Ištar - Revision history

Sushoff at 17:48, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T17:48:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:48, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.		<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.

Sushoff at 15:03, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T15:03:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 22 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.		<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.

Sushoff at 07:37, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:37:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.		<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.

Sushoff at 15:54, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T15:54:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:54, 17 December 2025
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	<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.		<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~===Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=~~==
	Var. readings and designations:		Var. readings and designations:

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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	The goddess Aštar/Ištar was already known to the Mesopotamian world during the pre-Sargonic period, but gained more popularity during the Old Akkadian period and was apparently already identified with Venus during this period. The names Aštar/Ištar derive from the name of the West Semitic deity ʻAštar, which apparently was originally a male deity that also had a female parallel ʻAṯtart or ʻAštart. Both deities were identified with Venus in her two hypostases, the morning star (female deity) and the evening star (male deity), although the opposite identification is also known (see d06[[Dilbat]], II). On the etymology of the name of the goddess Ishtar, see also [Wilson-Wright 2016, 25-26]. In Mesopotamia, the male aspects of Ištar were eventually supplanted by the female ones under the influence of the cult of Inanna. The memory of Ištar's bipolar nature, however, persisted long into Neo-Assyrian times [Roberts 1972, 37-40; Heimpel 1982, 13-15; Mesop.Astrol., 125-126; Selz 2000, 32-33; Wilcke-Seidl 1976]. As a local deity Ishtar was honored in many cities, both in the south and in the north: in Ashshur, Nineveh, Arbel, Ur, Uruk, Babylon and others. Particularly popular during the Neo-Assyrian and earlier periods was the term “Ishtar of Ashur,” who was considered to be the consort of the god Ashur. Ishtar was also referred to as Ishtar of Nineveh and identified with Venus as the morning and evening star, and Ishtar of Arbel (=Ištar-ṣâd), associated with Sirius (?), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], II 9.		The goddess Aštar/Ištar was already known to the Mesopotamian world during the pre-Sargonic period, but gained more popularity during the Old Akkadian period and was apparently already identified with Venus during this period. The names Aštar/Ištar derive from the name of the West Semitic deity ʻAštar, which apparently was originally a male deity that also had a female parallel ʻAṯtart or ʻAštart. Both deities were identified with Venus in her two hypostases, the morning star (female deity) and the evening star (male deity), although the opposite identification is also known (see d06[[Dilbat]], II). On the etymology of the name of the goddess Ishtar, see also [Wilson-Wright 2016, 25-26]. In Mesopotamia, the male aspects of Ištar were eventually supplanted by the female ones under the influence of the cult of Inanna. The memory of Ištar's bipolar nature, however, persisted long into Neo-Assyrian times [Roberts 1972, 37-40; Heimpel 1982, 13-15; Mesop.Astrol., 125-126; Selz 2000, 32-33; Wilcke-Seidl 1976]. As a local deity Ishtar was honored in many cities, both in the south and in the north: in Ashshur, Nineveh, Arbel, Ur, Uruk, Babylon and others. Particularly popular during the Neo-Assyrian and earlier periods was the term “Ishtar of Ashur,” who was considered to be the consort of the god Ashur. Ishtar was also referred to as Ishtar of Nineveh and identified with Venus as the morning and evening star, and Ishtar of Arbel (=Ištar-ṣâd), associated with Sirius (?), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], II 9.

InitTeam at 13:07, 19 August 2025

2025-08-19T13:07:42Z

Sushoff at 18:59, 16 August 2025

2025-08-16T18:59:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:59, 16 August 2025
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	<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.		<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.

	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	Var. readings and designations:		Var. readings and designations:

Sushoff at 16:53, 7 June 2025

2025-06-07T16:53:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 7 June 2025
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	* <sup>[mul]</sup> <sup>d</sup>''nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' MUL. M[EŠ]		* <sup>[mul]</sup> <sup>d</sup>''nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' MUL. M[EŠ]
	* "Ninsianna = Goddess of the stars" [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:15; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:283ʹ].		* "Ninsianna = Goddess of the stars" [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:15; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:283ʹ].
	\|~~Example~~		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''

WayneHorowitz at 16:12, 5 June 2025

2025-06-05T16:12:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:12, 5 June 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}
	<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is ~~an ancient Mesopotamian asterism~~.		<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is the Akkadian equivalent of the goddess Inanna with both names used interchangeably for the planet Venus.

