Išḫara - Revision history

Sushoff: /* Sources and Identifications */

2026-07-20T11:45:51Z

Sources and Identifications

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:45, 20 July 2026
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	Astrolabe B.		Astrolabe B.

	* In the list (12´3): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' DU-''uz'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat''), the Scorpion, Išḫara (Section B ii 6-7) [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 38, col. ii 6-7];		* In the list (12´3):
	* Parallel with the astrological addition ''a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "Favorable for the price of oil" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 2].		** MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' DU-''uz'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra''
			** "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat''), the Scorpion, Išḫara (Section B ii 6-7) [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 38, col. ii 6-7];
			* Parallel with the astrological addition
			** ''a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi'']
			** "Favorable for the price of oil" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 2].
	\|Example		\|Example
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''BM 82923.'''		\|'''BM 82923.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI "Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of the sky (and) earth" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 29-30:23]. The epithet in the third column is that of the goddess ''Išḫara'' [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />: 149]		* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI
			* "Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of the sky (and) earth" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 29-30:23].
			The epithet in the third column is that of the goddess ''Išḫara'' [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />: 149]
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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Išḫara is a goddess of unknown (possibly Semitic) origins who was honored under various names throughout the Ancient Near East. She guaranteed the fulfillment of oaths, was considered the Lady of justice and judgment, the merciful mother of people, the patroness of populated places, etc. She was also associated with war and prediction (extispicy). She was known in Mesopotamia already in the Sargonic period [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 37]. In the Ur III period, she was honored as an independent goddess [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 46, 111, 125, 205, 222]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum list, her name is given among the gods from the circle of Enlil (I 199), Adad (III 279), Ištar (IV 276) and identified with Nisaba (I 301) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 43-44, 55, 146, 166]. Išḫara is connected with the underworld; she is considered the mother of the Seven Gods, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], and corresponds to Tiamat. As the goddess of love she is identified with Ištar. Astral meaning acquired, apparently, not earlier than the second half of the second millennium BC. ('''''<u>(what is our evidence for that???)) Initially, her animal was considered, apparently, the snake Bašmu, but from the Kassite period it was replaced by the scorpion. Th</u>'''''e symbol of Išḫara on kudurru (boundary-stones) is a scorpion [Seidl 1968, 157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. In astrological texts her name is always mentioned after. See also [MNM I<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 595-596; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 330], as well as (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], (Kurtik z02) [[ZAG.GAR]].		Išḫara is a goddess of unknown (possibly Semitic) origins who was honored under various names throughout the Ancient Near East. She guaranteed the fulfillment of oaths, was considered the Lady of justice and judgment, the merciful mother of people, the patroness of populated places, etc. She was also associated with war and prediction (extispicy). She was known in Mesopotamia already in the Sargonic period [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 37]. In the Ur III period, she was honored as an independent goddess [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 46, 111, 125, 205, 222]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum list, her name is given among the gods from the circle of Enlil (I 199), Adad (III 279), Ištar (IV 276) and identified with Nisaba (I 301) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 43-44, 55, 146, 166]. Išḫara is connected with the underworld; she is considered the mother of the Seven Gods, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], and corresponds to Tiamat. As the goddess of love she is identified with Ištar. Astral meaning acquired, apparently, not earlier than the second half of the second millennium BC. ('''''<u>(what is our evidence for that???)) Initially, her animal was considered, apparently, the snake Bašmu, but from the Kassite period it was replaced by the scorpion. Th</u>'''''e symbol of Išḫara on kudurru (boundary-stones) is a scorpion [Seidl 1968, 157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. In astrological texts her name is always mentioned after. See also [MNM I<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 595-596; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 330], as well as (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], (Kurtik z02) [[ZAG.GAR]].

Sushoff at 11:44, 20 July 2026

2026-07-20T11:44:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:44, 20 July 2026
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	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
	[[Category:Deity]][[Category:Sco]]		[[Category:Deity]][[Category:Sco]]

	~~[[Category:4workWayne]]~~

Sushoff at 11:44, 20 July 2026

2026-07-20T11:44:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:44, 20 July 2026
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~Goddess~~ of ~~Syrian origin,~~<~~ref~~>~~Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M~~. (~~2023~~)~~. What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in~~: ~~R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter~~, M. ~~Lang, C. Pappi~~ (~~eds.~~). The ~~Intellectual Heritage of~~ the ~~Ancient Near East~~, ~~Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018~~, ~~Innsbruck~~. ~~Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579~~</ref> ~~linked with Dagan~~, ~~called i.a. “lady of extispicy” (originally “lady of the wells”?~~ ''~~'where does this come from???'~~''). ~~<sup>d~~</~~sup~~>~~''Iš-ḫa-ra'' (Ea 10r)~~.		Deity of the constellation [[GIR2.TAB\|<sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]] "Scorpius" (Kurtik g19) [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 112, 149, Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 202].

