MES.LAM.TA.E3.A - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:29, 26 March 2026

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	[[File:Cylinder seal Ur III BM 89131.jpg\|thumb\|Calcite (limestone) cylinder seal with modern impression: presentation scene, the worshipper (center) prays in front of the god Meslamtaea who carries the attributes of a warrior god (right), with a protective goddess behind him (left). The inscription identifies the bearer of the seal as Kilula, the chair bearer, son of Ur-Bagara, servant of king Shulgi of Ur. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1867-1115-1 British Museum 89131] (CC BY Zunkir).]]		[[File:Cylinder seal Ur III BM 89131.jpg\|thumb\|Calcite (limestone) cylinder seal with modern impression: presentation scene, the worshipper (center) prays in front of the god Meslamtaea who carries the attributes of a warrior god (right), with a protective goddess behind him (left). The inscription identifies the bearer of the seal as Kilula, the chair bearer, son of Ur-Bagara, servant of king Shulgi of Ur. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1867-1115-1 British Museum 89131] (CC BY Zunkir).]]

Sushoff at 08:15, 17 January 2026

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----
	[[File:Cylinder seal Ur III BM 89131.jpg\|thumb\|Calcite (limestone) cylinder seal with modern impression: presentation scene, the worshipper (center) prays in front of the god Meslamtaea who carries the attributes of a warrior god (right), with a protective goddess behind him (left). The inscription identifies the bearer of the seal as Kilula, the chair bearer, son of Ur-Bagara, servant of king Shulgi of Ur. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1867-1115-1 British Museum 89131] (CC BY Zunkir).]]		[[File:Cylinder seal Ur III BM 89131.jpg\|thumb\|Calcite (limestone) cylinder seal with modern impression: presentation scene, the worshipper (center) prays in front of the god Meslamtaea who carries the attributes of a warrior god (right), with a protective goddess behind him (left). The inscription identifies the bearer of the seal as Kilula, the chair bearer, son of Ur-Bagara, servant of king Shulgi of Ur. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1867-1115-1 British Museum 89131] (CC BY Zunkir).]]
	<sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A (𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀) is an the name of an Underworld deity who is synchronized with Nergal, the Mesopotamian King of the Underworld. and so identfied with Mars. Meslamtaea, when twinned with Lugalgirra, is one of the two elements of <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins.'		<sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A (𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀) is an the name of an Underworld deity who is synchronized with Nergal, the Mesopotamian King of the Underworld. and so identfied with Mars. Meslamtaea, when twinned with Lugalgirra, is one of the two elements of <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins.'

Sushoff at 14:43, 23 December 2025

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	lit. "The Young Man who comes forth from the Underworld". For Sumerian lam as a name for the Underworld (see Horowitz 2011: 290).		lit. "The Young Man who comes forth from the Underworld". For Sumerian lam as a name for the Underworld (see Horowitz 2011: 290).

	'''Lugalirra & Meslamta’ea.''' <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>A pair of netherworld gods. The second name is widely attested alone as a name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''ù'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-è-a (EN 5–6r).		'''Lugalirra & Meslamta’ea.'''<ref name=":6">Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> A pair of netherworld gods. The second name is widely attested alone as a name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''ù'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-è-a (EN 5–6r).<ref name=":6" />

	Var. designations:		Var. designations:

