Gouguo - Revision history

ASEtech: infocards

2026-10-14T22:32:53Z

infocards

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:32, 14 October 2026
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	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
			[[File:Gouguo_profileCard_SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|thumb\|(CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN)]]
	{{Infobox constellation		{{Infobox constellation
	\| name = Gouguo		\| name = Gouguo
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	In August 2026, the WGSN adopted the name '''Gouguo''' for the star designated [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=62+Sgr 62 Sgr (V3872 Sgr, HR 7650, HD 189763, HIP 98688)]. The star is a red giant star of spectral type M4.5III (Keenan & McNeil 1989), at distance approximately 138 parsecs. The star is catalogued as a semi-regular variable star (V3872 Sgr) in the [https://vsx.aavso.org/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=31572 AAVSO International Variable Star Index], with reported range of apparent V magnitude 4.45 to 4.64. Indeed the reported mean Johnson V magnitude for the star ranges from V = 4.43 ([https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ESASP1200.....E/abstract Hipparcos catalogue, ESA 1997]) to V = 4.59 ([https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966CoLPL...4...99J/abstract Johnson et al. 1966]). [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.400.1945T/abstract Tabur et al. (2009)] report variability with periods of 24.0, 30.4, 31.3, 42.8, 50.5, and 234.7 days in a multi-year photometric survey of V3872 Sgr. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A%26A...657A...7K/abstract Kervella et al. (2022)] estimates this red giant star to have a diameter of 178.35 (+-9.08) times that of the Sun, which if placed in our solar system it would reach out to 0.83 astronomical units, and consume Mercury and Venus (but not reach Earth)! Thus far the star appears to be single.		In August 2026, the WGSN adopted the name '''Gouguo''' for the star designated [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=62+Sgr 62 Sgr (V3872 Sgr, HR 7650, HD 189763, HIP 98688)]. The star is a red giant star of spectral type M4.5III (Keenan & McNeil 1989), at distance approximately 138 parsecs. The star is catalogued as a semi-regular variable star (V3872 Sgr) in the [https://vsx.aavso.org/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=31572 AAVSO International Variable Star Index], with reported range of apparent V magnitude 4.45 to 4.64. Indeed the reported mean Johnson V magnitude for the star ranges from V = 4.43 ([https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ESASP1200.....E/abstract Hipparcos catalogue, ESA 1997]) to V = 4.59 ([https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966CoLPL...4...99J/abstract Johnson et al. 1966]). [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.400.1945T/abstract Tabur et al. (2009)] report variability with periods of 24.0, 30.4, 31.3, 42.8, 50.5, and 234.7 days in a multi-year photometric survey of V3872 Sgr. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A%26A...657A...7K/abstract Kervella et al. (2022)] estimates this red giant star to have a diameter of 178.35 (+-9.08) times that of the Sun, which if placed in our solar system it would reach out to 0.83 astronomical units, and consume Mercury and Venus (but not reach Earth)! Thus far the star appears to be single.

	The star sometimes appears in historical sources with the Roman letter designation "c Sgr", however these particular designations are generally deprecated in modern catalogs in favor of e.g., Flamsteed number designations, as some Roman letters can be confused with Greek letters (e.g., [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982bsc..book.....H/abstract Bright Star Catalog, Hoffleit & Warren 1982]).		The star sometimes appears in historical sources with the Roman letter designation "c Sgr", however these particular designations are generally deprecated in modern catalogs in favor of e.g., Flamsteed number designations, as some Roman letters can be confused with Greek letters (e.g., [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982bsc..book.....H/abstract Bright Star Catalog, Hoffleit & Warren 1982]).<gallery>
			File:Gouguo profileCard SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|(CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN)
			File:Gouguo stickfigure SadeghFaghanpour-IAU-WGSN.jpg\|(CC BY Sadegh Faghanpour for IAU WGSN)
			</gallery>

	==References ==		==References ==

Ericmamajek at 04:42, 18 September 2026

2026-09-18T04:42:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:42, 18 September 2026
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	''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].		''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].

