NIN.MAḪ - Revision history

Sushoff at 19:04, 26 March 2026

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	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
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	<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.		<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.

Sushoff at 08:30, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:30:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:30, 17 January 2026
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			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----
	<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.		<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.

Sushoff: /* Additional */

2025-12-29T16:54:19Z

Additional

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 29 December 2025
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	<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.		<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
			= "Great Lady";

	~~=== Krebernik (2023) ===~~		var.: <sup>mul d</sup>NIN.TU; constellation in [[Vela]] (Sails) [Gössmann<ref name=":1">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 324; BPO 2<ref name=":2">''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 14].
	~~“Foremost lady”, one of the names of the mother goddess~~. ~~The Akk~~. ~~equivalent of the star name is ''Bēlet/Šarrat-ilī'' “Lady/Queen of the Gods”~~ (~~for evidence see Horowitz 2014~~<ref name=":0">~~Horowitz, W~~. ~~(2014)~~, ~~The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts~~, ~~Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33~~.</~~ref>, 148~~). ~~MUL~~ <~~sup~~><~~d></sup~~>''~~Nin-maḫ~~'' (~~EA 3r~~).

	~~=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann~~, Horowitz~~, Kim ===~~		“Foremost lady”, one of the names of the mother goddess. The Akk. equivalent of the star name is ''Bēlet/Šarrat-ilī'' “Lady/Queen of the Gods” (for evidence see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 148). MUL <sup><d></sup>''Nin-maḫ'' (EA 3r).<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
	= "~~Great Lady~~"~~; var~~.: <sup>~~mul~~ d</sup>~~NIN.TU; constellation in the Sails~~ (~~[[Vela]]~~) ~~[Gössmann~~<ref ~~name=":1"~~>~~''Gössmann P~~.~~F''~~. ~~Planetarium Babylonicum~~, ~~Rom, 1950~~ (~~A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2~~).~~</ref> 324; BPO 2<ref name="~~:~~2">''Reiner E~~., ~~Pingree D''~~. ~~Enuma Anu Enlil~~, ~~Tablets 50-51~~. ~~Undena Publications~~, ~~Malibu, 1981~~ (~~Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two~~).</ref>~~, 14].~~

	==== Sources and Identification(s) ====		==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
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	=== Additional ===		=== Additional ===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	RlA N ... Ninmah is an ancient Sumerian goddess, known already in the XXVI century B.C.; she was honored in the city of Adab in the temple of Emah. In Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah acts as an assistant to the goddess Nammu, who creates the human race. She belongs to the mother-goddess category and is synchronized with other names for this role including Ninhursag, Nintu, and .... <nowiki>[[check New Year's Festival]]</nowiki>. This, however, provides no information for understanding the astronomical role of the goddess as a constellation, or as to why the particular set of stars in the asterism came to bear her name.		RlA N ... Ninmah is an ancient Sumerian goddess, known already in the XXVI century B.C.; she was honored in the city of Adab in the temple of Emah. In Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah acts as an assistant to the goddess Nammu, who creates the human race. She belongs to the mother-goddess category and is synchronized with other names for this role including Ninhursag, Nintu, and .... <nowiki>[[check New Year's Festival]]</nowiki>. This, however, provides no information for understanding the astronomical role of the goddess as a constellation, or as to why the particular set of stars in the asterism came to bear her name.

