GU4.ALIM - Revision history

Sushoff at 15:35, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T15:35:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:35, 26 March 2026
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	[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]		[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian),The Buffalo, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]].		<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian), The Buffalo, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Sushoff at 15:34, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T15:34:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:34, 26 March 2026
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	[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]		[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian)'','' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]].		<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian),The Buffalo, is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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	The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.		The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.

	The standard English translation of the star-name, '~~Buffalo~~,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as ~~Buffalo~~ are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal.		The standard English translation of the star-name, 'Bison,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as bisons are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal. Therefore, we translate The Buffalo.

	Var. reading:		Var. reading:

Sushoff: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-03-26T13:54:39Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:54, 26 March 2026
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	\|'''Dalbanna-text. ~~''??? why do we translate it as "Buffalo" if we state in the introduction that this is impossible???''~~'''		\|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
	* §Y.		* §Y.
	** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Buffalo's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),		** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Buffalo's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),

Sushoff at 12:03, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T12:03:08Z

Sushoff at 11:49, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T11:49:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 26 March 2026
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	* GUD.ALIM;		* GUD.ALIM;
	* = <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikku'',		* = <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikku'',
	A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (~~2026~~) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].		A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (202x) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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Sushoff at 11:46, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T11:46:48Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]		[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-03-25T13:21:14Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:21, 25 March 2026
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	* GUD.ALIM;		* GUD.ALIM;
	* = <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikku'',		* = <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikku'',
	A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between ~~the~~ Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (2026) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].		A a mythological character, a bull with anthropomorphic features; a constellation between Ophiuchus and the front section of the Snake(?) [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 514; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> A/1, 349, D 164-165, K 584; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 76; Jong-Ellis 1989<ref>''Jong-Ellis, Maria de''. An Old Babylonian ''kusarikku'' / Fs. Sjöberg. P. 121-135.</ref>; PSD<ref>''Pennsylvanian Sumerian Dictionary''. Philadelphia, 1984–</ref> A/3, 174-175; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179]. Hoffmann (2026) argues that it should be in the area of [[Norma]] and [[Ara]].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|'''Dalbanna-text.'''		\|'''Dalbanna-text. ''??? why do we translate it as "bison" if we state in the introduction that this is impossible???'''''
	* §Y.		* §Y.
	** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),		** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Bison's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),
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	==== Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black-Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].		The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black and Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

	==== Previous Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of ~~the~~ Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]		= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]

	According to H.Walker, quoted by F.Wiggermann, "the constellation kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) — a bull-man, which constitutes ~~Shullat~~ and ~~Hanish~~, the ~~Centauri~~ constellation". [Wiggermann 1992, 176].		According to H.Walker, quoted by F.Wiggermann, "the constellation kusarikku (GUD.ALIM) — a bull-man, which constitutes Šullat and Ḫaniš, the Centaurus constellation". [Wiggermann 1992, 176].

	In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].		In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].

Sushoff at 14:56, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:56:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:56, 22 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
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	[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]		[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]

Sushoff at 07:27, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:27:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:27, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]		[[File:Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162.jpg\|thumb\|Cylinder seal and modern impression- bull-man combatting lion; nude hero combatting water buffalo; inscription MET DP109162 (CC0)]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian)'','' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]].		<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM (𒀯𒄞𒄋; Sumerian), <sup>d</sup>''Kusarikkum'' (𒀭𒆪𒊓𒊑𒆪; Akkadian)'','' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism, probably in the area of [[Norma]]/ [[Ara]].