Sushoff at 14:42, 23 December 2025

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	[[File:Cylinder seal Ur III BM 89131.jpg\|thumb\|Calcite (limestone) cylinder seal with modern impression: presentation scene, the worshipper (center) prays in front of the god Meslamtaea who carries the attributes of a warrior god (right), with a protective goddess behind him (left). The inscription identifies the bearer of the seal as Kilula, the chair bearer, son of Ur-Bagara, servant of king Shulgi of Ur. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1867-1115-1 British Museum 89131] (CC BY Zunkir).]]		[[File:Cylinder seal Ur III BM 89131.jpg\|thumb\|Calcite (limestone) cylinder seal with modern impression: presentation scene, the worshipper (center) prays in front of the god Meslamtaea who carries the attributes of a warrior god (right), with a protective goddess behind him (left). The inscription identifies the bearer of the seal as Kilula, the chair bearer, son of Ur-Bagara, servant of king Shulgi of Ur. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1867-1115-1 British Museum 89131] (CC BY Zunkir).]]
	<sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A (𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀) is an the name of an Underworld deity who is synchronized with Nergal, the Mesopotamian King of the Underworld. and so identfied with Mars. Meslamtaea, when twinned with Lugalgirra, is one of the two elements of <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins.'		<sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A (𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀) is an the name of an Underworld deity who is synchronized with Nergal, the Mesopotamian King of the Underworld. and so identfied with Mars. Meslamtaea, when twinned with Lugalgirra, is one of the two elements of <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins.'
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	=~~==Krebernik~~ (~~2023~~)~~===~~		= <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a,
	Lugalirra & Meslamta’ea. A pair of netherworld gods. The second name is widely attested alone as a name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''ù'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-è-a (EN 5–6r).
	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===~~		lit. "The Young Man who comes forth from the Underworld". For Sumerian lam as a name for the Underworld (see Horowitz 2011: 290).
	~~= <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a, lit. "The Young Man who comes forth from the Underworld. For Sumerian lam as a name for the Underworld (see Horowitz 2011: 290~~).
			'''Lugalirra & Meslamta’ea.''' <ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>A pair of netherworld gods. The second name is widely attested alone as a name of Nergal, the ruler of the netherworld. <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''ù'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-è-a (EN 5–6r).

	Var. designations:		Var. designations:

Sushoff at 21:34, 3 December 2025

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	[[Category:Saturn]]		[[Category:Saturn]]
	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]
			[[Category:Gem]]

	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

Sushoff at 17:31, 10 November 2025

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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	See (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].		See (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].
	\|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png\|thumb\|[[LUGAL.GIR3.RA\|Lugalirra]] and Meslamtaea as "Great Twins" in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY). ]]		\| rowspan="2" \|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png\|thumb\|[[LUGAL.GIR3.RA\|Lugalirra]] and Meslamtaea as "Great Twins" in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY). ]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''VR 46, 1:4 star list.'''		\|'''VR 46, 1:4 star list.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Twins = Lugalirra and Meslamtaea = Sin and Nergal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47:8-9].		* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Twins = Lugalirra and Meslamtaea = Sin and Nergal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47:8-9].
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	\|'''Uranology Texts'''		\|'''Uranology Texts'''

Sushoff at 17:30, 10 November 2025

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	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	See (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].		See (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].
	\|		\|[[File:Lugalirra+Meslamtaea Stellarium Gullberg.png\|thumb\|[[LUGAL.GIR3.RA\|Lugalirra]] and Meslamtaea as "Great Twins" in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (CC BY). ]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''VR 46, 1:4 star list.'''		\|'''VR 46, 1:4 star list.'''

InitTeam at 11:46, 20 September 2025

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	* 1) twin deity, paired with Lugalirra to form the constellation of the Great Twins (= α + β Geminorum),		* 1) twin deity, paired with Lugalirra to form the constellation of the Great Twins (= α + β Geminorum),
	* 2) epithet of Nergal, identified with Mars,		* 2) epithet of Nergal, identified with Mars,
	* 3) Saturn [G. 271; Lambert 1987b; Wiggermann 1992, 25:97, 31:290, 38, 47, etc.].		* 3) Saturn [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 271; Lambert 1987b<ref name=":0">''Lambert W.G''. Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea. // RlA. 1987. Bd. 7. Lief. 1/2. S. 143-145.</ref>; Wiggermann 1992, 25:97, 31:290, 38, 47, etc.].

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* Series A I/6, 111-114: ''ma-áš-ma-áš'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ''ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu,'' <sup>d</sup>lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra, <sup>d</sup>mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a [MSL XIV, 227–228].		* Series A I/6, 111-114: ''ma-áš-ma-áš'' ˹MAŠ.MAŠ˺ = …= ''ma-šu-u, tu-a-mu,'' <sup>d</sup>lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra, <sup>d</sup>mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a [MSL XIV<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 227–228].
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	Astrolabe B.		Astrolabe B.

