MUL.MUL - Revision history

WayneHorowitz at 06:56, 27 March 2026

2026-03-27T06:56:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:56, 27 March 2026
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	[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]		[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]
	[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]		[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]
	MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.		MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.

			'''Add Uranology SHU.GI section includes reference to MUL.MUL''' -

	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

Sushoff at 18:43, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:43:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:43, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]		[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]
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	MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.		MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
	~~===Krebernik~~ (~~2023~~)===
	MUL.MUL = ''zappu'' “bristles, mane” (= the Pleiades). The sumerogram means simply “(the) stars”.		MUL.MUL = ''zappu'' “bristles, mane” (= the Pleiades). The sumerogram means simply “(the) stars”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===~~
	'''Var. readings:'''		'''Var. readings:'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>MUL; var. write name:		*<sup>mul</sup>MUL; var. write name:

Sushoff at 08:18, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:18:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----
	[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]		[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]
	[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]		[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]

JanSafford at 14:15, 9 January 2026

2026-01-09T14:15:17Z

Show changes

Sushoff at 12:34, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T12:34:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:34, 8 January 2026
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	====~~II.~~ Deity.====		====Deity.====
	The seven gods (see Kurtik i11 [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]]).		The seven gods (see Kurtik i11 [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]]).

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	*(12) Spell [Stol 1989<ref>''Stol M.'' Old-Babylonian Ophthalmology, in: Fs. A. Finet (= Akkadica Beih. 6), 1989. 163–166.</ref>, 252].		*(12) Spell [Stol 1989<ref>''Stol M.'' Old-Babylonian Ophthalmology, in: Fs. A. Finet (= Akkadica Beih. 6), 1989. 163–166.</ref>, 252].

	====~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		====Symbol. ====
	The seven dots or seven stars, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], III.		The seven dots or seven stars, see (Kurtik i11) [[IMIN.BI\|<sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI]], III.

	The position of the Pleiades (''Zappu'' "Stubble") was associated in the sky with the figure of the Heavenly Bull. We find indirect confirmation in some later calendrical-ritual and magical texts. In magical texts, the designation MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> corresponds to ''dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) ''alpi''(GU<sub>4</sub>) ''lu šaman''(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU<sub>4</sub>) ''lu šārat''(SIG<sub>2</sub>) ''alpi''(GU<sub>4</sub>) "Blood of the bull or fat of the bull or hair of the bull" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104-105]. In Seleucid calendar texts, mul.mul and gu<sub>4</sub> are sometimes given as equivalent designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24" />, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].		The position of the Pleiades (''Zappu'' "Stubble") was associated in the sky with the figure of the Heavenly Bull. We find indirect confirmation in some later calendrical-ritual and magical texts. In magical texts, the designation MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> corresponds to ''dām''(UŠ<sub>2</sub>) ''alpi''(GU<sub>4</sub>) ''lu šaman''(I<sub>3</sub>.GIŠ) ''alpi''(GU<sub>4</sub>) ''lu šārat''(SIG<sub>2</sub>) ''alpi''(GU<sub>4</sub>) "Blood of the bull or fat of the bull or hair of the bull" [SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 104-105]. In Seleucid calendar texts, mul.mul and gu<sub>4</sub> are sometimes given as equivalent designations for the zodiac sign Taurus [Weidner 1967<ref name=":24" />, 17, Taf. 6, VAT 7847].

	====~~IV.~~ Identification.====		====Previous Identification.====
	= Pleiades [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 279; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73b; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; MA<ref name=":16" />, 138; Koch 1989<ref name=":17" />, 77-79, 111; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207-208, App. C; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":29">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].		= Pleiades [Gössmann<ref name=":0" /> 279; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 73b; BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, 13; MA<ref name=":16" />, 138; Koch 1989<ref name=":17" />, 77-79, 111; Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207-208, App. C; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":7" />, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":29">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 75].

