		\|
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	\|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''		\|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
	* gi[š].kun [...] 20<sup>(?)</sup> a<sup>(?)</sup> "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:1′; ~~ASM~~<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 149-150].		* gi[š].kun [...] 20<sup>(?)</sup> a<sup>(?)</sup> "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:1′; Hunger-Pingree 199<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 149-150].

	In modern editions of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].		In modern editions of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
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	= δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],		= δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],

	= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 222, 229; ~~ASM~~<ref name=":4" />, 87-88; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, 320; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57].		= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 199<ref name=":4" />, 87-88; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, 320; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57].
	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
	\|= rapaštu «Бедро»(?); 1) = ziqpu XXIII, группа звезд в созвездии Льва (Leo), 2) входила в число «нормальных звезд» (= θ Leonis) [AD I, 18; AHw, 955a; CAD R, 154a; G. 163, IV 4].		\|= rapaštu «Бедро»(?); 1) = ziqpu XXIII, группа звезд в созвездии Льва (Leo), 2) входила в число «нормальных звезд» (= θ Leonis) [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 18; AHw, 955a; CAD R, 154a; Gössman 1950, 163, IV 4].
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

	Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) \| ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) \| 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) \| TA MUL 4 ša<sub>2</sub> GABA-šu<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От 4 звезд на его (Льва) Груди до 2 звезд на его Бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN \| 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN \| 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN \| TA MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL DILI ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его бедре до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:15–18; TU, 21 r. 15–18; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ra-pa-a[š-ti] «200 до 2 (звезд) на бед[ре]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:17]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL<sub>2</sub> 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> // 2 // 21 IGI 6 ME KUŠ «2 звезды на его бедре // 2 (звезды) // 21600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:14]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA GABA ša <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ š]a ra-pal-ti-šu<sub>2</sub>[…] «От груди Ль[ва] до 2 зве[зд н]а его бедре […]», b) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu<sub>2</sub>] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:14–17]. (5) Nippur Planisphere: a) [⅔ DAN]NA ana 2 ša<sub>2</sub> MUL <<2 ša<sub>2</sub>>> GIŠ.[KUN]-šu<sub>2</sub> «[⅔ ми]ли (200) до двух звезд на его бедре» (rev. 22), b) 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.˹KUN<sup>!</sup>-šu<sub>2</sub>˺ «две (звезды) на его бедре», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:22, 177–179]. См. также LBAT 1502: 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> ana ziq-p[i…] «2 (звезды) на его бедре кульминируют» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76:3]. Aнафора. A 3427: 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:9–10]. GU-текст. (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša<sub>2</sub> giš.kun «2 звезды на бедре Льва» (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14], см. u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §О. […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. «Дневники наблюдений». Как «нормальная звезда» GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A «Бедро Льва» (= θ Leonis) регулярно использовалась в «дневниках» для фиксации положений Луны и планет [AD I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: dele-bat ina ŠU<sub>2</sub> ana tar-ṣa GIŠ.KUN UR.[A…] «Венера была на западе напротив Бедра Льва» [AD I, -567:13]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> U<sub>3</sub>.TU UŠ<sub>2</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> […] «Если он родился, когда 2 звезды на его (= Льва) бедре (кульминируют): его смерть […]» [SpTU V, 265:6']. См. также U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša<sub>2</sub> rap-pa-a[š<sub>2</sub><sup>(?)</sup>-ti-šu<sub>2</sub>] [Sachs 1952, 74]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. gi[š].kun […] 20(?) a(?) «Поясница(??) [Льва …]: 20(?) Льва(?)» (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a, 146:1′; ~~ASM~~, 149–150]. В современном издании BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN […] x 22 «Крестец [Льва…] 22» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].		Списки ziqpu-звезд. (1) AO 6478: a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=šuqultu) \| ⅔ DANNA i-na KI.MIN(= ina qaqqari) \| 36 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN(=ina šamê) \| TA MUL 4 ša<sub>2</sub> GABA-šu<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> «3⅓ мины веса, 200 на земле, 36000 миль на небе / От 4 звезд на его (Льва) Груди до 2 звезд на его Бедре», b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN \| 10 UŠ i-na KI.MIN \| 18 IGI DANNA ina KI.MIN \| TA MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL DILI ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> «1⅔ мины веса, 100 на земле, 18000 миль на небе / От 2 звезд на его бедре до Отдельной звезды на его хвосте» [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:15–18; TU, 21 r. 15–18; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228–229]. (2) VAT 16437: ⅔ DANNA a-na 2 ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>ra-pa-a[š-ti] «200 до 2 (звезд) на бед[ре]» [Schaumberger 1952, 225:17]. (3) VAT 16436: MUL<sub>2</sub> 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> // 2 // 21 IGI 6 ME KUŠ «2 звезды на его бедре // 2 (звезды) // 21600 локтей» [Schaumberger 1952, 226–7:14]. (4) BM 38369+: a) TA GABA ša <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ š]a ra-pal-ti-šu<sub>2</sub>[…] «От груди Ль[ва] до 2 зве[зд н]а его бедре […]», b) TA 2 M[UL.ME]Š ša ra-pal-t[i-šu<sub>2</sub>] / ˹EN˺ [is-ḫu-u]n-na-at KUN-šu ½ D[ANNA] «От 2 зв[езд] на его бед[ре], до кисти его хвоста ½ м[или] (=150)» [Horowitz 1994a, 91–92:14–17]. (5) Nippur Planisphere: a) [⅔ DAN]NA ana 2 ša<sub>2</sub> MUL <<2 ša<sub>2</sub>>> GIŠ.[KUN]-šu<sub>2</sub> «[⅔ ми]ли (200) до двух звезд на его бедре» (rev. 22), b) 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.˹KUN<sup>!</sup>-šu<sub>2</sub>˺ «две (звезды) на его бедре», на диаграмме изображены 2 точки (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz–al-Rawi 2001, 172–173:22, 177–179]. См. также LBAT 1502: 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> ana ziq-p[i…] «2 (звезды) на его бедре кульминируют» [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 76:3]. Aнафора. A 3427: 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> (при определении времен восхода двенадцатых частей знака зодиака Скорпион) [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:9–10]. GU-текст. (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša<sub>2</sub> giš.kun «2 звезды на бедре Льва» (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:14], см. u17UR.A. Dalbanna-текст. §О. […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> «[…бедро Льва]» (θ Leo), см. m18MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR. «Дневники наблюдений». Как «нормальная звезда» GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A «Бедро Льва» (= θ Leonis) регулярно использовалась в «дневниках» для фиксации положений Луны и планет [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I–III, passim]; самый ранний пример: dele-bat ina ŠU<sub>2</sub> ana tar-ṣa GIŠ.KUN UR.[A…] «Венера была на западе напротив Бедра Льва» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, -567:13]. Поздняя астрология. W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ša<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-šu<sub>2</sub> U<sub>3</sub>.TU UŠ<sub>2</sub>-šu<sub>2</sub> […] «Если он родился, когда 2 звезды на его (= Льва) бедре (кульминируют): его смерть […]» [SpTU V, 265:6']. См. также U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša<sub>2</sub> rap-pa-a[š<sub>2</sub><sup>(?)</sup>-ti-šu<sub>2</sub>] [Sachs 1952, 74]. Поздневавилонский каталог BM 46083. gi[š].kun […] 20(?) a(?) «Поясница(??) [Льва …]: 20(?) Льва(?)» (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a, 146:1′; Hunger-Pingree 199, 149–150]. В современном издании BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN […] x 22 «Крестец [Льва…] 22» [Roughton–Steele–Walker 2004, 563–564].