	~~Since~~ August 2026, the name Gouguo ~~is an~~ IAU~~-star~~ name for c Sgr (62 Sgr), the determinative star of this constellation in the early time, before Tang Dynasty.		In August 2026, the name '''Gouguo''' was adopted by IAU WGSN as the the name for the star designated 62 Sgr (c Sgr), as this was the determinative star for this ancient constellation in the early time, before Tang Dynasty.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

Ericmamajek: updated description of star and approval

2026-09-18T04:39:51Z

updated description of star and approval

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:39, 18 September 2026
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	== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==		== IAU Working Group on Star Names ==
	In 2026, the name ~~of the historical constellation~~ "Gouguo" was ~~suggested~~ to be used for 62 Sgr in this ~~constellation for it may~~ be ~~an early~~ determinative star.		In 2026, the name "Gouguo" was proposed to WGSN to be used for the star 62 Sgr, as it was as one of the reported determinative stars for the ancient constellation of this name. Note that the other star that appears to be the determinative star documented in several works is ω Sgr, which has the IAU name Terebellum.

	~~Decision~~: ...		In August 2026, the WGSN adopted the name '''Gouguo''' for the star designated [https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=62+Sgr 62 Sgr (V3872 Sgr, HR 7650, HD 189763, HIP 98688)]. The star is a red giant star of spectral type M4.5III (Keenan & McNeil 1989), at distance approximately 138 parsecs. The star is catalogued as a semi-regular variable star (V3872 Sgr) in the [https://vsx.aavso.org/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=31572 AAVSO International Variable Star Index], with reported range of apparent V magnitude 4.45 to 4.64. Indeed the reported mean Johnson V magnitude for the star ranges from V = 4.43 ([https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ESASP1200.....E/abstract Hipparcos catalogue, ESA 1997]) to V = 4.59 ([https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966CoLPL...4...99J/abstract Johnson et al. 1966]). [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.400.1945T/abstract Tabur et al. (2009)] report variability with periods of 24.0, 30.4, 31.3, 42.8, 50.5, and 234.7 days in a multi-year photometric survey of V3872 Sgr. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022A%26A...657A...7K/abstract Kervella et al. (2022)] estimates this red giant star to have a diameter of 178.35 (+-9.08) times that of the Sun, which if placed in our solar system it would reach out to 0.83 astronomical units, and consume Mercury and Venus (but not reach Earth)! Thus far the star appears to be single.

			The star sometimes appears in historical sources with the Roman letter designation "c Sgr", however these particular designations are generally deprecated in modern catalogs in favor of e.g., Flamsteed number designations, as some Roman letters can be confused with Greek letters (e.g., [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982bsc..book.....H/abstract Bright Star Catalog, Hoffleit & Warren 1982]).

	==References ==		==References ==

Sushoff at 15:30, 21 August 2026

2026-08-21T15:30:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:30, 21 August 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gouguo (狗国)}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE: Gouguo (狗国)}}

	~~{{distinguish\|}}~~

	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	}}		}}
	''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].		''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].

			Since August 2026, the name Gouguo is an IAU-star name for c Sgr (62 Sgr), the determinative star of this constellation in the early time, before Tang Dynasty.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

ASEtech: infobox

2026-08-19T07:05:19Z

infobox

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 Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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 [[File:Gouguo in Stellarium.png|alt=Gouguo in Stellarium|thumb|Gouguo in Stellarium]]
 {{Infobox constellation

Sushoff at 12:21, 16 August 2026

2026-08-16T12:21:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:21, 16 August 2026
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	[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]]		[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]][[Category:IAU-Star Name]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]		[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]
	[[Category:Chinese]]		[[Category:Chinese]]
	[[Category:Sgr]]		[[Category:Sgr]]

HaochengLyu at 08:49, 6 August 2026

2026-08-06T08:49:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:49, 6 August 2026
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	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
	The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China. The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.		The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China.

			Gou Guo belongs to the [[Nandou\|''Dou'' (Dipper)]] mansion, which is part of the Northern Black Tortoise in the Four Symbols system — positioned precisely at the boundary between the Eastern Azure Dragon and the Northern Black Tortoise. Gou Guo itself lies in the northeastern sector of the sky, and thus corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northeastern China. Similarly, other asterisms representing non-Han peoples elsewhere in the sky are generally aligned with the geographical directions associated with their respective Four Symbols.

			The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo:<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.

	The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.		The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.