	~~Deity of the constellation [[GIR2.TAB\|~~<~~sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub~~>.~~TAB]] "Scorpius"~~ (~~Kurtik g19~~) ~~[Horowitz 2014<ref name="~~:~~0">Horowitz~~, W. (~~2014~~), ~~The three stars each:~~ the ~~Astrolabes~~ and ~~related texts~~, ~~Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft~~, ~~33.~~</ref>: ~~112~~, ~~149~~, ~~Gössmann~~<~~ref~~>''~~Gössmann P.F~~''~~. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950~~ (~~A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2~~).</~~ref~~> ~~202].~~		Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>: <blockquote>Goddess of Syrian origin, linked with Dagan, called i.a. “lady of extispicy” (originally “lady of the wells”? <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' (Ea line 10right).</blockquote>

			=== Sources and Identifications ===
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-07-19T18:18:10Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 19 July 2026
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Goddess of Syrian origin,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> linked with Dagan, called i.a. “lady of extispicy” (originally “lady of the wells”?). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' (EA 10r).		Goddess of Syrian origin,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> linked with Dagan, called i.a. “lady of extispicy” (originally “lady of the wells”? '''where does this come from???'''). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' (Ea 10r).

	Deity of the constellation [[GIR2.TAB\|<sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]] "Scorpius" (Kurtik g19) [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 112, 149, Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 202].		Deity of the constellation [[GIR2.TAB\|<sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]] "Scorpius" (Kurtik g19) [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 112, 149, Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 202].
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	!Sources!!Identifications		!Sources!!Identifications
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astrolabes)".'''
	Astrolabe B.		Astrolabe B.

	* In the list (12´3): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' DU-''uz'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat''), ~~Scorpio~~ Išḫara (Section B ii 6-7) [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 38, col. ii 6-7];		* In the list (12´3): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' DU-''uz'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat''), the Scorpion, Išḫara (Section B ii 6-7) [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 38, col. ii 6-7];
	* Parallel with the astrological addition ''a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "Favorable for the price of oil" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 2].		* Parallel with the astrological addition ''a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "Favorable for the price of oil" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 2].
	\|Example		\|Example
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	\|'''"Reports."'''		\|'''"Reports."'''
	See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 376 r. 4, 504:5].		See [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 376 r. 4, 504:5].
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	Stars of Ea (no. 10):		Stars of Ea (no. 10):

	* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''<sub>2</sub>''-me'' "Scorpius, ~~Išḫar~~, ruler of all inhabited countries" (I ii 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 38].		* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''<sub>2</sub>''-me'' "Scorpius, Išḫara, ruler of all inhabited countries" (I ii 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 38].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~". ((need references???))'''		\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellanea". ((need references???))'''
	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' min(''be-let'' kur.kur) "Išḫara = Ištar, ruler of the countries";		* (1) <sup>mul</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' min(''be-let'' kur.kur) "Išḫara = Ištar, ruler of the countries";
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Scorpion = ~~Išḫar~~";		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Scorpion = Išḫara";
	* (3) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>. tab = <sup>d</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'') ''ti-amat'' "Scorpion = ~~Išḫar~~, Tiamat";		* (3) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>. tab = <sup>d</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'') ''ti-amat'' "Scorpion = Išḫara, Tiamat";
	* (4) <sup>mul</sup>nin.girim<sub>3</sub> = ''be-let te-lil-ti'' / <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Ningirim = Lady of purification, ~~Išḫar~~" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:33-35, 39].		* (4) <sup>mul</sup>nin.girim<sub>3</sub> = ''be-let te-lil-ti'' / <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Ningirim = Lady of purification, Išḫara" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:33-35, 39].
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	Išḫara is a goddess of unknown (possibly Semitic) origins who was honored under various names throughout the Ancient Near East. She guaranteed the fulfillment of oaths, was considered the Lady of justice and judgment, the merciful mother of people, the patroness of populated places, etc. She was also associated with war and prediction (extispicy). She was known in Mesopotamia already in the Sargonic period [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 37]. In ~~the epoch of~~ the Ur III period, she was honored as an independent goddess [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 46, 111, 125, 205, 222]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum list, her name is given among the gods from the circle of Enlil (I 199), Adad (III 279), Ištar (IV 276) and identified with Nisaba (I 301) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 43-44, 55, 146, 166]. Išḫara is connected with the underworld; she is considered the mother of the Seven Gods, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], and corresponds ~~with~~ Tiamat. As the goddess of love she is identified with Ištar. Astral meaning acquired, apparently, not earlier than the second half of the II millennium BC. ('''''<u>(what is our evidence for that???)) Initially, her animal was considered, apparently, the snake Bašmu, but from the Kassite period it was replaced by the scorpion. Th</u>'''''e symbol of Išḫara on kudurru (boundary-stones) is a scorpion [Seidl 1968, 157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. In astrological texts her name is always mentioned after. See also [MNM I<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 595-596; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 330], as well as (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], (Kurtik z02) [[ZAG.GAR]].		Išḫara is a goddess of unknown (possibly Semitic) origins who was honored under various names throughout the Ancient Near East. She guaranteed the fulfillment of oaths, was considered the Lady of justice and judgment, the merciful mother of people, the patroness of populated places, etc. She was also associated with war and prediction (extispicy). She was known in Mesopotamia already in the Sargonic period [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 37]. In the Ur III period, she was honored as an independent goddess [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 46, 111, 125, 205, 222]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum list, her name is given among the gods from the circle of Enlil (I 199), Adad (III 279), Ištar (IV 276) and identified with Nisaba (I 301) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 43-44, 55, 146, 166]. Išḫara is connected with the underworld; she is considered the mother of the Seven Gods, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], and corresponds to Tiamat. As the goddess of love she is identified with Ištar. Astral meaning acquired, apparently, not earlier than the second half of the second millennium BC. ('''''<u>(what is our evidence for that???)) Initially, her animal was considered, apparently, the snake Bašmu, but from the Kassite period it was replaced by the scorpion. Th</u>'''''e symbol of Išḫara on kudurru (boundary-stones) is a scorpion [Seidl 1968, 157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. In astrological texts her name is always mentioned after. See also [MNM I<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 595-596; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 330], as well as (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], (Kurtik z02) [[ZAG.GAR]].