Sushoff: /* Additional */

2025-12-17T19:18:39Z

Additional

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:18, 17 December 2025
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	The constellation ''Kusarikku'' (= GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM) is known from the Old Babylonian times, but the mythological character associated with it is much older. Images of bulls with human faces, standing upright, are known from early dynastic periods. The naked hero, lions, the lion’s dragon, bulls, and other animals were often depicted as standing alongside the bull with the human face. A tiara with horns, sits on the head of the bull with a human face, during the III dynasty of Ur and thereafter as an emblem of divinity. The bull with a human face was associated with the sun god, Utu. This is attested, in particular, within the identity: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.<sup>d</sup>UTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = ''kusarikku'' = "bull-man". [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.] Ninurta/Ningirsu (and later Marduk), together with other demons, defeats the bull (this story plot goes back to the Neo-Sumerian times). Kusarikku is mentioned in Ee I 143 as a storm demon created by Tiamat, in the incantations of Šurpu VII 7 and among the gods of Esagil. From the Kassite period, and probably earlier, the image of the bull with the human face vested a magical and protective role [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179].		The constellation ''Kusarikku'' (= GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM) is known from the Old Babylonian times, but the mythological character associated with it is much older. Images of bulls with human faces, standing upright, are known from early dynastic periods. The naked hero, lions, the lion’s dragon, bulls, and other animals were often depicted as standing alongside the bull with the human face. A tiara with horns, sits on the head of the bull with a human face, during the III dynasty of Ur and thereafter as an emblem of divinity. The bull with a human face was associated with the sun god, Utu. This is attested, in particular, within the identity: GUD.ALIM = GUD.DUMU.<sup>d</sup>UTU = GUD.DUMU.AN.NA = ''kusarikku'' = "bull-man". [Wiggermenn 1992, 177 ff.] Ninurta/Ningirsu (and later Marduk), together with other demons, defeats the bull (this story plot goes back to the Neo-Sumerian times). Kusarikku is mentioned in Ee I 143 as a storm demon created by Tiamat, in the incantations of Šurpu VII 7 and among the gods of Esagil. From the Kassite period, and probably earlier, the image of the bull with the human face vested a magical and protective role [CAD K, 584; Jong-Ellis 1989; Soltysiak 2001, 4; Wiggermann 1992, 174-179].

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black-Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].		The Bull-man; a bull with a bearded face, a torso, and the arms of a man, standing upright [Black-Green 1992, 44, 49-51; Wiggermann 1992, 176, 188 fig. 6, 11g].

	==== ~~IV.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of the Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]		= part of the Ophiuchus and placed in the front portion of the Ophiuchus [G. 76; Koch 1995; ASM, 107ff.]

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	In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].		In the general list of stars, D.Pingree does not give identifications for this constellation [ASM, 271].

	==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	(1) MUL GIR<sub>3</sub> ZAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "The right leg of the Bison" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).		(1) MUL GIR<sub>3</sub> ZAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "The right leg of the Bison" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 26 March 2026
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	The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.		The Dalbanna text supplies the only references to the star-name in Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM, but based on the many lexical equivalences between this Sumerian term and Akkadian ''kusarikku'' it seems reasonable that both the Sumerian and Akkadian refer to the same asterism, even if the exact configuration of stars had changed over the centuries between the second millennium Prayers to the Gods of the Night and the Dalbanna text. In Dalbanna itself, one finds references to asterisms body-parts (left leg, right leg head etc.) indicating a fully conceived pictorial representation of the type found for constellations in the Uranology group.

	The standard English translation of the star-name, '~~bison~~,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as ~~bison~~ are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal.		The standard English translation of the star-name, 'Buffalo,' as in CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K 584 is untenable as Buffalo are not native to Asia: Most common in North America, there is a native European version of the animal.

