Lātarāk - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:17, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:17:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:17, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----

Sushoff at 08:05, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:05:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:05, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----

	[[File:OrionDawn 20250821 045442 300dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Orion at dawn, above clouds. In the upper middle of the image, west of Orion (in front of him), we see a "pair" (twins) of stars. (CC BY SMH 2025)]]		[[File:OrionDawn 20250821 045442 300dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Orion at dawn, above clouds. In the upper middle of the image, west of Orion (in front of him), we see a "pair" (twins) of stars. (CC BY SMH 2025)]]

Sushoff at 19:23, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T19:23:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 17 December 2025
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History ==		==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
			'''Lulal & Latarak.''' A pair of gods, often identified with each other; originally related to Inanna (as her sons), in 1st mill. texts mainly attested as demons whose figurines were buried at doorways for protective purposes. <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' (EN 10r). <sup>d</sup>''Lú-làl'' ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' (AN 8–9r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

	~~===Krebernik (2023)===~~
	'''Lulal & Latarak.''' A pair of gods, often identified with each other; originally related to Inanna (as her sons), in 1st mill. texts mainly attested as demons whose figurines were buried at doorways for protective purposes. <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' (EN 10r). <sup>d</sup>''Lú-làl'' ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' (AN 8–9r).

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~
	[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 234; Lambert 1988<ref name=":0">''Lambert W.G.'' Lulal/''Lātarāk'' // RlA. 1988. Bd. 7, Lief. 3/4. S. 163-164.</ref>];		[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 234; Lambert 1988<ref name=":0">''Lambert W.G.'' Lulal/''Lātarāk'' // RlA. 1988. Bd. 7, Lief. 3/4. S. 163-164.</ref>];

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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	====~~II.~~ Deity.====		====Deity.====
	Little is known about Latarak as a deity. The pair <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> and <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' occurs already in lists of gods dating from the 3rd dynasty of Ur [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 11:23-24] and later in many texts, notably Šurpu VIII 30. Latarak was associated with the underworld. Among his epithets: "king of the desert" (implying the realm of the dead). This is also evidenced by his identification with Nergal (see above). He was also associated with domestic animals [Lambert 1988<ref name=":0" />; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 346]. The association of Latarak with the constellation of Leo is apparently explained by its symbol. <s>For a description of the constellation of the "The Twins who (stands) opposite the True Shepherd of Anu," one of whom is Latarak, in MLC 1866, see m19, III</s>.		Little is known about Latarak as a deity. The pair <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> and <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' occurs already in lists of gods dating from the 3rd dynasty of Ur [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 11:23-24] and later in many texts, notably Šurpu VIII 30. Latarak was associated with the underworld. Among his epithets: "king of the desert" (implying the realm of the dead). This is also evidenced by his identification with Nergal (see above). He was also associated with domestic animals [Lambert 1988<ref name=":0" />; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 346]. The association of Latarak with the constellation of Leo is apparently explained by its symbol. <s>For a description of the constellation of the "The Twins who (stands) opposite the True Shepherd of Anu," one of whom is Latarak, in MLC 1866, see m19, III</s>.

	====~~III.~~ Symbol.====		====Symbol.====
	In the Neo-Assyrian period, Latarak was depicted as an anthropomorphic figure with a lion's head and human body, covered with a lion's skin, carrying a whip [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 116; Green 1983, 91, Plate XIIa, c; Lambert 1988<ref name=":0" />; Wiggermann 1992, 60, 64]. Hence the commented on the name of Latarak in the Weidner God-List Commentary BM 62741 rev. 11 ([https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274 https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274)] .		In the Neo-Assyrian period, Latarak was depicted as an anthropomorphic figure with a lion's head and human body, covered with a lion's skin, carrying a whip [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 116; Green 1983, 91, Plate XIIa, c; Lambert 1988<ref name=":0" />; Wiggermann 1992, 60, 64]. Hence the commented on the name of Latarak in the Weidner God-List Commentary BM 62741 rev. 11 ([https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274 https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274)] .
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|}		\|}

	====~~IV.~~ Identification.====		====Previous Identification.====
	= ε + γ Geminorum (= <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a, 77a].		= ε + γ Geminorum (= <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a, 77a].

