LU.MAŠ - Revision history

Sushoff at 17:09, 15 July 2026

2026-07-15T17:09:45Z

YoulaAzkarrula at 06:16, 24 May 2026

2026-05-24T06:16:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:16, 24 May 2026
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	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
	[[Category:Sumerian]]		[[Category:Sumerian]]
	[[Category:West Asian]]		[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
	[[Category:Eurasia]]		[[Category:Eurasia]]
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]][[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Generic Term]]

	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

Sushoff at 18:18, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:18:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:18, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013<ref>Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 114-115).		<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013<ref>Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 114-115).

Sushoff at 08:08, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:08:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:08, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----
	<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013<ref>Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 114-115).		<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013<ref>Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 114-115).

Sushoff at 19:28, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T19:28:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 17 December 2025
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	The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.		The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim =~~==
	Variant:		Variant:

InitTeam at 11:20, 13 September 2025

2025-09-13T11:20:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:20, 13 September 2025
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	<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG 114-115).		<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013<ref>Lambert, W.G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths, Eisenbraun, Winnona Lake.</ref>: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref> 114-115).

	The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.		The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.
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	* <sup>mul / d</sup>''Lumāšu'' (𒀯𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗) is the Akkadian equivalent.		* <sup>mul / d</sup>''Lumāšu'' (𒀯𒇻𒈠𒀀𒋗) is the Akkadian equivalent.
	** 1) a poetic term for constellations, found in Enūma eliš and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395a];		** 1) a poetic term for constellations, found in Enūma eliš and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 245; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 263; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 395a];
	** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32, 175; 1957-59, 80; Sachs 1952, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 170].		** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32<ref>''Weidner E. '' Der Tierkreis und Wege am Himmel // AfO. 1931-32. Bd. 7. S. 170-178.</ref>, 175; 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 80; Sachs 1952<ref>''Neugebauer O., Sachs A.'' The "Dodekatemoria" in Babylonian Astrology // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. XVI. S. 65- 66.</ref>, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 170].

	LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil Weidner [1954-1956, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172; ABCD, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - '''''need new edition of Esarhaddon????''''']. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).		LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 245; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 263; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil [Weidner 1954-1956<ref>''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.</ref>, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 172; ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - '''''need new edition of Esarhaddon????''''']. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).
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InitTeam at 13:14, 10 September 2025

2025-09-10T13:14:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 10 September 2025
Line 10:		Line 10:
	** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32, 175; 1957-59, 80; Sachs 1952, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 170].		** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32, 175; 1957-59, 80; Sachs 1952, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 170].

	LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil Weidner [1954-1956, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172; ABCD, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - need new edition of Esarhaddon????]. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).		LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil Weidner [1954-1956, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172; ABCD, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - '''''need new edition of Esarhaddon????''''']. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).
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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]

			[[Category:4workWayne]]

Sushoff at 13:07, 4 September 2025

2025-09-04T13:07:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 4 September 2025
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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]

	~~[[Category:4workWayne]]~~

WayneHorowitz at 10:38, 4 September 2025

2025-09-04T10:38:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:38, 4 September 2025
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	** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32, 175; 1957-59, 80; Sachs 1952, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 170].		** 2) = lu<sub>2</sub>.maš, lu.maš, designating the signs of the zodiac and perhaps also zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. for a discussion of the possible meanings of the term [Weidner 1931-32, 175; 1957-59, 80; Sachs 1952, 71; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 170].

	LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil Weidner [1954-1956, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172; ABCD, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš)na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - need new edition of Esarhaddon????]. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).		LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD L, 245; AHw, 263; MCG, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil Weidner [1954-1956, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961, 172; ABCD, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - need new edition of Esarhaddon????]. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).
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WayneHorowitz at 10:36, 4 September 2025

