GU4.AN.NA - Revision history

Sushoff at 04:55, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T04:55:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:55, 12 October 2026
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	[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg\|thumb\|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU<sub>4</sub>.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]		[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg\|thumb\|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU<sub>4</sub>.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU<sub>4</sub>.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns ~~'''<u>~~GU.AN.NA~~</u>'''~~, GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA, and GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA are attested, among which GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref>.		<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU<sub>4</sub>.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns GU.AN.NA, GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA, and GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA are attested, among which GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref>.

	~~'''<u>~~The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are <sup>mul</sup> <sup>(d)</sup>''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî <sup>d</sup>Anim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.~~</u>'''~~		The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are <sup>mul</sup> <sup>(d)</sup>''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî <sup>d</sup>Anim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
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	*AN.GU<sub>4</sub>;		*AN.GU<sub>4</sub>;
	*= <sup>mul</sup> <sup>(d)</sup>''Is lê''; mur. "Heavenly Bull", acq. "Bull's jaw"; constellation in Taurus (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].		*= <sup>mul</sup> <sup>(d)</sup>''Is lê''; mur. "Heavenly Bull", acq. "Bull's jaw"; constellation in Taurus (Taurus) [G. 77; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 72].
	~~T'''<u>he~~ sumerogram means “Bull of Heaven” and its normal Akk. equivalent is ''alû'' as attested,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> e.g., in the Gilgameš epic (etymology unclear, perhaps identical with the homophonous name of a demon and/or a drum). As a star name, GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA is read ''Is-lê'' “Jaw of the Wild Bull” (see below). <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA.~~</u>'''~~		The sumerogram means “Bull of Heaven” and its normal Akk. equivalent is ''alû'' as attested,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> e.g., in the Gilgameš epic (etymology unclear, perhaps identical with the homophonous name of a demon and/or a drum). As a star name, GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA is read ''Is-lê'' “Jaw of the Wild Bull” (see below). <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA.

	In the book Kurtik (2007), the content of this lexicon entry was distributed across the following lemmata:		In the book Kurtik (2007), the content of this lexicon entry was distributed across the following lemmata:

Sushoff at 04:53, 12 October 2026

2026-10-12T04:53:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:53, 12 October 2026
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	==== (g33) GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA====		===== (g33) GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA =====
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	====(g31) GU<sub>4</sub>====		===== (g31) GU<sub>4</sub> =====
	Rarely used in abbreviations:		Rarely used in abbreviations:

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	====(~~g'''<u>28~~) GU.AN.NA~~</u>'''~~====		===== (g28) GU.AN.NA =====
	~~'''<u>~~In a Neo-Assyrian report:~~</u>'''~~		In a Neo-Assyrian report:

	*~~'''<u>~~<sup>[mul]</sup>''dil-bat ina'' <sup>mul</sup>GU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']~~</u>'''~~		*<sup>[mul]</sup>''dil-bat ina'' <sup>mul</sup>GU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']
	*~~'''<u>~~"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [SAA 8, 461:5].~~</u>'''~~		*"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [SAA 8, 461:5].
	\|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]		\|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	====(g26) GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA====		===== (g26) GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA =====
	The inscription below the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 describing the ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] erroneously for <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA.		The inscription below the image of a reclining humpbacked bull (zebu?) on the Seleucid tablet O 175 describing the ritual for making a sacred drum [G. 73; TU, 47 rev.]; in [Livingstone 1986, 194] erroneously for <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA.
	\|[[File:Tau O175Livingstone1986.jpg\|thumb\|Bull of Heaven on Seleucid tablet O175 (Livingstone 1986)<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>.]]		\|[[File:Tau O175Livingstone1986.jpg\|thumb\|Bull of Heaven on Seleucid tablet O175 (Livingstone 1986)<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>.]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	====(~~'''~~<u>a25) AM.AN.NA</u>~~'''~~====		===== (<u>a25) AM.AN.NA</u> =====
	~~'''<u>~~= <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", Wild Bull of Heaven. [G. 19].~~</u>'''~~		= <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA "Heavenly Bull", Wild Bull of Heaven. [G. 19].