HaochengLyu: Added references

2026-08-06T02:02:11Z

Added references

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:02, 6 August 2026
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	==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====		==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====
	[[File:Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD- Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo.png\|alt=Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo\|thumb\|400x400px\|Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo]]		[[File:Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD- Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo.png\|alt=Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo\|thumb\|400x400px\|Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo]]
	The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.		The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.<ref name=":2">Wang Wenguang 王文光. (2018). "Liang Han shiqi Wuhuan, Xianbei de lishi renleixue yanjiu" 两汉时期乌桓、鲜卑的历史人类学研究 (A Historical Anthropological Study of the Wuhuan and Xianbei during the Han Dynasties). In ''Zhongguo Minzushi de Lishi Renleixue Yanjiu'' 中国民族史的历史人类学研究 (Study on China's Ethnic History from a View of Historical Anthropology). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.</ref>

	==== Wuhuan (乌桓/乌丸) ====		==== Wuhuan (乌桓/乌丸) ====
	The Wuhuan were a proto-Mongolic people of the Donghu lineage, dwelling south of the Xianbei. Their name first appears in the ''Shiji, Xiongnu Liezhuan'' (Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of the Xiongnu). During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BCE), the Wuhuan submitted to the Han and were relocated southward to the region beyond the Great Wall in the five commanderies of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong—a frontier zone between agricultural and pastoral regions. Consequently, the Wuhuan long remained a people caught between the Han dynasty, the Xiongnu, and the Xianbei. In the late Eastern Han (late 2nd-early 3rd century CE), the Wuhuan grew powerful but were eventually subjugated by Cao Cao in 207 CE; their population was largely absorbed into the Xianbei and Han populations. In post-Wei-Jin historical texts, "Wuhuan" (乌桓) is often written as "Wuhuan" (乌丸)—the two are variant transcriptions of the same ethnonym.		The Wuhuan were a proto-Mongolic people of the Donghu lineage, dwelling south of the Xianbei. Their name first appears in the ''Shiji, Xiongnu Liezhuan'' (Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of the Xiongnu). During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141-87 BCE), the Wuhuan submitted to the Han and were relocated southward to the region beyond the Great Wall in the five commanderies of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, and Liaodong—a frontier zone between agricultural and pastoral regions. Consequently, the Wuhuan long remained a people caught between the Han dynasty, the Xiongnu, and the Xianbei. In the late Eastern Han (late 2nd-early 3rd century CE), the Wuhuan grew powerful but were eventually subjugated by Cao Cao in 207 CE; their population was largely absorbed into the Xianbei and Han populations. In post-Wei-Jin historical texts, "Wuhuan" (乌桓) is often written as "Wuhuan" (乌丸)—the two are variant transcriptions of the same ethnonym.<ref name=":2" />

	==== Okjeo (沃沮) ====		==== Okjeo (沃沮) ====
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	==== 13th-19th centuries ====		==== 13th-19th centuries ====
	[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.\|400x400px]]		[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.\|400x400px]]
	After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.		After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.<ref>Sasaki Shiro 佐佐木史郎 & Xiao Ke 肖可 (trans.). (1994). "Guanyu 'Shiquanbu' yu 'Hezhe' minzuxue de kaocha" 关于“使犬部”与“赫哲”民族学的考察 (An Ethnological Study on the "Dog-using Tribe" and the Hezhen). ''Manyu Yanjiu'' 满语研究 (Manchu Studies), 1994(1).</ref>

	=== Identification of stars ===		=== Identification of stars ===
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	[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ~~]][[Category:Single star-asterism~~]]		[[Category:Asterism ]][[Category:Constellation ]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]		[[Category:Eurasia]][[Category:Asian]][[Category:East Asian]]
	[[Category:Chinese ]]		[[Category:Chinese]]
	[[Category: ]]		[[Category:Sgr]]

HaochengLyu: Small fixes

2026-07-29T15:20:13Z

Small fixes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 29 July 2026
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	\| cat = constellation		\| cat = constellation
	}}		}}
	''Gǒu ~~guó~~'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].		''Gǒu Guó'' (狗国, Territory of Dog), is a traditional Chinese asterism belonging to the [[Nandou\|Dou]] (斗 / Dipper) lunar mansion. Within the "Three Schools" of ancient Chinese astronomy, it is classified as a Gan School (甘氏) asterism. Gou Guo consists of four stars located to the southeast of [[Jian]] (建星 / Establishment Star). In modern constellation boundaries, Gou Guo lies within [[Sagittarius]].

