IBILA.É.MAḪ - Revision history

Sushoff: /* Remarks on the Celestial Pole */

2026-07-12T10:48:11Z

Remarks on the Celestial Pole

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 12 July 2026
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	==== Remarks on the Celestial Pole ====		==== Remarks on the Celestial Pole ====
	'''What does ~~Arattus~~ say about Polaris??- where does the term polar come from - Pole of Ursa Minor/Major - etc. Wagon in Old English etc. etc.~~????~~'''		'''What does Aratus say about [[Polaris]]? - where does the term polar come from - Pole of Ursa Minor/Major - etc. Wagon in Old English etc. etc.'''

	There is no pole star in Aratus. Eratosthenes mentions a "pole star" in his description or [[Ursa Minor]] but Hipparchus explicitely states that this is wrong.		There is no pole star in Aratus. Eratosthenes mentions a "pole star" in his description or [[Ursa Minor]] but Hipparchus explicitely states that this is wrong.

	Earlier scholarship speculated that it refers to the star Polaris, but this star had no special role in ancient times (its function of being a polestar only applies from around 1500 CE onwards). An extensive discussion of these uncertainties will be given in Hoffmann (202x, upcoming).		Earlier scholarship speculated that it refers to the star Polaris, but this star had no special role in ancient times (its function of being a polestar only applies from around 1500 CE onwards). An extensive discussion of these uncertainties will be given in Hoffmann (202x, upcoming).

			For the Wagon in Old English ([[Charles's Wain\|Charles' Wain]]) which goes back to the [[Þórs vagn\|Old Norse]] constellation of Thor's Vagn, see [[Norse (Asterism Names)\|Old Norse]] sky culture. Connections to the Sumerian Wagons are uncertain; of course speculations exist.

	'''Polaris would have been important even if it was not the Pole Star since it is the most likely end of the pole of Ursa Minor - unless we can find another suitable star between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor'''		'''Polaris would have been important even if it was not the Pole Star since it is the most likely end of the pole of Ursa Minor - unless we can find another suitable star between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor'''
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	The problem then becomes that we don't know if the Heir of the Sublime Temple refers to only one star or many. I always said that the identification of alpha Ursae Minoris is possible but uncertain - I never completely rejected it; I just say that nobody had so far proven it. There are no numbers or descriptions that would allow any scholarly conclusion here.		The problem then becomes that we don't know if the Heir of the Sublime Temple refers to only one star or many. I always said that the identification of alpha Ursae Minoris is possible but uncertain - I never completely rejected it; I just say that nobody had so far proven it. There are no numbers or descriptions that would allow any scholarly conclusion here.

	'''But the knot would suggest that it is where the two wagons Ursa Minor and Ursa Major could have been joined like the ~~know~~ that joins the two parts of Pisces - so Polaris or another star set between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor is possible.'''		'''But the knot would suggest that it is where the two wagons Ursa Minor and Ursa Major could have been joined like the knot that joins the two parts of Pisces - so Polaris or another star set between Ursa Major and Ursa Minor is possible.'''

	Yes, exactly. This would also make sense with the Yoke connecting them and a creature pulling them - an image that was suggested by Craig Crossen ~10 years ago. Yet, I don't understand his material (Sumerian sources), so I cannot judge to what extend this image is more correct than any other one. In principle, I find the idea convincing that these images create an even bigger picture - I just don't know his proof (he never published it, unfortunately, as far as I know).		Yes, exactly. This would also make sense with the Yoke connecting them and a creature pulling them - an image that was suggested by Craig Crossen ~10 years ago. Yet, I don't understand his material (Sumerian sources), so I cannot judge to what extend this image is more correct than any other one. In principle, I find the idea convincing that these images create an even bigger picture - I just don't know his proof (he never published it, unfortunately, as far as I know).

Sushoff at 10:40, 12 July 2026

2026-07-12T10:40:46Z

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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:UMi]]		[[Category:UMi]]
			[[Category:Rubric]] [[Category:Circumpolar Group]]
	[[Category:~~4workWayne~~]]

HermannHunger: /* Concordance, Etymology, History[1] */

2026-07-11T19:42:19Z

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:42, 11 July 2026
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	*<sup>mul</sup>DUMU.UŠ.AN.MAḪ;		*<sup>mul</sup>DUMU.UŠ.AN.MAḪ;
	*<sup>mul</sup>DUMU×NITA É.MAḪ;		*<sup>mul</sup>DUMU×NITA É.MAḪ;
	*= lit. "Firstborn of ~~Emach~~" or "Heir of the Majestic Temple";		*= lit. "Firstborn of Emaḫ" or "Heir of the Majestic Temple";