	The identification of MUL.MUL with the Seven Gods suggests the allocation of 7 stars in the constellation, as was the case in Greek astronomy (see, e.g., [Aratus, Apparitions 256-8; Hyginus, Introduction III 20; Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catasterisms XIV]). See also the prediction: DIŠ <sup>d</sup>IM ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI GU<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ŠUB''-ma'' MUL.MEŠ 7-''šu<sub>2</sub>-nu'' (var.: ''si-bit-ti-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu'') ... "If Adad utters a cry in the midst of the Seven Gods (i.e., thunder rumbles), the stars, the seven of them..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 59:10; ACh Adad<ref name=":29" />, 17:34; CAD<ref name=":4" /> S, 230]. However, there are other variants: 4 stars (MUL.APIN II iii 32), cf. "Sources," MUL.APIN (11b); 12 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu<sub>2</sub>'' 12) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:14]; 10 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu<sub>2</sub>'' 10) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:15].		The identification of MUL.MUL with the Seven Gods suggests the allocation of 7 stars in the constellation, as was the case in Greek astronomy (see, e.g., [Aratus, Apparitions 256-8; Hyginus, Introduction III 20; Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catasterisms XIV]). See also the prediction: DIŠ <sup>d</sup>IM ''ina'' MURUB<sub>4</sub> <sup>d</sup>IMIN.BI GU<sub>3</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ŠUB''-ma'' MUL.MEŠ 7-''šu<sub>2</sub>-nu'' (var.: ''si-bit-ti-šu<sub>2</sub>-nu'') ... "If Adad utters a cry in the midst of the Seven Gods (i.e., thunder rumbles), the stars, the seven of them..." [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":30">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 59:10; ACh Adad<ref name=":29" />, 17:34; CAD<ref name=":4" /> S, 230]. However, there are other variants: 4 stars (MUL.APIN II iii 32), cf. "Sources," MUL.APIN (11b); 12 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu<sub>2</sub>'' 12) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:14]; 10 stars (MUL.MUL UL.MEŠ''-šu<sub>2</sub>'' 10) [BPO 3<ref name=":10" />, 149, K.137:15].

	====V. Astrology.====		====Astrology.====

	===== Identifications: =====		===== Identifications: =====

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

2025-12-02T04:10:51Z

Stars within the Constellation Area

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:10, 2 December 2025
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	\|}		\|}
	See also [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26" />, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25] as well as [SpTU I<ref name=":25" />, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].		See also [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26" />, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25] as well as [SpTU I<ref name=":25" />, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
			[[File:MULMUL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 151405.png\|thumb\|Convex Hull for the stars inside MUL.MUL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]

	====Stars within the Constellation Area ====		====Stars within the Constellation Area ====
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	\|[[Alcyone]]		\|[[Alcyone]]
	\|HIP 17702		\|HIP 17702
	\|~~within constellation~~ lines		\|Constellation lines
	\|2.87		\|2.87
	\|-		\|-
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	\|[[Atlas]]		\|[[Atlas]]
	\|HIP 17847		\|HIP 17847
	\|~~within constellation~~ lines		\|Constellation lines (Vertex)
	\|3.63		\|3.63
	\|-		\|-
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	\|[[Electra]]		\|[[Electra]]
	\|HIP 17499		\|HIP 17499
	\|~~within constellation~~ lines		\|Constellation lines (Vertex)
	\|3.7		\|3.7
	\|-		\|-
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	\|[[Maia]]		\|[[Maia]]
	\|HIP 17573		\|HIP 17573
	\|~~within constellation~~ lines		\|Constellation lines (Vertex)
	\|3.87		\|3.87
	\|-		\|-
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	\|[[Merope]]		\|[[Merope]]
	\|HIP 17608		\|HIP 17608
	\|~~within constellation~~ lines		\|Constellation lines (Vertex)
	\|4.18		\|4.18
	\|-		\|-

