Gouguo - Revision history

Sushoff at 15:30, 21 August 2026

2026-08-21T15:30:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:30, 21 August 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gouguo (狗国)}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gouguo (狗国)}}

	~~{{distinguish\|}}~~

	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	}}		}}
	''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].		''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].

			Since August 2026, the name Gouguo is an IAU-star name for c Sgr (62 Sgr), the determinative star of this constellation in the early time, before Tang Dynasty.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

ASEtech: infobox

2026-08-19T07:05:19Z

infobox

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 Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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 [[File:Gouguo in Stellarium.png|alt=Gouguo in Stellarium|thumb|Gouguo in Stellarium]]
 {{Infobox constellation

Sushoff at 12:21, 16 August 2026

2026-08-16T12:21:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:21, 16 August 2026
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	[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]]		[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]		[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]
	[[Category:Chinese]]		[[Category:Chinese]]
	[[Category:Sgr]]		[[Category:Sgr]]

HaochengLyu at 08:49, 6 August 2026

2026-08-06T08:49:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:49, 6 August 2026
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	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
	The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China. The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.		The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China.

			Gou Guo belongs to the [[Nandou\|''Dou'' (Dipper)]] mansion, which is part of the Northern Black Tortoise in the Four Symbols system — positioned precisely at the boundary between the Eastern Azure Dragon and the Northern Black Tortoise. Gou Guo itself lies in the northeastern sector of the sky, and thus corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northeastern China. Similarly, other asterisms representing non-Han peoples elsewhere in the sky are generally aligned with the geographical directions associated with their respective Four Symbols.

			The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo:<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.

	The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.		The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.

HaochengLyu: Added references

2026-08-06T02:02:11Z

Added references

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:02, 6 August 2026
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	==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====		==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====
	[[File:Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD- Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo.png\|alt=Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo\|thumb\|400x400px\|Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo]]		[[File:Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD- Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo.png\|alt=Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo\|thumb\|400x400px\|Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo]]
	The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.		The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.<ref name=":2">Wang Wenguang 王文光. (2018). "Liang Han shiqi Wuhuan, Xianbei de lishi renleixue yanjiu" 两汉时期乌桓、鲜卑的历史人类学研究 (A Historical Anthropological Study of the Wuhuan and Xianbei during the Han Dynasties). In ''Zhongguo Minzushi de Lishi Renleixue Yanjiu'' 中国民族史的历史人类学研究 (Study on China's Ethnic History from a View of Historical Anthropology). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.</ref>

	==== Wuhuan (乌桓/乌丸) ====		==== Wuhuan (乌桓/乌丸) ====
	The Wuhuan were a proto-Mongolic people of the Donghu lineage, dwelling south of the Xianbei. Their name first appears in the ''Shiji, Xiongnu Liezhuan'' (Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of the Xiongnu). During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BCE), the Wuhuan submitted to the Han and were relocated southward to the region beyond the Great Wall in the five commanderies of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong—a frontier zone between agricultural and pastoral regions. Consequently, the Wuhuan long remained a people caught between the Han dynasty, the Xiongnu, and the Xianbei. In the late Eastern Han (late 2nd-early 3rd century CE), the Wuhuan grew powerful but were eventually subjugated by Cao Cao in 207 CE; their population was largely absorbed into the Xianbei and Han populations. In post-Wei-Jin historical texts, "Wuhuan" (乌桓) is often written as "Wuhuan" (乌丸)—the two are variant transcriptions of the same ethnonym.		The Wuhuan were a proto-Mongolic people of the Donghu lineage, dwelling south of the Xianbei. Their name first appears in the ''Shiji, Xiongnu Liezhuan'' (Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of the Xiongnu). During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BCE), the Wuhuan submitted to the Han and were relocated southward to the region beyond the Great Wall in the five commanderies of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong—a frontier zone between agricultural and pastoral regions. Consequently, the Wuhuan long remained a people caught between the Han dynasty, the Xiongnu, and the Xianbei. In the late Eastern Han (late 2nd-early 3rd century CE), the Wuhuan grew powerful but were eventually subjugated by Cao Cao in 207 CE; their population was largely absorbed into the Xianbei and Han populations. In post-Wei-Jin historical texts, "Wuhuan" (乌桓) is often written as "Wuhuan" (乌丸)—the two are variant transcriptions of the same ethnonym.<ref name=":2" />

	==== Okjeo (沃沮) ====		==== Okjeo (沃沮) ====
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	==== 13th-19th centuries ====		==== 13th-19th centuries ====
	[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.\|400x400px]]		[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.\|400x400px]]
	After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.		After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.<ref>Sasaki Shiro 佐佐木史郎 & Xiao Ke 肖可 (trans.). (1994). "Guanyu 'Shiquanbu' yu 'Hezhe' minzuxue de kaocha" 关于“使犬部”与“赫哲”民族学的考察 (An Ethnological Study on the "Dog-using Tribe" and the Hezhen). ''Manyu Yanjiu'' 满语研究 (Manchu Studies), 1994(1).</ref>

	=== Identification of stars ===		=== Identification of stars ===
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	[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ~~]][[Category:Single star-asterism~~]]		[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]		[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]
	[[Category:Chinese ]]		[[Category:Chinese]]
	[[Category: ]]		[[Category:Sgr]]

HaochengLyu: Small fixes

2026-07-29T15:20:13Z

Small fixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 29 July 2026
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	\| cat = constellation		\| cat = constellation
	}}		}}
	''Gǒu ~~guó~~'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].		''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
	The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China. The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song ~~Shu~~, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.		The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China. The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.

