INANNA - Revision history

Sushoff at 17:46, 26 March 2026

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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]		[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]

Sushoff at 15:02, 22 January 2026

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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]		[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]

Sushoff at 07:35, 17 January 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 07:35, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]		[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]
	<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian ''Ishtar'' the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.		<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian ''Ishtar'' the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.

Sushoff at 15:48, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T15:48:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 17 December 2025
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	<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian ''Ishtar'' the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.		<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian ''Ishtar'' the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
			In previous editions of MUL.APIN I i 14 the name of the goddess was misread, it should now be read ''Tišpak'' (Hunger-Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>: 133).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

	~~=== Krebernik (2023) ===~~
	In previous editions of MUL.APIN I i 14 the name of the goddess was misread, it should now be read ''Tišpak'' (Hunger-Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>: 133).

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim (2025)===~~
	The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.		The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.

InitTeam at 15:33, 5 October 2025

2025-10-05T15:33:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:33, 5 October 2025
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	The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.		The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.

	Already in the Archaic Uruk Period, (the end of the 4th millennium B.C.) Inanna's emblem, the image of a sheaf, or a bundle of reeds, with the upper part twisted in a ring and the excess coming down like a maiden's braid or ribbon occurs in art [Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963<ref>''Goff B.L. ''Symbols of Prehistoric Mesopotamia. New-Haven-L., 1963.</ref>, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke-Seidl 1976<ref>''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.</ref>, 75; Steinkeller 1998<ref>''Steinkeller P.'' Inanna’s Archaic Symbol / Written on Clay and Stone. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Krystyna Szarzyńska on the Occasion of her 80th Birthday, ed. by J.Braun et al. Warsaw, 1998.</ref>; Kurtik 1999<ref>''Kurtik G.E.'' The Identification of Inanna with the Planet Venus: a Criterion for the Time Determination of the Recognition of Constellations in Ancient Mesopotamia // Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 1999. Vol. 17. P. 501-513.</ref>]. In cuneiform this symbol served as a basis for the sign marking the goddess' name: MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. A cylinder seal shows this symbol with signs for Sunrise and Sunset, confirming Inanna's role as Venus as both the morning- and evening-star '''''(Archaic Bookkeeping???, Horowitz Fest. Kramer???)'''''. At the same time, three aspects of Inanna were associated with three separate types of sacrifices: <sup>d</sup>Inana-nun "Royal Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> "Morning Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig "Evening Inanna" [Szarzyńska 1993<ref>''Szarzyńska K.'' Offering for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk // RA. 1993. Vol. 87. P. 7-27.</ref>, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC (and perhaps even earlier) the standard symbol of Inanna in glyptics became the eight-rayed star; and also, during later periods, anthropomorphic images [Amiet ~~1961~~; Boehmer 1965<ref>''Boehmer R.M.'' Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1965.</ref>]. Texts from the late 3rd - 2nd millennium BC contain epithets confirming the goddess' aspect as both Venus of the morning and evening (tion [Bruschweiler<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref> 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3-4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 and others; Kurtik 2008]. On the rituals performed in connection with the evening and morning appearances of Inanna, during the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], '''''II.???''''' In lists of the names of the gods, Inanna was identified with Ishtar and defined as "Lady of the Stars" [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:17; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 147:284]. See also [MNM I, 510-511; Kurtik ~~2008~~; Gelb ~~1960~~; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 9-13; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 145-147; Selz 2000<ref>''Selz G.J.'' Five Divine Ladies: Thoughts on Inana(k), Ištar, In(n)in(a), Annunītum, and Anat, and the Origin of the Title "Queen of Heaven" // Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. 2000. V. 1. P. 29-62.</ref>; Wilcke-Seidl 1976<ref>''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.</ref>].		Already in the Archaic Uruk Period, (the end of the 4th millennium B.C.) Inanna's emblem, the image of a sheaf, or a bundle of reeds, with the upper part twisted in a ring and the excess coming down like a maiden's braid or ribbon occurs in art [Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963<ref>''Goff B.L. ''Symbols of Prehistoric Mesopotamia. New-Haven-L., 1963.</ref>, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke-Seidl 1976<ref>''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.</ref>, 75; Steinkeller 1998<ref>''Steinkeller P.'' Inanna’s Archaic Symbol / Written on Clay and Stone. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Krystyna Szarzyńska on the Occasion of her 80th Birthday, ed. by J.Braun et al. Warsaw, 1998.</ref>; Kurtik 1999<ref>''Kurtik G.E.'' The Identification of Inanna with the Planet Venus: a Criterion for the Time Determination of the Recognition of Constellations in Ancient Mesopotamia // Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 1999. Vol. 17. P. 501-513.</ref>]. In cuneiform this symbol served as a basis for the sign marking the goddess' name: MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. A cylinder seal shows this symbol with signs for Sunrise and Sunset, confirming Inanna's role as Venus as both the morning- and evening-star '''''(Archaic Bookkeeping???, Horowitz Fest. Kramer???)'''''. At the same time, three aspects of Inanna were associated with three separate types of sacrifices: <sup>d</sup>Inana-nun "Royal Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> "Morning Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig "Evening Inanna" [Szarzyńska 1993<ref>''Szarzyńska K.'' Offering for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk // RA. 1993. Vol. 87. P. 7-27.</ref>, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC (and perhaps even earlier) the standard symbol of Inanna in glyptics became the eight-rayed star; and also, during later periods, anthropomorphic images [Amiet 1962<ref>''Amiet P''. La gliptique mésopotamienne archaique. Paris, 1962.</ref>; Boehmer 1965<ref>''Boehmer R.M.'' Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1965.</ref>]. Texts from the late 3rd - 2nd millennium BC contain epithets confirming the goddess' aspect as both Venus of the morning and evening (tion [Bruschweiler<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref> 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3-4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 and others; Kurtik 2008]. On the rituals performed in connection with the evening and morning appearances of Inanna, during the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], '''''II.???''''' In lists of the names of the gods, Inanna was identified with Ishtar and defined as "Lady of the Stars" [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:17; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 147:284]. See also [MNM I<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 510-511; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>; Gelb 1950<ref>''Gelb I.J.'' Šullat and Daniš // ArOr. 1950. V. 18, № 1-2. P. 189-198.</ref>; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 9-13; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 145-147; Selz 2000<ref>''Selz G.J.'' Five Divine Ladies: Thoughts on Inana(k), Ištar, In(n)in(a), Annunītum, and Anat, and the Origin of the Title "Queen of Heaven" // Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. 2000. V. 1. P. 29-62.</ref>; Wilcke-Seidl 1976<ref>''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.</ref>].