Sushoff at 18:13, 23 November 2025

2025-11-23T18:13:36Z

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 [[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg|thumb|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]
 MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'.  The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]].  The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.
 ==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
@@ Line 26: / Line 24: @@
 It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the [[Pleiades]] are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul =  ''ka<sub>3</sub>-ma-tu<sub>3</sub>'', and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah), see Horowitz Festschrift Klein with earlier bibliography.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 |-
 |'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
 *In sector 3, the inscription: m˹ul.mul] "Star Cluster";
 *there is also an image of an ellipse with two triangles inside it [Koch 1989<ref name=":17">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-60; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].cc???
 |[[File:Mul.mul in Planisphere K8538.jpg|alt=detail of the photograph, highlighted section |thumb|MUL.MUL is written in this segment of the planisphere BM K8538 ]]
@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
      See also [Rochberg-Halton 1984<ref name=":26" />, 135, BM 36746+: r. 2, 10; 1987b, 214, TCL 6 13, obv. col. ii 25] as well as [SpTU I<ref name=":25" />, 93:7; 96:2, 4; SpTU II<ref name=":13" />, 42:5; 43:20; SpTU V<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil V / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1998.</ref>, 264:2].
 === Additional ===

Sushoff: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

2025-11-20T13:03:19Z

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

Sushoff at 16:31, 18 November 2025

2025-11-18T16:31:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 18 November 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}
	[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]		[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]
	MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' in ~~this~~ case referring to the stars of the Pleiades. The Akkadian name is ''zappu'', 'The Bristle' ~~(''<u>(PICTURE NEEDED OF BRISTLE???)~~.</u>'' In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the Pleaides are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul = ''[[Ka3-ma-tu3,\|ka<sub>3</sub>-ma-tu<sub>3</sub>]]''[[Ka3-ma-tu3,\|,]] and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah)?? See Horowitz Fest Klein with earlier bibliography <u>''((or Alb book??? or something more recentor something more recent???''</u>		[[File:Fig7 taurueschen 800dpi.jpg\|thumb\|Taurus as drawn on a clay tablet (VAT 7851) from Seleucid time, new drawing published by Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2025). Image Analysis of VAT 7851, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 45-53</ref>, with the Pleiades as "Bristle".]]
			MUL.MUL (𒀯𒀯) = ''zappu'', 'The Pleiades'. The Sumerian name is simply a plural of MUL, star, hence MUL.MUL is best to be understood as 'The Stars,' or more freely 'The Star Cluster,' in any case referring to the stars of the [[Pleiades]]. The Akkadian name is ''[[zappu]]'', 'The Bristle'.

	~~Needt o add a KIMAH etnry to dictionary???~~



	Wee n		Wee n

	,

	o<s>r MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub> (𒋼𒋼) is a Sumerian name for the Pleiades. It is obvious from the cuneiform sign that it is imagined and drawn as a group of six stars but in religious context associated with a seven-fold deity.</s>

	==Concordance, Etymology, History ==		==Concordance, Etymology, History ==
Line 19:		Line 11:

	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
	Var. readings:		'''Var. readings:'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>MUL; var. write name: MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub>(TE.TE), MUL<sub>x</sub>.MUL<sub>x</sub>(AB<sub>2</sub>.AB<sub>2</sub>), MUL<sub>4</sub>.MUL<sub>4</sub>, UL.UL;		*<sup>mul</sup>MUL; var. write name:
			**MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub>(TE.TE),
			**MUL<sub>x</sub>.MUL<sub>x</sub>(AB<sub>2</sub>.AB<sub>2</sub>),
			**MUL<sub>4</sub>.MUL<sub>4</sub>,
			**UL.UL;
	*= ''zappu''; 'the Bristle'		*= ''zappu''; 'the Bristle'
	*~~<s>noise.</s>~~ "Stars," acc. "Stubble";		*"Stars," acc. "Stubble";
	Var. designations:		'''Var. designations:'''
	*1) Pleiades (Pleiades),		*1) Pleiades (Pleiades),
	*2) designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later texts,		*2) designation of the zodiac sign Taurus in later texts,
	*3) "normal star" (η Tauri) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 279].		*3) "normal star" (η Tauri) [Gössmann<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 279].
			'''Number of Stars and Gods'''