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	N<s>inmah is an ancient Sumerian goddess, known already in the XXVI century B.C.; she was honored in the city of Adab in the temple of Emah. In Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah acts as an assistant to the goddess Nammu, who creates the human race. In the Akkadian myth of the bird Anzu, she is the wife of Enlil and mother of Ningirsu, the winner of Anzu. She was identified with the Sumerian goddess Ninhursag, considered to be the mother of many gods. From her, and on to Ninmah, the epithets ''be-let'' / ''šar-rat'' DINGIR.MEŠ were passed on, "Lady / queen of gods" [MNM 2<ref name=":7">''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 221-222; From the Beginning of the Beginnings, 42-47; Black-Green 1992<ref name=":8">''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 141; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":9">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 413]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' list (II 2-3) <sup>d</sup>Nin.maḫ together with <sup>d</sup>Nin.ḫur.sag.ga<sub>2</sub> — variants of the names of the goddess Dingir.maḫ = <sup>d</sup>''Be-let-i''<sub>3</sub>-''li''<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998<ref name=":10">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 66]. All these mythological details, however, do not give anything for understanding the astronomical role of the goddess as a constellation. In the Neo-Assyrian period, she was addressed as ''dam-qa-a-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ "Magnificent (star) of Ninmah" [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":11">''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 79, 14 ii r. 11′]. Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ x x x x NU]NUZ-''ka lu-uš-te-šir nab''-˹''ni''˺-''i''[''t-ka''] / [... ''b'']''e-lu-ti-ka a-n''[''a'' ...] "[Ninmah x x x] your descendant may your success and [your] creation / [...] your power until [...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref name=":12">''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 10-11].</s>		N<s>inmah is an ancient Sumerian goddess, known already in the XXVI century B.C.; she was honored in the city of Adab in the temple of Emah. In Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah acts as an assistant to the goddess Nammu, who creates the human race. In the Akkadian myth of the bird Anzu, she is the wife of Enlil and mother of Ningirsu, the winner of Anzu. She was identified with the Sumerian goddess Ninhursag, considered to be the mother of many gods. From her, and on to Ninmah, the epithets ''be-let'' / ''šar-rat'' DINGIR.MEŠ were passed on, "Lady / queen of gods" [MNM 2<ref name=":7">''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 221-222; From the Beginning of the Beginnings, 42-47; Black-Green 1992<ref name=":8">''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 141; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":9">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 413]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' list (II 2-3) <sup>d</sup>Nin.maḫ together with <sup>d</sup>Nin.ḫur.sag.ga<sub>2</sub> — variants of the names of the goddess Dingir.maḫ = <sup>d</sup>''Be-let-i''<sub>3</sub>-''li''<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998<ref name=":10">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 66]. All these mythological details, however, do not give anything for understanding the astronomical role of the goddess as a constellation. In the Neo-Assyrian period, she was addressed as ''dam-qa-a-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ "Magnificent (star) of Ninmah" [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":11">''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 79, 14 ii r. 11′]. Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ x x x x NU]NUZ-''ka lu-uš-te-šir nab''-˹''ni''˺-''i''[''t-ka''] / [... ''b'']''e-lu-ti-ka a-n''[''a'' ...] "[Ninmah x x x] your descendant may your success and [your] creation / [...] your power until [...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref name=":12">''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 10-11].</s>

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	[nothing written]		[nothing written]

	==== ~~IV.~~ Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	šu <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ugu ka.kešda "The hand of the Great Lady who is on the knot(?)", see GU text (H).		šu <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ugu ka.kešda "The hand of the Great Lady who is on the knot(?)", see GU text (H).

	==== V. Identification. ====		==== Identification. ====
	= Vela (?) [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 324; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79b].		= Vela (?) [Gössmann<ref name=":1" /> 324; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79b].

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	= part of Sails (Vela) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].		= part of Sails (Vela) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

	==== ~~VI.~~ Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====

	===== Identifications: =====		===== Identifications: =====

JanSafford at 15:53, 27 December 2025

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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''		\|'''The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil.'''
	* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; ~~MCG~~<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].		* List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 18; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 104; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	= Sails (Vela) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].		= Sails (Vela) [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

	= part of Sails (Vela) [~~ASM~~, 274].		= part of Sails (Vela) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

	==== VI. Astrology. ====		==== VI. Astrology. ====
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	! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \| Gössmann (1950)		! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" \| Gössmann (1950)
	\|-		\|-
	\| = «Великая Госпожа»; вар.: <sup>mul d</sup>NIN.TU; созвездие в Парусах (Vela) [G. 324; BPO 2, 14].		\| = «Великая Госпожа»; вар.: <sup>mul d</sup>NIN.TU; созвездие в Парусах (Vela) [Gössmann 1950, 324; BPO 2, 14].
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

	Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: [<sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ] = <sup>˹d˺</sup>be-let DINGIR.MEŠ [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:7], <sup>[mu]l d</sup>nin.tu = <sup>d</sup>be-let DINGIR.[MEŠ] «Нинту = Госпожа бог[ов]» [Cavigneaux 1979, 17:12; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:278ʹ], [<sup>mul d</sup>ni]n.maḫ = [<sup>d</sup>be-let DINGIR.MEŠ] [SpTU III, 114A v 22]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля, 160 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [<sup>mul</sup> ša] i-na zag <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a gub / [<sup>d</sup>nin].maḫ «[Созвездие, которое] справа от Эа стоит, [Нин]мах» (B i 19–20); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 8]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a «[Месяц ташриту]: Великая Госпожа (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [e<sub>3</sub>] «[Ташриту]: Великая Госпожа, Весы, Энтенабархум [восходят]» (С 25), b) <sup>[mul]</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [šu<sub>2</sub>] «(Нисану): Великая Госпожа, Весы, Энтенабархум [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 14; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ // 2,40 // šar-rat DINGIR.DINGIR «Великая Госпожа // 160 // Царица богов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:19]. BM 34713. <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> // 2,40 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ // 1,30 <sup>múl</sup>uga<sup>mušen</sup> // 55 <sup>múl</sup>[š]u.pa «Ташриту: 160 Великая Госпожа, 90 Ворон, 55 [Ш]упа» [LBAT, 1499:7]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 8): <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ [CT 33, 9 r. 18; HBA, 104; ~~MCG~~, 176]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 8. MUL ša a-na ZAG <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a GUB-zu <sup>d</sup>NIN.MAḪ «Звезда, которая стоит справа от Эа (= <sup>mul</sup>BIR «Почка»), Великая Госпожа» (A. 9, B. 12a) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 4): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> ina 15-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>Nin-maḫ «Звезда, которая справа от нее (<sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup>) стоит: Нинмах» (I ii 21). (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-ma <sup>mul</sup>A-nu-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-bi «Нинмах восходит и Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22) [MA, 36, 49]. «Большой список звезд». (1) <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ = mul min(=gir<sub>2</sub>.tab) «Великая Госпожа = ditto(= Скорпион)»; (2) <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ = dingir.maḫ du<sub>3</sub>-at an u ki «Великая Госпожа = Великий бог, творец неба и земли»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 37, 38, 218]. MLC 1866. См. «Символ». GU-текст. (H) šu <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ ša<sub>2</sub> ugu ka.kešda «Рука Великой Госпожи, которая на узле(?)» (φ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:13], см. также u17UR.A. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: […<sup>mul</sup>Nin-maḫ] как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце арахсамну, см. u20UR.GU.LA. Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне. <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ ba-at<sub>2</sub> din «Нинмах — дарующая жизнь» [RАcc., 139:332; Linssen 2004, 221, 230]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. <sup>múl</sup>NIN.MAḪ — звезда Антагубба, см. sh18ŠUDUN. Анафора. А 3427: a) ina <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> ina še-rim ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце ташриту утром 28-го дня Нинмах испускает mišḫu и восходит», b) [… ina] <sup>iti</sup>še ina AN.NE ud 29 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[В] месяце аддару в полдень(?) 29-го дня Нинмах испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:14, 24], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina du<sub>6</sub> ina še-rim 28 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:17].		Лексич. тексты. Серия Urra XXII: [<sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ] = <sup>˹d˺</sup>be-let DINGIR.MEŠ [MSL XI, 31, Section 10:7], <sup>[mu]l d</sup>nin.tu = <sup>d</sup>be-let DINGIR.[MEŠ] «Нинту = Госпожа бог[ов]» [Cavigneaux 1979, 17:12; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 106:278ʹ], [<sup>mul d</sup>ni]n.maḫ = [<sup>d</sup>be-let DINGIR.MEŠ] [SpTU III, 114A v 22]. «Астролябии». Astrolabe P. Месяц ташриту, звезды Энлиля, 160 [Pinches 1900, 574]. Astrolabe B. (1) Список (12´3): [<sup>mul</sup> ša] i-na zag <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a gub / [<sup>d</sup>nin].maḫ «[Созвездие, которое] справа от Эа стоит, [Нин]мах» (B i 19–20); параллель см. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, Ea 8]. (2) Cписок (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ šu-ut <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a «[Месяц ташриту]: Великая Госпожа (на пути) Эа (восходит)» (C i 7). (3) Список (восход–заход=6m): a) [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [e<sub>3</sub>] «[Ташриту]: Великая Госпожа, Весы, Энтенабархум [восходят]» (С 25), b) <sup>[mul]</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>zi-ba-ni-tum <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [šu<sub>2</sub>] «(Нисану): Великая Госпожа, Весы, Энтенабархум [заходят]» [KAV 218, C 14; Horowitz 2014, 37, 40]. BM 82923. Месяц ташриту, звезды Эа: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ // 2,40 // šar-rat DINGIR.DINGIR «Великая Госпожа // 160 // Царица богов» [Walker–Hunger 1977, 30:19]. BM 34713. <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> // 2,40 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ // 1,30 <sup>múl</sup>uga<sup>mušen</sup> // 55 <sup>múl</sup>[š]u.pa «Ташриту: 160 Великая Госпожа, 90 Ворон, 55 [Ш]упа» [LBAT, 1499:7]. Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 8): <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ [CT 33, 9 r. 18; HBA, 104; Horowitz 1998, 176]. «Каталог 30 звезд». Ea 8. MUL ša a-na ZAG <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a GUB-zu <sup>d</sup>NIN.MAḪ «Звезда, которая стоит справа от Эа (= <sup>mul</sup>BIR «Почка»), Великая Госпожа» (A. 9, B. 12a) [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997–98, 177]. MUL.APIN. (1) Звезды Эа (№ 4): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> ina 15-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>Nin-maḫ «Звезда, которая справа от нее (<sup>mul</sup>NUN<sup>ki</sup>) стоит: Нинмах» (I ii 21). (2) Одновременные суточные восходы и заходы: <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ KUR-ma <sup>mul</sup>A-nu-ni-tu<sub>4</sub> ŠU<sub>2</sub>-bi «Нинмах восходит и Ануниту заходит» (I iii 22) [MA, 36, 49]. «Большой список звезд». (1) <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ = mul min(=gir<sub>2</sub>.tab) «Великая Госпожа = ditto(= Скорпион)»; (2) <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ = dingir.maḫ du<sub>3</sub>-at an u ki «Великая Госпожа = Великий бог, творец неба и земли»; (3) 12 звезд Амурру: <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ [Mesop.Astrol., App. B: 37, 38, 218]. MLC 1866. См. «Символ». GU-текст. (H) šu <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ ša<sub>2</sub> ugu ka.kešda «Рука Великой Госпожи, которая на узле(?)» (φ Vel) [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:13], см. также u17UR.A. Текст Nv. 10. Схема интеркаляции: […<sup>mul</sup>Nin-maḫ] как звезда Эа — звезда AN.TA.GUB.BA в месяце арахсамну, см. u20UR.GU.LA. Новогодний праздник в Вавилоне. <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ ba-at<sub>2</sub> din «Нинмах — дарующая жизнь» [RАcc., 139:332; Linssen 2004, 221, 230]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. <sup>múl</sup>NIN.MAḪ — звезда Антагубба, см. sh18ŠUDUN. Анафора. А 3427: a) ina <sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub> ina še-rim ud 28 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «В месяце ташриту утром 28-го дня Нинмах испускает mišḫu и восходит», b) [… ina] <sup>iti</sup>še ina AN.NE ud 29 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ ki.min(=meš-ḫa im-šuḫ ZI) «[В] месяце аддару в полдень(?) 29-го дня Нинмах испускает mišḫu и восходит» [Schaumberger 1955, 238–239:14, 24], параллель в Sp II 202+: ina du<sub>6</sub> ina še-rim 28 <sup>múl</sup>nin.maḫ meš-ḫu im-šuḫ ZI [ibid., 245:17].