Sushoff at 21:18, 3 December 2025

2025-12-03T21:18:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:18, 3 December 2025
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	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Leo]]

	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

Sushoff at 10:38, 24 November 2025

2025-11-24T10:38:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 24 November 2025
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	[[File:OrionDawn 20250821 045442 300dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Orion at dawn, above clouds. In the upper middle of the image, west of Orion (in front of him), we see a "pair" (twins) of stars. (CC BY SMH 2025)]]		[[File:OrionDawn 20250821 045442 300dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Orion at dawn, above clouds. In the upper middle of the image, west of Orion (in front of him), we see a "pair" (twins) of stars. (CC BY SMH 2025)]]
	<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion). As the classical 'shield of Orion' is not part of the Mesopotamian asterism, one can seek the 'Twins in front of Orion' among the stars that form the shield. At dusk and dawn, π3 and π4 Orionis appear first and disappear last, indicating that these are the two stars that are intended. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 50.		<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion). As the classical 'shield of Orion' is not part of the Mesopotamian asterism, one can seek the 'Twins in front of The Shepherd' (Orion) among the stars that form the shield. At dusk and dawn, π3 and π4 Orionis appear first and disappear last, indicating that these are the two stars that are intended. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 50.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History ==		==Concordance, Etymology, History ==

Sushoff at 10:35, 24 November 2025

2025-11-24T10:35:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:35, 24 November 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}

			[[File:OrionDawn 20250821 045442 300dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Orion at dawn, above clouds. In the upper middle of the image, west of Orion (in front of him), we see a "pair" (twins) of stars. (CC BY SMH 2025)]]
	<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion). As the classical 'shield of Orion' is not part of the Mesopotamian asterism, one can seek the 'Twins in front of Orion' among the stars that form the shield. At dusk and dawn, π3 and π4 Orionis appear first and disappear last, indicating that these are the two stars that are intended. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 50.		<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion). As the classical 'shield of Orion' is not part of the Mesopotamian asterism, one can seek the 'Twins in front of Orion' among the stars that form the shield. At dusk and dawn, π3 and π4 Orionis appear first and disappear last, indicating that these are the two stars that are intended. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 50.

InitTeam at 05:35, 16 September 2025

2025-09-16T05:35:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:35, 16 September 2025
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	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	[G. 234; Lambert 1988];		[Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 234; Lambert 1988<ref name=":0">''Lambert W.G.'' Lulal/''Lātarāk'' // RlA. 1988. Bd. 7, Lief. 3/4. S. 163-164.</ref>];

	Var. designations:		Var. designations:
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	Urra XXII series:		Urra XXII series:

	*<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' [Cavigneaux 1981, 105, 147, col. iv 10; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 107:287ʹ].		*<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 147, col. iv 10; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:287ʹ].
	\|Example		\|Example
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:22.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:22.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Lulal and Latarak = Sin and Nergal" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].		* <sup>mul</sup>lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "Lulal and Latarak = Sin and Nergal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Planisphere K 8538.'''		\|'''Planisphere K 8538.'''
	*In sector 4 the inscription: <sup>˹mul˺</sup>maš.tab.ba ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''maḫrat''(igi)at / <sup>˹mul˺</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''izzazzū''(gub)zu / lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' [CT 33, 12; Koch 1989, 56].		*In sector 4 the inscription: <sup>˹mul˺</sup>maš.tab.ba ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ''maḫrat''(igi)at / <sup>˹mul˺</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''izzazzū''(gub)zu / lu<sub>2</sub>.lal<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-rak'' [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12; Koch 1989<ref name=":1">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"A catalog of 30 stars."'''		\|'''"A catalog of 30 stars."'''
	*(Anu 7, B). [<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra''[''k'' (...)] "[The lion] who stands [behind] him (i.e., behind the Old Man), Latarak [...]" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98].		*(Anu 7, B). [<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra''[''k'' (...)] "[The lion] who stands [behind] him (i.e., behind the Old Man), Latarak [...]" [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	====II. Deity.====		====II. Deity.====
	Little is known about Latarak as a deity. The pair <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> and <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' occurs already in lists of gods dating from the 3rd dynasty of Ur [Weidner 1924-25, 11:23-24] and later in many texts, notably Šurpu VIII 30. Latarak was associated with the underworld. Among his epithets: "king of the desert" (implying the realm of the dead). This is also evidenced by his identification with Nergal (see above). He was also associated with domestic animals [Lambert 1988; Tallqvist 1938, 346]. The association of Latarak with the constellation of Leo is apparently explained by its symbol. <s>For a description of the constellation of the "The Twins who (stands) opposite the True Shepherd of Anu," one of whom is Latarak, in MLC 1866, see m19, III</s>.		Little is known about Latarak as a deity. The pair <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> and <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-ak'' occurs already in lists of gods dating from the 3rd dynasty of Ur [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 11:23-24] and later in many texts, notably Šurpu VIII 30. Latarak was associated with the underworld. Among his epithets: "king of the desert" (implying the realm of the dead). This is also evidenced by his identification with Nergal (see above). He was also associated with domestic animals [Lambert 1988<ref name=":0" />; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 346]. The association of Latarak with the constellation of Leo is apparently explained by its symbol. <s>For a description of the constellation of the "The Twins who (stands) opposite the True Shepherd of Anu," one of whom is Latarak, in MLC 1866, see m19, III</s>.