	Var. reading:		Var. reading:
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	\|'''Dalbanna-text. ''??? why do we translate it as "~~bison~~" if we state in the introduction that this is impossible???'''''		\|'''Dalbanna-text. ''??? why do we translate it as "Buffalo" if we state in the introduction that this is impossible???'''''
	* §Y.		* §Y.
	** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [~~Bison~~'s] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),		** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> g[ub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the [Buffalo's] le[ft] leg" (σ Oph),
	** b) [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "[the ~~Bison~~'s right leg]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].		** b) [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "[the Buffalo's right leg]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
	** §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108-110].		** §§ f, g, h, j, h, s, t, u, v [Walker 1995; Koch 1995; ASM, 108-110].
	* §Z. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>. alim <sup>mul</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [...] "~~Bison~~'s right leg (κ Oph), left leg [...] (ζ2 Sco), [...] (χ Lup) [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: <sup>mul</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [...] = <sup>mul</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [ur. idim] "The left paw [of the Mad Dog]" (ζ<sub>2</sub> Sco), [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog] (χ Lup).		* §Z. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag gu<sub>4</sub>. alim <sup>mul</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [...] "Buffalo's right leg (κ Oph), left leg [...] (ζ2 Sco), [...] (χ Lup) [...] [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 107]; according to [Koch 1995, 47, 60]: <sup>mul</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [...] = <sup>mul</sup>˹gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub>˺ [ur. idim] "The left paw [of the Mad Dog]" (ζ<sub>2</sub> Sco), [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>šu zag ur.idim] "[The right hand of the Mad Dog] (χ Lup).
	* §AA. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ˹ur.idim˺ [...] gan<sub>2</sub> gim u<sub>2</sub> 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na ...] "Left leg of ~~Bison~~ (σ Oph), left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ<sub>2</sub> Sco), [...] [... stars]. Field ... 2 intervals, [interval ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 47-48, 60]: [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim] "Mad Dog's left arm]" (θ Lup).		* §AA. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> ˹ur.idim˺ [...] gan<sub>2</sub> gim u<sub>2</sub> 2 dal.ba.an.na [dal.ba.an.na ...] "Left leg of Buffalo (σ Oph), left paw of the Mad Dog (ζ<sub>2</sub> Sco), [...] [... stars]. Field ... 2 intervals, [interval ...]" [Walker 1995, 35; ASM, 108]; according to [Koch 1995, 47-48, 60]: [...] = [<sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> ur.idim] "Mad Dog's left arm]" (θ Lup).
	* §f.		* §f.
	** a) <sup>mul</sup>˹mu˺[rub<sub>4</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim]<sup>?</sup> "Cen[ter of the ~~Bison~~]" (γ Oph),		** a) <sup>mul</sup>˹mu˺[rub<sub>4</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim]<sup>?</sup> "Cen[ter of the Buffalo]" (γ Oph),
	** b) [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag]<sup>?</sup> ˹gu<sub>4</sub>˺.alim "[Right leg] of the ~~Bison~~" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].		** b) [<sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag]<sup>?</sup> ˹gu<sub>4</sub>˺.alim "[Right leg] of the Buffalo" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].
	* §g. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag g[u<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the right leg of Z[ubr]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.		* §g. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag g[u<sub>4</sub>.alim] "the right leg of Z[ubr]" (κ Oph), see (Kurtik h03) ''[[Ḫaniš]]''.
	* §h. <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "the left hand of Zubr" (Ser d), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].		* §h. <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "the left hand of Zubr" (Ser d), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].
	* §j. <sup>mul</sup>sag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "~~Bison~~'s head" (η Ser?), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].		* §j. <sup>mul</sup>sag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "Buffalo's head" (η Ser?), see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]].
	* §k. ˹<sup>mul</sup>gu<sub>4</sub>.alim˺ (η Ser), see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4\|ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub>]].		* §k. ˹<sup>mul</sup>gu<sub>4</sub>.alim˺ (η Ser), see (Kurtik z01) [[ZA.BA4.BA4\|ZA.BA<sub>4</sub>.BA<sub>4</sub>]].
	* §n.		* §n.
	** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> z[ag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "Ri[ght] leg [of the ~~Bison~~]" (κ Oph),		** a) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> z[ag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim] "Ri[ght] leg [of the Buffalo]" (κ Oph),
	** b) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ˹gu<sub>4</sub>.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "Right leg of the ~~Bison~~ fir[st]", see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].		** b) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> zag ˹gu<sub>4</sub>.alim˺ ''maḫ''-[''ru''] "Right leg of the Buffalo fir[st]", see (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
	* §s. <sup>mul</sup>sag gu<sub>4</sub>.a[lim] mul.meš murub<sub>4</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gu[b<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>].˹alim˺ <sup>mul</sup>muru[b<sub>4</sub> x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba "The head of the B[ison] (η Ser? ), stars in the middle of the ~~Bison~~ (βγ Oph), le[ft] leg of the [Bis]on (σ Oph!), middle[on x x] x: 4 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; here, <sup>mul</sup>muru[b<sub>4</sub> x x] x = <sup>mul</sup>muru[b<sub>4</sub> sa.r]˹i˺ "Midd[le of the Wild Ca]t" (η Tel), cf. [Koch 1995, 50, 62].		* §s. <sup>mul</sup>sag gu<sub>4</sub>.a[lim] mul.meš murub<sub>4</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gu[b<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>].˹alim˺ <sup>mul</sup>muru[b<sub>4</sub> x x] x 4 mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba "The head of the B[ison] (η Ser? ), stars in the middle of the Buffalo (βγ Oph), le[ft] leg of the [Bis]on (σ Oph!), middle[on x x] x: 4 stars. Straight tight rope." [Walker 1995, 39; ASM, 110]; here, <sup>mul</sup>muru[b<sub>4</sub> x x] x = <sup>mul</sup>muru[b<sub>4</sub> sa.r]˹i˺ "Midd[le of the Wild Ca]t" (η Tel), cf. [Koch 1995, 50, 62].
	* §t. <sup>mul</sup>šu zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>mul</sup>''Šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ur''<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>˹''Šar''<sub>2</sub>-''gaz''˺ ''u'' <sup>˹mul˺</sup>''zi-qit'' <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na <sup>mul</sup>šu zag gu<sub>4</sub>. alim ''maḫ-ru'' "The right hand of the ~~Bison~~ (ζ Ser), Sharur (λ Sco), Shargaz (υ Sco) and the sting of Pabilsag (α CrA): 3 stars. A straight tight rope. 2 interval, interval. ~~Bison~~'s right hand first." [Walker 1995, 39-40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110].		* §t. <sup>mul</sup>šu zag gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>mul</sup>''Šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ur''<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>˹''Šar''<sub>2</sub>-''gaz''˺ ''u'' <sup>˹mul˺</sup>''zi-qit'' <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag ˹3˺ mul.meš gu si.sa<sub>2</sub> dub<sub>2</sub>.ba 2 dal.ba.an.na dal.ba.an.na <sup>mul</sup>šu zag gu<sub>4</sub>. alim ''maḫ-ru'' "The right hand of the Buffalo (ζ Ser), Sharur (λ Sco), Shargaz (υ Sco) and the sting of Pabilsag (α CrA): 3 stars. A straight tight rope. 2 interval, interval. Buffalo's right hand first." [Walker 1995, 39-40; Koch 1995, 50, 62; ASM, 110].
	* §u. <sup>[mu]l</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>d</sup>li<sub>9</sub>.si<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na igi-u<sub>2</sub> 3 mul.meš sag.du<sub>3</sub> "Left hand of ~~Bison~~ (ζ Ser), Lisi (α Sco), front (star) of Libra (α Lib): 3 stars. Triangle." [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; according to [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], instead of <sup>[mu]l</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim (ζ Ser) should be <sup>[mu]l</sup>gir<sub>2</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "Left leg of the ~~Bison~~" (σ Oph).		* §u. <sup>[mu]l</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim <sup>d</sup>li<sub>9</sub>.si<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>zi.ba.an.na igi-u<sub>2</sub> 3 mul.meš sag.du<sub>3</sub> "Left hand of Buffalo (ζ Ser), Lisi (α Sco), front (star) of Libra (α Lib): 3 stars. Triangle." [Walker 1995, 40; ASM, 110]; according to [Koch 1995, 50, 62 Anm. 25], instead of <sup>[mu]l</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim (ζ Ser) should be <sup>[mu]l</sup>gir<sub>2</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph).
	* §v. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "Left leg of the ~~Bison~~" (σ Oph!), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4\|LI<sub>9</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub>]].		* §v. <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>3</sub> gub<sub>3</sub> gu<sub>4</sub>.alim "Left leg of the Buffalo" (σ Oph!), see (Kurtik L07) [[LI9.SI4\|LI<sub>9</sub>.SI<sub>4</sub>]].
	* §w. <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> [gu<sub>4</sub>.alim]? "The left hand [of the ~~Bison~~]" (Ser d), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A\|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].		* §w. <sup>mul</sup>šu gub<sub>3</sub> [gu<sub>4</sub>.alim]? "The left hand [of the Buffalo]" (Ser d), see (Kurtik u06) [[UD.KA.DU8.A\|UD.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A]].
	\|see Hoffmann (future book)		\|see Hoffmann (future book)
	\|}		\|}
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	==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	(1) MUL GIR<sub>3</sub> ZAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "The right leg of the ~~Bison~~" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).		(1) MUL GIR<sub>3</sub> ZAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "The right leg of the Buffalo" (κ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ f?, g, n).