	II. Божество.		II. Божество.
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	= Паруса (Vela) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].		= Паруса (Vela) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Horowitz 2014, 247; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 75].

	= часть Парусов (Vela) [~~ASM~~, 274].		= часть Парусов (Vela) [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 274].

	VI. Астрология.		VI. Астрология.

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	== References ==		== References ==
	* [[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]		* [[References (Babylonian)\|Kurtik's references]]

			[[Category:4workWayne]]

	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]

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III. Symbol. [[move into Uranology]]

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	\|'''''MLC 1866.'''''		\|'''''Uranology.'''''
	'''''~~See Symbol~~.---Wayne ~~move from Symbol to~~ Uranology ??'''''?		MLC 1866:

			* <sup>mul</sup>Nin-maḫ <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN DINGIR.MEŠ ''pu-uš-ku'' A.ME / ''lu-bu-uš-tu<sub>4</sub> lab-ša<sub>2</sub>-at ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-at'' / TIR-''ri ina muḫ-ḫi ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-''šu<sub>2</sub> u<sub>3</sub>'' 2,30''-šu<sub>2</sub> ˹na-ša<sub>2</sub>-at˺''
			* "Ninmah, Lady of the gods, pušku(?) of the waters. / She is clothed, standing with kurkurru, carrying ... in her right and left hand" (col. iii 4-6) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 37, 41, 53-54, Section J].