	II. Отождествление.		II. Отождествление.

	= δ Leonis [G. 163, IV 4],		= δ Leonis [Gössman 1950, 163, IV 4],

	= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; ~~ASM~~, 87–88; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320; Koch 1992, 57].		= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; Hunger-Pingree 199, 87–88; Pingree–Walker 1988, 320; Koch 1992, 57].
	\|Example		\|Example
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InitTeam at 09:08, 16 October 2025

2025-10-16T09:08:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:08, 16 October 2025
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	* 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),		* 1) = ziqpu XXIII, a group of stars in the constellation Leo (Leo),
	* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [AD I, 18; AHw, 955a; CAD R, 154a; G. 163, IV 4].		* 2) was among the "normal stars" (= θ Leonis) [AD I<ref name=":0">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 18; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 955a; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> R, 154a; Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 163, IV 4].

	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
Line 18:		Line 18:
	* (1) AO 6478:		* (1) AO 6478:
	** a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') \| ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') \| 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') \| TA MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ. KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "3⅓ min. weight, 200 on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From 4 stars on its (Lion's) Chest to 2 stars on its Thighs",		** a) 3 MA.NA ⅓ MA MIN(=''šuqultu'') \| ⅔ DANNA ''i-na'' KI.MIN(= ''ina qaqqari'') \| 36 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN(=''ina šamê'') \| TA MUL 4 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ. KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "3⅓ min. weight, 200 on earth, 36,000 miles in the sky / From 4 stars on its (Lion's) Chest to 2 stars on its Thighs",
	** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN \| 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN \| 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN \| TA MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "1⅔ min weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From 2 stars on its thigh to a separate star on its tail" [Thureau-Dangin 1913, 217:15-18; TU, 21 r. 15-18; HBA, 133; Schaumberger 1952, 228-229].		** b) 1⅔ MA.NA MIN \| 10 UŠ ''i-na'' KI.MIN \| 18 IGI DANNA ''ina'' KI.MIN \| TA MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> \| EN MUL DILI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "1⅔ min weight, 100 on earth, 18000 miles in the sky / From 2 stars on its thigh to a separate star on its tail" [Thureau-Dangin 1913<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F.'' Distances entre étoiles fixes // RA. 1913. Vol 13. P.215-225.</ref>, 217:15-18; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 21 r. 15-18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 133; Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2">''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>, 228-229].
	* (2) VAT 16437:		* (2) VAT 16437:
	** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''ra-pa-a''[''š-ti''] "200 to 2 (stars) on thi[gh]" [Schaumberger 1952, 225:17].		** ⅔ DANNA ''a-na'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>''ra-pa-a''[''š-ti''] "200 to 2 (stars) on thi[gh]" [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 225:17].
	* (3) VAT 16436:		* (3) VAT 16436:
	** MUL<sub>2</sub> 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> // 2 // 21 IGI 6 ME KUŠ "2 stars on its thigh // 2 (stars) // 21600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952, 226-7:14].		** MUL<sub>2</sub> 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> // 2 // 21 IGI 6 ME KUŠ "2 stars on its thigh // 2 (stars) // 21600 cubits." [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 226-7:14].
	* (4) BM 38369+:		* (4) BM 38369+:
	** a) TA GABA ''ša'' <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ ''š'']''a ra-pal-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>[...] "From Lion[s] chest to 2 stars on his hip [...]",		** a) TA GABA ''ša'' <sup>[m]ul</sup>UR.GU.[LA] / EN 2 MUL.M[EŠ ''š'']''a ra-pal-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>[...] "From Lion[s] chest to 2 stars on his hip [...]",
	** b) TA 2 M[UL. ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''<sub>2</sub>] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu-u'']''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From 2 stars on his hip, to the brush of his tail ½ m[or] (=150)" [Horowitz 1994a, 91-92:14-17].		** b) TA 2 M[UL. ME]Š ''ša ra-pal-t''[''i-šu''<sub>2</sub>] / ˹EN˺ [''is-ḫu-u'']''n-na-at'' KUN-''šu'' ½ D[ANNA] "From 2 stars on his hip, to the brush of his tail ½ m[or] (=150)" [Horowitz 1994a,<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two New Ziqpu-Star Texts and Stellar Circles // JCS. 1994. Vol. 46. P. 89-98.</ref> 91-92:14-17].
