KUŠU2 - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:16, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:16:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:16, 26 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]		[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]

Sushoff at 07:44, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:44:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:44, 17 January 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]		[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]]. For now, the most common Sumerian reading of the name should probably be alla, which would be most appropriate as a abbreviation of both Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL and Akkkadian ''alluttu'', the most common name for 'The Crab' constellation (Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>[[ALLA]]).		<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]]. For now, the most common Sumerian reading of the name should probably be alla, which would be most appropriate as a abbreviation of both Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL and Akkkadian ''alluttu'', the most common name for 'The Crab' constellation (Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>[[ALLA]]).

Sushoff at 19:19, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T19:19:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:19, 17 December 2025
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]]. For now, the most common Sumerian reading of the name should probably be alla, which would be most appropriate as a abbreviation of both Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL and Akkkadian ''alluttu'', the most common name for 'The Crab' constellation (Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>[[ALLA]]).		<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]]. For now, the most common Sumerian reading of the name should probably be alla, which would be most appropriate as a abbreviation of both Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL and Akkkadian ''alluttu'', the most common name for 'The Crab' constellation (Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>[[ALLA]]).
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~
	= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>; 1955; ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955. </ref>; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.		= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>; 1955; ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955. </ref>; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
	[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]		[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]

InitTeam at 10:34, 10 September 2025

2025-09-10T10:34:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:34, 10 September 2025
Line 4:		Line 4:
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.		= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952<ref>''Schaumberger J. ''Die Ziqpu-Gestirne nach neuen Keilschrift-texten // ZA. 1952. Bd. 50 (N.F. 16). S. 214-229.</ref>; 1955; ACT I-III<ref>''O. Neugebauer.'' Astronomical Cuneiform Texts, London. 1955. </ref>; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
	[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]		[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]
	In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and argumentatively problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery>		In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004<ref>''Borger, R.'' Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Kevelaer/Neuenkirchen-Vlyun 1978–1981; Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon, Münster 2004</ref>, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and argumentatively problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery>
	File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script		File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script
	File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script		File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script
	File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script		File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script
	File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script		File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script
	</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for [[NAGAR]] in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' ([[Cancer]], Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]).		</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for [[NAGAR]] in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' ([[Cancer]], Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]).

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

WayneHorowitz at 09:36, 8 September 2025

2025-09-08T09:36:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 8 September 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}
	[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]		[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]].		<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]]. For now, the most common Sumerian reading of the name should probably be alla, which would be most appropriate as a abbreviation of both Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>AL.LUL and Akkkadian ''alluttu'', the most common name for 'The Crab' constellation (Sumerian <sup>mul</sup>[[ALLA]]).
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.		= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
	[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]		[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]
	In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and argumentatively problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery>		In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and argumentatively problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery>
	File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script		File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script
	File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script		File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script

Sushoff at 10:51, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T10:51:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:51, 3 September 2025
Line 11:		Line 11:
	File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script		File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script
	File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script		File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script
	</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' (~~a##??~~).		</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]]); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for [[NAGAR]] in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' ([[Cancer]], Kurtik a18 [[AL.LUL]], Kurtik a21 [[ALLA]]).

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

Sushoff at 10:48, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T10:48:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 3 September 2025
Line 6:		Line 6:
	= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.		= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
	[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]		[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]
	In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery>		In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and argumentatively problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery>
	File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script		File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script
	File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script		File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script

Sushoff at 10:47, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T10:47:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:47, 3 September 2025
Line 6:		Line 6:
	= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.		= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
	[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]		[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]
	In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. <gallery>		In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. Yet, a misreading or pun originating from the Neo-Assyrian cannot be totally excluded. <gallery>
	File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script		File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script
	File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script		File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script

Sushoff at 10:45, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T10:45:59Z

Sushoff at 10:40, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T10:40:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:40, 3 September 2025
Line 6:		Line 6:
	= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.		= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
	[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]		[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]
	In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016) tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs, but was proven wrong (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022). <gallery>		In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016) tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs, but was proven wrong or problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. <gallery>
	File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script		File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script
			File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script
	File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script		File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script
	File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script		File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script
	</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' (a##??).		</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' (a##??).

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:45, 3 September 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:KUŠU<sub>2</sub>}}
	[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]		[[File:Cancer pagurus.jpg\|thumb\|Cancer Pagurus (Taschenkrebs), CC BY Hans Hillewaert. ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.		<sup>mul</sup>KUŠU<sub>2</sub> (𒀯𒆵) = ''kušû'' "water animal" is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. It refers to the zodiac constellation of [[Cancer]].
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.		= ''kušû'' "water animal", according to [CAD K, 602a] or a species of crab (Taschenkrebs), according to [AHw, 517]. The name occurs for the first time in the Old Babylonian monolingual star list [Horowitz 2005]. Designation of the zodiacal Crab constellation and the 4th sign of the zodiac in late Babylonian astronomical and astrological texts, adopted in a number of publications, e.g., [Schaumberger 1952; 1955; ACT I-III; SpTU III], etc.]. [[ALLA]] (Kurtik a21) is currently used in the same sense.
	[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]		[[File:Kushu2 Capture.JPG\|thumb\|KUŠU<sub>2</sub>-sign in its Neo Assysrian version]]
	In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In ~~late~~ Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016) tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs, but was proven wrong or problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. <gallery>		In Assyriology there are two graphically similar signs, NAGAR (''alla'') and KUŠU<sub>2</sub>, differing in writing by one vertical wedge [Kurtik 2007, 675, nos. 420, 421; Borger 2004, no. 893, 896]. In Late Babylonian texts they apparently merge into becoming a single sign. McHugh (2016)<ref>McHugh, John (2016). How Cuneiform Puns Inspired Some of the Bizarre Greek Constellations and Asterisms', Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 4/2, 69--100.</ref> tries to derive the star names of Two Donkeys ([[Asellus Borealis]], [[Asellus Australis]]) from a pun with cuneiform signs KUŠU<sub>2</sub> and GIR<sub>3</sub> (donkey), but was proven partially wrong and problematic (Kechagias and Hoffmann 2022)<ref>Kechagias, A.-E. and Hoffmann, S.M. (2022). Intercultural Misunderstandings as possible source of ancient constellations., in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (Eds.), Astronomy in Culture - Cultures of Astronomy, tredition, Hamburg, 205-235</ref>. <gallery>
	File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script		File:Gir3 monumental Capture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in monumental script
	File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script		File:Gir3 oldBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Old Babylonian script
	File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script		File:Gir3 neoAssyrianCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Assyrian script
	File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script		File:Gir3 neoBabCapture.JPG\|GIR<sub>3</sub>-sign in Neo-Babylonian script
	</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' (a##??).		</gallery> However, in the text [LBAT, 1502:19], in the list of ''ziqpu''-stars, there is KU.˹ŠU<sub>2</sub>˺ in the place of AL.LUL (behind MAŠ.TAB.BA); this is probably the word ''kušû'' written syllabically [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 76]. If this is in fact the case, the commonly accepted ''alla'' as a reading for NAGAR in astronomical texts can be questioned. Based on all the above, it is not possible to separate this asterism from 'The Crab' (a##??).

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==
Line 35:		Line 35:
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
			[[Category:Cnc]]