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History ==
	The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China. The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song ~~Shu~~, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.		The name "Gou Guo" literally means "territory of dog". This asterism corresponds to the non-Han peoples of northern and northeastern China. The ''Gan Shi Zan'' (Gan's Eulogy) records:<blockquote>"Gou Guo governs the Xianbei (鲜卑), Wuhuan (乌丸), and Okjeo (沃沮)."</blockquote> The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' (Treatise on Astronomy in the ''History of Song'') provides a more detailed account, stating that Gou Guo<blockquote>"governs the Samhan (三韩), Xianbei, Wuhuan, Xianyun (玁狁), Okjeo, and their like."</blockquote>These peoples—Xianbei, Wuhuan (乌丸/乌桓, alternative transcriptions of the same name from different periods), and Okjeo—were all ancient ethnic groups inhabiting northern and northeastern China. The Gou Guo stars were used for divining the fortunes and misfortunes of these northern "barbarian" states.

	The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song ~~Shu~~, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.		The ''Huangdi Zhan'' (Yellow Emperor's Divination) states: <blockquote>"If the stars of Gou Guo are not complete, there will be great bandits in the realm."</blockquote>The ''Song Shi, Tianwen Zhi'' similarly notes:<blockquote>"If the stars are not complete, there will be bandits; if they are dim, all is peaceful; if they are bright, border bandits will arise."</blockquote>In other words, if these stars appear incomplete in number or abnormally bright, it portends great banditry or border troubles.

	=== Corresponding Historical Peoples ===		=== Corresponding Historical Peoples ===

HaochengLyu: Added a map

2026-07-29T14:46:36Z

Added a map

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 29 July 2026
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	==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====		==== Xianbei (鲜卑) ====
			[[File:Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD- Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo.png\|alt=Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo\|thumb\|400x400px\|Northeast Asia in the 2nd Century AD: Eastern Han, Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Okjeo]]
	The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.		The Xianbei were an ancient nomadic people of northern East Asia, belonging to the Donghu (Eastern Hu) lineage. After the Donghu were defeated by the Xiongnu around the Qin-Han transition (late 3rd century BCE), the Xianbei retreated to the Greater Khingan Range. As the Xiongnu were crushed by the Han dynasty (chiefly during the 1st–2nd centuries CE), the Xianbei rapidly expanded westward into the vacuum left by the Xiongnu and rose to become the new steppe overlords. During the Wei-Jin period (220–420 CE), the Xianbei reached the height of their power, founding multiple states including the Former Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Southern Yan (398-410), Western Qin (385-400, 409-431), Southern Liang (397-414), and most notably the Northern Wei (386-534), which unified northern China. The Xianbei were one of the most influential northern peoples in Chinese history.

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	==== 13th-19th centuries ====		==== 13th-19th centuries ====
	[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.]]		[[File:Gouguo on Kunyu Wanguo Quantu.png\|thumb\|This detail from the ''Kunyu Wanguo Quantu'' (Complete Map of the Myriad Countries), a world map co-produced by Matteo Ricci and Li Zhizao in 1602.The label "狗国" (Gou Guo) appears in the red box at the upper right, placed near the northeastern tip of Asia, roughly where the Chukchi Peninsula lies today. However, given the limited surveying technology of the time and the inaccuracies of many neighbouring labels on the map, this annotation should not be taken as definitive evidence that Gou Guo corresponds to the Chukchi Peninsula.\|400x400px]]
	After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.		After the Wei-Jin period, ethnonyms such as Xianbei and Okjeo gradually disappeared from the historical stage, but "Gou Guo" persisted as an asterism name and divinatory object. From the Yuan through the Qing dynasties (13th–19th centuries), Chinese sources referred to the peoples of the middle and lower Amur River basin as "Gou Guo" or "Shi Quan Bu" (使犬部, Dog-using Tribe), corresponding primarily to the modern Hezhen (Nanai) people. This later "Gou Guo" derived its name from the local practice of using dogs for sled transportation—for instance, the courier stations established along the lower Amur River in the Ming dynasty were called "dog stations" (狗站)—and has no direct connection to the asterism of the same name.