	* (5) Nippur Planisphere:		* (5) Nippur Planisphere:
	** a) [⅔ DAN]NA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL <<2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub>>> GIŠ.[KUN]-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[⅔ mi]li (200) to two stars on his thigh" (rev. 22),		** a) [⅔ DAN]NA ''ana'' 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL <<2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub>>> GIŠ.[KUN]-''šu''<sub>2</sub> "[⅔ mi]li (200) to two stars on his thigh" (rev. 22),
	** b) 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.˹KUN<sup>!</sup> ''šu''<sub>2</sub>˺ "two (stars) on its thigh," the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001, 172-173:22, 177-179]. See also LBAT 1502: 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana ziq''-''p''[''i''...] "2 (stars) on its thighs culminate" [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76:3].		** b) 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.˹KUN<sup>!</sup> ''šu''<sub>2</sub>˺ "two (stars) on its thigh," the diagram shows 2 points (obv., Segment 3) [Horowitz-al-Rawi 2001<ref>''Horowitz W., al-Rawi F.N.H''. Tablets from the Sippar Library IX. A Ziqpu-Star Planisphere // Iraq. 2001. V. LXIII. P. 171-181.</ref>, 172-173:22, 177-179]. See also LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref> 1502: 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana ziq''-''p''[''i''...] "2 (stars) on its thighs culminate" [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76:3].
	* Anaphora. A 3427:		* Anaphora. A 3427:
	** 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> (in determining the rising times of the twelfth section of the zodiac sign Scorpius) [Schaumberger 1955, 238-239:9-10].		** 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> (in determining the rising times of the twelfth section of the zodiac sign Scorpius) [Schaumberger 1955<ref>''Schaumberger J.'' Anaphora und Aufgangskalender in neuen Ziqpu-Texten // ZA. 1955. Bd. 55 (N.F. 17). S. 237-251.</ref>, 238-239:9-10].
	\|.		\|.
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''GU text.'''		\|'''GU text.'''
	* (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša<sub>2</sub> giš.kun "2 stars on the thigh of Leo" (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:14], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].		* (I) 2 ˹mul˺.meš ša<sub>2</sub> giš.kun "2 stars on the thigh of Leo" (ziqpu XXIII: δ, θ Leo) [Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3">''Pingree D., Walker C.'' A Babylonian Star-Catalogue: BM 78161 / Fs. Sachs, 1988. P. 313-322.</ref>, BM 78161:14], see (Kurtik u17) [[UR.A]].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''		\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
	As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [AD I-III, passim]; the earliest example: ''dele-bat ina'' ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣa'' GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was on the west side, opposite Leo's Thigh" [AD I, -567:13].		As a "normal star" GIŠ.KUN UR.A/A "Leo's Thigh" (= θ Leonis) was regularly used in "diaries" to record the positions of the moon and planets [AD I-III<ref name=":0" />, passim]; the earliest example: ''dele-bat ina'' ŠU<sub>2</sub> ''ana tar-ṣa'' GIŠ.KUN UR.[A...] "Venus was on the west side, opposite Leo's Thigh" [AD I<ref name=":0" />, -567:13].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Late Astrology.'''		\|'''Late Astrology.'''
	* W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> U<sub>3</sub>.TU UŠ<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> [...] "If he is born when 2 stars (culminate) on the thighs of it (= Leo): his death [...]" [SpTU V, 265:6']. See also U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša<sub>2</sub> ''rap-pa-a''[''š''<sub>2</sub><sup>(?)</sup>-''ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>] [Sachs 1952, 74].		* W 23313/3: DIŠ KI MUL 2 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GIŠ.KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> U<sub>3</sub>.TU UŠ<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> [...] "If he is born when 2 stars (culminate) on the thighs of it (= Leo): his death [...]" [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 265:6']. See also U.197 obv. 2': múl 2 ša<sub>2</sub> ''rap-pa-a''[''š''<sub>2</sub><sup>(?)</sup>-''ti-šu''<sub>2</sub>] [Sachs 1952<ref>''Sachs A.'' Babylonian Horoscopes // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 49-75.</ref>, 74].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''		\|'''Late Babylonian catalog BM 46083.'''
	* gi[š].kun [...] 20<sup>(?)</sup> a<sup>(?)</sup> "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a, 146:1′; ASM, 149-150].		* gi[š].kun [...] 20<sup>(?)</sup> a<sup>(?)</sup> "Lower Back(??) [of the Lion ...]: 20(?) the Lion(?)" (θ Leonis) [Sachs 1952a<ref>''Sachs A.'' A Late Babylonian Star Catalogue // JCS. 1952. V. 6. P. 146-150.</ref>, 146:1′; ASM<ref name=":4">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 149-150].