			The description suggests that the constellation NIN.MAḪ represents a clothed female figure (it is not quite clear whether she was seated or was standing) who holds sacred objects like those we see in Gemini images — in her raised hands [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 17-21].


			'''''-Wayne add other Uranology ??'''''?
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	N<s>inmah is an ancient Sumerian goddess, known already in the XXVI century B.C.; she was honored in the city of Adab in the temple of Emah. In Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah acts as an assistant to the goddess Nammu, who creates the human race. In the Akkadian myth of the bird Anzu, she is the wife of Enlil and mother of Ningirsu, the winner of Anzu. She was identified with the Sumerian goddess Ninhursag, considered to be the mother of many gods. From her, and on to Ninmah, the epithets ''be-let'' / ''šar-rat'' DINGIR.MEŠ were passed on, "Lady / queen of gods" [MNM 2<ref name=":7">''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 221-222; From the Beginning of the Beginnings, 42-47; Black-Green 1992<ref name=":8">''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 141; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":9">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 413]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' list (II 2-3) <sup>d</sup>Nin.maḫ together with <sup>d</sup>Nin.ḫur.sag.ga<sub>2</sub> — variants of the names of the goddess Dingir.maḫ = <sup>d</sup>''Be-let-i''<sub>3</sub>-''li''<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998<ref name=":10">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 66]. All these mythological details, however, do not give anything for understanding the astronomical role of the goddess as a constellation. In the Neo-Assyrian period, she was addressed as ''dam-qa-a-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ "Magnificent (star) of Ninmah" [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":11">''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 79, 14 ii r. 11′]. Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ x x x x NU]NUZ-''ka lu-uš-te-šir nab''-˹''ni''˺-''i''[''t-ka''] / [... ''b'']''e-lu-ti-ka a-n''[''a'' ...] "[Ninmah x x x] your descendant may your success and [your] creation / [...] your power until [...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref name=":12">''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 10-11].</s>		N<s>inmah is an ancient Sumerian goddess, known already in the XXVI century B.C.; she was honored in the city of Adab in the temple of Emah. In Sumerian myth, Enki and Ninmah acts as an assistant to the goddess Nammu, who creates the human race. In the Akkadian myth of the bird Anzu, she is the wife of Enlil and mother of Ningirsu, the winner of Anzu. She was identified with the Sumerian goddess Ninhursag, considered to be the mother of many gods. From her, and on to Ninmah, the epithets ''be-let'' / ''šar-rat'' DINGIR.MEŠ were passed on, "Lady / queen of gods" [MNM 2<ref name=":7">''Мифы народов мира''. Т. 1-2 / Глав. ред. С.А.Токарев. 2-е издание. М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1992.</ref>, 221-222; From the Beginning of the Beginnings, 42-47; Black-Green 1992<ref name=":8">''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 141; Tallqvist 1938<ref name=":9">''Tallqvist K''. Akkadische Götterepitheta. Helsingforsiae, 1938.</ref>, 413]. In the AN:<sup>d</sup>''Anum'' list (II 2-3) <sup>d</sup>Nin.maḫ together with <sup>d</sup>Nin.ḫur.sag.ga<sub>2</sub> — variants of the names of the goddess Dingir.maḫ = <sup>d</sup>''Be-let-i''<sub>3</sub>-''li''<sub>2</sub> [Litke 1998<ref name=":10">''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 66]. All these mythological details, however, do not give anything for understanding the astronomical role of the goddess as a constellation. In the Neo-Assyrian period, she was addressed as ''dam-qa-a-ti'' <sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ "Magnificent (star) of Ninmah" [Parpola-Watanabe 1988<ref name=":11">''Parpola S., Watanabe K.'' Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki University Press, 1988 (State Archives of Assyria, Vol. II).</ref>, 79, 14 ii r. 11′]. Wishes of prosperity for the Assyrian king: [<sup>mul</sup>NIN.MAḪ x x x x NU]NUZ-''ka lu-uš-te-šir nab''-˹''ni''˺-''i''[''t-ka''] / [... ''b'']''e-lu-ti-ka a-n''[''a'' ...] "[Ninmah x x x] your descendant may your success and [your] creation / [...] your power until [...]" [Watanabe 1992<ref name=":12">''Watanabe K.'' Segenswünsche für den assyrischen König in der 2. Person Sg. (II) // ASJ. 1992. Vol. 14. P. 369-373.</ref>, 370, K. 6331 r. 10-11].</s>

