GIGIR - Revision history

Sushoff at 16:07, 18 April 2026

2026-04-18T16:07:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:07, 18 April 2026
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	** (a) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).		** (a) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
	** (b) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>2</sub> "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).		** (b) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ULU<sub>2</sub> "Southern Chariot reins" (ζ Tauri).
	\|		\|[[File:GIGIR-GUAN div-350BCE Screenshot.png\|thumb\|It is uncertain where exactly the Chariot constellation was seen but from the ADRT, the division of the second sign is proven as shown here: the orange (left) part is the Chariot (CC BY Susanne M Hoffmann).]]
	\|}		\|}
	See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]		See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[6] */

2026-04-18T14:47:45Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[6]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:47, 18 April 2026
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	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars: <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:398], ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 134, col. ix 7], <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, col. x 18].		* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars:
	* (2) Urra XXII series: Urra XXII: 290', <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:290ʹ]. [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],		** <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:398],
	* (3) Ea I 48a: <sup>gi-gir</sup>LAGABxBAD ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>LAGABxBAD <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].		** ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 134, col. ix 7],
			** <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, col. x 18].
			* (2) Urra XXII series:
			** Urra XXII: 290', <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:290ʹ].
			** [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],
			* (3) Ea I 48a:
			** <sup>gi-gir</sup>LAGABxBAD ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>LAGABxBAD <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
	\|Example		\|Example
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	Report on the observation of Jupiter:		Report on the observation of Jupiter:

	* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az'' "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2<ref name=":5">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref> 289-291].		* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az''
			* "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2<ref name=":5">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref> 289-291].
	\|		\|
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	\|'''The Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''		\|'''The Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
	* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:		* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:
	** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, No.-372 D obv. 3′],		** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′],
			** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, No.-372 D obv. 3′],
	** GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ar''<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-366 Col. i 19′],		** GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ar''<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-366 Col. i 19′],
	** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> "The last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-324 A obv.12],		** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> "The last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-324 A obv.12],

Sushoff at 16:58, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:58:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:58, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]		[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]

Sushoff at 14:52, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:52:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:52, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]		[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]

Sushoff at 07:22, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:22:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:22, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]		[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

Sushoff: /* Identification. */

2025-12-29T16:06:19Z

Identification.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:06, 29 December 2025
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	Chariot with the body of Enmesharra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].		Chariot with the body of Enmesharra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].

	===== Identification. =====		==== Previous Identification(s). ====
	= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />; Boll 1903<ref>''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.</ref>, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913<ref>''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel // Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.</ref>, 15:62].		= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />; Boll 1903<ref>''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.</ref>, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913<ref>''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel // Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.</ref>, 15:62].

InitTeam at 14:18, 29 December 2025

2025-12-29T14:18:07Z

WayneHorowitz at 13:12, 29 December 2025

2025-12-29T13:12:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:12, 29 December 2025
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	\|-		\|-
	\| '''"Enki and the World Order."'''		\| '''"Enki and the World Order."'''
	See (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> = [[IKU\|<sup>mul</sup>IKU]].		See (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> = [[IKU\|<sup>mul</sup>IKU]] (<sup>mul giš</sup>gigir as a star name in Sumerian literature).
	\|Example		\|Example
	\|-		\|-

JanSafford at 16:48, 27 December 2025

2025-12-27T16:48:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 27 December 2025
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	[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]		[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [G. 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological ~~contexs~~ it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024]<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":0" />. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024]<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":0" />. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}
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	Report on the observation of Jupiter:		Report on the observation of Jupiter:

	* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az'' "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [~~LABS~~, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2 289-291].		* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az'' "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2 289-291].
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	===== Identification. =====		===== Identification. =====
	= β + ζ Tauri [G. 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913, 15:62].		= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913, 15:62].

	= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59, 73a].		= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59, 73a].
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	= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2, 11-12].		= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2, 11-12].

	= north of Taurus [~~ASM~~, 271].		= north of Taurus [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

	==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
	\|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>LAGAB´BAD; = narkabtu «Колесница»; созвездие, включавшее звезды северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus) [G. 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.].		\|вар. чтения: <sup>mul</sup>LAGAB´BAD; = narkabtu «Колесница»; созвездие, включавшее звезды северной части Тельца (Taurus) и южной части Персея (Perseus) [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.].
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

	Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки звезд: <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [nar-kab-tu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13], <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>En-[me-šar<sub>2</sub>]-ra [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. (3) Ea I 48a: <sup>gi-gir</sup>LAGAB´BAD ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>LAGAB´BAD <sup>d</sup>En-me-šar<sub>2</sub>-ra «Колесница (созвездия) “Колесница Энмешарры”» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. См. также sh16ŠU.GI. «Энки и устройство мира». См. a48AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: в списке астральных богов <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания, см. u02U.RI.RI [MA, 110]. «Письма» Сообщение о наблюдении Юпитера: šap-la <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ina KASKAL šu-ut <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> iz-za-az «ниже Колесницы на пути (звезд) Энлиля он стоит» [~~LABS~~, 363 r. 9–10, 11; LAS 2 289–291]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) Созвездие использовалось для фиксации положений планет, например: AN ina GIGIR «Марс в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ina GIGIR «Юпитер в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′], GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ar<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ina G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>…] «Последнее появление Меркурия позади Колесницы, [последнее появление] Марса в Ко[леснице…]» [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′], MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ina GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> «Последнее появление Юпитера в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12], GENNA ina GIGIR SU<sub>2</sub> «Последнее появление Сатурна в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′] и др. (2) В созвездии две «нормальных звезды» (см. ниже).		Лексич. тексты. (1) Шумерские одноязычные списки звезд: <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18]. (2) Серия Urra XXII: [nar-kab-tu] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13], <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>En-[me-šar<sub>2</sub>]-ra [Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. (3) Ea I 48a: <sup>gi-gir</sup>LAGAB´BAD ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>LAGAB´BAD <sup>d</sup>En-me-šar<sub>2</sub>-ra «Колесница (созвездия) “Колесница Энмешарры”» [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. См. также sh16ŠU.GI. «Энки и устройство мира». См. a48AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub>. «Молитвы ночным богам». Новоассирийская молитва: в списке астральных богов <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16]. MUL.APIN. Астрологические предсказания, см. u02U.RI.RI [MA, 110]. «Письма» Сообщение о наблюдении Юпитера: šap-la <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ina KASKAL šu-ut <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> iz-za-az «ниже Колесницы на пути (звезд) Энлиля он стоит» [SAA 10, 363 r. 9–10, 11; LAS 2 289–291]. «Дневники наблюдений». (1) Созвездие использовалось для фиксации положений планет, например: AN ina GIGIR «Марс в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ina GIGIR «Юпитер в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′], GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ar<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ina G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>…] «Последнее появление Меркурия позади Колесницы, [последнее появление] Марса в Ко[леснице…]» [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′], MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ina GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> «Последнее появление Юпитера в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12], GENNA ina GIGIR SU<sub>2</sub> «Последнее появление Сатурна в Колеснице» [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′] и др. (2) В созвездии две «нормальных звезды» (см. ниже).

	См. также: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR = <sup>d</sup>Dili-pat<sub>2</sub> [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ].		См. также: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR = <sup>d</sup>Dili-pat<sub>2</sub> [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ].
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	IV. Отождествление.		IV. Отождествление.

	= β + ζ Tauri [G. 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα «Колесница», упоминается в «Варварской сфере» греческого астролога Тевкра («Вавилонянина») (I в.н.э.?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold–Kopff–Boll 1913, 15:62].		= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα «Колесница», упоминается в «Варварской сфере» греческого астролога Тевкра («Вавилонянина») (I в.н.э.?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold–Kopff–Boll 1913, 15:62].

	= Hyades [Weidner 1957–59, 73a].		= Hyades [Weidner 1957–59, 73a].
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	= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11–12].		= ζ, ο+ Persei, возможно, с некоторыми звездами на севере Тельца [BPO 2, 11–12].

	= северная часть Тельца [~~ASM~~, 271].		= северная часть Тельца [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].

	V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.		V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

Sushoff at 19:59, 15 December 2025

2025-12-15T19:59:14Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~===Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=~~==
	Variant readings:		Variant readings:

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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Enmesharra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].		Enmesharra, see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	Chariot with the body of Enmesharra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].		Chariot with the body of Enmesharra (?), see (Kurtik e11) [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|<sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]].

	===== ~~IV.~~ Identification. =====		===== Identification. =====
	= β + ζ Tauri [G. 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913, 15:62].		= β + ζ Tauri [G. 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913, 15:62].

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	= north of Taurus [ASM, 271].		= north of Taurus [ASM, 271].

	==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	(1) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).		(1) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).

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	Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ\|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]].		Stars (1) and (2) were among the "normal stars", see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ\|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]].

	==== ~~VI.~~ Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====
	(1) The Moon "rides" on the Chariot; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 12.		(1) The Moon "rides" on the Chariot; see (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]], VI 12.

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	[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]		[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
	<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950, 89; BPO 2, 12; CAD N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018~~, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024]~~<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":0" />. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.		<sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR (𒀯𒄑𒇀) = <sup>(mul)</sup>''Narkabtu'' "The Chariot", is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Taurus]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 89; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; CAD<ref name=":3">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> N/1, 353ff.]; in astral-mythological contexts it is the chariot of the god [[EN.ME.ŠAR2.RA\|EN.ME.ŠAR<sub>2</sub>.RA]]. The term was also used in the astronomical diaries and related texts before 300 BCE to designate the eastern half of the zodiac sign of Taurus [Steele 2018<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref>, Hoffmann and Hunger 2024<ref name=":0" />]. Note the double determinative, GIŠ for wooden objects and MUL for asterisms, indicating that the asterism is a stellar version of the wooden chariot.