	The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song ~~Shu~~, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.		The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.

	=== Corresponding Historical Peoples ===		=== Corresponding Historical Peoples ===

HaochengLyu: Added a map

2026-07-29T14:46:36Z

Added a map

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 29 July 2026
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	==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====		==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====
			[[File:Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD- Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo.png\|alt=Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo\|thumb\|400x400px\|Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo]]
	The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.		The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.

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	==== 13th-19th centuries ====		==== 13th-19th centuries ====
	[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.]]		[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.\|400x400px]]
	After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.		After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.

HaochengLyu: Added star maps

2026-07-25T14:36:13Z

Added star maps

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 ----
 [[File:Gouguo in Stellarium.png|alt=Gouguo in Stellarium|thumb|Gouguo in Stellarium]]
 ''Gǒu guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].
@@ Line 97: / Line 122: @@
 !same in Stellarium 24.4
 |-
-|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
+|[[File:Gouguo in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido.png|alt=Gouguo in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido|thumb|Gouguo in ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'']]
+|[[File:Gouguo before Tang Dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023).png|alt=Gouguo before Tang Dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)|thumb|Gouguo before Tang Dynasty reconstructed by Boshun Yang (2023)]]
+|[[File:Gouguo in Stellarium.png|alt=Gouguo in Stellarium|thumb|Gouguo before Tang Dynasty in Stellarium]]
 |}
 == IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
-In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "Gouguo" was suggested to be used for 62 Sgr in this constellation. ...
+In 2026, the name of the historical constellation "Gouguo" was suggested to be used for 62 Sgr in this constellation for it may be an early determinative star.
 Decision: ...

HaochengLyu: Added entry

2026-07-25T13:25:55Z

Added entry

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:25, 25 July 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
			[[File:Gouguo in Stellarium.png\|alt=Gouguo in Stellarium\|thumb\|Gouguo in Stellarium]]
			''Gǒu guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].

	~~[[File~~:~~Example~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|Image~~ that ~~shows~~ the ~~earliest map~~ or ~~drawing]]~~		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
	~~[[File:Example~~.~~jpg\|thumb\|Image~~ that ~~shows~~ the ~~cultural object~~ (e.g. in ~~archaeological museum~~)]]		The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China. The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song Shu, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.
	''~~Gǒu guó~~'' (狗国, ~~Territory~~ of ~~Dog~~), ~~a Chinese constellation consists~~ of ~~4 stars~~, ~~located~~ in [[~~Sagittarius~~]].
			The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song Shu, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.

			=== Corresponding Historical Peoples ===
			The name "Gou Guo" was not originally an asterism name but a legendary ethnonym from the pre-Qin period, possibly related to the ancient Quanrong (犬戎, Dog Rong) tribe. Works such as the ''Yi Zhou Shu'' (Lost Book of Zhou) and the Western Han ''Huainanzi, Dixing Xun'' (Treatise on Topography) mention "Gou Guo" as a "Rong-Di" (戎狄) state to the west or north of the Central Plains.

			As an asterism, however, Gou Guo's meaning is not directly inherited from these ancient legends. The Gou Guo asterism symbolizes the Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo—peoples that were active in northeastern China from the Han through the Wei-Jin periods.

			==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====
			The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.

			==== Wuhuan (乌桓/乌丸) ====
			The Wuhuan were a proto-Mongolic people of the Donghu lineage, dwelling south of the Xianbei. Their name first appears in the ''Shiji, Xiongnu Liezhuan'' (Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of the Xiongnu). During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BCE), the Wuhuan submitted to the Han and were relocated southward to the region beyond the Great Wall in the five commanderies of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong—a frontier zone between agricultural and pastoral regions. Consequently, the Wuhuan long remained a people caught between the Han dynasty, the Xiongnu, and the Xianbei. In the late Eastern Han (late 2nd-early 3rd century CE), the Wuhuan grew powerful but were eventually subjugated by Cao Cao in 207 CE; their population was largely absorbed into the Xianbei and Han populations. In post-Wei-Jin historical texts, "Wuhuan" (乌桓) is often written as "Wuhuan" (乌丸)—the two are variant transcriptions of the same ethnonym.