	Cf. the electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Inanna; the main female deity of the Sumerian pantheon, identified with Venus; [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 203].		Cf. the electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Inanna; the main female deity of the Sumerian pantheon, identified with Venus; [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 203].

InitTeam at 11:34, 5 September 2025

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	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===
	In previous editions of MUL.APIN I i 14 the name of the goddess was misread, it should now be read ''Tišpak'' (Hunger-Steele 2019: 133).		In previous editions of MUL.APIN I i 14 the name of the goddess was misread, it should now be read ''Tišpak'' (Hunger-Steele 2019<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>: 133).

	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim (2025)===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim (2025)===
	The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.		The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.

	Already in the Archaic Uruk Period, (the end of the 4th millennium B.C.) Inanna's emblem, the image of a sheaf, or a bundle of reeds, with the upper part twisted in a ring and the excess coming down like a maiden's braid or ribbon occurs in art[Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke-Seidl 1976, 75; Steinkeller 1998; Kurtik 1999]. In cuneiform this symbol served as a basis for the sign marking the goddess' name: MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. A cylinder seal shows this symbol with signs for Sunrise and Sunset, confirming Inanna's role as Venus as both the morning- and evening-star (Archaic Bookkeeping???, Horowitz Fest. Kramer???). At the same time, three aspects of Inanna were associated with three separate types of sacrifices: <sup>d</sup>Inana-nun "Royal Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> "Morning Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig "Evening Inanna" [Szarzyńska 1993, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC (and perhaps even earlier) the standard symbol of Inanna in glyptics became the eight-rayed star; and also, during later periods, anthropomorphic images [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1965]. Texts from the late 3rd - 2nd millennium BC contain epithets confirming the goddess' aspect as both Venus of the morning and evening (tion [Bruschweiler 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3-4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 and others; Kurtik 2008]. On the rituals performed in connection with the evening and morning appearances of Inanna, during the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE), see u31[[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], II.??? In lists of the names of the gods, Inanna was identified with Ishtar and defined as "Lady of the Stars" [Weidner 1924-25, 10:17; Litke 1998, 147:284]. See also [MNM I, 510-511; Kurtik 2008; Gelb 1960; Heimpel 1982, 9-13; Roberts 1972, 145-147; Selz 2000; Wilcke-Seidl 1976].		Already in the Archaic Uruk Period, (the end of the 4th millennium B.C.) Inanna's emblem, the image of a sheaf, or a bundle of reeds, with the upper part twisted in a ring and the excess coming down like a maiden's braid or ribbon occurs in art [Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963<ref>''Goff B.L. ''Symbols of Prehistoric Mesopotamia. New-Haven-L., 1963.</ref>, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke-Seidl 1976<ref>''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.</ref>, 75; Steinkeller 1998<ref>''Steinkeller P.'' Inanna’s Archaic Symbol / Written on Clay and Stone. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Krystyna Szarzyńska on the Occasion of her 80th Birthday, ed. by J.Braun et al. Warsaw, 1998.</ref>; Kurtik 1999<ref>''Kurtik G.E.'' The Identification of Inanna with the Planet Venus: a Criterion for the Time Determination of the Recognition of Constellations in Ancient Mesopotamia // Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 1999. Vol. 17. P. 501-513.</ref>]. In cuneiform this symbol served as a basis for the sign marking the goddess' name: MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. A cylinder seal shows this symbol with signs for Sunrise and Sunset, confirming Inanna's role as Venus as both the morning- and evening-star '''''(Archaic Bookkeeping???, Horowitz Fest. Kramer???)'''''