	~~'''<u>~~Only in the text 82.9-18.7292 (7 of Enlil), where the Heavenly Bull is correlated with Enlil of Aratta, see (Kurtik e12) [[En-lil2\|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]].~~</u>'''~~		Only in the text 82.9-18.7292 (7 of Enlil), where the Heavenly Bull is correlated with Enlil of Aratta, see (Kurtik e12) [[En-lil2\|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]].
	\|[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG\|thumb\|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]		\|[[File:Hyaden+plejaden smh2025 isle.JPG\|thumb\|Hyades (photograph) and The Jaw of the Bull from a claytablet (CC BY SMH 2024).]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	==== (~~'''~~<u>k03) KA.AN.NA</u>~~'''~~ ====		===== (<u>k03) KA.AN.NA</u> =====
	~~'''<u>~~Lit. "Heavenly Mouth"; the reading adopted in [G. 206] for the name of the constellation in the Astrolabe B menology (parallel to the Akkadian ''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw"); an alternative reading and apparently the only correct one is <sup>mul</sup>GUR<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA, cf. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].~~</u>'''~~		Lit. "Heavenly Mouth"; the reading adopted in [Gössmann 206] for the name of the constellation in the Astrolabe B menology (parallel to the Akkadian ''Is lê'' "Bull's Jaw"); an alternative reading and apparently the only correct one is <sup>mul</sup>GUR<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA, cf. [Horowitz 2014, 34:26].
	\|[[File:Hyadespleiadesmoon IMG 2665 b s.gif\|thumb\|Hyades, Pleiades and the Moon (photograph by SMH)]]		\|[[File:Hyadespleiadesmoon IMG 2665 b s.gif\|thumb\|Hyades, Pleiades and the Moon (photograph by SMH)]]
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff at 11:42, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T11:42:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 5 July 2026
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	\| bordering = Tau		\| bordering = Tau
	\| notes =		\| notes =
			\| cat = constellation
	}}		}}

Sushoff at 08:45, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T08:45:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:45, 5 July 2026
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	\| RA = changed around 320 BCE		\| RA = changed around 320 BCE
	\| dec = changed around 320 BCE		\| dec = changed around 320 BCE
	\| areatotal = changed around 320 BCE		\| areatotal = changed around 320 BCE, ~254
	\| numbermainstars = 91		\| numbermainstars = 91
	\| numberbfstars = 62		\| numberbfstars = 62

Sushoff at 08:45, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T08:45:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:45, 5 July 2026
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	\| IPA =		\| IPA =
	\| culture = Babylonia		\| culture = Babylonia
	\| RA = ~~56.8711523 to 84.41118926~~		\| RA = changed around 320 BCE
	\| dec = ~~12.49034444 to 28.60745172~~		\| dec = changed around 320 BCE
	\| areatotal = ~~253.64~~		\| areatotal = changed around 320 BCE
	\| numbermainstars = 91		\| numbermainstars = 91
	\| numberbfstars = 62		\| numberbfstars = 62

Sushoff at 08:44, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T08:44:14Z

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 ----
 [[File:TauAll+year.jpg|thumb|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]
 [[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg|thumb|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU<sub>4</sub>.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
 <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU<sub>4</sub>.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''<u>GU.AN.NA</u>''', GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA, and GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA are attested, among which GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref>.

Sushoff at 08:43, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T08:43:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:43, 5 July 2026
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	*'''(3)''' Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL.MUL 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA "20 days from the rising of the Stars to the rising of the Heavenly Bull. 20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu" (I iii 45-46).		*'''(3)''' Intervals between the dates of heliacal risings: TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> MUL.MUL 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA / TA KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA 20 UD<sup>meš</sup> ''ana'' KUR ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA "20 days from the rising of the Stars to the rising of the Heavenly Bull. 20 days from the rising of the Heavenly Bull to the rising of the Faithful Shepherd of Anu" (I iii 45-46).
	*'''(4)''' Stars "in the path of the moon": <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68].		*'''(4)''' Stars "in the path of the moon": <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA (I iv 33), see (Kurtik s20) ''[[Sîn]]''. [MA, 30, 48, 56, 68].
	\|~~[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]~~		\|
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	*'''<u><sup>[mul]</sup>''dil-bat ina'' <sup>mul</sup>GU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']</u>'''		*'''<u><sup>[mul]</sup>''dil-bat ina'' <sup>mul</sup>GU.AN.NA GUB-''m''[''a'']</u>'''
	*'''<u>"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [SAA 8, 461:5].</u>'''		*'''<u>"Venus stands in the Heavenly Bull" [SAA 8, 461:5].</u>'''
	\|		\|[[File:HeavenlyBull JessicaGullberg stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|Heavenly Bull drawn by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2021)]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[5] */