			It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the [[Pleiades]] are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul = ''[[Ka3-ma-tu3,\|ka<sub>3</sub>-ma-tu<sub>3</sub>]]''[[Ka3-ma-tu3,\|,]] and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah)?? See Horowitz Fest Klein with earlier bibliography <u>''((or Alb book??? or something more recentor something more recent???''</u>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
Line 124:		Line 122:
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''		\|'''"Planisphere K 8538."'''
	*~~I'''''n~~ sector 3, the inscription: m˹ul.mul]~~???~~ "Star Cluster"; there is also an image of an ellipse with two triangles inside it [Koch 1989~~'''''~~<ref name=":17">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>~~'''''~~, 56-60; Kurtik 2007~~'''''~~<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>~~'''''~~, fig. 9].cc???~~'''''~~		*In sector 3, the inscription: m˹ul.mul] "Star Cluster";
			*there is also an image of an ellipse with two triangles inside it [Koch 1989<ref name=":17">''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-60; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].cc???
	\|[[File:Mul.mul in Planisphere K8538.jpg\|alt=detail of the photograph, highlighted section \|thumb\|MUL.MUL is written in this segment of the planisphere BM K8538 ]]		\|[[File:Mul.mul in Planisphere K8538.jpg\|alt=detail of the photograph, highlighted section \|thumb\|MUL.MUL is written in this segment of the planisphere BM K8538 ]]
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	*(1) ''šit-qul-ta ša''<sub>2</sub> mul.mul ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''sin uṣur(uru<sub>3</sub>)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma'' "Observe the balances <s>'ncidences'</s> of the Star Cluster and the Moon, and this will give you the right answer" (to introduce intercalations).		*(1) ''šit-qul-ta ša''<sub>2</sub> mul.mul ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''sin uṣur(uru<sub>3</sub>)-ma li-pu-ul-ka-ma'' "Observe the balances <s>'ncidences'</s> of the Star Cluster and the Moon, and this will give you the right answer" (to introduce intercalations).
	*(2) ''a-na la-tak ūmē(''ud'')''<sup>me</sup> ''ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti'' mul.mul ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''sin'' "To predict the exact days, (you study) the balances '<s>coincidences</s>' of the Star Cluster and the Moon" [Oppenheim 1974<ref>''Oppenheim A.L. '' Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 636-666.</ref>, 200:62, 68-69; MCG<ref name=":9" />, 151-152].		*(2) ''a-na la-tak ūmē(''ud'')''<sup>me</sup> ''ki-nu-tim / šit-qul-ti'' mul.mul ''u'' <sup>d</sup>''sin'' "To predict the exact days, (you study) the balances '<s>coincidences</s>' of the Star Cluster and the Moon" [Oppenheim 1974<ref>''Oppenheim A.L. '' Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation // Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 1974. Vol. 15. P. 636-666.</ref>, 200:62, 68-69; MCG<ref name=":9" />, 151-152].
	''šitqultu,'' from the root ''šaqālu'', 'to weigh, to balance, to be in balance,' refers to both astronomical conjunctions and oppositions.		''šitqultu,'' from the root ''šaqālu'', 'to weigh, to balance, to be in balance,' refers to both astronomical conjunctions and oppositions (aka 'syzygies').
	\|[[File:Stellarium plej+moon-300-06-04.jpg\|alt=simulation of the conjunction with Stellarium \|thumb\|The Pleiades occulted by the Moon, 04 June -300 (in Babylon below horizon). ]]		\|[[File:Stellarium plej+moon-300-06-04.jpg\|alt=simulation of the conjunction with Stellarium \|thumb\|The Pleiades occulted by the Moon, 04 June -300 (in Babylon below horizon). ]]
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	\|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''		\|'''Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts.'''
	MUL<sub>x</sub>.MUL<sub>x</sub>, MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub>: is ~~it never just '''''~~MUL.MUL~~???'''''~~		MUL<sub>x</sub>.MUL<sub>x</sub>, MUL<sub>2</sub>.MUL<sub>2</sub>: note that, at that time, it is typically not MUL.MUL

	*(1) constellation [ADRT I<ref name=":18">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -567 r. 6],		*(1) constellation [ADRT I<ref name=":18">''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, -567 r. 6],

