Pegasus - Revision history

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation */

2026-09-25T03:49:13Z

Transfer and Transformation of the Constellation

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:49, 25 September 2026
Line 1,345:		Line 1,345:
	File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-059.png\|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Pegasus		File:H.A. Rey's stick figure stellarium-059.png\|(1952) H.A. Rey's stick figure of Pegasus
	File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-060.png\|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Pegasus		File:O. Hlad's stick figure stellarium-060.png\|(1988) O. Hlad's stick figure of Pegasus
			File:Stellarium-067-Alm.png\|Reconstruction of Stickfigure based on the depiction of Almagest (100-170 CE). CC-BY Susanne Hoffmann in Stellarium.
			File:Stellarium-066-Far.png\|Image of the Farnese Globe (2nd century CE) taken by Susanne Hoffmann and imported into Stellarium.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Sushoff: /* Babylonian */

2026-09-24T09:41:50Z

Babylonian

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:41, 24 September 2026
Line 50:		Line 50:
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:Psc DenderaCirc Louvre.JPG\|thumb\|Psc + IKU, circular zodiac of Dendera (CC BY [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871 Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités égyptiennes])		File:Psc DenderaCirc Louvre.JPG\|thumb\|Psc + IKU, circular zodiac of Dendera (CC BY [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871 Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités égyptiennes])
	File:Peg DenderaCirc Louvre black inv.jpg\|Constellation of One Field (IKU) as a Water Basin on the circular Zodiac of Dendera, Egypt (drawing by SMH for Stellarium 2026).		File:Peg DenderaCirc Louvre black inv.jpg\|Constellation of One Field ([[IKU]]) as a Water Basin on the circular Zodiac of Dendera, Egypt (drawing by SMH for Stellarium 2026).
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Sushoff: /* Babylonian */

2026-09-24T09:41:21Z

Babylonian

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:41, 24 September 2026
Line 47:		Line 47:

	* [[IKU]]		* [[IKU]]

			<gallery>
			File:Psc DenderaCirc Louvre.JPG\|thumb\|Psc + IKU, circular zodiac of Dendera (CC BY [https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010028871 Musée du Louvre, Département des Antiquités égyptiennes])
			File:Peg DenderaCirc Louvre black inv.jpg\|Constellation of One Field (IKU) as a Water Basin on the circular Zodiac of Dendera, Egypt (drawing by SMH for Stellarium 2026).
			</gallery>

	==== Ancient Greco-Roman ''Ίππος'' Horse ====		==== Ancient Greco-Roman ''Ίππος'' Horse ====