	==Dictionary==		==Dictionary==

InitTeam at 06:34, 25 May 2025

2025-05-25T06:34:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:34, 25 May 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Ištar''}}
	<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.		<sup>d/mul</sup>''Ištar'' (𒀭𒅖𒋻) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.

	==Dictionary==		==Dictionary==

InitTeam at 08:15, 13 April 2025

2025-04-13T08:15:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:15, 13 April 2025
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	* <sup>d</sup>U.DAR,		* <sup>d</sup>U.DAR,
	* <sup>d</sup>15,		* <sup>d</sup>15,
	* <sup>d</sup>Iš<sub>8</sub>-tar<sub>2</sub>;		* <sup>d</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>-''tar''<sub>2</sub>;

	Ishtar was a goddess of West Semitic origin identified with the planet Venus, her name was often used in astrological texts as the name of a planet [G. 203].		Ishtar was a goddess of West Semitic origin identified with the planet Venus, her name was often used in astrological texts as the name of a planet [G. 203].
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	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* Urra XXII series:		* Urra XXII series:
	* <sup>mul</sup>Nin-si<sub>4</sub>-an-na = Il-tar ka-<ka>-bi,		* <sup>mul</sup>''Nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = ''Il-tar ka''-<''ka''>''-bi'',
	* <sup>[mul]</sup>Dil-bat = Il-tar ka-ka-bi		* <sup>[mul]</sup>''Dil-bat'' = ''Il-tar ka-ka-bi''
	* "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Emar VI/4, 151:160, 161],		* "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Emar VI/4, 151:160, 161],
	* <sup>[mul]</sup> <sup>d</sup>nin-si<sub>4</sub>-an-na = <sup>d</sup>iš-tar MUL. M[EŠ]		* <sup>[mul]</sup> <sup>d</sup>''nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' MUL. M[EŠ]
	* "Ninsianna = Goddess of the stars" [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:15; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:283ʹ].		* "Ninsianna = Goddess of the stars" [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:15; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:283ʹ].
	\|Example		\|Example
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	Anu 1.		Anu 1.

	* <sup>mul</sup>Iš<sub>8</sub>-tar<sub>2</sub>(B: Dil-bat) MUL.<<MEŠ>> ša i-na ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-zu KI.GUB-su<sub>2</sub> (B: KUR<sub>2</sub>.KUR<sub>2</sub>) mi-šil MU i-na <sup>d</sup>UT[U.E<sub>3</sub>] / mi-šil MU i-na <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A MUL šu-u<sub>2</sub> a-lik IGI.MEŠ MUL. MEŠ šu-ut AN-n[im]		* <sup>mul</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>''-tar''<sub>2</sub>(B: ''Dil-bat'') MUL.<<MEŠ>> ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''su''<sub>2</sub> (B: KUR<sub>2</sub>.KUR<sub>2</sub>) ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' <sup>d</sup>UT[U.E<sub>3</sub>] / ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A MUL ''šu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik'' IGI.MEŠ MUL.MEŠ ''šu-ut'' AN-''n''[''im'']
	* "Ishtar (B: Venus) is the star that stands at the rising of the east wind, and whose position (B: changing position) is half the year where the Sun rises, half the year where the Sun sets, this star goes ahead of the stars of Anu" (A. 14-15) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177], see also d06[[Dilbat]], i13[[INANNA]].		* "Ishtar (B: Venus) is the star that stands at the rising of the east wind, and whose position (B: changing position) is half the year where the Sun rises, half the year where the Sun sets, this star goes ahead of the stars of Anu" (A. 14-15) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177], see also (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA]].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	In the list of Anu's stars:		In the list of Anu's stars:

	* a) <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA <sup>d</sup>Pap-sukkal SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>A-nim u INNIN		* a) <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA <sup>d</sup>''Pap-sukkal'' SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''A-nim u'' INNIN
	** "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukkal, messenger of Anu and Ishtar" (I ii 2),		** "True Shepherd of Anu, Papsukkal, messenger of Anu and Ishtar" (I ii 2),
	* b)<sup>mul</sup>BAN <sup>d</sup>Iš-tar NIM.MA-tu<sub>4</sub> DUMU.SAL <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub>		* b)<sup>mul</sup>BAN <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' NIM.MA-''tu''<sub>4</sub> DUMU.SAL <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>
	** "Luk, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Enlil" (I ii 7) [MA, 31, 32].		** "Luk, Ishtar of Elam, daughter of Enlil" (I ii 7) [MA, 31, 32].
	\|		\|
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	In the list of the names of Venus:		In the list of the names of Venus:

	* (1) <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat = <sup>d</sup>iš-tar be-let kur.kur "Venus = Ishtar, Lady of the lands,"		* (1) <sup>mul</sup>dil.bat = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar be-let'' kur.kur "Venus = Ishtar, Lady of the lands,"
	* (2) <sup>mul</sup>a-nu-ni-tum = <sup>d</sup>iš-tar min "Anunitu = Ishtar, ditto,"		* (2) <sup>mul</sup>''a-nu-ni-tum'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' min "Anunitu = Ishtar, ditto,"
	* (3) <sup>mul</sup>a-ri-tum = <sup>d</sup>iš-tar min "Shield = Ishtar, ditto,"		* (3) <sup>mul</sup>''a-ri-tum'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' min "Shield = Ishtar, ditto,"
	* (4) <sup>mul</sup>iš-ḫa-ra = <sup>d</sup>iš-tar min "Ishkar = Ishtar, ditto" [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:30-33].		* (4) <sup>mul</sup>''iš-ḫa-ra'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' min "Ishkar = Ishtar, ditto" [Mesop.Astrol, App. B:30-33].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:23.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:23.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>ban = <sup>d</sup>Ištar(inana) TIN.TIR<sup>ki</sup>		* <sup>mul</sup>ban = <sup>d</sup>''Ištar''(inana) TIN.TIR<sup>ki</sup>
	* "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162-3]. See also <sup>d</sup>Ištar an.na [SpTU I, 27 r. 14].		* "Bow = Ishtar of Babylon" [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162-3]. See also <sup>d</sup>''Ištar'' an.na [SpTU I, 27 r. 14].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	===Additional===		===Additional===
	~~'''II. Deity.'''~~

	The goddess Aštar/Ištar was already known to the Mesopotamian world during the pre-Sargonic period, but gained more popularity during the Old Akkadian period and was apparently already identified with Venus during this period. The names Aštar/Ištar derive from the name of the West Semitic deity ʻAštar, which apparently was originally a male deity that also had a female parallel ʻAṯtart or ʻAštart. Both deities were identified with Venus in her two hypostases, the morning star (female deity) and the evening star (male deity), although the opposite identification is also known (see d06[[Dilbat]], II). On the etymology of the name of the goddess Ishtar, see also [Wilson-Wright 2016, 25-26]. In Mesopotamia, the male aspects of Ištar were eventually supplanted by the female ones under the influence of the cult of Inanna. The memory of Ištar's bipolar nature, however, persisted long into Neo-Assyrian times [Roberts 1972, 37-40; Heimpel 1982, 13-15; Mesop.Astrol., 125-126; Selz 2000, 32-33; Wilcke-Seidl 1976]. As a local deity Ishtar was honored in many cities, both in the south and in the north: in Ashshur, Nineveh, Arbel, Ur, Uruk, Babylon and others. Particularly popular during the Neo-Assyrian and earlier periods was the term “Ishtar of Ashur,” who was considered to be the consort of the god Ashur. Ishtar was also referred to as Ishtar of Nineveh and identified with Venus as the morning and evening star, and Ishtar of Arbel (=Ištar-ṣâd), associated with Sirius (?), see k10[[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], II 9.		==== II. Deity. ====
			The goddess Aštar/Ištar was already known to the Mesopotamian world during the pre-Sargonic period, but gained more popularity during the Old Akkadian period and was apparently already identified with Venus during this period. The names Aštar/Ištar derive from the name of the West Semitic deity ʻAštar, which apparently was originally a male deity that also had a female parallel ʻAṯtart or ʻAštart. Both deities were identified with Venus in her two hypostases, the morning star (female deity) and the evening star (male deity), although the opposite identification is also known (see d06[[Dilbat]], II). On the etymology of the name of the goddess Ishtar, see also [Wilson-Wright 2016, 25-26]. In Mesopotamia, the male aspects of Ištar were eventually supplanted by the female ones under the influence of the cult of Inanna. The memory of Ištar's bipolar nature, however, persisted long into Neo-Assyrian times [Roberts 1972, 37-40; Heimpel 1982, 13-15; Mesop.Astrol., 125-126; Selz 2000, 32-33; Wilcke-Seidl 1976]. As a local deity Ishtar was honored in many cities, both in the south and in the north: in Ashshur, Nineveh, Arbel, Ur, Uruk, Babylon and others. Particularly popular during the Neo-Assyrian and earlier periods was the term “Ishtar of Ashur,” who was considered to be the consort of the god Ashur. Ishtar was also referred to as Ishtar of Nineveh and identified with Venus as the morning and evening star, and Ishtar of Arbel (=Ištar-ṣâd), associated with Sirius (?), see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], II 9.