	In modern editions of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004, 563-564].		In modern editions of BM 46083: GIŠ.KUN [...] x 22 "The sacrum [of the Lion...] 22." [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004<ref>''Roughton N.A., Steele J.M., Walker C.B.F.'' A Late Babylonian Normal and ''Ziqpu'' Star Text // AHES. 2004. Vol. 58. P. 537-572.</ref>, 563-564].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	==== II. Identification. ====		==== II. Identification. ====
	= δ Leonis [G. 163, IV 4],		= δ Leonis [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 163, IV 4],

	= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952, 222, 229; ASM, 87-88; Pingree-Walker 1988, 320; Koch 1992, 57].		= δ, θ Leonis [Schaumberger 1952<ref name=":2" />, 222, 229; ASM<ref name=":4" />, 87-88; Pingree-Walker 1988<ref name=":3" />, 320; Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 57].
	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Sushoff at 18:46, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:46:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 16 August 2025
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	<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].		<sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.KUN (𒀯𒄑𒆲) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Leo]].

	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg\|thumb\|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]		[[File:Leo urgula cut.jpg\|thumb\|UR.GU.LA drawing by Robert Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (2016), adapted to the star chart by Susanne M Hoffmann (2024)]]
	= <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' (𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈) Akkadian parallel, a body part. Kurtik translates GIŠ.KUN as "Thigh"<sup>(?)</sup>, but <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' "hip", although they are equated in ancient texts.		= <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' (𒊏𒉺𒀸𒌈) Akkadian parallel, a body part. Kurtik translates GIŠ.KUN as "Thigh"<sup>(?)</sup>, but <sup>(mul)</sup>''Rapaštu'' "hip", although they are equated in ancient texts.

Sushoff at 15:39, 4 August 2025

2025-08-04T15:39:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 4 August 2025
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	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Asterism]]