LAMMA - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:17, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:17:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:17, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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Sushoff at 15:11, 22 January 2026

2026-01-22T15:11:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 22 January 2026
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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----

Sushoff at 07:45, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:45:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:45, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----

	[[File:UZ3-enzu stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian UZ3 (enzu) constellation in Lyra (Stellarium).]]		[[File:UZ3-enzu stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian UZ3 (enzu) constellation in Lyra (Stellarium).]]
	<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]]. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.		<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]]. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.

Sushoff at 19:22, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T19:22:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 17 December 2025
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	<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]]. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.		<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]]. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==

	~~=== Krebernik~~ (~~2023~~) ~~===~~
	~~A protective deity~~. ~~The expected Akk. equivalent would be ''Lammass(at)u''~~, ~~but note the syllabic spelling <sup>d</sup>''Lam-mu'' as the stellar vizier of Baba indicating a direct loan-word into Akkadian.~~

	~~In 5R 146: 17~~. ~~<sup>d~~</~~sup~~>~~LAMMA (EN 24r).~~

	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim =~~==
	Var. readings:		Var. readings:

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	* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'' (goddess);		* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'' (goddess);
	* <sup>mul</sup>''Lammu'' (𒀯𒇴𒈬);		* <sup>mul</sup>''Lammu'' (𒀯𒇴𒈬);
			LAMMA is a protective deity. The expected Akk. equivalent would be ''Lammass(at)u'', but note the syllabic spelling <sup>d</sup>''Lam-mu'' as the stellar vizier of Baba indicating a direct loan-word into Akkadian.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> In 5R 146: 17. <sup>d</sup>LAMMA (EN 24r).

	[[Vega]] (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 212 bis 235].		[[Vega]] (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 212 bis 235].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 532; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 60-66; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 36; RlA<ref>''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.</ref> 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41: 26′], see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 13.		Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 532; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 60-66; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 36; RlA<ref>''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.</ref> 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41: 26′], see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 13.

	==== ~~III.~~ Identification. ====		==== Identification. ====
	= α Lyrae [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 145, I C; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138: 25; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].		= α Lyrae [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 145, I C; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138: 25; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

Sushoff at 16:53, 10 November 2025

2025-11-10T16:53:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 10 November 2025
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			[[File:UZ3-enzu stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Babylonian UZ3 (enzu) constellation in Lyra (Stellarium).]]
	<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]]. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.		<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]]. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.

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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Lyr]]		[[Category:Lyr]]
	~~[[Category:4workWayne]]~~

InitTeam at 15:48, 5 October 2025

2025-10-05T15:48:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 5 October 2025
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 532; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 60-66; MNM II, 36; RlA<ref>''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.</ref> 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41: 26′], see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 13.		Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 532; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 60-66; MNM II<ref>''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 36; RlA<ref>''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.</ref> 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41: 26′], see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 13.

	==== III. Identification. ====		==== III. Identification. ====

InitTeam at 10:39, 10 September 2025

2025-09-10T10:39:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:39, 10 September 2025
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	A protective deity. The expected Akk. equivalent would be ''Lammass(at)u'', but note the syllabic spelling <sup>d</sup>''Lam-mu'' as the stellar vizier of Baba indicating a direct loan-word into Akkadian.		A protective deity. The expected Akk. equivalent would be ''Lammass(at)u'', but note the syllabic spelling <sup>d</sup>''Lam-mu'' as the stellar vizier of Baba indicating a direct loan-word into Akkadian.

	in 5R 146: 17. <sup>d</sup>LAMMA (EN 24r).		In 5R 146: 17. <sup>d</sup>LAMMA (EN 24r).

	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
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	* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'' (goddess);		* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'' (goddess);
	* <sup>mul</sup>''Lammu'' (𒀯𒇴𒈬);		* <sup>mul</sup>''Lammu'' (𒀯𒇴𒈬);
	[[Vega]] (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [G. 212 bis 235].		[[Vega]] (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 212 bis 235].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
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	TE-omens (BM 47799 = LBAT 1565: 21, 24 and parallels).		TE-omens (BM 47799 = LBAT 1565: 21, 24 and parallels).

	21’ DIŠ MUL<sup>.d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>ba-u<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' MUL.~~TI8~~.MUŠEN ~~TE~~ . . .		* 21’ DIŠ MUL<sup>.d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''ba-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' MUL.TI<sub>8</sub>.MUŠEN TE. . .
			* 24' DIŠ MUL.UGA.MUŠEN KI.MIN MUL.LUGAL SUKKAL MUL.LAMMA ''ana'' MUL.ERIDU.KI TE

	24' ~~DIŠ MUL~~.~~UGA~~.~~MUŠEN KI~~.~~MIN MUL~~.~~LUGAL SUKKAL MUL~~.~~LAMMA ''ana'' MUL~~.~~ERIDU~~.~~KI TE~~		See Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 26′.