	[Gössmann 191; ASM, 273; Reiner 1995, 20-21; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].		[Gössmann 191; ASM, 273; Reiner 1995, 20-21; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].
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	**((Wagon of Heaven?? - see my ZA article - not Anu's Wagon" - change/correct everywhere		**((Wagon of Heaven?? - see my ZA article - not Anu's Wagon" - change/correct everywhere
	*for a parallel see:		*for a parallel see:
	**''~~mul~~ ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša ~~gub~~-''[''zu'']		**MUL ''ša i-na ṭu-ri-ša'' GUB''-''[''zu'']
	**"The star that stands on its rope (knot?)" [KAV 218, B iii 11; Horowitz 2014, 39, col. iii 11];		**"The star that stands on its rope (knot?)" [KAV 218, B iii 11; Horowitz 2014, 39, col. iii 11];
	*however, it is not obvious that the same star is meant here, cf. [BPO 2, 5; Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:9'].		*however, it is not obvious that the same star is meant here, cf. [BPO 2, 5; Horowitz 1989-90, 116, BM 54817:9'].
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	\|[[File:Horse+Heir draft2025 stellarium.png\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The constellation of the Heir of the Sublime Temple in Mesopotamian astronomy is located in the circumpolar area. It may refer to the star that is now called "Polaris" or to any configuration of stars. This suggestion was designed in 2025 by SMH to draft a figure that matches the new interpretation of "The Celestial Ekur" by Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023).]]		\|[[File:Horse+Heir draft2025 stellarium.png\|alt=Stellarium map\|thumb\|The constellation of the Heir of the Sublime Temple in Mesopotamian astronomy is located in the circumpolar area. It may refer to the star that is now called "Polaris" or to any configuration of stars. This suggestion was designed in 2025 by SMH to draft a figure that matches the new interpretation of "The Celestial Ekur" by Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023).]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~'''Uranology:'''~~		\|
	~~MLC 1866 (col. iv 15ʹ).~~
	*<sup>mul</sup>IBILA.<É>.MAḪ <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' ˹MUL˺ [DU]MU É
	*"Heir of the exalted temple, Ea, asterism, son of the temple" [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 38, 42], for a discussion see. [ibid., 59-60].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Hemerologies.'''		\|'''Hemerologies.'''
	* In the months of Nisannu and Ululu, prayers to <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ [Langdon 1935, 81; 4R, 32 i 48, 33 i 49; Landsberger 1915, 128; Reiner 1995, 21].		* In the months Nisannu and Ululu, prayers to <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ [Langdon 1935, 81; 4R, 32 i 48, 33 i 49; Landsberger 1915, 128; Reiner 1995, 21].
	**Spell. ÉN DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ ''aplu rabû ša Enlil attama'' / ''ištu Ekur'' [''t'']''ūridamma ina qabal šamê itti'' <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA ''tazzaz is this in Hemerologies - Livingstone???''		**Spell. ÉN DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ DUMU.UŠ É.MAḪ ''aplu rabû ša Enlil attama'' / ''ištu Ekur'' [''t'']''ūridamma ina qabal šamê itti'' <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA ''tazzaz is this in Hemerologies - Livingstone???''
	**"Spell. O Firstborn of ~~Emach~~, Firstborn of ~~Emach~~, you are the eldest son of Enlil, / You came out of Ekur, and you stand in the middle of the sky with the Wagon," quoted in [Reiner 1995, 21, note 71]. Stev.O.T.		**"Spell. O Firstborn of Emaḫ, Firstborn of Emaḫ, you are the eldest son of Enlil, / You came out of Ekur, and you stand in the middle of the sky with the Wagon," quoted in [Reiner 1995, 21, note 71]. Stev.O.T.
	*Two predictions:		*Two predictions:
	**a) DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>DUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ ''ša'' <sup>ul</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.<AN.NA> GAL-''ti ana'' <sup>ul</sup>ME.GAR ''is-niq'' BE.ME GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši'' DIŠ KI.MIN ''is-si'' SU. KU<sub>2</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši''		**a) DIŠ <sup>ul</sup>DUMU.UŠ.É.MAḪ ''ša'' <sup>ul</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA.<AN.NA> GAL-''ti ana'' <sup>ul</sup>ME.GAR ''is-niq'' BE.ME GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši'' DIŠ KI.MIN ''is-si'' SU.KU<sub>2</sub> GAL<sub>2</sub>-''ši''
	***"If the Firstborn of Emah, (part of) the great [Celestial] Wagon, has approached Jupiter, pestilence will come; if it has withdrawn, famine will come." [Langdon 1913-23, 231:4-5, Pl. XVII; Reiner 1995, 20-21, note 73]. '''- could this mean that Polaris was in the pole of the Ursa major as well - the two poles connecting - and hense the rope???'''		***"If the Firstborn of Emah, (part of) the great [Celestial] Wagon, has approached Jupiter, pestilence will come; if it has withdrawn, famine will come." [Langdon 1913-23, 231:4-5, Pl. XVII; Reiner 1995, 20-21, note 73]. '''- could this mean that Polaris was in the pole of the Ursa major as well - the two poles connecting - and hense the rope???'''
	**(b) ...[there is no "b" in his book, p217] ...		**(b) ...[there is no "b" in his book, p217] ...
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	==== Deity.====		==== Deity.====
	The deity <sup>d</sup>DI.KUD or <sup>d</sup>DI.KU<sub>5</sub>, with whom <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ is correlated in VR 46, 1:13, has various identifications: (1) = <sup>d</sup>''Ma(n)dānu'' = <sup>d</sup>''Daj(j)ānu'' "(Divine) judge," "bearing the throne of Marduk," according to AN: <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' (II 253-254), (2) = ''~~Ishtaran~~'', according to <sup>d</sup>(''iš-ta-ran'')DI. KUD = dumu <sup>d</sup>Tišpak.ke<sub>4</sub> in AN: <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' (V 289), (3) = a mythological personage from ~~Shamash~~'s entourage, "the judge of ~~Shamash~~," according to AN: <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' (III 174) [Litke 1998, 97 (especially note 254), 135, 195]. Which of these identities is implied here remains undisclosed.		The deity <sup>d</sup>DI.KUD or <sup>d</sup>DI.KU<sub>5</sub>, with whom <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ is correlated in VR 46, 1:13, has various identifications: (1) = <sup>d</sup>''Ma(n)dānu'' = <sup>d</sup>''Daj(j)ānu'' "(Divine) judge," "bearing the throne of Marduk," according to AN: <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' (II 253-254), (2) = ''Ištaran'', according to <sup>d</sup>(''iš-ta-ran'')DI. KUD = dumu <sup>d</sup>Tišpak.ke<sub>4</sub> in AN: <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' (V 289), (3) = a mythological personage from Šamaš's entourage, "the judge of Šamaš," according to AN: <sup>d</sup>''A-num'' (III 174) [Litke 1998, 97 (especially note 254), 135, 195]. Which of these identities is implied here remains undisclosed.