2026-06-29T12:10:26Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[5]

Show changes

Sushoff at 07:04, 17 June 2026

2026-06-17T07:04:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 17 June 2026
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	*(Kurtik a12) [[AGA A-nim\|AGA <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'']], Crown of Anu (God of Heaven),		*(Kurtik a12) [[AGA A-nim\|AGA <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'']], Crown of Anu (God of Heaven),
	*(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10\|Is lê]],'' Jaw of the Bull,		*(Kurtik i15) ''[[Is le10\|Is lê]],'' Jaw of the Bull,
	*(Kurtik k03) [[KA.AN.NA]], Mouth of Heaven~~'''<u>~~, probably to be read as GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA~~</u>'''~~.		*(Kurtik k03) [[KA.AN.NA]], Mouth of Heaven, probably to be read as GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA.
	(Kurtik a25) AM.AN.NA, equalling Gössmann (19), was a misreading in the Great Star List (List of the Seven Enlils), now corrected to GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA [Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming].		(Kurtik a25) AM.AN.NA, equalling Gössmann (19), was a misreading in the Great Star List (List of the Seven Enlils), now corrected to GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA [Fincke and Horowitz, forthcoming].

Sushoff at 07:03, 17 June 2026

2026-06-17T07:03:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:03, 17 June 2026
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	[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]		[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024)<ref name=":1">Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. ''Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires'', 4, 121</ref>.]]
	[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg\|thumb\|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU<sub>4</sub>.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]		[[File:Fig9 stellarium Tau drawing cut gray 800dpi.jpeg\|thumb\|Taurus sign on VAT 7851, interpreted by Hoffmann (2025): MUL.MUL refers to the whole, and GIGIR and GU<sub>4</sub>.AN to the divisions.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>]]
	<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU<sub>4</sub>.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''<u>GU.AN.NA</u>''', GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA, and GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA are attested~~. '''~~<u>~~The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are <sup>mul~~</~~sup> <sup~~>(d)<~~/sup~~>~~''Is lê''~~, ~~'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî <sup>d~~</~~sup~~>~~Anim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism~~.~~</u>'''~~		<sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA (𒀯𒄞𒀭𒈾), The Heavenly Bull (or Bull of Heaven) is an ancient Mesopotamian constellation in the area of [[Taurus]]. The abbreviation GU<sub>4</sub>.AN also refers to the first half of the zodiac sign of Taurus before 300 BCE (thereafter, the sign name is MUL.MUL).<ref>Steele, J. M. (2018), `The development of the Babylonian zodiac: Some preliminary observations', Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 18(4), 97--105.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A number of other writings including the Sumerian homonymns '''<u>GU.AN.NA</u>''', GU<sub>2</sub>.AN.NA, and GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA are attested, among which GU<sub>3</sub>.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA (Mouth of Heaven)<ref>Horowitz 2014, 34:26</ref>.

	<s>The ~~spelling variant GU~~<~~sub~~>3</~~sub~~>~~.AN.NA can also be read KA.AN.NA~~ (~~Mouth of Heaven~~)<~~ref~~>~~Horowitz 2014~~, ~~34:26~~</~~ref~~> ~~and~~, ~~thus~~, ~~invites~~ the ~~interpretation as a "Gate of Heaven" that can have a religious function~~.</s>		'''<u>The most common Akkadian equivalent given for the Sumerian names are <sup>mul</sup> <sup>(d)</sup>''Is lê'', 'The Jaw of the Bull' and ''agî <sup>d</sup>Anim'', 'The Crown of Anu,' but these may refer in many cases only to parts of the full Sumerian asterism.</u>'''

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==