	~~See Borger~~ 1973, LB 1321 r. 26′.

	\|		\|
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	List of Enlil's stars (no. 25):		List of Enlil's stars (no. 25):

	* MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''Ba''-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Star with great brilliance in the Goat: Lamma, Baba's messenger" (I i 26) [MA, 26];		* MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''Ba''-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Star with great brilliance in the Goat: Lamma, Baba's messenger" (I i 26) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 26];
	* Parallel: <sup>d</sup>Kal.kal.<sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = ˹lamma˺ <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub>.ke<sub>4</sub> [Litke 1998, 174:61].		* Parallel: <sup>d</sup>Kal.kal.<sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = ˹lamma˺ <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub>.ke<sub>4</sub> [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 174:61].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:17 + dupl.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:17 + dupl.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].		* <sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Star List VR 46, 1:17.'''		\|'''Star List VR 46, 1:17.'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].		*<sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	Intercalation scheme:		Intercalation scheme:
	*''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še ki.min <sup>mul</sup>˹''Lam-mu''˺ // 4 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> // 3 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim''] / <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a''] / GIŠ 4 4 <sup>mul</sup>A[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ]		*''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še ki.min <sup>mul</sup>˹''Lam-mu''˺ // 4 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> // 3 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim''] / <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a''] / GIŠ 4 4 <sup>mul</sup>A[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ]
	*"In the month of adar respectively: Lammu, 4, (star on the path) of [Enlil], / Eagle, 3, (star on the path) of [Anu], / Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 2, (star on the path) of [Ea], / measuring instrument: 4 (elbows) 4 (fingers) (from) On[top of the standing star], 1, (to) [the height of the Swallow]" (Obv. 17ʹ-20ʹ) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69].		*"In the month of adar respectively: Lammu, 4, (star on the path) of [Enlil], / Eagle, 3, (star on the path) of [Anu], / Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 2, (star on the path) of [Ea], / measuring instrument: 4 (elbows) 4 (fingers) (from) On[top of the standing star], 1, (to) [the height of the Swallow]" (Obv. 17ʹ-20ʹ) [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66, 69].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw, 532; CAD L, 60-66; MNM II, 36; RlA 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951, 82]. [Reiner 1995, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973, 41: 26′], see u11[[UGA]], VI 13.		Lamma (Lamassu) was regarded as a good goddess, patroness and intercessor, ensuring prosperous fortunes, mental and physical health, and good condition of temples, cities, and countries; venerated in Lagash and a number of other places [AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 532; CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 60-66; MNM II, 36; RlA<ref>''Reallexikon der Assyriologie''.</ref> 6, 449; Tallqvist 1938<ref>''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 117-118, 346]. The mythology explaining its association with Vega is unknown. In AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (IV 156) Lamma is identified with Inanna (=Venus?): <sup>d</sup>(la.ma.su)KAL = ŠU(= <sup>d</sup>Inanna.ke<sub>4</sub>) [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 159:156]. On the deity Urmashum see. [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. On the connection of Lamma with the Pleiades (ŠA <sup>d</sup>7.BI <sup>d</sup>LAMMA "Lamma of the Seven Gods") see [Kraus 1951<ref>''Kraus F.R. ''Nippur und Isin nach altbabylonischen Rechtsurkunden // JCS. 1951. V. 3.</ref>, 82]. [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 86, note 355]. One astrological prediction identifies the Raven as the messenger of Lamma (<sup>ul</sup>ug<sub>5</sub>.ga sukkal <sup>ul</sup>KAL) [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, 41: 26′], see (Kurtik u11) [[UGA]], VI 13.

	==== III. Identification. ====		==== III. Identification. ====
	= α Lyrae [G. 145, I C; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138: 25; ASM, 273].		= α Lyrae [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 145, I C; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138: 25; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273].

	== Historical Dictionaries ==		== Historical Dictionaries ==

Sushoff at 12:31, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T12:31:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 3 September 2025
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	* <sup>d</sup>KAL,		* <sup>d</sup>KAL,
	* <sup>ul</sup>KAL;		* <sup>ul</sup>KAL;
	* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'';		* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'' (goddess);
	* ~~goddess~~ Vega (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [G. ~~212bis;~~ 235] .		* <sup>mul</sup>''Lammu'' (𒀯𒇴𒈬);
			[[Vega]] (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [G. 212 bis 235].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	!Sources		!Sources L03 LAMMA
	!Identifications		!Identifications
	\|-		\|-
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	List of Enlil's stars (no. 25):		List of Enlil's stars (no. 25):

	* MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''Ba''-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Star with great brilliance in the Goat: Lamma, Baba's messenger" (I i 26) [MA, 26];		* MUL ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''bu-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>LAMMA SUKKAL <sup>d</sup>''Ba''-''u''<sub>2</sub> "Star with great brilliance in the Goat: Lamma, Baba's messenger" (I i 26) [MA, 26];
	* Parallel: <sup>d</sup>Kal.kal.<sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = ˹lamma˺ <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub>.ke<sub>4</sub> [Litke 1998, 174:61].		* Parallel: <sup>d</sup>Kal.kal.<sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = ˹lamma˺ <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub>.ke<sub>4</sub> [Litke 1998, 174:61].
	\|		\|
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	\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:17 + dupl.'''		\|'''List of stars VR 46, 1:17 + dupl.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].		* <sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
			\|
			\|-
			!L04 ''Lammu''
			\|
			\|-
			\|'''Star List VR 46, 1:17.'''
			*<sup>mul</sup>''Lam-mu'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''Ur-ma-šum'' sukkal <sup>d</sup>''Gu-la'' "Lammu, Baba's messenger = Urmashum, Gula's messenger" [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162-3].
			\|
			\|-
			\|'''The text Nv. 10.'''
			Intercalation scheme:
			*''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>še ki.min <sup>mul</sup>˹''Lam-mu''˺ // 4 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> // 3 ''šu''-[''ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim''] / <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a''] / GIŠ 4 4 <sup>mul</sup>A[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ]
			*"In the month of adar respectively: Lammu, 4, (star on the path) of [Enlil], / Eagle, 3, (star on the path) of [Anu], / Demon with the Gaping Mouth, 2, (star on the path) of [Ea], / measuring instrument: 4 (elbows) 4 (fingers) (from) On[top of the standing star], 1, (to) [the height of the Swallow]" (Obv. 17ʹ-20ʹ) [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" \| Kurtik (2022, L03)		! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" \| Kurtik (2022, L03 LAMMA)
	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \| Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \| Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
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	= α Lyrae [G. 145, I C; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138: 25; ASM, 273].		= α Lyrae [G. 145, I C; BPO 2, 13; MA, 138: 25; ASM, 273].
	\| Example		\| Example
			\|-
			!Kurtik (2022, L04 ''Lammu'')
			!Gössmann (1950)
			\|-
			\|[G. 235].
			I. Источники.

			Список звезд VR 46, 1:17. <sup>mul</sup>Lam-mu sukkal <sup>d</sup>Ba.u<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>Ur-ma-šum sukkal <sup>d</sup>Gu-la «Ламму, посланник Бабы = Урмашум, посланник Гулы» [HBA, 51; Wee 2016, 162–3]. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: ina <sup>iti</sup>še ki.min <sup>mul</sup>˹Lam-mu˺ // 4 šu-[ut <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> // 3 šu-[ut <sup>d</sup>A-nim] / <sup>mul</sup>u<sub>4</sub>.˹ka.duḫ.a˺ // 2 [šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a] / GIŠ 4 4 <sup>mul</sup>A[N.TA.GUB.BA] // 1 [šu-qa<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ] «В месяце аддару соответственно: Ламму, 4, (звезда на пути) [Энлиля], / Орел, 3, (звезда на пути) [Ану], / Демон с Разинутой Пастью, 2, (звезда на пути) [Эа], / измерительный инструмент: 4 (локтя) 4 (пальца) (от) На[верху стоящей звезды], 1, (до) [высоты Ласточки]» (Obv. 17ʹ–20ʹ) [Donbaz–Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69].

			Вероятна связь <sup>mul</sup>Lammu и <sup>d</sup>LAMMA (L03).
			\|Example
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff at 12:25, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T12:25:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:25, 3 September 2025
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	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	Var. readings: <sup>d</sup>LAMA<sub>2</sub>, <sup>d</sup>KAL, <sup>ul</sup>KAL; = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu''; goddess Vega (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [G. 212bis; 235] .		Var. readings:

			* <sup>d</sup>LAMA<sub>2</sub>,
			* <sup>d</sup>KAL,
			* <sup>ul</sup>KAL;
			* = <sup>d</sup>''Lamassu'';
			* goddess Vega (α Lyrae), a star of great brilliance in the Goat constellation [G. 212bis; 235] .

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+

Sushoff at 11:38, 3 September 2025

2025-09-03T11:38:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:38, 3 September 2025
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	<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical Lyra and so should be identified with Vega. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.		<sup>d</sup>LAMMA (𒀭𒆗) is the brightest star in the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> = ''enzu'', 'The She-Goat' corresponding to classical [[Lyra]] and so should be identified with [[Vega]]. The term is in fact a generic term for protective deities.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
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	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
			[[Category:Lyr]]
	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]