GU.LA - Revision history

Sushoff at 17:38, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T17:38:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:38, 26 March 2026
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	{{distinguish\|Gula}}		{{distinguish\|Gula}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]

Sushoff at 08:40, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:40:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 17 January 2026
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	{{distinguish\|Gula}}		{{distinguish\|Gula}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]

Sushoff at 07:25, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:25:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:25, 17 January 2026
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	{{distinguish\|Gula}}		{{distinguish\|Gula}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71; Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA, and the Lion-constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). '''''For <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''		<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71; Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA, and the Lion-constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). '''''For <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''

InitTeam at 21:20, 9 January 2026

2026-01-09T21:20:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:20, 9 January 2026
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	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Verderame 2002<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247; SpTU IV<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11">''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].		See. [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22">''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 227, EAE 20 text k: r. 8'; 285 App. 2.4: r. 19-20; BPO 2<ref name=":7">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, III 28a, 31a; BPO 3<ref name=":8">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 281; Verderame 2002<ref name=":9">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 247; SpTU IV<ref name=":10">''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 162 r. 18; Stev. O.T.<ref name=":11">''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref>, 232:8, Pl. XVII 8].
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	===== Predictions: =====		===== Predictions: =====
	(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV<ref name=":10" />, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-lu'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' uru <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub> "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub>" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 54, IIa:1′].		(4) Eclipse of the Moon in the Giant; AN.MI ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA GAR-''ma'' "An eclipse occured in the Giant." [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 227, text k:8′], DIŠ ''ina'' iti˹x UD.14.KAM˺ AN.MI 30 GAR-''ma'' KA´MI-''su'' TU [...] ''ina'' <sup>mulx</sup>GU.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "If on the 14th [x] the Moon eclipses, (and) it darkens, [...], (this means): the eclipse occurred in the Giant" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref name=":22" />, 285, BM 47447 r. 18-19], see also [SpTU IV<ref name=":10" />, 162 r. 18]. DIŠ ''ina'' KI <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA ''u''<sub>2</sub>''-lu'' <sup>mul</sup>SUḪUR.MAŠ<sub>2</sub><sup>ku6</sup> ''a-dir'' EŠ.BAR NUN<sup>ki</sup> ''u''<sub>2</sub>-''lu'' uru <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub> "If (the Moon) eclipses within the Giant or Goat-Fish: solution for Eridu or the city <sup>d</sup>ID<sub>2</sub>" [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849:44 + Anm. 44], see also [Verderame 2002<ref name=":9" />, 54, IIa:1′].

	(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U<sub>4</sub>.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU<ref name=":17" />, 11:2].		(5) The Giant and the eclipse of the moon; (DIŠ) <sup>múl</sup>GU.LA ''a-dir'' 30 ''ina'' EN.NUN U<sub>4</sub>.ZAL.LA AN.MI GAR-''ma'' "(If) the Giant is dark: the lunar eclipse will occur in the morning watch" [TU<ref name=":17" />, 11:2].

Sushoff at 10:37, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T10:37:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 8 January 2026
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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= <sup>d</sup>''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "<sup>d</sup>Laḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987<ref name=":18">''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.</ref>; Kononenko 1997<ref>''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.</ref>, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].		A mythological character from the entourage of Enki/Ea (later Marduk), possibly one of the sons of Enki (= <sup>d</sup>''Laḫmu'', lit. "Covered with hair, hairy"). A male nude figure with a beard and six locks, depicted in full-face. For arguments in favor of identifying "<sup>d</sup>Laḫmu = Hairy One, Naked Hero, Sechslockiger Held" see [Green 1983; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 XI, 164-166]; for a detailed analysis of the difficulties associated with this identification, see [Ellis 1995]. This appears on the seals from the epoch of the First Dynasty of Ur. Initially he was correlated with the river spirit, who tamed wild animals and protected livestock. His name is mentioned in the list of 50 servants of Enki. He is also either depicted with a jug, from which pours out water, or simply together with two streams of water. He also was associated with the gatekeeper and or the guardian of the gate. After being included as one of Marduk's entourage, he was attributed with a shovel [Amiet 1963, Pl. 81, 98; Porada 1987<ref name=":18">''Porada E''. On the Origins of "Aquarius" / Fs. Reiner. P. 279-291.</ref>; Kononenko 1997<ref>''Кононенко Е.И.'' Изображение скорпиона в месопотамской глиптике III тыс. до н.э. // Вестник Московского Университета. Сер. 8. История. 1997. № 2. С. 88-101.</ref>, 95; Wiggermann 1981-82; 1992 165-166].

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	* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]].		* (1) The ritual of the "washing of the mouth" (''mīs pî'') or the "revival" of the statue-deity, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]].

