Girra - Revision history

WayneHorowitz at 09:31, 28 June 2026

2026-06-28T09:31:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:31, 28 June 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----Girra is ~~the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as~~ an independent ~~asterism as~~ in the ~~Old Babylonian narrative~~ 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]~~</nowiki>~~, and by way of identifications with other asterisms ~~including~~ Mars ~~????~~.		----work to be done to add Walker 1983 to bibliogrpahy


			In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also have been the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' [Walker 1983] when complete. The god Girra is also commonly identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).



			[[Walker 1983 = C. Walker, 'The Myth of Girra and Elamatum,' ''Anatolian Studies 33, Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett''<nowiki>: 145-152.]] </nowiki>

			*
			*


			add bibliography link??]], and by way of identifications with other asterisms, in particular Mars due to common reddish-yellow color of flames and reddish appearance of the planet in the sky.

	# <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].		# <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].
	# <sup>mul</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub> (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).		# <sup>mul</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub> (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra.

	???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???		???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

HermannHunger: /* Previous Identifications. */

2026-06-27T13:51:49Z

Previous Identifications.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 27 June 2026
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	\|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>giš.bar zalag<sub>2</sub> igi <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' <sup>d</sup>Nusku(PA + TUG<sub>2</sub>)		* <sup>mul</sup>giš.bar zalag<sub>2</sub> igi <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' <sup>d</sup>Nusku(PA + TUG<sub>2</sub>)
	* "Girra, light ahead of ~~Enmesharra~~, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].		* "Girra, light ahead of Enmešarra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess ~~Shala~~, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are <sup>d</sup>Giš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag<sub>2</sub> "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].		Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Šala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are <sup>d</sup>Giš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag<sub>2</sub> "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].

	==== Previous Identifications. ====		==== Previous Identifications. ====
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	As a star:		As a star:

	= "light before ~~Enmesharra~~," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the ~~Enmesharra~~ constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.		= "light before Enmešarra," see VR 46 1:14 star list and text W. 22281a. Here, it may refer here to a fixed star or constellation, since its relative position to the Enmešarra constellation is indicated. But it is also possible that it meant to mention only one of the above planets.

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-06-27T13:46:15Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:46, 27 June 2026
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	** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI,		** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI,
	** <sup>d</sup>NE.GI,		** <sup>d</sup>NE.GI,
	** <sup>d</sup>~~GIBIL6~~;		** <sup>d</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub>;
	** = <sup>d</sup>Girru; the star of the fire god Girra:		** = <sup>d</sup>Girru; the star of the fire god Girra:
	* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].		* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].
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	* <sup>múl</sup>AN <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].		* <sup>múl</sup>AN <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ''ez-zu''... "Mars, the wrathful Girra ..." [RAcc 138, 153:308; Linssen 2004<ref>''Linssen, Marc J.H.'' The Cults of Uruk and Babylon : The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practises. Cuneiform Monographs 25. Leiden, Boston : Brill, Styx. 2004.</ref>, 220:308].
	* W. 22281a.		* W. 22281a.
	** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ZALAG<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before ~~Enmesharra~~" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2\|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].		** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI ZALAG<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>''-ra'' "The brilliant (fiery) Girra before Enmešarra" [SpTU I, 95:10ʹ]; for full text see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2\|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].
	* List K 7069:		* List K 7069:
	** <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / <sup>mul</sup>BIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>ŠUDUN M[UL...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>''ka-li-tum'' [...]		** <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.R[A ...] / <sup>d</sup>EN.ME.ŠAR.RA[...] / MUL.MUL ''za-ap-pu'' [...] / <sup>mul</sup>BIL.GI IZI. GAR [...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>ŠUDUN M[UL...] / <sup>[m]ul</sup>''ka-li-tum'' [...]
	** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / ~~Stars~~, ~~Stubble~~ / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]		** "Enmešarr[a...] / Enmešarra [...] / Star cluster, bristle / Girra, light [...] / Yoke, S[tar...] / Kidney [...]" [CT 26, 49:4-9; Cooley 2013, 126]
	\|		\|
	* Mars		* Mars
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	In the list of astral gods:		In the list of astral gods:

	* ''na-wa-ru-um'' <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI "Brilliant ~~Hirra~~" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),		* ''na-wa-ru-um'' <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI "Brilliant Girra" (Erm. 15642:15) [Horowitz 2000, 196-197] (better ''na-aw-ru-um'' - remark of L. E. Kogan),
	* ''nam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI "Brilliant ~~Hirra~~" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:[GI] "Ferocious ~~Hir~~[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].		* ''nam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI "Brilliant Girra" (AO 6769:16) [Dossin 1935, 181-182], ''šam-ru'' <sup>d</sup>BIL:[GI] "Ferocious Gir[ra]" (CBS 574) [Horowitz 1996, 58].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46 1:14.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>giš.bar zalag<sub>2</sub> igi <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' <sup>d</sup>Nusku(PA + TUG<sub>2</sub>)		* <sup>mul</sup>giš.bar zalag<sub>2</sub> igi <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra'' <sup>d</sup>Nusku(PA + TUG<sub>2</sub>)
	* "Girra, ~~the~~ light ahead of Enmesharra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].		* "Girra, light ahead of Enmesharra, Nusku" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Text W. 22281a.'''		\|'''Text W. 22281a.'''
	* <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI ZALAG ša<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra''		* <sup>d</sup>BIL:GI ZALAG ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI <sup>d</sup>''En-me-šar''<sub>2</sub>-''ra''
	* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of ~~Enmesharra~~," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2\|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].		* "Brilliant Girra that is ahead of Enmešarra," see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2\|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].

