Makrû - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:23, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:23:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:23, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.		<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.

Sushoff at 08:11, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:11:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:11, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----
	<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.		<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.
	{{Template:Mars}}		{{Template:Mars}}

JanSafford at 17:28, 9 January 2026

2026-01-09T17:28:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 9 January 2026
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \|Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
	\|= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> «Красный, Огненно Красный»; название Марса, фиксирующее красноватый цвет этой планеты [G. 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], см. также s04SA5.		\|= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> «Красный, Огненно Красный»; название Марса, фиксирующее красноватый цвет этой планеты [Gössmann 1950, 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138–139; Reynolds 1998], см. также s04SA5.
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

Sushoff at 11:40, 18 December 2025

2025-12-18T11:40:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:40, 18 December 2025
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	{{Template:Mars}}		{{Template:Mars}}

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
	~~===Kurtik with Hilder~~, ~~Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim=~~==		= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red";
	= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0" /> and earlier Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]].
			the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0" /> and earlier Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	====~~II.~~ Deity. ====		====Deity. ====
	Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) [[GIŠ.BAR]].		Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) [[GIŠ.BAR]].

	====~~III.~~ Astrology.====		====Astrology.====

	=====Identifications:=====		=====Identifications:=====

InitTeam at 05:44, 16 September 2025

2025-09-16T05:44:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:44, 16 September 2025
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	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0" /> and earlier G. 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]].		= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0" /> and earlier Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 255; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 590b; CAD<ref name=":1">''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2">''Reynolds F.'' Unpropitious Titles of Mars in Mesopotamian Scholarly Tradition // RAI. 1998. Vol. 41. P. 347-358.</ref>], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
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	*(a) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red = Mars,"		*(a) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red = Mars,"
	*(b) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''mi''<sub>3</sub>''-qit i-šat'' = [min] "Red Star = Falling Fire = [ditto] (= Mars)" [MSL XI, 40:28, 29]. [[		*(b) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''mi''<sub>3</sub>''-qit i-šat'' = [min] "Red Star = Falling Fire = [ditto] (= Mars)" [MSL XI<ref>''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 40:28, 29].
	\| Example		\| Example
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
	See. [BPO 2, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957, 254:112].		See. [BPO 2<ref name=":3">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, IV 5a, V 3a, VI 5; BPO 3<ref name=":4">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Babylonian Planetary Omens. Part Three. Groningen, STYX Publications. 1998.</ref>, 58, K.148+: r. 4; 64, Sm.1354:4; 82, K.800:11; 84, K.6021+: r. 13; 94, K.2226+:31, 34; 248, K.2346+:54,57; Largement 1957<ref name=":5">''Largement R.'' Contribution à l’Etudes des Astres errants dans l’Astrologie chaldéenne // ZA. 1957. Bd. 18. S.235-264. Abbreviated ACh.</ref>, 254:112].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	*(1) List of Mars’ names: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red star = Mars";		*(1) List of Mars’ names: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red star = Mars";
	*(2) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim "Red star = planet";		*(2) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim "Red star = planet";
	*(3) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:85, 170, 172].		*(3) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:85, 170, 172].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Astrol. Commentaries'''		\|'''Astrol. Commentaries'''
	*<sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>''Girru''(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD M, 139a; Reynolds 1998, 349]. III R, 53,2:6.		*<sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>''Girru''(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD<ref name=":1" /> M, 139a; Reynolds 1998<ref name=":2" />, 349]. III R, 53,2:6.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk:'''		\|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk:'''
	*<sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>amar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT 26, 49]. See also [CT 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA, 22].		*<sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>amar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT<ref name=":6">''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 26, 49]. See also [CT<ref name=":6" /> 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 22].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	=====Identifications:=====		=====Identifications:=====
	(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 4.????-check???		(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 4.'''''????-check???'''''

	(2) Colors of the planets:		(2) Colors of the planets:

	* <sup>mul</sup>BABBAR <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.[G]AR <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> Ṣal-bat-a-nu <sup>mul</sup>SIG<sub>7</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dil-bat <sup>mul</sup>MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ: <sup>d</sup>GUD.UD		* <sup>mul</sup>BABBAR <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.[G]AR <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> Ṣal-bat-a-nu <sup>mul</sup>SIG<sub>7</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dil-bat <sup>mul</sup>MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ: <sup>d</sup>GUD.UD
	* "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].		* "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 248, K.2346+:54].

	=====Predictions:=====		=====Predictions:=====
	(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].		(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2<ref name=":3" />, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].