. At the same time, three aspects of Inanna were associated with three separate types of sacrifices: <sup>d</sup>Inana-nun "Royal Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> "Morning Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig "Evening Inanna" [Szarzyńska 1993<ref>''Szarzyńska K.'' Offering for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk // RA. 1993. Vol. 87. P. 7-27.</ref>, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC (and perhaps even earlier) the standard symbol of Inanna in glyptics became the eight-rayed star; and also, during later periods, anthropomorphic images [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1965<ref>''Boehmer R.M.'' Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1965.</ref>]. Texts from the late 3rd - 2nd millennium BC contain epithets confirming the goddess' aspect as both Venus of the morning and evening (tion [Bruschweiler<ref>''Bruschweiler F''. INANNA La déesse triomphante et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne. Leuven, 1987.</ref> 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3-4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 and others; Kurtik 2008]. On the rituals performed in connection with the evening and morning appearances of Inanna, during the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE), see (Kurtik u31) [[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], '''''II.???''''' In lists of the names of the gods, Inanna was identified with Ishtar and defined as "Lady of the Stars" [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 10:17; Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 147:284]. See also [MNM I, 510-511; Kurtik 2008; Gelb 1960; Heimpel 1982<ref>''Heimpel W''. A Catalog of Near Eastern Venus Deities // Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. 1982. Vol. 4, Issue 3.</ref>, 9-13; Roberts 1972<ref>''Roberts J.J.M''. The Earliest Semitic Pantheon. Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins Univ. Press. 1972.</ref>, 145-147; Selz 2000<ref>''Selz G.J.'' Five Divine Ladies: Thoughts on Inana(k), Ištar, In(n)in(a), Annunītum, and Anat, and the Origin of the Title "Queen of Heaven" // Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. 2000. V. 1. P. 29-62.</ref>; Wilcke-Seidl 1976<ref>''Wilcke C., Seidl U.'' Inanna/Ištar // RlA. 1976. Bd. 5, Lief. 1-2. S. 74-89.</ref>].

	Cf. the electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Inanna; the main female deity of the Sumerian pantheon, identified with Venus; [G. 203].		Cf. the electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Inanna; the main female deity of the Sumerian pantheon, identified with Venus; [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 203].
	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

Sushoff at 18:56, 16 August 2025

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	<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian ''Ishtar'' the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.		<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian ''Ishtar'' the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.

	==~~Dictionary~~==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==

	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===

Sushoff at 09:22, 7 August 2025

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	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]
	[[Category:Venus]]		[[Category:Venus]]
			[[Category:Planet]]
			[[Category:Solar System]]

	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

Sushoff at 09:21, 7 August 2025

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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]
			[[Category:Venus]]

	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

InitTeam at 11:44, 23 July 2025

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	[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]		[[File:Ishtar on an Akkadian seal.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) on an Akkadian Empire seal, aet2350–2150 BC. She is equipped with weapons on her back, has a horned helmet, and is trampling a lion held on a leash.]]
	<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian Ishtar the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.		<sup>d</sup>INANNA (𒀭𒈹) = Akkadian ''Ishtar'' the ancient goddess whose astronomical guise in the planet Venus making her the most important female deity in the sky.

	==Dictionary==		==Dictionary==

	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===
	In previous editions of MUL.APIN I i 14 the name of the goddess was misread, it should now be read T'''~~išpak~~ (Hunger-Steele 2019: 133)~~'''~~		In previous editions of MUL.APIN I i 14 the name of the goddess was misread, it should now be read ''Tišpak'' (Hunger-Steele 2019: 133).