2025-09-04T10:36:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:09, 15 July 2026
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	LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 245; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 263; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil [Weidner 1954-1956<ref>''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.</ref>, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 172; ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - '''''need new edition of Esarhaddon????''''']. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).		LU<sub>2</sub>.MAŠ; = ''lumāšu'' (Kurtik L10 [[LU.LIM]] and L19 ''[[Lumāšu]]'') is designation of the signs of the zodiac and possibly of the zodiacal constellations in later astronomical and astrological texts. Earlier in Akkadian ''lumāšu'' occurs as a poetic term for constellations in Enuma Elish and other mythological, astrological, and literary texts [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> L, 245; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 263; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 395 (index) including a literary creation to Enuma Anu Enlil [Weidner 1954-1956<ref>''Weidner E.'' Die astrologische Serie Enûma Anu Enlil // AfO. 1954-1956. Bd. 17. S. 71-89.</ref>, 89:5; Landsb.-Kinnier Wilson 1961<ref>''Landsberger B., Kinnier Wilson J.V.'' The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš // JNES. 1961. V. 20, № 3. Р. 154-179.</ref>, 172; ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 270-271, Source E 18′; MCG<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 146-147]. See also KAR 307: 33 where Marduk is said to have inscribed the constellations on the lowest of the three heavens: an-˹u<sub>2</sub>˺ ''šaplûti''(ki.ta.meš) na<sub>4</sub> ''aš-pu-u ša'' mul.<meš> ''lu-ma-ši ša'' dingir.meš ''ina muḫḫi''(ugu) ''e-ṣir'' "The lower heavens of jasper belong to the stars. He (= the sky-god Anu) has inscribed the constellations of the gods on them." [MCG, 3-4, 401, Plate 1]; see also [Horowitz 1990, 516, note 8; CAD Š/1, 343b; Landsberger 1967, 154; Oppenheim 1978, 640-641; Livingstone 1986, 82, 86; TuL 28-37], and a passage in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon Borger. Esarh. ''lu-ma''(var. adds -''a'')-''še tamšil šiṭir šumija ēsiq ṣēruššun'' "I inscribed on them (my stelae and prisms) ''lumāšu'' corresponding to the spelling of my name," quoted in [CAD L, 245b - '''''need new edition of Esarhaddon????''''']. A more technical example of the term is found in the Great Star List which gives a list of 7 ''lumāšu'' (see below).

			=== Sources and Identifications ===
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	!Identifications		!Identifications
	\|-		\|-
	!<sup>mul / d</sup>''Lumāšu''		!
			==== <sup>mul / d</sup>''Lumāšu'' ====
	!		!
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	\|-		\|-
	!LU.MAŠ		!
			==== LU.MAŠ ====
	!		!
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''		\|'''"Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>šu.gi <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>en.te.<na>.bar.ḫum <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag = 7 ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 226–230];		* <sup>mul</sup>šu.gi <sup>mul</sup>ud.ka.duḫ.a <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>en.te.<na>.bar.ḫum <sup>mul</sup>ti<sub>8</sub><sup>mušen</sup> <sup>mul</sup>pa.bil.sag = 7 ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 226–230];
	The identification in CAD L, 245 as stars whose heliacal risings mark the dates of the solstices and equinoxes can now be disregarded.		The identification in CAD L, 245 as stars whose heliacal risings mark the dates of the solstices and equinoxes can now be disregarded.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''GU-text.'''		\|'''GU-text.'''
	* (D) ''lu-maš'' <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>k]ak.si.sa<sub>2</sub>,		* (D) ''lu-maš'' <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>k]ak.si.sa<sub>2</sub>,
	* (E) ''lu''-<''maš''> <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> "constellation Arrow" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:6, 8].		* (E) ''lu''-<''maš''> <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub> "constellation Arrow" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:6, 8].
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	In the ephemerides of the Seleucid times:		In the ephemerides of the Seleucid times:

	* a) lu.maš = "zodiac, sign of the zodiac",		* a) lu.maš = "zodiac, sign of the zodiac",
	* b) lu.maš.meš = "zodiac, signs of the zodiac",		* b) lu.maš.meš = "zodiac, signs of the zodiac",
	* c) ''ša''<sub>2</sub> lu.maš ''gab-bi'' "for the whole zodiac",		* c) ''ša''<sub>2</sub> lu.maš ''gab-bi'' "for the whole zodiac",
	* d) ''ina'' murub<sub>4</sub> lu.maš ''gab-bi'' "for the middle of the whole zodiac" [ACT II, 481b].		* d) ''ina'' murub<sub>4</sub> lu.maš ''gab-bi'' "for the middle of the whole zodiac" [ACT II, 481b].
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''		\|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
	* ''lu-maš'' / ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''gab-bi'' "all the ''lumāšu''" [TU, 11:2, 9, 20],		* ''lu-maš'' / ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''gab-bi'' "all the ''lumāšu''" [TU, 11:2, 9, 20],
	* <sup>múl</sup>''lu-ma-ši'', <sup>múl</sup>''lu-maš'' [TU, 20: 3, 13],		* <sup>múl</sup>''lu-ma-ši'', <sup>múl</sup>''lu-maš'' [TU, 20: 3, 13],
	* ''lu-maš ša''<sub>2</sub> ''an-e gab-bi'' "all the ''lumāšu'' of the sky" [TU, no. 20:13],		* ''lu-maš ša''<sub>2</sub> ''an-e gab-bi'' "all the ''lumāšu'' of the sky" [TU, no. 20:13],
	* 12 ''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''qat-ta'' "12 ''lumāšu'' ended" [TU, no. 20:14],		* 12 ''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''qat-ta'' "12 ''lumāšu'' ended" [TU, no. 20:14],
	* mu <sup>d</sup>''lu-maš ina'' x sag ''šur-ri-i ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''šar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> [TU, 20:14],		* mu <sup>d</sup>''lu-maš ina'' x sag ''šur-ri-i ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''šar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> [TU, 20:14],
	* ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''iti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''dib-iq-ma'' "the ''lumāšu'' (= constellation) that has passed its month" (about the heliacal rising not in its month) [Biggs 1968, 53:5], cf. also [CAD L, 245b],		* ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''iti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''dib-iq-ma'' "the ''lumāšu'' (= constellation) that has passed its month" (about the heliacal rising not in its month) [Biggs 1968, 53:5], cf. also [CAD L, 245b],
	* iti.meš ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>udu.idim.meš ''u lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> "months of planets and ''lumāšu''" [LBAT, 1616:19],		* iti.meš ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>udu.idim.meš ''u lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> "months of planets and ''lumāšu''" [LBAT, 1616:19],
	* <sup>múl</sup>lu.maš [Sachs 1952, 66:6-8].		* <sup>múl</sup>lu.maš [Sachs 1952, 66:6-8].
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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 4 September 2025
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	<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the ~~constellations in the~~ sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG 114-115).		<sup>mul / d</sup>LU.MAŠ (𒀯𒇻𒈦) = ''lumāšu'', is the closest term in Sumerian-Akkadian that matches English 'constellation,' i.e. a complex asterism consisting of multiple parts and numerous stars. In the late-period it has the technical meaning of a sign of the zodiac, and possibly a zodiacal constellation. Earlier in the context of Marduk organizing the starry sky in Enuma Elish V: 1-2, the term refers to the likeness of the gods in the sky that mark off the divisions of the sky and set the parameters of the stellar calendar (Lambert 2013: 98-99 with note on p. 477, MCG 114-115).

	The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.		The Great Star List gives a set of 7 constellations that are identified as ''lumāšu''.
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
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	\|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''		\|'''Late astrology, magic and the calendar.'''
	* ''lu-maš'' / ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''gab-bi'' "all the ~~lumashu~~" [TU, 11:2, 9, 20],		* ''lu-maš'' / ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''gab-bi'' "all the ''lumāšu''" [TU, 11:2, 9, 20],
	* <sup>múl</sup>''lu-ma-ši'', <sup>múl</sup>''lu-maš'' [TU, 20: 3, 13],		* <sup>múl</sup>''lu-ma-ši'', <sup>múl</sup>''lu-maš'' [TU, 20: 3, 13],
	* ''lu-maš ša''<sub>2</sub> ''an-e gab-bi'' "all the ~~lumashu~~ of the sky" [TU, no. 20:13],		* ''lu-maš ša''<sub>2</sub> ''an-e gab-bi'' "all the ''lumāšu'' of the sky" [TU, no. 20:13],
	* 12 ''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''qat-ta'' "12 ~~lumashu~~ ended" [TU, no. 20:14],		* 12 ''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''qat-ta'' "12 ''lumāšu'' ended" [TU, no. 20:14],
	* mu <sup>d</sup>''lu-maš ina'' x sag ''šur-ri-i ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''šar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> [TU, 20:14],		* mu <sup>d</sup>''lu-maš ina'' x sag ''šur-ri-i ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>''lu-ma-ši u''<sub>2</sub>-''šar-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> [TU, 20:14],
	* ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''iti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''dib-iq-ma'' "the ~~lumashu~~ (= constellation) that has passed its month" (about the heliacal rising not in its month) [Biggs 1968, 53:5], cf. also [CAD L, 245b],		* ''lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''iti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''dib-iq-ma'' "the ''lumāšu'' (= constellation) that has passed its month" (about the heliacal rising not in its month) [Biggs 1968, 53:5], cf. also [CAD L, 245b],
	* iti.meš ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>udu.idim.meš ''u lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> "months of planets and ~~lumashu~~" [LBAT, 1616:19],		* iti.meš ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>udu.idim.meš ''u lu-ma-šu''<sub>2</sub> "months of planets and ''lumāšu''" [LBAT, 1616:19],
	* <sup>múl</sup>lu.maš [Sachs 1952, 66:6-8].		* <sup>múl</sup>lu.maš [Sachs 1952, 66:6-8].
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