Sushoff at 16:02, 18 November 2025

2025-11-18T16:02:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:02, 18 November 2025
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	~~should be listed under MUL.MUL not MUL2š~~

	{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:MUL.MUL}}
	[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]		[[File:Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium.jpg\|alt=Stellarium star chart, Pleiades and Hyades\|thumb\|Pleiades and Hyades in Stellarium (date -300 but this view is independent of the historical epoch on human scales).]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 20 November 2025
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	'''Number of Stars and Gods'''		'''Number of Stars and Gods'''

	It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the [[Pleiades]] are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul = ''~~[[Ka3-ma-tu3,\|~~ka<sub>3</sub>-ma-tu<sub>3</sub>]]''~~[[Ka3-ma-tu3~~,~~\|,]]~~ and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah)~~?? See~~ Horowitz ~~Fest~~ Klein with earlier bibliography ~~<u>''((or Alb book??? or something more recentor something more recent???''</u>~~		It is possible that the original pictogram, consisting of two MUL-signs, then written as three DINGIR (divine-signs, the pictogram of a star) was meant to represent these six stars. In religious and mythological-mystical contexts this asterism is identified with seven deities, for example the seven sons of Enmešarra, although only six stars are normally visible. Echoes of the tradition that the stars of the [[Pleiades]] are siblings finds expression in the Ancient Semitic name for the Pleiades, ''kimtu, kimatu,'' for example at Ebla: mul.mul = ''ka<sub>3</sub>-ma-tu<sub>3</sub>'', and in the biblical Hebrew cognate כימה (kimah), see Horowitz Festschrift Klein with earlier bibliography.
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	**[mul].mul = ''ka-li-[tu]m'', [mul].mul = ''zap-pu'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 132:4'-5'],		**[mul].mul = ''ka-li-[tu]m'', [mul].mul = ''zap-pu'' [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref> 132:4'-5'],
	**mul.mul ''= min(=kak-ka-bu),'' mul.mul = MUL, ''mul.mul'' = ''ka-li-tum'', mul.mul ''= za-ap-pu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 11-14; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:268ʹ-270ʹ].		**mul.mul ''= min(=kak-ka-bu),'' mul.mul = MUL, ''mul.mul'' = ''ka-li-tum'', mul.mul ''= za-ap-pu'' [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 11-14; Bloch-Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 104:268ʹ-270ʹ].
	*~~<u>''~~(3) Series Aa II/6 ii 26: mu-~~<sup>~~lu~~</sup>mul =~~ za-ap-pu [MSL XIV~~''</u>~~<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>~~<u>''~~, 291].~~???''</u>~~		*(3) Series Aa II/6 ii 26: ''mu''-''lu'' MUL MIN ''eš-še-ku kak-ka-bu, za-ap-pu'' [MSL XIV<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XIV. Ea A = ''nâqu'', Aa A = ''nâqu'' with their Forerunners and Related Texts. Ed. by M.Civil and W.G.Lambert. Roma, 1979.</ref>, 291].
	*(4) mul.mul ''= ka<sub>3</sub>-ma-tu<sub>3</sub>'' [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>; Kurtik 2017<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 822].		*(4) mul.mul ''= ka<sub>3</sub>-ma-tu<sub>3</sub>'' [MEE 4, VE 792; Lambert 1984a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The History of the muš-Cuš in Ancient Mesopotamia / Ľanimal, ľhomme, le dieu dans le Proche- Orient Ancien. Actes du Colloque de Cartigny. 1981, ed. Ph.Borgeaud - Y.Christe - I.Urio, CC2, Leuven, 1984. P.87- 94.</ref>; Kurtik 2017<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, 822].
	\|[[File:Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967).png\|alt=Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851\|thumb\|Little Bull with bristles at the hump (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851]]		\|[[File:Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967).png\|alt=Little BULL (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851\|thumb\|Little Bull with bristles at the hump (drawn by Weidner 1967) on clay tablet VAT 7851]]