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:GIGIR, ''narkabtu''}}
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars: <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI, 108:398], ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI, 134, col. ix 7], <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI, 143, col. x 18].		* (1) Sumerian monolingual lists of stars: <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 108:398], ˹<sup>mul</sup>gigir˺ [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 134, col. ix 7], <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir [MSL XI<ref name=":4" />, 143, col. x 18].
	* (2) Urra XXII series: Urra XXII: 290', <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:290ʹ]. [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],		* (2) Urra XXII series: Urra XXII: 290', <sup>mul giš</sup>gigir = <sup>d</sup>''En''-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' [Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:290ʹ]. [''nar-kab-tu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1/5 iv 13],
	* (3) Ea I 48a: <sup>gi-gir</sup>LAGABxBAD ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>LAGABxBAD <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV, 197; CAD N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].		* (3) Ea I 48a: <sup>gi-gir</sup>LAGABxBAD ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>LAGABxBAD <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' "the chariot (constellation) in regard to the Chariot-asterism, the god Enmešarra" [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 197; CAD<ref name=":3" /> N/1, 353b]. See also (Kurtik sh16) [[ŠU.GI]].
	\|Example		\|Example
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''		\|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night."'''
	* Neo-Assyrian prayer: in the list of astral gods <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR [Oppenheim 1959, 283:16].		* Neo-Assyrian prayer: in the list of astral gods <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:16].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	Astrological predictions, see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN II iii 22-27].		Astrological predictions, see (Kurtik u02) [[U.RI.RI]] [MUL.APIN<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref> II iii 22-27].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	Report on the observation of Jupiter:		Report on the observation of Jupiter:

	* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az'' "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2 289-291].		* ''šap-la'' <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''ina'' KASKAL ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>EN.LIL<sub>2</sub> ''iz-za-az'' "below the Chariot in the way (of the stars) of Enlil it stands" [SAA 10<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 363 r. 9-10, 11; LAS 2<ref name=":5">''Parpola S.'' Letters from Assyrian Scholars. Pt. II.: Commentary and appendices. Verlag Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer, 1983.</ref> 289-291].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''The Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''		\|'''The Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
	* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:		* (1) The constellation was used to record the positions of the planets, e.g.:
	** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-372 D obv. 3′],		** AN ''ina'' GIGIR "Mars in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-380 rev. 1′], MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR "Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, No.-372 D obv. 3′],
	** GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ar''<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I, No.-366 Col. i 19′],		** GU<sub>4</sub>.UD ''ar''<sub>2</sub> GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub>, AN ''ina'' G[IGIR SU<sub>2</sub>...] "Last appearance of Mercury behind the Chariot, [last appearance of] Mars in the Chariot..." [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-366 Col. i 19′],
	** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> "The last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-324 A obv.12],		** MUL<sub>2</sub>.BABBAR ''ina'' GIGIR ŠU<sub>2</sub> "The last appearance of Jupiter in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-324 A obv.12],
	** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU<sub>2</sub> "The last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [AD I, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.		** GENNA ''ina'' GIGIR SU<sub>2</sub> "The last appearance of Saturn in the Chariot" [AD I<ref name=":6" />, No.-266 A obv. 6′], etc.
	* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.		* (2) There are two "normal stars" in the constellation.
	** (a) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).		** (a) ŠUR GIGIR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SI "The northern reins of the Chariot" (β Tauri).
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	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]		See also: <sup>mul giš</sup>GIGIR ''='' <sup>d</sup>[[Dilbat\|Dili-bat]] (Venus) [SpTU I<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.</ref>, 27 r. 24; 28:9ʹ]

	===Additional===		===Additional===
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	===== Identification. =====		===== Identification. =====
	= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.; Boll 1903, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913, 15:62].		= β + ζ Tauri [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":1" />, 89, I]; = τὸ ἅρμα "Chariot," mentioned in the "Barbarian sphere" of the Greek astrologer Tevkra ("Babylonian") (1st century AD?) [ibid.<ref name=":1" />; Boll 1903<ref>''Boll F.'' Sphaera. Leipzig 1903.</ref>, 108ff.; Bezold-Kopff-Boll 1913<ref>''Bezold C., Kopff A., Boll F.'' Zenit- und Aequatorialgestirne am babylonischen Fixsternhimmel // Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos.-hist. Kl., 11. Abhandlung. Heidelberg, 1913.</ref>, 15:62].

	= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59, 73a].		= Hyades [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a].

	= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2, 291].		= β + ζ Tauri [LAS 2<ref name=":5" />, 291].

	= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2, 11-12].		= ζ, ο+ Persei, possibly with some stars in northern Taurus [BPO 2<ref name=":2" />, 11-12].

	= north of Taurus [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].		= north of Taurus [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 271].