	On the concept of a male and female Venus, see also s11[[SAL.A.ŠE3\|SAL.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], n46[[NITA.A.ŠE3\|NITA.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], d06[[Dilbat\|<sup>d</sup>Dilbat]].		On the concept of a male and female Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3\|SAL.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3\|NITA.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat\|<sup>d</sup>''Dilbat'']].

	In the texts of the II-I millennium BC we meet a number of epithets indicating the astral characters of Ishtar. In the list of gods AN:<sup>d</sup>Anum (IV 172, 181, 185) the following identities are given: <sup>d</sup>Nin.si<sub>4</sub>.an.na, <sup>d</sup>Dili.bad, <sup>d</sup>Mul.[an].a.diri = <sup>d</sup>Ištar kakkabī (<sup>d</sup>U + GUN<~~sup~~>3</~~sup~~>.MUL) "Ninsianna, Venus, Star of the sky only = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998, 160-161]. Among her epithets: [ka-ak-k]a-ab ka-ak-ka-b[i] "[Star of the stars" [EMIR, No. 12:36], šar-rat ša<sub>2</sub>-ma-mi u mul.meš "Queen of the sky and stars" [Tallqvist 1938, 239, 333], na-na-rat šamê "celestial luminary (feminine)" [CAD N/1, 261], Ištar kakkabī (~~d15~~, MUL.MEŠ) or Iš-tar mul.meš "Goddess of the stars" [CAD K, 47; Reiner 1995, 23, note 88; Tallqvist 1938, 37], mul še-re-ti (A2.~~GU2~~.ZI.GA) "star of the morning", Ištar ilat še-re-ti "Ishtar the goddess of the morning" [AHw, 1218b; CAD Š/2, 312f., 331f.], na-na-rat AN-e te-li-tu <sup>d</sup>Iš-tar "Brilliant (star) of the sky, wise Ishtar [Biggs 1967, 28:25]. Night rituals associated with Ishtar were performed ana IGI <sup>(d)</sup>15.MUL.MEŠ "Before the Lady of the Stars" [Reiner 1995, 23, note 88].		In the texts of the II-I millennium BC we meet a number of epithets indicating the astral characters of Ishtar. In the list of gods AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 172, 181, 185) the following identities are given: <sup>d</sup>Nin.si<sub>4</sub>.an.na, <sup>d</sup>Dili.bad, <sup>d</sup>Mul.[an].a.diri = <sup>d</sup>''Ištar kakkabī'' (<sup>d</sup>U + GUN<sub>3</sub>.MUL) "Ninsianna, Venus, Star of the sky only = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998, 160-161]. Among her epithets: [''ka-ak-k'']''a-ab ka-ak-ka-b''[''i''] "[Star of the stars" [EMIR, No. 12:36], ''šar-rat ša''<sub>2</sub>''-ma-mi u'' mul.meš "Queen of the sky and stars" [Tallqvist 1938, 239, 333], ''na-na-rat šamê'' "celestial luminary (feminine)" [CAD N/1, 261], ''Ištar kakkabī'' (<sup>d</sup>15, MUL.MEŠ) or ''Iš-tar'' mul.meš "Goddess of the stars" [CAD K, 47; Reiner 1995, 23, note 88; Tallqvist 1938, 37], mul ''še-re-ti'' (A<sub>2</sub>.GU<sub>2</sub>.ZI.GA) "star of the morning", ''Ištar ilat še-re-ti'' "Ishtar the goddess of the morning" [AHw, 1218b; CAD Š/2, 312f., 331f.], ''na-na-rat'' AN-''e te-li-tu'' <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' "Brilliant (star) of the sky, wise Ishtar [Biggs 1967, 28:25]. Night rituals associated with Ishtar were performed ana IGI <sup>(d)</sup>15.MUL.MEŠ "Before the Lady of the Stars" [Reiner 1995, 23, note 88].