	See. [KAV 218, Section B ii 20-21; Horowitz 2014, 38], (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].		See. [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, Section B ii 20-21; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38], (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].

	"30 Stars Catalog"		"30 Stars Catalog"

	See. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98, 178-179, Horowitz 2014: 104], (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].		See. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, 178-179, Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />: 104], (Kurtik m16) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA]].
	\|		\|
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	\| '''EAE.'''		\| '''EAE.'''
	See. [BPO 3, 384a].		See. [BPO 3<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 384a].
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''VR 46, 1:4 star list.'''		\|'''VR 46, 1:4 star list.'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Twins = Lugalirra and Meslamtaea = Sin and Nergal" [HBA 51; Wee 2016, 162-3]; for a parallel see. [TU, 47:8-9].		* <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal.gal.la = <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ir<sub>9</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>Mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a = <sup>d</sup>''Sîn''(30) ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''Nergal''(u.gur) "The Great Twins = Lugalirra and Meslamtaea = Sin and Nergal" [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 51; Wee 2016<ref>Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.</ref>, 162-3]; for a parallel see. [TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 47:8-9].
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	\|'''Uranology Texts'''		\|'''Uranology Texts'''
	MLC 1866 iv 16-17: Beaulieu et al. 2018: 38, 42'''.''' See (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].		MLC 1866 iv 16-17: Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>: 38, 42'''.''' See (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]].
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	\|}		\|}
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	====II. Deity.====		====II. Deity.====
	The name Meslamtaea is already present in the list of gods from Fara (XXVI century BC) [Krebernik 1986, 182, XIV 4]. During the Ur III period, he was honored in Kutha, Nippur and Ur [Sallaberger I, 104, 225f]. His connection with Lugalirra and the connection of both with Nergal is attested in Sumerian hymns [Lambert 1987b, 143], as well as in lists of gods, where their names are given, as a rule, side by side, following the name of Nergal [Weidner 1924-25, 72:11-12; Litke 1998, 196, V 296, 298; Genouillac 1923, AO 5376 ix 25, 27]. Later venerated at the city of Kisige in northern Mesopotamia. Their twin status is attested to in the lists of 'Twins Constellations' (see ?????) , the AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series [Litke 1998, 197, note 302, 306], in the lexical series Aa [MSL XIV, 228:113-114]. Both deities are associated with the underworld and originally may have played the role of guardians guarding the entrance to the underworld. In the Neo-Assyrian period, their figures were buried at the entrance to protect the dwelling place from evil spirits [Black-Green 1992, 123-124; Wiggermann 1992]. In Babylon there was a special street dedicated to them: ''sūq''(E.SIR<sub>2</sub>) <sup>d</sup>''maš-tab-ba'' "Street of the Twins"; on the street of processions there were 180 ''manzāz''(KI.GUB) <sup>d</sup>lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a "180 'places' for (the installation of statues of) Lugalirra and Meslamtaea" [George 1992: 368-370, and earlier Gurney 1974, 46-47: 79, 87 and 123-133]. It is not known when exactly they acquired astral significance as the Great Twins, but judging by the fact that their names are absent in the Urra tradition and so second millennium lists of stars, this happened rather late, not earlier than the second half of the second millennium BC. See also [Steinkeller 1992, 269, note 82]. (check footnote)		The name Meslamtaea is already present in the list of gods from Fara (XXVI century BC) [Krebernik 1986<ref>''Krebernik M.'' Die Götterlisten aus Fāra // ZA. 1986. Bd. 76, Halbband II. S. 161-204.</ref>, 182, XIV 4]. During the Ur III period, he was honored in Kutha, Nippur and Ur [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 104, 225f]. His connection with Lugalirra and the connection of both with Nergal is attested in Sumerian hymns [Lambert 1987b<ref name=":0" />, 143], as well as in lists of gods, where their names are given, as a rule, side by side, following the name of Nergal [Weidner 1924-25<ref>''Weidner E.'' Altbabylonische Götterlisten // AfO. 1924-1925. Bd. 2. S. 1-18, 71-82.</ref>, 72:11-12; Litke 1998<ref name=":4">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 196, V 296, 298; Genouillac 1923<ref>''Genouillac H. de''. Grande liste de noms divins sumériens // RA. 1923. Vol. 20. P. 95-106.</ref>, AO 5376 ix 25, 27]. Later venerated at the city of Kisige in northern Mesopotamia. Their twin status is attested to in the lists of 'Twins Constellations' '''''(see?????)''''' , the AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series [Litke 1998<ref name=":4" />, 197, note 302, 306], in the lexical series Aa [MSL XIV<ref name=":1" />, 228:113-114]. Both deities are associated with the underworld and originally may have played the role of guardians guarding the entrance to the underworld. In the Neo-Assyrian period, their figures were buried at the entrance to protect the dwelling place from evil spirits [Black-Green 1992<ref name=":5">''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 123-124; Wiggermann 1992]. In Babylon there was a special street dedicated to them: ''sūq''(E.SIR<sub>2</sub>) <sup>d</sup>''maš-tab-ba'' "Street of the Twins"; on the street of processions there were 180 ''manzāz''(KI.GUB) <sup>d</sup>lugal-gir<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>mes-lam-ta-e<sub>3</sub>-a "180 'places' for (the installation of statues of) Lugalirra and Meslamtaea" [George 1992: 368-370, and earlier Gurney 1974<ref>''Gurney O.R.'' The fifth tablet of "The Topography of Babylon" // Iraq. 1974. Vol. 36, pt. 1-2. P. 39-52.</ref>, 46-47: 79, 87 and 123-133]. It is not known when exactly they acquired astral significance as the Great Twins, but judging by the fact that their names are absent in the Urra tradition and so second millennium lists of stars, this happened rather late, not earlier than the second half of the second millennium BC. See also [Steinkeller 1992, 269, note 82]. '''(check footnote)'''