YoulaAzkarrula at 03:23, 24 May 2026

2026-05-24T03:23:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:23, 24 May 2026
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	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Akkadian]]		[[Category:Akkadian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]

Sushoff at 17:47, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T17:47:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Išḫara''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Išḫara''}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].		<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-03-05T20:21:09Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:21, 5 March 2026
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	Astrolabe B.		Astrolabe B.

	* In the list (12´3): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' DU-''uz'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat''), Scorpio ~~Ishara~~ (Section B ii 6-7) [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 38, col. ii 6-7];		* In the list (12´3): MUL ''ša'' EGIR-''šu'' DU-''uz'' <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' "The star that stands behind it (i.e., behind <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat''), Scorpio Išḫara (Section B ii 6-7) [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 38, col. ii 6-7];
	* Parallel with the astrological addition ''a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "Favorable for the price of oil" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 2].		* Parallel with the astrological addition ''a-na'' KI.LAM ''ša-am-ni da-''˹''ma''˺-[''qi''] "Favorable for the price of oil" [Oelsner and Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Anu 2].
	\|Example		\|Example
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''BM 82923.'''		\|'''BM 82923.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI "Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of the sky (and) earth" [Walker-Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 29-30:23]. The epithet in the third column is that of the goddess ''Išḫara'' [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />: 149]		* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB // 1,10 // DINGIR-''at'' AN KI "Scorpius // 70 // Goddess of the sky (and) earth" [Walker and Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 29-30:23]. The epithet in the third column is that of the goddess ''Išḫara'' [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />: 149]
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	\|'''"Reports."'''		\|'''"Reports."'''
	See. [~~ARAK~~<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 376 r. 4, 504:5].		See. [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 376 r. 4, 504:5].
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	Stars of Ea (no. 10):		Stars of Ea (no. 10):

	* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''<sub>2</sub>''-me'' "Scorpius, ~~Ishkar~~, ruler of all inhabited countries" (I ii 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 38].		* <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra be-let da-ad''<sub>2</sub>''-me'' "Scorpius, Išḫar, ruler of all inhabited countries" (I ii 29) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 38].
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	\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia". ((need references???))'''		\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia". ((need references???))'''
	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' min(''be-let'' kur.kur) "~~Ishkhara~~ = ~~Ishtar~~, ruler of the countries";		* (1) <sup>mul</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' min(''be-let'' kur.kur) "Išḫara = Ištar, ruler of the countries";
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Scorpion = ~~Ishkar~~";		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Scorpion = Išḫar";
	* (3) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>. tab = <sup>d</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'') ''ti-amat'' "Scorpion = ~~Ishkar~~, Tiamat";		* (3) <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>. tab = <sup>d</sup>min(<sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'') ''ti-amat'' "Scorpion = Išḫar, Tiamat";
	* (4) <sup>mul</sup>nin.girim<sub>3</sub> = ''be-let te-lil-ti'' / <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Ningirim = Lady of purification, ~~Ishkar~~" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:33-35, 39].		* (4) <sup>mul</sup>nin.girim<sub>3</sub> = ''be-let te-lil-ti'' / <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' "Ningirim = Lady of purification, Išḫar" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:33-35, 39].
	\|		\|
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	\|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:31.'''		\|'''List of stars V R 46, 1:31.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpio = ~~Ishara~~ of the sea" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:31; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].		* <sup>mul</sup>gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = <sup>d</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra tam-tim'' "Scorpio = Išḫara of the sea" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 52:31; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
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	\|}		\|}
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	~~Ishhara~~ is a goddess of unknown (possibly Semitic) origins who was honored under various names throughout the Ancient Near East. She guaranteed the fulfillment of oaths, was considered the Lady of justice and judgment, the merciful mother of people, the patroness of populated places, etc. She was also associated with war and prediction (extispicy). She was known in Mesopotamia already in the Sargonic period [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 37]. In the epoch of the Ur III period, she was honored as an independent goddess [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 46, 111, 125, 205, 222]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum list, her name is given among the gods from the circle of Enlil (I 199), Adad (III 279), ~~Ishtar~~ (IV 276) and identified with Nisaba (I 301) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 43-44, 55, 146, 166]. ~~Ishhara~~ is connected with the underworld; she is considered the mother of the Seven Gods, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], and corresponds with Tiamat. As the goddess of love she is identified with ~~Ishtar~~. Astral meaning acquired, apparently, not earlier than the second half of the II millennium BC. ('''''<u>(what is our evidence for that???)) Initially, her animal was considered, apparently, the snake Bašmu, but from the Kassite period it was replaced by the scorpion. Th</u>'''''e symbol of ~~Ishara~~ on kudurru (boundary-stones) is a scorpion [Seidl 1968, 157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. In astrological texts her name is always mentioned after. See also [MNM I<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 595-596; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 330], as well as (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], (Kurtik z02) [[ZAG.GAR]].		Išḫara is a goddess of unknown (possibly Semitic) origins who was honored under various names throughout the Ancient Near East. She guaranteed the fulfillment of oaths, was considered the Lady of justice and judgment, the merciful mother of people, the patroness of populated places, etc. She was also associated with war and prediction (extispicy). She was known in Mesopotamia already in the Sargonic period [Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 37]. In the epoch of the Ur III period, she was honored as an independent goddess [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 46, 111, 125, 205, 222]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum list, her name is given among the gods from the circle of Enlil (I 199), Adad (III 279), Ištar (IV 276) and identified with Nisaba (I 301) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 43-44, 55, 146, 166]. Išḫara is connected with the underworld; she is considered the mother of the Seven Gods, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], and corresponds with Tiamat. As the goddess of love she is identified with Ištar. Astral meaning acquired, apparently, not earlier than the second half of the II millennium BC. ('''''<u>(what is our evidence for that???)) Initially, her animal was considered, apparently, the snake Bašmu, but from the Kassite period it was replaced by the scorpion. Th</u>'''''e symbol of Išḫara on kudurru (boundary-stones) is a scorpion [Seidl 1968, 157; Kurtik 2007, fig. 48]. In astrological texts her name is always mentioned after. See also [MNM I<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 595-596; Black and Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 110; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 330], as well as (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], (Kurtik z02) [[ZAG.GAR]].

Sushoff at 15:03, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T15:03:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 22 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Išḫara''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Išḫara''}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].		<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].

Sushoff at 07:36, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:36:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:36, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Išḫara''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Išḫara''}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].		<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].

Sushoff at 15:52, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T15:52:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 17 December 2025
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	<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].		<sup>d / mul</sup>''Išḫara'' (𒀯𒅖𒄩𒊏) the star identified with the deity of the same name, identified with [[Scorpius]].

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
			Goddess of Syrian origin,<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> linked with Dagan, called i.a. “lady of extispicy” (originally “lady of the wells”?). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' (EA 10r).

	~~=== Krebernik (2023) ===~~
	~~Goddess of Syrian origin, linked with Dagan, called i.a. “lady of extispicy” (originally “lady of the wells”?). <sup>d</sup>''Iš-ḫa-ra'' (EA 10r).~~

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~
	Deity of the constellation [[GIR2.TAB\|<sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]] "Scorpius" (Kurtik g19) [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 112, 149, Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 202].		Deity of the constellation [[GIR2.TAB\|<sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]] "Scorpius" (Kurtik g19) [Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 112, 149, Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 202].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"