	The standard symbol of Ishtar on kudurru and on seals is an eight-rayed star within or without a circle [Van Buren 1945, 82-85; Seidl 1968, 100-101; 1969, 485; Kurtik 1998; 2000b; 2008].		The standard symbol of Ishtar on kudurru and on seals is an eight-rayed star within or without a circle [Van Buren 1945, 82-85; Seidl 1968, 100-101; 1969, 485; Kurtik 1998; 2000b; 2008].

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 19 August 2025
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* Urra XXII series:		Urra XXII series:
	* <sup>mul</sup>''Nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = ''Il-tar ka''-<''ka''>''-bi'',		* <sup>mul</sup>''Nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = ''Il-tar ka''-<''ka''>''-bi'',
	* <sup>[mul]</sup>''Dil-bat'' = ''Il-tar ka-ka-bi''		* <sup>[mul]</sup>''Dil-bat'' = ''Il-tar ka-ka-bi'',
	* "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Emar VI/4, 151:160, 161],		* "Venus = Goddess of the stars" [Emar VI/4, 151:160, 161],
	* <sup>[mul]</sup> <sup>d</sup>''nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' MUL. M[EŠ]		* <sup>[mul]</sup> <sup>d</sup>''nin-si''<sub>4</sub>''-an-na'' = <sup>d</sup>''iš-tar'' MUL. M[EŠ]
	* "Ninsianna = Goddess of the stars" [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:15; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:283ʹ].		* "Ninsianna = Goddess of the stars" [Cavigneaux 1979, 134:15; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 106:283ʹ].
	\|		\|
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	* <sup>mul</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>''-tar''<sub>2</sub>(B: ''Dil-bat'') MUL.<<MEŠ>> ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''su''<sub>2</sub> (B: KUR<sub>2</sub>.KUR<sub>2</sub>) ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' <sup>d</sup>UT[U.E<sub>3</sub>] / ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A MUL ''šu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik'' IGI.MEŠ MUL.MEŠ ''šu-ut'' AN-''n''[''im'']		* <sup>mul</sup>''Iš''<sub>8</sub>''-tar''<sub>2</sub>(B: ''Dil-bat'') MUL.<<MEŠ>> ''ša i-na'' ZI IM.KUR.RA GUB-''zu'' KI.GUB-''su''<sub>2</sub> (B: KUR<sub>2</sub>.KUR<sub>2</sub>) ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' <sup>d</sup>UT[U.E<sub>3</sub>] / ''mi-šil'' MU ''i-na'' <sup>d</sup>UTU.ŠU<sub>2</sub>.A MUL ''šu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''a-lik'' IGI.MEŠ MUL.MEŠ ''šu-ut'' AN-''n''[''im'']
	* "Ishtar (B: Venus) is the star that stands at the rising of the east wind, and whose position (B: changing position) is half the year where the Sun rises, half the year where the Sun sets, this star goes ahead of the stars of Anu" (A. 14-15) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177], see also (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA]].		** "Ishtar (B: Venus) is the star that stands at the rising of the east wind, and whose position (B: changing position) is half the year where the Sun rises, half the year where the Sun sets, this star goes ahead of the stars of Anu" (A. 14-15) [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 177], see also (Kurtik d06) ''[[Dilbat]]'', (Kurtik i13) [[INANNA]].
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	On the concept of a male and female Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3\|SAL.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3\|NITA.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat\|<sup>d</sup>''Dilbat'']].		On the concept of a male and female Venus, see also (Kurtik s11) [[SAL.A.ŠE3\|SAL.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik n46) [[NITA.A.ŠE3\|NITA.A.ŠE<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik d06) [[Dilbat\|<sup>d</sup>''Dilbat'']].