	(4) Moon and Red Star; DIŠ ''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 TU NU E<sub>3</sub> DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-''bat'' "If the Red Star inside the Moon enters and does not appear: the king's son will seize the throne" [Largement 1957, 254:112; TU, 16 r. 51], see also [ACh Ištar, 20:98]; [... <sup>d</sup>''Ma-a'']''k-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB MU.3.KAM<sub>2</sub> KUR NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> [...] "[If... the Re]d star stadns on its (the moon's) side: within 3 years Elam [...]" [ACh Suppl., 19: 12].		(4) Moon and Red Star; DIŠ ''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>30 TU NU E<sub>3</sub> DUMU LUGAL AŠ.TE DIB-''bat'' "If the Red Star inside the Moon enters and does not appear: the king's son will seize the throne" [Largement 1957<ref name=":5" />, 254:112; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 16 r. 51], see also [ACh Ištar<ref name=":7">''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 20:98]; [... <sup>d</sup>''Ma-a'']''k-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' A<sub>2</sub>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB MU.3.KAM<sub>2</sub> KUR NIM.MA<sup>ki</sup> [...] "[If... the Re]d star stadns on its (the moon's) side: within 3 years Elam [...]" [ACh Suppl.<ref name=":7" />, 19: 12].

	(5) The red star in the path of (the star of) Ea; <sup>ul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' DU [...] "The red star stands in the path of (the star of) Ea [...]" [BPO 3, 82, K.800:11].		(5) The red star in the path of (the star of) Ea; <sup>ul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a'' DU [...] "The red star stands in the path of (the star of) Ea [...]" [BPO 3<ref name=":4" />, 82, K.800:11].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

InitTeam at 11:21, 13 September 2025

2025-09-13T11:21:50Z

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	* "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].		* "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

	=====~~'''''~~Predictions:~~'''''~~=====		=====Predictions:=====
	(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].		(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].

Sushoff: /* Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim */

2025-09-11T06:30:45Z

Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:30, 11 September 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}
	<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref>Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.		<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0">Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general, see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.
	{{Template:Mars}}		{{Template:Mars}}

	==Concordance, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz ~~via CV???~~ and earlier G. 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]]. ~~'''''<nowiki>[[we have to decide what to do about SA5 always makru or not??]]</nowiki>'''''~~		= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz 2020<ref name=":0" /> and earlier G. 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]].
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
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	(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 4.????-check???		(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 4.????-check???

	(2) ~~'''''~~Colors of the planets; <sup>mul</sup>BABBAR <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.[G]AR <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> Ṣal-bat-a-nu <sup>mul</sup>SIG<sub>7</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dil-bat <sup>mul</sup>MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ: <sup>d</sup>GUD.UD "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54]. ~~[[this is not relevant here unless we always want to read - SA5 = makru for red in astronomy'''''~~		(2) Colors of the planets:

			* <sup>mul</sup>BABBAR <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.[G]AR <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> Ṣal-bat-a-nu <sup>mul</sup>SIG<sub>7</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dil-bat <sup>mul</sup>MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ: <sup>d</sup>GUD.UD
			* "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54].

	====='''''Predictions:'''''=====		====='''''Predictions:'''''=====

WayneHorowitz at 10:58, 8 September 2025

2025-09-08T10:58:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:58, 8 September 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}
	<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020 ~~= JAC article~~<ref>Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.		<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020<ref>Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.
	{{Template:Mars}}		{{Template:Mars}}

Sushoff at 10:57, 8 September 2025

2025-09-08T10:57:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:57, 8 September 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Makrû''}}
	<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020 = JAC article). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.		<sup>mul / d</sup>''Makrû'' (𒀯𒈠𒀝𒊒𒌋) is an ancient Mesopotamian name of Mars that relates to the red-orange color of the planet in the sky. The Akkadian term is one of a number of hues that fall under the Sumerian color-category 'Red,' SA<sub>5</sub> - which ranges from pink to brown and purple, including orange. It has been suggested that Akkadian ''makrû,'' is cognate to Greek ῶχρα and English 'ochre' by way of a putative Akkadian word ''wakrû/makrû'' (Horowitz 2020 = JAC article<ref>Horowitz W., (2020), “Sky Blue, Red Heavens, and Orange Over Ancient Mesopotamia,’ Journal of Ancient Civilizations 35</ref>). We include listings of <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> (the Red-star) below although in cases where Akkadian ''makrû'' is not written syllabically other Akkadian equivalents of <sup>mul / d</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> are possible as well. For colors in Ancient Mesopotamia in general see Thavapalan 2019<ref>Thavapalan, S. (2020). The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Brill.</ref>.
	{{Template:Mars}}		{{Template:Mars}}

InitTeam at 08:55, 8 September 2025

2025-09-08T08:55:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:55, 8 September 2025
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	{{Template:Mars}}		{{Template:Mars}}

	==~~aConcordance~~, Etymology, History==		==Concordance, Etymology, History==
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
	= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz via CV??? and earlier G. 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]]. '''''<nowiki>[[we have to decide what to do about SA5 always makru or not??]]</nowiki>'''''		= <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> "Red, Fiery Red"; the name of Mars, fixing the reddish color of that planet [see Horowitz via CV??? and earlier G. 255; AHw, 590b; CAD M, 138-139; Reynolds 1998], see also (Kurtik s04) [[SA5\|SA<sub>5</sub>]]. '''''<nowiki>[[we have to decide what to do about SA5 always makru or not??]]</nowiki>'''''
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	!Sources!!Identifications		! Sources!!Identifications
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	Series Ḫg. B VI:		Series Ḫg. B VI:

	* (a) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red = Mars,"		*(a) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> = <sup>d</sup>''ṣal''-[''bat-a-nu''] "Red = Mars,"
	* (b) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''mi''<sub>3</sub>''-qit i-šat'' = [min] "Red Star = Falling Fire = [ditto] (= Mars)" [MSL XI, 40:28, 29]. [[		*(b) <sup>mul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''mi''<sub>3</sub>''-qit i-šat'' = [min] "Red Star = Falling Fire = [ditto] (= Mars)" [MSL XI, 40:28, 29]. [[
	\|Example		\| Example
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''EAE.'''		\|'''EAE.'''
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''		\|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia."'''
	* (1) List of Mars’ names: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red star = Mars";		*(1) List of Mars’ names: <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ṣal-bat-a-nu'') "Red star = Mars";
	* (2) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim "Red star = planet";		*(2) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = <sup>d</sup>udu.idim "Red star = planet";
	* (3) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:85, 170, 172].		*(3) <sup>ul</sup>sa<sub>5</sub> = ''šub-tim'' izi "Red star = Fall of Fire" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:85, 170, 172].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Astrol. Commentaries'''		\|'''Astrol. Commentaries'''
	* <sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>''Girru''(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD M, 139a; Reynolds 1998, 349]. III R, 53,2:6.		*<sup>mul</sup>''ma-ak-ru-u'' = ''tam-šil'' <sup>d</sup>''Girru''(GIŠ.BAR) "Red star = likeness of Girru (= Fire)," quoted in [CAD M, 139a; Reynolds 1998, 349]. III R, 53,2:6.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk:'''		\|'''List of the 12 names of Marduk:'''
	* <sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>amar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT 26, 49]. See also [CT 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA, 22].		*<sup>iti</sup>ne <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>amar.utu "Month Abu, Red (star) = Marduk"; parallel: [<sup>iti</sup>ne] <sup>d</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u'' <sup>d</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' "[Month Abu], Red (star) = Mars" (S.777:6) [CT 26, 49]. See also [CT 26, 41, K. 11283:2; HBA, 22].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== II. Deity. ====		====II. Deity. ====
	Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) [[GIŠ.BAR]].		Mars, as the Red Star was associated with the fire god Girra, see above, and also (Kurtik g21) [[GIŠ.BAR]].

	==== III. Astrology. ====		====III. Astrology.====

	===== Identifications: =====		=====Identifications:=====
	(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 4.????-check???		(1) = Pisces, see (Kurtik k24) [[KU6\|KU<sub>6</sub>]], V 4.????-check???

	(2) '''''Colors of the planets; <sup>mul</sup>BABBAR <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.[G]AR <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> Ṣal-bat-a-nu <sup>mul</sup>SIG<sub>7</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dil-bat <sup>mul</sup>MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ: <sup>d</sup>GUD.UD "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54]. [[this is not relevant here unless we always want to read - SA5 = makru for red in astronomy'''''		(2) '''''Colors of the planets; <sup>mul</sup>BABBAR <sup>mul</sup>SAG.ME.[G]AR <sup>mul</sup>SA<sub>5</sub> Ṣal-bat-a-nu <sup>mul</sup>SIG<sub>7</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dil-bat <sup>mul</sup>MI <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ: <sup>d</sup>GUD.UD "White star = Jupit[e]r, Red star = Mars, Green-yellow star = Venus, Black star = Saturn, var.: Mercury" [BPO 3, 248, K.2346+:54]. [[this is not relevant here unless we always want to read - SA5 = makru for red in astronomy'''''

	===== '''''Predictions:''''' =====		====='''''Predictions:'''''=====
	(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].		(3) Venus and the Red Star; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>''Dil-bat ina'' SAR-''ša''<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup>''Ma-ak-ru-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' ŠA<sub>3</sub>]-''ša''<sub>2</sub> TU-''ma E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'' (var. reading: NU ''E''<sub>3</sub>-''a'') DUMU LUGAL ''ana'' E<sub>2</sub> AD-''šu''<sub>2</sub> T[U-''ma'' AŠ.TE DIB-''bat''] "If [the Red Star enters] Venus and goes on during the rising of Venus (var.: does not appear): the king's son will enter his father's house and seize the throne]" [BPO 2, IV 5a + Parallels, V 3a, VI 5-5a; BPO 3, 64, Sm.1354:4; 94, K.2226+:31, 34].

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	\|Example		\|Example
	\|}		\|}
	==References==		==References==
	*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]		*[[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]
	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]
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	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

			<references />