	==== III. Symbol. ~~'''''<nowiki>[[move into Uranology]]</nowiki>'''''~~ ====		==== III. Symbol. ====
	''''' Description in MLC 1866: <sup>mul</sup>Nin-maḫ <sup>d</sup>GAŠAN DINGIR.MEŠ pu-uš-ku A.ME / lu-bu-uš-tu<sub>4</sub> lab-ša<sub>2</sub>-at ku-ur-ku-ru šak-na-at / TIR-ri ina muḫ-ḫi ina ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-šu<sub>2</sub> u<sub>3</sub> 2,30-šu<sub>2</sub> ˹na-ša<sub>2</sub>-at˺ "Ninmah, Lady of the gods, pušku(?) of the waters. / She is clothed, standing with kurkurru, carrying ... in her right and left hand" (col. iii 4-6) [Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 37, 41, 53-54, Section J]. The description suggests that the constellation NIN.MAḪ represents a clothed female figure (it is not quite clear whether she was seated or was standing) who holds sacred objects like those we see in Gemini images — in her raised hands [Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [~~The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figs. 17-21~~]~~.'''''~~		[nothing written]

	==== IV. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== IV. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====

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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
	~~[[Category:Cuneiform]]~~

	<references />		<references />

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	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Constellation]]		[[Category:Constellation]]
			[[Category:Cuneiform]]

			<references />

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	Astrolabe B.		Astrolabe B.

	* (1) List (12´3): [mul ''ša''] ''i-na'' zag <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-''a'' gub / [<sup>d</sup>nin].maḫ "[The constellation that] stands to the right of Ea, [Nin]mah" (B i 19-20); for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 8].		* (1) List (12´3):
	* (2) List (3´12): [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-''a'' "[Month of Tashrit]: the Great Lady (rises) (on the way) of Ea " (C i 7).		** [mul ''ša''] ''i-na'' zag <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-''a'' gub / [<sup>d</sup>nin].maḫ
			** "[The constellation that] stands to the right of Ea, [Nin]mah" (B i 19-20);
			** for a parallel see. [Oelsner-Horowitz 1997-98<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>, Ea 8].
			* (2) List (3´12):
			** [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-''a''
			** "[Month of Tashrit]: the Great Lady (rises) (on the way) of Ea " (C i 7).
	* (3) List (sunrise-sunrise=6m):		* (3) List (sunrise-sunrise=6m):
	** (a) [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [e<sub>3</sub>] "[Tashrit]: the Great Lady, Libra, Entenabarhum [ascends]" (C 25),		** (a) [<sup>iti</sup>du<sub>6</sub>] <sup>mul</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [e<sub>3</sub>]
	** (b) <sup>[mul]</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [''šu''<sub>2</sub>] "(Nisan): The Great Lady [enters], the Libra, Entenabarhum " [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40].		*** "[Tashrit]: the Great Lady, Libra, Entenabarhum [ascends]" (C 25),
			** (b) <sup>[mul]</sup>nin.maḫ <sup>mul</sup>''zi-ba-ni-tum'' <sup>mul</sup>en.te.na.bar.ḫum [''šu''<sub>2</sub>]
			*** "(Nisan): The Great Lady [enters], the Libra, Entenabarhum " [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 14; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0" />, 37, 40].
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	<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.		<sup>mul d</sup>NIN.MAḪ (𒀯𒀭𒊩𒌆𒈤), Akkadian Ninmah, 'The Great Lady,' is one of the most popular names for the Sumero-Akkadian mother-goddess. Her star-name bears her divine name. Almost certainly a asterism in human form.

			== Concordance, Etymology, History ==

	~~\i.Concordance, Etymology, History~~
	=== Krebernik (2023) ===		=== Krebernik (2023) ===
	“Foremost lady”, one of the names of the mother goddess. The Akk. equivalent of the star name is ''Bēlet/Šarrat-ilī'' “Lady/Queen of the Gods” (for evidence see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 148). MUL <sup><d></sup>''Nin-maḫ'' (EA 3r).		“Foremost lady”, one of the names of the mother goddess. The Akk. equivalent of the star name is ''Bēlet/Šarrat-ilī'' “Lady/Queen of the Gods” (for evidence see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":0">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 148). MUL <sup><d></sup>''Nin-maḫ'' (EA 3r).