Sushoff: /* Eratosthenes */

2026-08-26T15:12:06Z

Eratosthenes

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 26 August 2026
Line 61:		Line 61:
	Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 56-59)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Ἲππου'''): Only half of it is visible; just the front section, down to the navel, can be seen. According to Aratus, this is the horse of Helicon, which, with a single kick of its hoof, caused the spring known as the ‘Horse’s Spring’ (Hippocrene) to gush forth. However, according to others, it is Pegasus, the horse that flew up to the stars after Bellerophon’s fall; nevertheless, some find this interpretation implausible, as the figure has no wings. As for Euripides, he states in his Melanippe that among the stars it is Hippe, the daughter of Chiron. It is said that she was raised on Mount Pelion, practised hunting, and devoted herself to the observation and study of nature. Aeolus abused her and raped her, but she was able, for a time, to conceal the matter; yet when it became evident, due to the roundness of her belly, she fled into the mountains. She was about to give birth when her father set out to search for her in the mountains; just as she was about to be discovered, she prayed to the gods to be transformed into a horse so that she might not be recognised. She was therefore transformed into a horse and gave birth to a foal. Moreover, because of her piety and that of her father, she was placed by Artemis amongst the constellations, and this is why it is impossible for the Centaur to see her; indeed, it is said that the Centaur is none other than Chiron. The hindquarters of Hippe are invisible, precisely so that no one may know she is female.</blockquote><blockquote>The Horse has two stars on its nostrils, one on its head, one on its jaw, one dim star on each ear, four on its neck, one on its shoulder, one on its chest, one on its back, one bright star at the edge of the image on its navel, two on its front knees, and one on each hoof. Eighteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Ἲππου):''' All that can be seen of it is the front part, down to the navel. According to Aratus, this is the horse of Helicon, which, with a single kick of its hoof, caused the spring known as the ‘Hippocrene’ (Horse’s Spring) to gush forth. But according to others, it is Pegasus, the horse that flew up to the stars after Bellerophon’s fall; nevertheless, some find this interpretation implausible, insofar as the figure has no wings. As for Euripides, he states in his Melanippe that it is Hippè, the daughter of Chiron whom Aeolus abused and raped, and who had to flee to the mountains because of the roundness of her belly. She was about to give birth when her father set out to search for her in the mountains; just as she was about to be discovered, she prayed to the gods to be transformed into a horse so that she might not be recognised. Thus, because of her piety and that of her father, she was placed by Artemis amongst the constellations, and this is why it is impossible for the Centaur to see her; it is said, in fact, that the Centaur is none other than Chiron. The hindquarters of Hippè are invisible, so that no one may know she is female.</blockquote><blockquote>The Horse has two dim stars on its nostrils, one on its head, one on its jaw, one dim star on each ear, four on the neck—the one near the head being the brightest—, one on the shoulder, one on the chest, one on the back, one bright star at the edge of the constellation, on the navel, two on the front knees, and one on each hoof. Eighteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>		Pamias and Zucker (2013,<ref>Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud (2013). Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, Belles Lettres, Paris</ref> 56-59)<blockquote>'''Var. 1 (Περὶ τοῦ Ἲππου'''): Only half of it is visible; just the front section, down to the navel, can be seen. According to Aratus, this is the horse of Helicon, which, with a single kick of its hoof, caused the spring known as the ‘Horse’s Spring’ (Hippocrene) to gush forth. However, according to others, it is Pegasus, the horse that flew up to the stars after Bellerophon’s fall; nevertheless, some find this interpretation implausible, as the figure has no wings. As for Euripides, he states in his Melanippe that among the stars it is Hippe, the daughter of Chiron. It is said that she was raised on Mount Pelion, practised hunting, and devoted herself to the observation and study of nature. Aeolus abused her and raped her, but she was able, for a time, to conceal the matter; yet when it became evident, due to the roundness of her belly, she fled into the mountains. She was about to give birth when her father set out to search for her in the mountains; just as she was about to be discovered, she prayed to the gods to be transformed into a horse so that she might not be recognised. She was therefore transformed into a horse and gave birth to a foal. Moreover, because of her piety and that of her father, she was placed by Artemis amongst the constellations, and this is why it is impossible for the Centaur to see her; indeed, it is said that the Centaur is none other than Chiron. The hindquarters of Hippe are invisible, precisely so that no one may know she is female.</blockquote><blockquote>The Horse has two stars on its nostrils, one on its head, one on its jaw, one dim star on each ear, four on its neck, one on its shoulder, one on its chest, one on its back, one bright star at the edge of the image on its navel, two on its front knees, and one on each hoof. Eighteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>'''Var. 2 (Ἲππου):''' All that can be seen of it is the front part, down to the navel. According to Aratus, this is the horse of Helicon, which, with a single kick of its hoof, caused the spring known as the ‘Hippocrene’ (Horse’s Spring) to gush forth. But according to others, it is Pegasus, the horse that flew up to the stars after Bellerophon’s fall; nevertheless, some find this interpretation implausible, insofar as the figure has no wings. As for Euripides, he states in his Melanippe that it is Hippè, the daughter of Chiron whom Aeolus abused and raped, and who had to flee to the mountains because of the roundness of her belly. She was about to give birth when her father set out to search for her in the mountains; just as she was about to be discovered, she prayed to the gods to be transformed into a horse so that she might not be recognised. Thus, because of her piety and that of her father, she was placed by Artemis amongst the constellations, and this is why it is impossible for the Centaur to see her; it is said, in fact, that the Centaur is none other than Chiron. The hindquarters of Hippè are invisible, so that no one may know she is female.</blockquote><blockquote>The Horse has two dim stars on its nostrils, one on its head, one on its jaw, one dim star on each ear, four on the neck—the one near the head being the brightest—, one on the shoulder, one on the chest, one on the back, one bright star at the edge of the constellation, on the navel, two on the front knees, and one on each hoof. Eighteen in all.</blockquote><blockquote>