	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim (2025)===
	The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.		The Venus goddess in the Sumerian pantheon, equated with Akkadian Ishtar. This multifaceted goddess is on Earth a goddess goddess of fertility, love and strife, and the protagonist of numerous Sumerian and Akkadian mythological and religious texts, most notably 'Inanna's Descent' and 'The Descent of Ishtar' for which many many editions and discussions are available. In both versions the goddess disappears for three days, this being an aetiological explanation for the minimum time of the disappearance of Venus at conjunction.

	Already in the Archaic Uruk Period, (the end of the 4th millennium B.C.) Inanna's emblem, the image of a sheaf, or a bundle of reeds, with the upper part twisted in a ring and the excess coming down like a maiden's braid or ribbon occurs in art[Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke-Seidl 1976, 75; Steinkeller 1998; Kurtik 1999]. In cuneiform this symbol served as a basis for the sign marking the goddess' name: MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. A cylinder seal shows this symbol with signs for Sunrise and Sunset, confirming Inanna's role as Venus as both the morning- and evening-star (Archaic Bookkeeping???, Horowitz Fest. Kramer???). At the same time, three aspects of Inanna were associated with three separate types of sacrifices: <sup>d</sup>Inana-nun "Royal Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> "Morning Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig "Evening Inanna" [Szarzyńska 1993, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC (and perhaps even earlier) the standard symbol of Inanna in glyptics became the eight-rayed star; and also, during later periods, anthropomorphic images [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1965]. Texts from the late 3rd - 2nd millennium BC contain epithets confirming the goddess' aspect as both Venus of the morning and evening (tion [Bruschweiler 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3-4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 and others; Kurtik 2008]. On the rituals performed in connection with the evening and morning appearances of Inanna, during the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE), see u31[[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], II.??? In lists of the names of the gods, Inanna was identified with Ishtar and defined as "Lady of the Stars" [Weidner 1924-25, 10:17; Litke 1998, 147:284]. See also [MNM I, 510-511; Kurtik 2008; Gelb 1960; Heimpel 1982, 9-13; Roberts 1972, 145-147; Selz 2000; Wilcke-Seidl 1976].		Already in the Archaic Uruk Period, (the end of the 4th millennium B.C.) Inanna's emblem, the image of a sheaf, or a bundle of reeds, with the upper part twisted in a ring and the excess coming down like a maiden's braid or ribbon occurs in art[Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke-Seidl 1976, 75; Steinkeller 1998; Kurtik 1999]. In cuneiform this symbol served as a basis for the sign marking the goddess' name: MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. A cylinder seal shows this symbol with signs for Sunrise and Sunset, confirming Inanna's role as Venus as both the morning- and evening-star (Archaic Bookkeeping???, Horowitz Fest. Kramer???). At the same time, three aspects of Inanna were associated with three separate types of sacrifices: <sup>d</sup>Inana-nun "Royal Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> "Morning Inanna", <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig "Evening Inanna" [Szarzyńska 1993, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. From the middle of the 3rd millennium BC (and perhaps even earlier) the standard symbol of Inanna in glyptics became the eight-rayed star; and also, during later periods, anthropomorphic images [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1965]. Texts from the late 3rd - 2nd millennium BC contain epithets confirming the goddess' aspect as both Venus of the morning and evening (tion [Bruschweiler 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3-4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 and others; Kurtik 2008]. On the rituals performed in connection with the evening and morning appearances of Inanna, during the third dynasty of Ur (XXI century BCE), see u31[[UZ3\|UZ<sub>3</sub>]], II.??? In lists of the names of the gods, Inanna was identified with Ishtar and defined as "Lady of the Stars" [Weidner 1924-25, 10:17; Litke 1998, 147:284]. See also [MNM I, 510-511; Kurtik 2008; Gelb 1960; Heimpel 1982, 9-13; Roberts 1972, 145-147; Selz 2000; Wilcke-Seidl 1976].