	====III. Symbol.====		====III. Symbol.====
	Two images of the figure of Meslamtaea on a pendant amulet dating back to the late Assyrian period: two identical bearded figures walking in headdresses and adorned with horns and long robes. On their raised right hand, they hold battle axes (with two blades - front and back), and in their lowered left hand — sticks, on the reverse of the inscription: <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ MAŠ.TAB.BA "Twins = Pair of gods" [Green 1988~~; Wiggermann 1988; Wiggermann~~ 1988; Wiggermann 1988]. [Green 1988; Wiggermann 1992, 38]; these are Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, according to [Black-Green 1992, 124, Fig. 102]. For a description of the figure of the constellation of the Great Twins, dating from the same period, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], III. For representations of the Great Twins on seals of Seleucid times, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], III. [AUWE 19, 33-34, Nos. 144-152; Kurtik 2007, figs. 17-21].		Two images of the figure of Meslamtaea on a pendant amulet dating back to the late Assyrian period: two identical bearded figures walking in headdresses and adorned with horns and long robes. On their raised right hand, they hold battle axes (with two blades - front and back), and in their lowered left hand — sticks, on the reverse of the inscription: <sup>d</sup>MAŠ.MAŠ MAŠ.TAB.BA "Twins = Pair of gods" [Green 1988<ref>''Green A.'' The Iconography of Meslamtaea // RA. 1988. V. 82. P. 173-175.</ref>; Wiggermann 1988]. [Green 1988; Wiggermann 1992, 38]; these are Lugalirra and Meslamtaea, according to [Black-Green 1992<ref name=":5" />, 124, Fig. 102]. For a description of the figure of the constellation of the Great Twins, dating from the same period, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], III. For representations of the Great Twins on seals of Seleucid times, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], III. [AUWE 19<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, 33-34, Nos. 144-152; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 17-21].

	====IV. Identifications.====		====IV. Identifications.====
	(1) = twin deity in the constellation Great Twins (= α or β Geminorum), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], V.		(1) = twin deity in the constellation Great Twins (= α or β Geminorum), see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], V.