	See also: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of ~~Hirra~~", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].		See also: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR "The red star(=Mars) is in the likeness of Girra", quoted from [CAD M/1, 139a].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	==== Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	~~Hybil~~ or ~~Hyrra~~ — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Shala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are <sup>d</sup>Giš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], namru "shining, shining", zalag<sub>2</sub> "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. ~~Hirra~~ and Nusku are characterized as tap-pi-e Šamši(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].		Gibil or Girra — an ancient fire deity, his name is already mentioned in the lists of the gods from Farah (XXVI c. BC) [Krebernik 1986, 177, IX 21; 189 SF 5-6:3]. He was considered the son of Anu and the goddess Shala, a messenger of Nusku that embodied fire in all its manifestations, both destructive and creative. Among his epithets are <sup>d</sup>Giš.bar.an.na "heavenly fire" [Litke 1998, 107, II 336], ''namru'' "shining, shining", zalag<sub>2</sub> "light" (see above) and others, indicating his connection with the sky and probably having astral significance [Tallqvist 1938, 314]. Girra and Nusku are characterized as ''tap-pi-e'' ''Šamši''(20) "satellites of the sun" in [CT 25, 50:16]. Hildegard and Julius Lewy argue for identifying these gods with Mercury as the evening and morning star respectively [Lewy 1948].

	==== Previous Identifications. ====		==== Previous Identifications. ====

Sushoff at 16:17, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T16:17:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:17, 10 June 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:~~Girra~~}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE: }}

	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}

Sushoff: /* Historical Dictionaries */

2026-06-10T16:12:55Z

Historical Dictionaries

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:12, 10 June 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.

	~~#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]~~ Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.
	~~#. For examples see [[GIŠ.BAR]] and [[GIBIL6\|GIBIL<sub>6</sub>]]. <nowiki>[[maybe we should unify all three entries???]]</nowiki> sub. Girra??~~


	<sup>mul</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub> (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).

			# <sup>mul</sup>GIŠ.BAR (𒀯𒄑𒁇) is an ancient Mesopotamian term, see also (Kurtik n55) [[Nusku]].
			# <sup>mul</sup>GIBIL<sub>6</sub> (𒀯𒉈𒄀) is the astral manifestation of the Sumero-Akkadian fire-god Girra. In Old Babylonian Prayers to the Gods of the Night, Girra is an independent constellation which may also be the case in the contemporary myth 'Girra and Elamatum' when complete. Later, Girra becomes identified with Mars because of the planet's fiery red-orange color (see Horowitz 2020: 142-143).

	???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???		???Probably to be added NE.GI.IZI,GAR = N13???

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Var. readings:		'''Var. readings''':

	* 1) <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI, <sup>d</sup>NE.GI (GIBIL<sub>6</sub>); = <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR; = <sup>d</sup>''~~Girru~~'~~', Sumero-Akkadian fire god, Girra.~~
	* 2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].

	~~Var~~.		* (1)
			** <sup>d</sup>BIL.GI,
			** <sup>d</sup>NE.GI,
			** <sup>d</sup>GIBIL6;
			** = <sup>d</sup>Girru; the star of the fire god Girra:
			* (2) epithet of Mars, see also (Kurtik g13) [[GIŠ.BAR]].
			** = <sup>d</sup>GIŠ.BAR

	~~dBIL.GI,~~		'''Referring to'''
	~~dNE.GI,~~
	~~dGIBIL6;~~
	~~= dGirru; the star of the fire god Girra:~~

	~~Referring to~~		* 1) = Mars,
			* 2) = Mercury,
	1) = Mars,		* 3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].
	2) = Mercury,
	3) = star or constellation (?) [G. 95; Tallqvist 1938, 313-315].

	=== Sources and Identifications ===		=== Sources and Identifications ===
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" \|Kurtik (2022, g13)		! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" \|
			=== Kurtik (2022, g13) ===
	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
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	\|Example		\|Example
	\|-		\|-
	!Kurtik (2022, g21)		!
			=== Kurtik (2022, g21) ===
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-

Sushoff at 16:05, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T16:05:05Z

Show changes

Sushoff at 15:58, 10 June 2026

2026-06-10T15:58:24Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{DISPLAYTITLE:Girra}}
 #REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]  Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.
 #.  For examples see  [[GIŠ.BAR]] and [[GIBIL6|GIBIL<sub>6</sub>]].  <nowiki>[[maybe we should unify all three entries???]]</nowiki> sub. Girra??
 [[Category:Mesopotamian]]
 [[Category:Sumerian]]

WayneHorowitz at 06:33, 5 June 2026

2026-06-05T06:33:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:33, 5 June 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Girra}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:Girra}}
	#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]		#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]] Girra is the Mesopotamian fire-god who has an astronomical aspect both as an independent asterism as in the Old Babylonian narrative 'Girra and Elamatum' <nowiki>[[add bibliography link??]]</nowiki>, and by way of identifications with other asterisms including Mars ????.
			#. For examples see [[GIŠ.BAR]] and [[GIBIL6\|GIBIL<sub>6</sub>]]. <nowiki>[[maybe we should unify all three entries???]]</nowiki> sub. Girra??
	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Sumerian]]		[[Category:Sumerian]]

Sushoff at 16:09, 5 March 2026

2026-03-05T16:09:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:09, 5 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:Girra}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:Girra}}
	#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]		#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]
			[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
			[[Category:Sumerian]]
			[[Category:West Asian]]
			[[Category:Eurasia]]
			[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Asterism]]
			[[Category:Constellation]]

Sushoff: Removed redirect to GIŠ.BAR

2025-12-18T15:27:13Z

Removed redirect to GIŠ.BAR

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, 18 December 2025
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			{{DISPLAYTITLE:Girra}}
	#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]		#REDIRECT [[GI%C5%A0.BAR]]