	====Identity. ====		====Identity. ====

Sushoff at 11:42, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T11:42:14Z

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	\| bordering = Dra		\| bordering = Dra
	\| notes =		\| notes =
			\| cat = constellation
	}}		}}

Sushoff at 09:03, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T09:03:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:03, 5 July 2026
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	\| numberbrightstars = 1		\| numberbrightstars = 1
	\| numbernearbystars =		\| numbernearbystars =
	\| brighteststarname = Athebyne		\| brighteststarname = [[Athebyne]]
	\| starmagnitude = 2.74		\| starmagnitude = 2.74
	\| neareststarname =		\| neareststarname =

Sushoff at 09:03, 5 July 2026

2026-07-05T09:03:13Z

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ----
 [[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg|thumb|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]
 <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ (𒀯𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the northern polar area which MUL.APIN places at the pole of the 'The Wagon of Heaven' ([[Ursa Minor]]).  This is a strong indication that this star is to be identified as modern [[Polaris]].  This was a relatively unimportant star in the Ancient Mesopotamian sky since it would not be until ca. 1500 CE that Polaris moved into its current position as the pole star of the northern hemisphere. The asterism (single star-asterism or not) of <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ is placed within the ever-visible circle. As it, therefore, does not rise and set, the identification is highly uncertain.
 == Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

YoulaAzkarrula at 02:46, 24 May 2026

2026-05-24T02:46:36Z

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	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Sumerian]]		[[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]

Sushoff at 17:44, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T17:44:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]		[[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]

Sushoff at 14:59, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T14:59:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:59, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]		[[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]

Sushoff at 07:32, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:32:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:32, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]		[[File:BabHeir inStellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian constellations in the north are not well identified; this is a suggestion that the Heir might ride the (complete) Horse and, this way, be in the circumpolar area. Screenshot from Stellarium (2025).]]
	<sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ (𒀯𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the northern polar area which MUL.APIN places at the pole of the 'The Wagon of Heaven' ([[Ursa Minor]]). This is a strong indication that this star is to be identified as modern [[Polaris]]. This was a relatively unimportant star in the Ancient Mesopotamian sky since it would not be until ca. 1500 CE that Polaris moved into its current position as the pole star of the northern hemisphere. The asterism (single star-asterism or not) of <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ is placed within the ever-visible circle. As it, therefore, does not rise and set, the identification is highly uncertain.		<sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ (𒀯𒈦𒄘𒃼𒂍𒈤) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism in the northern polar area which MUL.APIN places at the pole of the 'The Wagon of Heaven' ([[Ursa Minor]]). This is a strong indication that this star is to be identified as modern [[Polaris]]. This was a relatively unimportant star in the Ancient Mesopotamian sky since it would not be until ca. 1500 CE that Polaris moved into its current position as the pole star of the northern hemisphere. The asterism (single star-asterism or not) of <sup>mul</sup>IBILA.É.MAḪ is placed within the ever-visible circle. As it, therefore, does not rise and set, the identification is highly uncertain.