	In the texts of the II-I millennium BC we meet a number of epithets indicating the astral characters of Ishtar. In the list of gods AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 172, 181, 185) the following identities are given: <sup>d</sup>Nin.si<sub>4</sub>.an.na, <sup>d</sup>Dili.bad, <sup>d</sup>Mul.[an].a.diri = <sup>d</sup>''Ištar kakkabī'' (<sup>d</sup>U + GUN<sub>3</sub>.MUL) "Ninsianna, Venus, Star of the sky only = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998, 160-161]. Among her epithets: [''ka-ak-k'']''a-ab ka-ak-ka-b''[''i''] "[Star of the stars" [EMIR, No. 12:36], ''šar-rat ša''<sub>2</sub>''-ma-mi u'' mul.meš "Queen of the sky and stars" [Tallqvist 1938, 239, 333], ''na-na-rat šamê'' "celestial luminary (feminine)" [CAD N/1, 261], ''Ištar kakkabī'' (<sup>d</sup>15, MUL.MEŠ) or ''Iš-tar'' mul.meš "Goddess of the stars" [CAD K, 47; Reiner 1995, 23, note 88; Tallqvist 1938, 37], mul ''še-re-ti'' (A<sub>2</sub>.GU<sub>2</sub>.ZI.GA) "star of the morning", ''Ištar ilat še-re-ti'' "Ishtar the goddess of the morning" [AHw, 1218b; CAD Š/2, 312f., 331f.], ''na-na-rat'' AN-''e te-li-tu'' <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' "Brilliant (star) of the sky, wise Ishtar [Biggs 1967, 28:25]. Night rituals associated with Ishtar were performed ana IGI <sup>(d)</sup>15.MUL.MEŠ "Before the Lady of the Stars" [Reiner 1995, 23, note 88].		In the texts of the II-I millennium BC we meet a number of epithets indicating the astral characters of Ishtar. In the list of gods AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 172, 181, 185) the following identities are given: <sup>d</sup>Nin.si<sub>4</sub>.an.na, <sup>d</sup>Dili.bad, <sup>d</sup>Mul.[an].a.diri = <sup>d</sup>''Ištar kakkabī'' (<sup>d</sup>U + GUN<sub>3</sub>.MUL) "Ninsianna, Venus, Star of the sky only = Goddess of the stars" [Litke 1998, 160-161]. Among her epithets: [''ka-ak-k'']''a-ab ka-ak-ka-b''[''i''] "[Star of the stars" [EMIR, No. 12:36], ''šar-rat ša''<sub>2</sub>''-ma-mi u'' mul.meš "Queen of the sky and stars" [Tallqvist 1938, 239, 333], ''na-na-rat šamê'' "celestial luminary (feminine)" [CAD N/1, 261], ''Ištar kakkabī'' (<sup>d</sup>15, MUL.MEŠ) or ''Iš-tar'' mul.meš "Goddess of the stars" [CAD K, 47; Reiner 1995, 23, note 88; Tallqvist 1938, 37], mul ''še-re-ti'' (A<sub>2</sub>.GU<sub>2</sub>.ZI.GA) "star of the morning", ''Ištar ilat še-re-ti'' "Ishtar the goddess of the morning" [AHw, 1218b; CAD Š/2, 312f., 331f.], ''na-na-rat'' AN-''e te-li-tu'' <sup>d</sup>''Iš-tar'' "Brilliant (star) of the sky, wise Ishtar [Biggs 1967, 28:25]. Night rituals associated with Ishtar were performed ana IGI <sup>(d)</sup>15.MUL.MEŠ "Before the Lady of the Stars" [Reiner 1995, 23, note 88].

	The standard symbol of Ishtar on kudurru and on seals is an eight-rayed star within or without a circle [Van Buren 1945, 82-85; Seidl 1968, 100-101; 1969, 485; Kurtik 1998; 2000b; 2008].		The standard symbol of Ishtar on kudurru and on seals is an eight-rayed star within or without a circle [Van Buren 1945, 82-85; Seidl 1968, 100-101; 1969, 485; Kurtik 1998; 2000b; 2008].