	(2) = Mars; <sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.[A<sup>?</sup> <sup>d</sup>]''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Meslamtaea = Mars" [BPO 3, 134, K.2907+: VIII 4]; for a parallel see. [ibid. 194, K.42+:7'-8'] (Kurtik L16 [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA\|<sup>d</sup>LUGAL.GIR<sub>3</sub>.RA]], I 4).		(2) = Mars; <sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.[A<sup>?</sup> <sup>d</sup>]''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "Meslamtaea = Mars" [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 134, K.2907+: VIII 4]; for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":3" /> 194, K.42+:7'-8'] (Kurtik L16 [[LUGAL.GIR3.RA\|<sup>d</sup>LUGAL.GIR<sub>3</sub>.RA]], I 4).

	(3) = Saturn, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.		(3) = Saturn, see (Kurtik m17) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL]], VI 1.

	====V. Astrology.====		====V. Astrology.====
	(1) Venus, Moon, Great Twins and Scorpius; <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN (KUR-''ḫa'') <sup>d</sup>''Sin'' <sup>d</sup>Lugal-GIR<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub> ''ina bi-''[''rit'' SI <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB] KI.MIN <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' UD.3.KAM GUB-''zu''... "If Venus (becomes visible) in the month of Arahsamnu, Sin, Lugalirra [and] Meslamtaea are visible between [the horns of Scorpius], var.: Goat, and stand for 3 days ...: barley will perish, the country (will eat) straw." [BPO 3, 124, EAE 56-60 VIII 4]; for a parallel see. [ibid., 194, K.42+:3'-6']. The identification of the Great Twins with the planets Mercury and Mars is probably suggested here.		(1) Venus, Moon, Great Twins and Scorpius; <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' <sup>iti</sup>APIN (KUR-''ḫa'') <sup>d</sup>''Sin'' <sup>d</sup>Lugal-GIR<sub>3</sub>-ra ''u'' <sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub> ''ina bi-''[''rit'' SI <sup>mul</sup>GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB] KI.MIN <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> IGI.LA<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' UD.3.KAM GUB-''zu''... "If Venus (becomes visible) in the month of Arahsamnu, Sin, Lugalirra [and] Meslamtaea are visible between [the horns of Scorpius], var.: Goat, and stand for 3 days ...: barley will perish, the country (will eat) straw." [BPO 3<ref name=":3" />, 124, EAE 56-60 VIII 4]; for a parallel see. [ibid.<ref name=":3" />, 194, K.42+:3'-6']. The identification of the Great Twins with the planets Mercury and Mars is probably suggested here.

	(2) Venus, Moon, and Lugalirra(= Jupiter or Mercury) in Scorpius; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], VI 18.		(2) Venus, Moon, and Lugalirra(= Jupiter or Mercury) in Scorpius; see (Kurtik g19) [[GIR2.TAB\|GIR<sub>2</sub>.TAB]], VI 18.

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	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A}}
			[[File:Cylinder seal Ur III BM 89131.jpg\|thumb\|Calcite (limestone) cylinder seal with modern impression: presentation scene, the worshipper (center) prays in front of the god Meslamtaea who carries the attributes of a warrior god (right), with a protective goddess behind him (left). The inscription identifies the bearer of the seal as Kilula, the chair bearer, son of Ur-Bagara, servant of king Shulgi of Ur. [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1867-1115-1 British Museum 89131] (CC BY Zunkir).]]
	<sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A (𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀) is an the name of an Underworld deity who is synchronized with Nergal, the Mesopotamian King of the Underworld. and so identfied with Mars. Meslamtaea, when twinned with Lugalgirra, is one of the two elements of <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins.'		<sup>d</sup>MES.LAM.TA.E<sub>3</sub>.A (𒀭𒈩𒇴𒋫𒌓𒁺𒀀) is an the name of an Underworld deity who is synchronized with Nergal, the Mesopotamian King of the Underworld. and so identfied with Mars. Meslamtaea, when twinned with Lugalgirra, is one of the two elements of <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.gal.gal, 'The Great Twins.'
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==