	(Pamias and Zucker 2013)<ref>Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013</ref></blockquote>		(Pamias and Zucker 2013)<ref>Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013</ref></blockquote>'''Eratosthenes's star catalogue''' can be reconstructed from the list of stars he mentions in the last section of each of the constelllation descriptions. Hoffmann (2017)<ref name=":02">Hoffmann, S. M., <nowiki><i>Hipparchs Himmelsglobus</i></nowiki>. Springer Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8.</ref> made such a catalogue and used it for computational comparison with Hipparchus's, Ptolemy's and Babylonian data; it is based on the edition and translation by Pamias and Geus (2007)<ref>Eratosthenes: Sternsagen, übersetzt von Pamìas, Jordi und Geus, Klaus, Verlag Utopica, Oberhaid 2007</ref> and presented here in English translation.

	{\|class="wikitable"		{\|class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+

Sushoff: /* Stars Mentioned */

2026-08-26T14:10:13Z

Stars Mentioned

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:10, 26 August 2026
Line 291:		Line 291:
	\|}		\|}

	====== ~~Stars Mentioned~~ ======		====== Hipparchus's "lost" star Catalogue ======
	{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		The star catalogue of Hipparchus is not preserved. Yet, several scholars have reconstructed it in the past century: Vogt (1925)<ref>Vogt, H., “Versuch einer Wiederherstellung von Hipparchs Fixsternver zeichnis”, <nowiki><i>Astronomische Nachrichten</i></nowiki>, vol. 224, no. 2, Wiley, p. 17, 1925. doi:10.1002/asna.19252240202.</ref>, Grasshoff (1990)<ref>Graßhoff, G., <nowiki><i>The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue</i></nowiki>, Springer, New York, 1990 </ref>, Hoffmann (2017)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M., <nowiki><i>Hipparchs Himmelsglobus</i></nowiki>. Springer Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18683-8.</ref> and Glover (2026)<ref>Glover, E. (2026). ''The Astronomy of Hipparchus'', Cambridge University Press</ref>. Grasshoff's catalogue and computations are not published digitally, Hoffmann published three versions of the Manitius+Hoffmann<ref>Hipparchus's Lost Star Catalogue (1/2 reconstructed) (Hoffmann, 2017) in VizieR</ref> star lists in the CDS [https://vizier.unistra.fr/ VizieR] "catalog of catalogs", and Glover printed the star lists constellationwise in his book.
	!		{\|class="wikitable"
	!~~Greek~~		\|+ Hipparchus's star in Aquarius (Glover 2026)
	!~~German~~
	!~~English~~		!hipp.Cat.ID
	!ident.		!constStarID
	!~~src~~		!starName
	!		!ident.Bayer
	!~~lam_culm~~		!ident.HIP
			!concordance
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|430
	\|		\|1
	\|		\|
	\|		\|α Peg
	\|		\|113963
	\|~~Lib II Cap V §10~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|rising, east, first~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|431
	\|		\|2
	\|		\|
	\|		\|β Peg
	\|		\|113881
	\|~~Lib II Cap V §10~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|rising, east, last~~
	\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|432
	\|		\|3
	\|		\|
	\|		\|γ Peg
	\|		\|1067
	\|~~Lib II Cap VI §2~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|setting CrB, south, last~~
	~~\|Psc 13.5~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|433
	\|		\|4
	\|		\|
	\|		\|ε Peg
	\|		\|107315
	\|~~Lib II Cap VI §13~~		\|CPAE
	~~\|setting Aql, south, first~~
	~~\|Ari 2~~
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|434
	\|		\|5
	\|		\|
	\|		\|ζ Peg
	\|		\|112029
	\|~~Lib III Cap I §9~~		\|CPAE
	\|~~rising Ori, south, last~~		\|-
	\|~~Psc~~ 13		\|435
			\|6
			\|
			\|θ Peg
			\|109427
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|436
			\|7
			\|
			\|κ Peg
			\|107354
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|437
			\|8
			\|
			\|ξ Peg
			\|112447
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|438
			\|9
			\|
			\|π Peg
			\|109410
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|439
			\|10
			\|
			\|τ Peg
			\|115250
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|440
			\|11
			\|
			\|υ Peg
			\|115623
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|441
			\|12
			\|
			\|χ Peg
			\|1168
			\|CPAE
			\|-
			\|442
			\|13
			\|
			\|ν Peg
			\|109068
			\|non-CPAE
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff: /* Eratosthenes */