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	\|'''~~''<u>~~"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".~~</u>''~~'''		\|'''"Prayers to the Gods of the Night".'''
	*~~<u>''~~(1) Old Babylonian prayer: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935~~''</u>~~<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>~~<u>''~~, 181-182:18].~~''</u>~~		*(1) Old Babylonian prayer: a) AO 6769: za-ap-pu [Dossin 1935<ref>''Dossin G''. Prières aux “Dieus de la nuit” (AO 6769) // RA. 1935. V. 32, № 4. P. 179-190.</ref>, 181-182:18].
	*~~''<u>~~(2) Hittite prayer: MUL.MUL [KUB IV~~</u>''~~<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref~~>''<u~~>, 47 r. 44; BPO 2~~</u>''~~<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref~~>''<u~~>, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985~~</u>''~~<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref~~>''<u~~>, 130:44].~~</u>''~~		*(2) Hittite prayer: MUL.MUL [KUB IV<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref>, 47 r. 44; BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:6; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 130:44].
	*~~<u>''~~(3) Neo-Assyrian prayer: <sup>mul</sup>Zap-pu [Oppenheim 1959~~''</u>~~<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>~~<u>''~~, 283:17]. Spells against the scorpion.~~''</u>~~		*(3) Neo-Assyrian prayer: <sup>mul</sup>''Zap-pu'' [Oppenheim 1959<ref>''Oppenheim A.L.'' A New Prayer to the “Gods of the Night” // Analecta biblica. 1959. Vol. 12. P. 282-301.</ref>, 283:17]. Spells against the scorpion.
	** ~~''<u>~~(a) mul.mul gir gir<sub>2</sub>.an.na "Stars, Heavenly Sword" or "Stars of the Heavenly Sword" (an epithet of Scorpius, see Kurtik g19)),???~~</u>''~~		** (a) mul.mul gir gir<sub>2</sub>.an.na "Stars, Heavenly Sword" or "Stars of the Heavenly Sword" (an epithet of Scorpius, see Kurtik g19)),???
	**~~''<u>~~mul.mul ˹gu<sub>4</sub>˺.an.nan.na "Stars, Heavenly Bull" or "Stars of the Heavenly Bull" [Van Dijk 1971~~</u>''~~<ref>''Van Dijk J.'' Nicht-kanonosche Beschwörungen und sonstige literarische Texte // Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der staatlichen Museum zu Berlin. Heft 17 (1). Berlin 1971, 10.</ref~~>''<u~~>, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; St.-Fourth Century 1998, 249-250].~~????</u>''~~		**mul.mul ˹gu<sub>4</sub>˺.an.nan.na "Stars, Heavenly Bull" or "Stars of the Heavenly Bull" [Van Dijk 1971<ref>''Van Dijk J.'' Nicht-kanonosche Beschwörungen und sonstige literarische Texte // Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der staatlichen Museum zu Berlin. Heft 17 (1). Berlin 1971, 10.</ref>, Nr. 10, VAT 8379:21, 46; St.-Fourth Century 1998, 249-250].
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	\|'~~''<u>~~''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).~~??''</u>~~'''		\|'''Text HS 245 (The Hilprecht Text).'''
	*~~<u>''~~See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]]; ~~the parallels in~~ Sm.1113:5′ are <sup>d</sup>za-ap-pu, in Sm. 162 rev. 3 - mul.mul [Horowitz 1993~~''</u>~~<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>~~<u>''~~, 151, 154].~~''</u>~~		*See (Kurtik a33) [[AN.TA.GUB]]; replaced by Sm.1113:5′ are <sup>d</sup>''za-ap-pu'', in Sm. 162 rev. 3 - mul.mul [Horowitz 1993<ref>''Horowitz W.'' The Reverse of the Near-Assyrian Planisphere CT 33,11 / Die Rolle der Astronomie in der Kulturen Mesopotamiens. Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 149-159.</ref>, 151, 154].
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	\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)." ~~<nowiki>[[to be done later by Wayne??]]</nowiki>~~'''		\|'''"Three Stars Each (Astroabes)."'''
	*Astrolabe P. Month of Aiyar, stars of Ea, 220 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].		*Astrolabe P. Month of Aiyar, stars of Ea, 220 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 573].
	*Astrolabe B.		*Astrolabe B.