GI.GI - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:57, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:57:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:57, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]		[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]

Sushoff at 14:51, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:51:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]		[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]

Sushoff at 07:21, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:21:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:21, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]		[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.		<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.

Sushoff at 19:55, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T19:55:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:55, 15 December 2025
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	[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]		[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.		<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim =~~==
	[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].		[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

InitTeam at 05:56, 7 October 2025

2025-10-07T05:56:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:56, 7 October 2025
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].		[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

	* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)		* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
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	* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:		* (1) Series Ḫg. B VI:
	** <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''u me-šar'' = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu		** <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit-tu''<sub>2</sub> ''u me-šar'' = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu
	** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI, 40:39], dupl. <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''<sub>2</sub> ...] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8].		** "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:39], dupl. <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul ''kit''-[''tu''<sub>2</sub> ...] [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 116: Rs. iii 8].
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gi.[gi...] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI<sub>6</sub> <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi<sub>6</sub> (the sign MI).		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gi.[gi...] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / ''kakkab kit-ti'' [''u mi-ša-ri''] / MUL GI<sub>6</sub> <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>''zi-ba-an-na''] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989<ref name=":0">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 60-61]. Note sign-play on the Sumerian gi and gi<sub>6</sub> (the sign MI).
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	In sector 6 the inscription:		In sector 6 the inscription:

	* ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].		* ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 59; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
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	\|}		\|}
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	(1) = Saturn;		(1) = Saturn;

	(2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989, 79].		(2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989<ref name=":0" />, 79].

	==== III. Astrology. ====		==== III. Astrology. ====
	(1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar, 25:26].		(1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ''ki-tu''<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ ''u'' SILIM-''mu'' [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 25:26].

	(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''<sub>4</sub> ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar, 30:20].		(2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ''ki-t'']''u''<sub>4</sub> ''a-na'' <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ''ina'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-''ma'' "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar<ref name=":1" />, 30:20].

	== Historical Dictionaries ==		== Historical Dictionaries ==

Sushoff at 15:16, 27 August 2025

2025-08-27T15:16:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:16, 27 August 2025
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	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].		[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

			* (MUL) ''Kittu'' (𒀯𒆤𒌓)
			* = "Star of truth (and justice)"; an epithet of Saturn.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
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	(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].		(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
	\| Example		\| Example
			\|-
			!Kurtik (2022, k22)
			!Gössmann (1950)
			\|-
			\|= «Звезда правды (и справедливости)»; эпитет Сатурна [G. 230], см. g11GI.GI.
			\|
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff at 18:43, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:43:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:43, 16 August 2025
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	[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]		[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.		<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].		[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].

Sushoff at 11:02, 4 August 2025

2025-08-04T11:02:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 4 August 2025
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			[[File:Balance stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellation of the Balance, Libra]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.		<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
	==Dictionary==		==Dictionary==

Sushoff at 10:37, 4 August 2025

2025-08-04T10:37:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 4 August 2025
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	<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation Libra, all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.		<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI (𒀯𒄀𒄀) = ''kakkab kittu u mēšaru,'' 'The Star of Truth and Justice'. A Sumerian and Akkadian hendiadys taking the first Sumerian GI for Akkadian ''kittu'', 'truth' and the second for ''mēšaru'', 'justice.' This term is used in reference to three asterisms: Saturn, the Sun-god Shamash, and constellation [[Libra]], all of whom are associated with justice and truth in cuneiform sources. Saturn's ''bīt niṣirti'', 'secret place' is in Libra.
	==Dictionary==		==Dictionary==
	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra.		[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and [[Libra]].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+

InitTeam at 12:10, 27 July 2025

2025-07-27T12:10:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:10, 27 July 2025
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	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Saturn]]