KAK.PAN - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:11, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:11:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:11, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. '''''??? verb missing???''''' Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Majoris ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.		[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. '''''??? verb missing???''''' Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Majoris ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.

HermannHunger at 16:23, 11 March 2026

2026-03-11T16:23:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:23, 11 March 2026
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	Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis ~~Major~~ ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.		[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. '''''??? verb missing???''''' Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Majoris ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	Var. readings:		Var. readings:
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	\| '''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''		\| '''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
	<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN]. [AD I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and ~~acronical~~ rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA<ref>''Neugebauer O''. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.</ref>, 363-365].		<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN]. [AD I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and acronychal rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA<ref>''Neugebauer O''. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.</ref>, 363-365].
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	\|'''"Great Star List and ~~Miscellenia~~".'''		\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>kak.ban = <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:156].		*<sup>mul</sup>kak.ban = <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:156].
	*<sup>múl</sup>kak.ban with <sup>múl</sup>~~hun~~ in [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].		*<sup>múl</sup>kak.ban with <sup>múl</sup>ḫun in [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].
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	\|'''Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).'''		\|'''Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>KAK.~~BAN~~ <sup>d</sup>IM DUMU <sup>d</sup>60 ''u'' [''an-tu''<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>2</sub>.GAL AN-''e''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> KI-''ti miḫ-rat'' <sup>mul</sup>ALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, ~~Overseer of~~ the ~~channels~~ of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab ~~(stands)~~ ..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].		*<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN <sup>d</sup>IM DUMU <sup>d</sup>60 ''u'' [''an-tu''<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>2</sub>.GAL AN-''e''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> KI-''ti miḫ-rat'' <sup>mul</sup>ALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, the Canal Inspector of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab [..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
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Sushoff at 15:05, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T15:05:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:05, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.		[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.

Sushoff at 07:39, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:39:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:39, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.		[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

Sushoff: /* Additional */

2025-12-17T16:14:35Z

Additional

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 17 December 2025
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	====~~II.~~ Identification.====		====Identification.====
	= Sirius (α Canis Majoris) in all cases where an exact identification is possible.		= Sirius (α Canis Majoris) in all cases where an exact identification is possible.

Sushoff at 16:14, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T16:14:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 17 December 2025
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	[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.		[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~===Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=~~==
	Var. readings:		Var. readings:

Sushoff at 21:10, 3 December 2025

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	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:CMa]]

	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

InitTeam at 05:24, 7 October 2025

2025-10-07T05:24:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:24, 7 October 2025
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	[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.		[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===

InitTeam at 10:19, 10 September 2025

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	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: <sup>mul</sup>kak.ban [Emar VI/4, 154:112].		* (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: <sup>mul</sup>kak.ban [Emar VI/4<ref>''D. Arnaud''. Texte de la bibliothèque, transcriptions et traductions, 1987. (= Emar 6/4).</ref>, 154:112].
	*(2) The Ḫg series. B VI: <sup>[mul]</sup>kak.pan = MIN (= ''šu-ku-du'' = ''šil-ta-ḫu'') [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:47].		*(2) The Ḫg series. B VI: <sup>[mul]</sup>kak.pan = MIN (= ''šu-ku-du'' = ''šil-ta-ḫu'') [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:47].
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InitTeam at 13:59, 28 August 2025