			==== Okjeo (沃沮) ====
			The Okjeo, also written as Woqie (沃且), were an ancient tribal state in northeastern Asia, distributed mainly around the Tumen River basin and the Sea of Japan coast of the northern Korean Peninsula. They were divided into Eastern Okjeo and Northern Okjeo; Eastern Okjeo is sometimes referred to simply as Okjeo or as Southern Okjeo. The Okjeo were once subject to Wiman Joseon (c. 194-108 BCE) and later to the Han dynasty's Four Commanderies, specifically the Xuantu (玄菟) and Lelang (乐浪) commanderies, before eventually coming under the sway of Goguryeo. Their territory encompassed parts of present-day eastern Jilin Province in China, the Hamgyong provinces of North Korea, and the Primorsky Krai region of Russia.

			==== 13th-19th centuries ====
			[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.]]
			After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.

	~~== Concordance, Etymology, History ==~~
	~~...~~

	=== Identification of stars ===		=== Identification of stars ===
			After the Huangyou reign period (1052 CE) of the Northern Song dynasty, the four stars of Gou Guo were fixed as [[Terebellum\|ω Sgr]], 60 Sgr, 62 Sgr, and 59 Sgr. Subsequent star charts and catalogues have consistently affirmed this identification.

			However, in pre-Huangyou star charts—such as the ''Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido'' and the Dunhuang Star Chart, as well as pre-Huangyou star catalogues like the Jingyou Star Catalogue—the position of Gou Guo differs; it was likely located near 52 Sgr in earlier times. The scholar Yang Boshun, through data correction and identification of the 3rd-century Chen Zhuo star catalogue, found that the determinative star in the early observational records corresponds to 62 Sgr<ref name=":1" />, the same as in the later period. This suggests that the asterism underwent more than one change over the course of its history, and its final position was the result of a long process of adjustment.
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	== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==		== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
	In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "~~xxx~~" was suggested to be used for ~~one of the stars~~ in this constellation. ...		In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "Gouguo" was suggested to be used for 62 Sgr in this constellation. ...

	Decision: ...		Decision: ...

HaochengLyu: Created page Gouguo

2026-07-21T14:31:20Z

Created page Gouguo

New page

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gouguo (狗国)}}

{{distinguish|}}

Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----

[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the earliest map or drawing]]
[[File:Example.jpg|thumb|Image that shows the cultural object (e.g. in archaeological museum)]]
''Gǒu guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), a Chinese constellation consists of 4 stars, located in [[Sagittarius]].

== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
...

=== Identification of stars ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star Names or Orders(Qing)
!style="color: gray;" |Ho PENG YOKE<ref>P.-Y. Ho, “Ancient And Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources,” ''Vistas in Astronomy'', 5(1962), 127-225.</ref>
!style="color: gray;" |Yi Shitong<ref>Yi Shitong伊世同. ''Zhongxi Duizhao Hengxing Tubiao''中西对照恒星图表1950. Beijing: Science Press.1981.</ref>
Based on catalogue in 18th century
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref name=":0">Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 1989. Fig 55.</ref>
based on Xinyixiangfayao Star Map
!style="color: gray;" |Pan Nai<ref>Pan Nai潘鼐. ''Zhongguo Hengxing Guance shi''中国恒星观测史[M]. Shanghai: Xuelin Pree. 2009. p435-443.</ref>
based on catalogues in Yuan dynasty
!style="color: gray;" |SUN X. & J. Kistemaker<ref>Sun Xiaochun. & Kistemaker J. ''The Chinese sky during the Han''. Leiden: Brill. 1997, Pp241-6.</ref>
Han Dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1">B.-S. Yang杨伯顺, ''Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu'' 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023). 235-296.</ref>
before Tang dynasty
!Boshun Yang<ref name=":1" />
Song Jingyou(1034)
|-
| 1st
| style="color: gray;" | ω Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | ω Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | ω Sgr (Determinative)
|style="color: gray;" | ω Sgr (Determinative)
|style="color: gray;" | ω Sgr
| ω Sgr
| 56 Sgr (Determinative)
|-
| 2nd
|style="color: gray;" | 60 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 60 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 60 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 60 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 60 Sgr
| 60 Sgr
| 52 Sgr
|-
| 3rd
|style="color: gray;" | 62 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 62 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 62 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 62 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 62 Sgr
| 62 Sgr (Determinative)
| χ1 Sgr
|-
|4th
|style="color: gray;" | 59 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 59 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 59 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 59 Sgr
|style="color: gray;" | 59 Sgr
| 59 Sgr
| 50 Sgr
|}

=== Maps (Gallery) ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!historical map
!modern identification
(Yang 2023)
!same in Stellarium 24.4
|-
|[[File:Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart.jpg|alt=historical image of Kulou (Korea)|thumb|Kulou on the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido Star Chart]]
|
|
|}

== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
In 202x, the name of the historical constellation "xxx" was suggested to be used for one of the stars in this constellation. ...

Decision: ...

==References ==
[[References (Chinese)]]

[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:Single star-asterism]]
[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]
[[Category:Chinese ]]
[[Category: ]]