	Cf. the electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Inanna; the main female deity of the Sumerian pantheon, identified with Venus; [G. 203].		Cf. the electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Inanna; the main female deity of the Sumerian pantheon, identified with Venus; [G. 203].
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)
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	\|вар. чтения: <sup>d</sup>INANA, ~~dinana~~ – чаще всего используемое обозначение, принятое в электронном пенсильванском шумерском словаре [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Инанна; богиня плодородия, любви и распри, главное женское божество шумерского пантеона, отождествляемое с Венерой; позднее ее функции перешли к богине Иштар [G. 203].		\|вар. чтения: <sup>d</sup>INANA, <sup>d</sup>inana – чаще всего используемое обозначение, принятое в электронном пенсильванском шумерском словаре [ePSD], <sup>d</sup>INNANA, <sup>d</sup>INNIN, <sup>d</sup>NINNI, <sup>d</sup>MUŠ<sub>3</sub>; = Инанна; богиня плодородия, любви и распри, главное женское божество шумерского пантеона, отождествляемое с Венерой; позднее ее функции перешли к богине Иштар [G. 203].
	Название употреблялось в ритуальных и мифологических текстах. С периода Урук IV–III (конец IV тыс. до н.э.) символ Инанны на печатях и в керамике – изображение снопа или пучка тростника, верхняя часть которого скручена кольцом, а излишек спускается вниз наподобие девичьей косы или ленты [Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke–Seidl 1976, 75; Steinkeller 1998; Kurtik 1999]. В клинописи этот символ послужил основой для знака MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. Есть основания полагать, что богиня Инанна отождествлялась с Венерой как утренней и вечерней звездой уже в архаическом Уруке. Соответственно в этот период различали три формы записи имени богини, связанные с тремя видами жертвоприношений: dInana-nun «Царственная Инанна», <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> «Утренняя Инанна», <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig «Вечерняя Инанна» [Szarzyńska 1993, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. С середины III тыс. до н.э. (а, возможно, и раньше) стандартным символом Инанны в глиптике становится восьмилучевая звезда, а позднее также антропоморфные изображения [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1965]. Утренняя и вечерняя звезда трактовались как одно светило уже, по-видимому, в архаическом Уруке. В текстах конца III – II тыс. до н.э. содержатся эпитеты, подтверждающие это предположение [Bruschweiler 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3–4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 и др.; Куртик 2008]. О ритуалах, совершаемых в связи с вечерним и утренним появлениями Инанны, в эпоху III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.), см. u31UZ<sub>3</sub>, II. В списках имен богов Инанна отождествлялась с Иштар и определялась как «Госпожа звезд» [Weidner 1924–25, 10:17; Litke 1998, 147:284]. См. также [МНМ I, 510–511; Куртик 2008; Gelb 1960; Heimpel 1982, 9–13; Roberts 1972, 145–147; Selz 2000; Wilcke–Seidl 1976].		Название употреблялось в ритуальных и мифологических текстах. С периода Урук IV–III (конец IV тыс. до н.э.) символ Инанны на печатях и в керамике – изображение снопа или пучка тростника, верхняя часть которого скручена кольцом, а излишек спускается вниз наподобие девичьей косы или ленты [Amiet 1961, Fig. 620ff.; Goff 1963, Fig. 244ff.; Wilcke–Seidl 1976, 75; Steinkeller 1998; Kurtik 1999]. В клинописи этот символ послужил основой для знака MUŠ<sub>3</sub> = INANA. Есть основания полагать, что богиня Инанна отождествлялась с Венерой как утренней и вечерней звездой уже в архаическом Уруке. Соответственно в этот период различали три формы записи имени богини, связанные с тремя видами жертвоприношений: dInana-nun «Царственная Инанна», <sup>d</sup>Inana-ud/ḫud<sub>2</sub> «Утренняя Инанна», <sup>d</sup>Inana-sig «Вечерняя Инанна» [Szarzyńska 1993, 8ff.; Kurtik 2016.]. С середины III тыс. до н.э. (а, возможно, и раньше) стандартным символом Инанны в глиптике становится восьмилучевая звезда, а позднее также антропоморфные изображения [Amiet 1961; Boehmer 1965]. Утренняя и вечерняя звезда трактовались как одно светило уже, по-видимому, в архаическом Уруке. В текстах конца III – II тыс. до н.э. содержатся эпитеты, подтверждающие это предположение [Bruschweiler 105:11; 106, notes; 106, Ninegal:3–4; 108 Ninegal:117; 138:14.7 и др.; Куртик 2008]. О ритуалах, совершаемых в связи с вечерним и утренним появлениями Инанны, в эпоху III династии Ура (XXI в. до н.э.), см. u31UZ<sub>3</sub>, II. В списках имен богов Инанна отождествлялась с Иштар и определялась как «Госпожа звезд» [Weidner 1924–25, 10:17; Litke 1998, 147:284]. См. также [МНМ I, 510–511; Куртик 2008; Gelb 1960; Heimpel 1982, 9–13; Roberts 1972, 145–147; Selz 2000; Wilcke–Seidl 1976].
	\|Example		\|Example