2025-08-28T13:59:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:59, 28 August 2025
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	[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.		[[File:BAN+Arrow stellarium.jpeg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian constellations BAN (Bow) in [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA]] (Arrow) Stellarium, painting by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]<sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN (𒀯𒆕𒉼) literally Sumerian 'Arrow and Bow' which would be equivalent to Akkadian ''šukūdu'', ''šiltāḫu, '<nowiki/>''arrow,' + Akkadian ''qaštu'' 'bow'',''' but the Akkadian equivalent in the lexical tradition just gives 'arrow.' We suggest that the term originally referred to a super-constellation consisting of both elements, the Arrow with its Bow.' The same sequence, Arrow followed by Bow appear as separate but consecutive constellations in MUL.APIN I ii 6-7 in line with the order of their risings. However, the regular use of <sup>mul</sup>KAK.PAN for [[Sirius]]. Phenomena in the Astronomical Diaries may suggest that this Sumerian name was intended specifically for just α Canis Major ([[Sirius]]), at least in this genre and related texts. Such problems of ''pars-pro-toto'' (synecdoche) are endemic to the case of identifying Sumerian-Akkadian star-names with specific individual fixed-stars, asterisms within constellations, and complete constellations. For the reading PAN rather than BAN see e.g. CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> P 147 for syllabic glosses pa-na and pa-an in lexical lists.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
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	*<sup>mul</sup>GAG.BAN;		*<sup>mul</sup>GAG.BAN;
	*= ''šukūdu'' "Arrow";		*= ''šukūdu'' "Arrow";
	*= Sirius [G. 211; BPO 2, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 73].		*= Sirius [Gössmann <ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 211; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 12; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 73].

	See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik k11) [[KAK.U2.TAG.GA\|KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA]].		See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]], (Kurtik k11) [[KAK.U2.TAG.GA\|KAK.U<sub>2</sub>.TAG.GA]].
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	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: <sup>mul</sup>kak.ban [Emar VI/4, 154:112].		* (1) Sumerian monolingual list of stars from Emar: <sup>mul</sup>kak.ban [Emar VI/4, 154:112].
	*(2) The Ḫg series. B VI: <sup>[mul]</sup>kak.pan = MIN (= ''šu-ku-du'' = ''šil-ta-ḫu'') [MSL XI, 41:47].		*(2) The Ḫg series. B VI: <sup>[mul]</sup>kak.pan = MIN (= ''šu-ku-du'' = ''šil-ta-ḫu'') [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 41:47].
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	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	See. [CAD Š/2, 450].		See. [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> Š/2, 450].
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	\| '''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''		\| '''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
	<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN]. [AD I, No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and acronical rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA, 363-365].		<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN (usually without a determinative) is the standard designation of Sirius; for the earliest example, see [<sup>múl</sup>KAK.BAN]. [AD I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, No. -384 rev. 5]. The Diaries regularly recorded the dates of three phenomena associated with the motion of Sirius relative to the Sun: heliacal rising, heliacal setting, and acronical rising (the last rising star visible after sunset); the dates of these phenomena were originally observed and then calculated using a simple scheme related to the 19-year cycle [HAMA<ref>''Neugebauer O''. A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Berlin-Heidelberg-N.Y., Springer-Verlag 1975.</ref>, 363-365].
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	\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''		\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>kak.ban = <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:156].		*<sup>mul</sup>kak.ban = <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:156].
	*<sup>múl</sup>kak.ban with <sup>múl</sup>hun in [Livingstone 1986, 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].		*<sup>múl</sup>kak.ban with <sup>múl</sup>hun in [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 62:28-29, Sirius and Aries].
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	\|'''Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).'''		\|'''Uranology Text D (MLC 1866).'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>KAK.BAN <sup>d</sup>IM DUMU <sup>d</sup>60 ''u'' [''an-tu''<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>2</sub>.GAL AN-''e''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> KI-''ti miḫ-rat'' <sup>mul</sup>ALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, Overseer of the channels of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab (stands) ..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 37, 41].		*<sup>mul</sup>KAK.BAN <sup>d</sup>IM DUMU <sup>d</sup>60 ''u'' [''an-tu''<sub>4</sub> GU<sub>2</sub>.GAL AN-''e''] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> KI-''ti miḫ-rat'' <sup>mul</sup>ALLA [...] "Arrow, Adad, son of Anu and [Antu, Overseer of the channels of heaven] / and earth, opposite Crab (stands) ..." (col. ii 21-22) [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 37, 41].
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	\|'''W 22554/6.'''		\|'''W 22554/6.'''
	*Heliacal rising and setting of Sirius (<sup>múl</sup>GAG.BAN) relative to the equinoxes and solstices [SpTU V, 269 r. 9-10].		*Heliacal rising and setting of Sirius (<sup>múl</sup>GAG.BAN) relative to the equinoxes and solstices [SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 269 r. 9-10].
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	\|}		\|}