	(2) MUL GIR<sub>3</sub> GUB<sub>3</sub> GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Left leg of ~~Bison~~" (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-text (§§ s, v).		(2) MUL GIR<sub>3</sub> GUB<sub>3</sub> GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Left leg of Buffalo" (σ Ophiuchi), dbn-text (§§ s, v).

	(3) MUL SAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "~~Bison~~'s head" (η Serpentis), see dbn-text (§§ j, s).		(3) MUL SAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Buffalo's head" (η Serpentis), see dbn-text (§§ j, s).

	(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Stars in the middle of the ~~Bison~~" (β, γ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ s).		(4) MUL.MEŠ MURUB<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Stars in the middle of the Buffalo" (β, γ Ophiuchi), see dbn-text (§§ s).

	(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Right hand of the ~~Bison~~" (ζ Serpentis), see dbn-text (§ t).		(5) MUL ŠU ZAG GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Right hand of the Buffalo" (ζ Serpentis), see dbn-text (§ t).

	(6) MUL ŠU GUB<sub>3</sub> GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Left hand of the ~~Bison~~" (Serpentis d), see dbn-text (§§ h, t, u, w?).		(6) MUL ŠU GUB<sub>3</sub> GU<sub>4</sub>.ALIM "Left hand of the Buffalo" (Serpentis d), see dbn-text (§§ h, t, u, w?).

	Surprisingly, this ancient constellation is not mentioned in the EAE series texts.		Surprisingly, this ancient constellation is not mentioned in the EAE series texts.