MUL - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:30, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:30:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:30, 26 March 2026
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	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.		MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.

Sushoff at 08:17, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:17:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 17 January 2026
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	~~fMUL~~ (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----
			MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

JanSafford at 16:10, 9 January 2026

2026-01-09T16:10:42Z

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Sushoff: /* Additional */

2025-12-23T17:23:32Z

Additional

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 23 December 2025
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Identification. ====		==== Identification. ====
	(1) = determinative; the sign MUL was already used as a determinative before the names of celestial luminaries apparently in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. [Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>]; however, clear evidence refers only to the end of the 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCs; the earliest example (<sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub>), known to us, dates to the Ur III period [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 54].		(1) = determinative; the sign MUL was already used as a determinative before the names of celestial luminaries apparently in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. [Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>]; however, clear evidence refers only to the end of the 3rd to early 2nd millennium BCs; the earliest example (<sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub>), known to us, dates to the Ur III period [Sallaberger I<ref>''Sallaberger W''. Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. Teil 1-2. Berlin-N.Y., Walter de Gruyter, 1993.</ref>, 54].

Sushoff at 14:54, 23 December 2025

2025-12-23T14:54:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:54, 23 December 2025
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	MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.		MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim =~~==
	= ''kakkabu'' (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:		= ''kakkabu'' (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:

InitTeam at 09:24, 29 September 2025

2025-09-29T09:24:43Z

Show changes

Sushoff at 09:32, 21 September 2025

2025-09-21T09:32:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:32, 21 September 2025
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	MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.		MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.

			== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	= ''kakkabu'' (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:		= ''kakkabu'' (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:

WayneHorowitz at 09:32, 21 September 2025

2025-09-21T09:32:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:32, 21 September 2025
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	MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism" (German: "Gestirn" ~~has no equivalent~~ in ~~English but equals the MUL/asterism????)~~.		MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism," but German: "Gestirn" is closer in meaning.
	~~==Concordance, Etymology, History==~~
	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	= ''kakkabu'' (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:		= ''kakkabu'' (𒆕𒅗𒁍) is the Akkadian equivalent. Reading Variants:

Sushoff at 07:18, 21 September 2025

2025-09-21T07:18:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:18, 21 September 2025
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	** mul<sub>2</sub>.mul<sub>2</sub> "Star Cluster,"		** mul<sub>2</sub>.mul<sub>2</sub> "Star Cluster,"
	** as such: designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later astronomical and astrological texts [G. 274; AHw 421b; CAD K, 45-48].		** as such: designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later astronomical and astrological texts [G. 274; AHw 421b; CAD K, 45-48].
	[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 300 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
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	\|-		\|-
	!		!
	==== (Kurtik 2022, m29) MUL ====		====(Kurtik 2022, m29) MUL====
	!		!
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* (1) The sign mul heads the Old Babylonian lists of Sumerian star names [MSL XI, 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13].		*(1) The sign mul heads the Old Babylonian lists of Sumerian star names [MSL XI, 107:387; 143, Forerunner 8, col. x 13].
	* (2) Urra XXII series: mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:16]; parallels [Emar VI/4, 151:150'(?); MSL XI, 30:23, 49:61; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 104:267ʹ].		*(2) Urra XXII series: mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:16]; parallels [Emar VI/4, 151:150'(?); MSL XI, 30:23, 49:61; Bloch-Horowitz 2015, 104:267ʹ].
	* (3). Sa series, copy from Emar: ''mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi'' / mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 17: 287-288].		* (3). Sa series, copy from Emar: ''mu-ul a-na-eš-ša-bi'' / mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu'' [Emar VI/4, 17: 287-288].
	* (4) Sb II series 4: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL III, 132:4].		*(4) Sb II series 4: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL III, 132:4].
	* (5) Proto-Ea 139/1: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu-bu-um'' [MSL XIV, 94], see also [MSL II, 132:56].		*(5) Proto-Ea 139/1: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = ''ka-ak-ka-bu-bu-um'' [MSL XIV, 94], see also [MSL II, 132:56].
	* (6) Series Ea II, 277: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = [''k'']''ak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV, 259].		*(6) Series Ea II, 277: <sup>mu-ul</sup>mul = [''k'']''ak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV, 259].
	* (7) Series Aa II/6, ii 25: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV, 291]. (8) NIGIN<sup>ki-li</sup>.AN = MUL AN-''e'' [CT 18, 30 iv 15].		*(7) Series Aa II/6, ii 25: <sup>mu-lu</sup>mul = ''kak-ka-bu'' [MSL XIV, 291]. (8) NIGIN<sup>ki-li</sup>.AN = MUL AN-''e'' [CT 18, 30 iv 15].
	* (9) UL, UMBIN, <sup>[x]-gi</sup>AKKIL, <sup>mu-lu [x x]-nu</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>i-ku</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub><sup>!</sup> = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT 18, 49 ii 2-6; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4-8].		*(9) UL, UMBIN, <sup>[x]-gi</sup>AKKIL, <sup>mu-lu [x x]-nu</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub>, <sup>i-ku</sup>GAN<sub>2</sub><sup>!</sup> = ''kak-ka-bu'' [CT 18, 49 ii 2-6; CT 19, 33, Text 80-7-19,307:4-8].
	* (10) <sup>d</sup>mul = gag-gab<sub>2</sub> ("Ebla Vocabulary"), cited in [Michalowski 2003, 404]. See also [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45-46].		*(10) <sup>d</sup>mul = gag-gab<sub>2</sub> ("Ebla Vocabulary"), cited in [Michalowski 2003, 404]. See also [AHw, 421b; CAD K, 45-46].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	!		!
	==== (Kurtik 2022, m37) MUL<sub>2</sub> ====		====(Kurtik 2022, m37) MUL<sub>2</sub>====
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	*(1) Urra XXII series: TE = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:2, 133, W.23766:2].		*(1) Urra XXII series: TE = MIN(= ''kakkabu'') [Cavigneaux 1979, 132:2, 133, W.23766:2].
	*(2) Series Ea VIII 74: <sup>mu-[ul]</sup>[TE] = [''kak-ka-bu''] [MSL XIV, 478; CAD K, 46a].		* (2) Series Ea VIII 74: <sup>mu-[ul]</sup>[TE] = [''kak-ka-bu''] [MSL XIV, 478; CAD K, 46a].
	*(3) AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (III 116): <sup>d</sup>TE(mu.ul.la).la<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998, 130].		*(3) AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' series (III 116): <sup>d</sup>TE(mu.ul.la).la<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998, 130].
	\|		\|
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	\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''		\|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts."'''
	See. [AD I-III, passim]; first in a diary for -463 [AD I, no. -463:11'].		See. [AD I-III, passim]; first in a diary for -463 [AD I, no. -463:11'].
	\|		\|prior to ~320 BCE, the term MÚL.MÚL was used for the Pleiades, after this date, it was used for the section of the ecliptic (zodiac sign) [[Taurus]] in Greek astral science.[[File:TauAll+year.jpg\|thumb\|Mesopotamian terms in the sign of Taurus; the diagram shows that the terminology was changed around 320 BCE (Hoffmann and Hunger 2024).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Hunger, H. (2024). Terminology in Taurus, The Bull. Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires, 4, 121</ref>]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''		\|'''Lists of ziqpu stars.'''
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''MUL.APIN.'''		\|'''MUL.APIN.'''
	Astrological predictions: (II iii 16-18, 21-33) [MA, 108-112, 133].		Astrological predictions: (II iii 16-18, 21-33) [MUL.APIN, 108-112, 133].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	[[Category:Planet]]		[[Category:Planet]]
	[[Category:Phenomenon]]		[[Category:Phenomenon]]

			<references />

WayneHorowitz: when I link UL in one place do I have to do it with all the UL in the entry too? ???about Gestirn

2025-09-18T08:22:33Z

when I link UL in one place do I have to do it with all the UL in the entry too? ???about Gestirn

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 18 September 2025
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	MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism" (German: "Gestirn" has no equivalent in English but equals the MUL).		MUL (𒀯) is a Sumerian determinative and logogram for all types of visible phenomena in the heavens/sky including constellations, parts of constellations, super-constellations, single star-asterisms / named stars, but also phenomena such as comets, meteors, even on occasion luminous phenomena in the sky. The determinative used for all sorts of asterism names. Akkadian ''kakkabu'' (''𒆕𒅗𒁍'') is cognate to the word for 'source of light in the sky' in most Semitic languages, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Amharic, and ancient Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Eblaite. There is no better English translation than "asterism" (German: "Gestirn" has no equivalent in English but equals the MUL/asterism????).
	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
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	**MULU<sub>4</sub> [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004]; = ''kakkabu'';		**MULU<sub>4</sub> [Roughton-Steele-Walker 2004]; = ''kakkabu'';
	* = MUL<sub>x</sub>,		* = MUL<sub>x</sub>,
	* = UL (𒌌)		* = [[UL]] (𒌌)
	** UL<sub>8</sub> (= mul<sub>4</sub>, according to [Borger 2004, Nr. 698]);		** UL<sub>8</sub> (= mul<sub>4</sub>, according to [Borger 2004, Nr. 698]);
	* = "asterism, star, luminary";		* = "asterism, star, luminary";