	====III. Symbol.====		====III. Symbol.====
	In the Neo-Assyrian period, Latarak was depicted as an anthropomorphic figure with a lion's head and human body, covered with a lion's skin, carrying a whip [Black-Green 1992, 116; Green 1983, 91, Plate XIIa, c; Lambert 1988; Wiggermann 1992, 60, 64]. Hence the commented on the name of Latarak in the Weidner God-List Commentary BM 62741 rev. 11 ([https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274 https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274)] .		In the Neo-Assyrian period, Latarak was depicted as an anthropomorphic figure with a lion's head and human body, covered with a lion's skin, carrying a whip [Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 116; Green 1983, 91, Plate XIIa, c; Lambert 1988<ref name=":0" />; Wiggermann 1992, 60, 64]. Hence the commented on the name of Latarak in the Weidner God-List Commentary BM 62741 rev. 11 ([https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274 https://ccp.yale.edu/P461274)] .
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|[<sup>d</sup>]⸢''la''⸣-''ta-rak'': ''la'': ''la-a'': ''ta-ra-ku'': ''na-ṭù-ú'': <sup>d</sup>ŠÁRA: EN ''šub-tú'': DINGIR ⸢:⸣ [''be-lu''₄<sup>?</sup>: BARA₇(ŠÁRA): ''šub-tú'' (...)]22		\|[<sup>d</sup>]⸢''la''⸣-''ta-rak'': ''la'': ''la-a'': ''ta-ra-ku'': ''na-ṭù-ú'': <sup>d</sup>ŠÁRA: EN ''šub-tú'': DINGIR ⸢:⸣ [''be-lu''₄<sup>?</sup>: BARA₇(ŠÁRA): ''šub-tú'' (...)]22
Line 50:		Line 50:

	====IV. Identification.====		====IV. Identification.====
	= ε + γ Geminorum (= <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA) [Weidner 1957-59, 76a, 77a].		= ε + γ Geminorum (= <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA) [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a, 77a].

	= γ, ζ Geminorum (Lulal and Latarak) (?) [BPO 2, 8].		= γ, ζ Geminorum (Lulal and Latarak) (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 8].

	= γ + ε Geminorum (= <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI''-it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA) [Koch 1989, 63, 75, 111; 1993, 185].		= γ + ε Geminorum (= <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI''-it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA) [Koch 1989<ref name=":1" />, 63, 75, 111; 1993<ref>''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild <sup>mul</sup>maš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.</ref>, 185].

	= π3, π4 Orionis (Lulal and Latarak) (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 273-274].		= π3, π4 Orionis (Lulal and Latarak) (?) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273-274].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

InitTeam at 10:42, 10 September 2025

2025-09-10T10:42:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:42, 10 September 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}

	<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion). As the classical 'shield of Orion' is not part of the Mesopotamian asterism, one can seek the 'Twins in front of Orion' among the stars that form the shield. At dusk and dawn, π3 and π4 Orionis appear first and disappear last, indicating that these are the two stars that are intended. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 50.		<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion). As the classical 'shield of Orion' is not part of the Mesopotamian asterism, one can seek the 'Twins in front of Orion' among the stars that form the shield. At dusk and dawn, π3 and π4 Orionis appear first and disappear last, indicating that these are the two stars that are intended. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 50.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History ==		==Concordance, Etymology, History ==

WayneHorowitz at 09:42, 8 September 2025

2025-09-08T09:42:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:42, 8 September 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}

	<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion), ~~perhaps to be identified with~~ the stars 9 and 11 Orionis. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 50. ~~((or in Orion's shield - does sipa.zi.an.na have a shield???)~~		<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion). As the classical 'shield of Orion' is not part of the Mesopotamian asterism, one can seek the 'Twins in front of Orion' among the stars that form the shield. At dusk and dawn, π3 and π4 Orionis appear first and disappear last, indicating that these are the two stars that are intended. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 50.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History ==		==Concordance, Etymology, History ==

WayneHorowitz at 08:50, 8 September 2025

2025-09-08T08:50:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:50, 8 September 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Lātarāk''}}

	<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion), perhaps to be identified with the stars 9 and 11 Orionis.		<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'' (𒀭𒆷𒋫𒊩) is a Mesopotamian god, most typically on its own, identified with <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la. 'The Lion' ([[Leo]]). However when paired with (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3\|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], the two form a constellation of Twins (Kurtik m19, [[MAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI-''it'' <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]]) in front of [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA\|<sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na]] (Orion), perhaps to be identified with the stars 9 and 11 Orionis. For this set of Twins see Beaulieu et al. 2018: 50. ((or in Orion's shield - does sipa.zi.an.na have a shield???)

	==Concordance, Etymology, History ==		==Concordance, Etymology, History ==