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 124-133; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987<ref name=":18" />, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21">''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21" />, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19" />, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20" />, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).		A male standing or sitting on a throne, from whose shoulders (or from a jug pressed unto his chest) flows two streams of water (in which fish are sometimes depicted). This symbol is known from Old Akkadian times and in most cases represents the god Enki/Ea or the naked hairy hero Lahmu who was also depicted with two streams of water [Van Buren 1945<ref>''Van Buren E.D''. Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art. Roma, 1945.</ref>, 124-133; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19">''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 130-131; Braun-Holzinger 1996<ref>''Braun-Holzinger E.A.'' Altbabylonische Götter und ihre Symbole // BaM . 1996. Bd. 27. S.235-359, Tafel 1-42.</ref>, 328-332; Wiggermann 1992, 156, 188 fig. 1]. E. Porada considers the figure of the naked hero as a prototype of the zodiacal constellation <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA. Its relatively huge size on the seals of the 3rd millennium BC justifies the name GU.LA "Giant". Originally the figure was a standing nude, or horizontally positioned figure, during the 1st millennium B.C. — dressed figure. Some depictions, during the Old Babylonian period, undoubtedly have astral significance, as they show the month and stars on both sides of the head [Porada 1987<ref name=":18" />, Fig. 1, 12-16; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20">Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, Fig. 39, 40], see also [Kurtik 1998, 33; Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21">''Wallenfels R.'' Zodiacal Signs among the Seal Impressions from Hellenistic Uruk / The Tablet and the Scroll. Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Ed. M.E.Cohen, D.C.Snell, D.B.Weisberg. Bethesda, 1993. P. 281-289.</ref>, 31, 155]. Two streams of water end sometimes in two jugs; hence, apparently, is derived the name, "front and back vessels of the Giant." For images on kudurru and Hellenistic seals see. [Wallenfels 1993<ref name=":21" />, no. 126-141; Seidl 1968<ref name=":19" />, 41, Abb. 10; Kurtik 2007<ref name=":20" />, figs. 41-43]. It is difficult to explain the mention of the Giant's spine in BM 34452+ (see above).

	==== ~~IV.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	= Aquarius [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, 12; MA<ref name=":12" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 246].		= Aquarius [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53, 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 (Russian translation, see [Van der Waerden 1991]).</ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73a; BPO 2<ref name=":7" />, 12; MA<ref name=":12" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":13" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 246].

	==== V. Constellation parts and individual stars. ====		==== Constellation parts and individual stars. ====
	(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),		(1) ''qup-pu'' IGI ''ša''<sub>2</sub> GU "Anterior reservoir of the Giant" (probably ψ1 + ψ2 + ψ3 Aquarii),

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	(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).		(4) "Mouth of the Giant," see below (9).

	==== ~~VI.~~ Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====

	===== Identifications: =====		===== Identifications: =====

Sushoff at 10:33, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T10:33:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:33, 8 January 2026
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	[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71; Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA, and the Lion-constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). '''''For <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''		<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [Gössmann 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [Gössmann1950<ref name=":0" />, 71; Ungnad 1941-44<ref name=":1">''Ungnad A.'' Besprechungskunst und Astrologie in Babylonien // AfO. 1941-1944. Bd. 14, Heft 5/6. S. 251- 284.</ref>, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA, and the Lion-constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 115, 154). '''''For <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018'''''<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>''''': 33 and below g27+??'''''






	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg\|thumb\|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]		[[File:Ea (Babilonian) - EnKi (Sumerian).jpg\|thumb\|Detail of The Adda Seal. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister); British Museum BM 89115.]]

InitTeam at 21:40, 28 December 2025

2025-12-28T21:40:21Z

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InitTeam at 18:57, 28 December 2025

2025-12-28T18:57:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 28 December 2025
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	==References==		==References==
	*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]		*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]

			[[Category:4workWayne]]

	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]

JanSafford at 17:02, 26 December 2025

2025-12-26T17:02:02Z

Show changes

WayneHorowitz: Look at this and we may need to add mul dGU.LA as a separate entry.

2025-12-24T13:56:16Z

Look at this and we may need to add mul dGU.LA as a separate entry.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 24 December 2025
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	{{distinguish\|Gula}}		{{distinguish\|Gula}}
	[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:GU.LA+Cap stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|God Enki/ Ea, The Giant / The Great One, and his companion, the benevolent Goat-Fish; depicted in Stellarium by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷), "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [G. 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [G. 71; Ungnad 1941-44, 257]. ~~Two attestations of an Akkadian~~ translation of ~~the name~~ ''rabû'' ~~(great~~, ~~large) are attested, while~~ a loan-word ~~into Akkadian directly as~~ ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' ~~is suggested by the entry for~~ the asterism's name ~~in the star-list Urra XXII~~.		<sup>mul</sup>GU.LA (𒀯𒄖𒆷) = ''rabû'', "Great, Giant" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in [[Aquarius]] [G. 81]. In late epochs, the abbreviation GU was used for both the constellation and the zodiac sign; this applies to later astronomical, astrological and magical texts [G. 71; Ungnad 1941-44, 257]. In addition to the attested translation of GU.LA <sup>mul</sup>GU.LA= ''rabû'', Urra XXII indicates the existence of a loan-word ''Gula/Gulu/Gullû'' as the asterism's Akkadian name. In any case, indirect associations, and perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA, and the Lion-constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA is noticeable (see Horowitz 2014: 115, 154). '''''For <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 33 and below g27+??'''''

	~~For~~ indirect associations, perhaps even confusion between the star-name, the name of the goddess Gula and her asterism <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA, and the Lion-constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA see Horowitz 2014: 115, 154. For <sup>mul d</sup>GU.LA see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 33 and below g