2026-08-24T20:26:48Z

Eratosthenes

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:26, 24 August 2026
Line 62:		Line 62:

	(Pamias and Zucker 2013)<ref>Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013</ref></blockquote>		(Pamias and Zucker 2013)<ref>Ératosthènes de Cyrène: Catastérrismes, translated by Pamìas, Jordi und Zucker, Arnaud, Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2013</ref></blockquote>

			{\|class="wikitable"
			\|+
			!erat.Cat.ID
			!constStarID
			!starName
			!ident.Bayer
			!ident.HIP
			!certainty
			\|-
			\|285
			\|1
			\|two dim stars on the mouth
			\|9 Peg
			\|107348
			\|1
			\|-
			\|286
			\|2
			\|two dim stars on the mouth
			\|13 Peg
			\|107788
			\|1
			\|-
			\|287
			\|3
			\|one on the head
			\|eps Peg
			\|107315
			\|1
			\|-
			\|288
			\|4
			\|one on the jaw
			\|17 Peg
			\|108339
			\|4
			\|-
			\|289
			\|5
			\|one dim one on each ear
			\|4 Peg
			\|106856
			\|2
			\|-
			\|290
			\|6
			\|one dim one on each ear
			\|7 Peg
			\|107151
			\|2
			\|-
			\|291
			\|7
			\|four on the neck (of which the one nearest the head is the brightest)
			\|theta Peg
			\|109427
			\|1
			\|-
			\|292
			\|8
			\|four on the neck
			\|nu Peg
			\|109068
			\|2
			\|-
			\|293
			\|9
			\|four on the neck
			\|35 Peg
			\|110882
			\|3
			\|-
			\|294
			\|10
			\|four on the neck
			\|31 Peg
			\|110386
			\|3
			\|-
			\|295
			\|11
			\|one on each shoulder
			\|alpha Peg
			\|113963
			\|1
			\|-
			\|296
			\|12
			\|one on each shoulder
			\|55 Peg
			\|114144
			\|3
			\|-
			\|297
			\|13
			\|one on the chest
			\|beta Peg
			\|113881
			\|1
			\|-
			\|298
			\|14
			\|two on the front knees
			\|lambda Peg
			\|112440
			\|1
			\|-
			\|299
			\|15
			\|two on the front knees
			\|mu Peg
			\|112748
			\|1
			\|-
			\|300
			\|16
			\|one on the back
			\|gam Peg
			\|1067
			\|1
			\|-
			\|301
			\|17
			\|one bright one on the navel as the outermost star
			\|alpha And
			\|677
			\|1
			\|-
			\|302
			\|18
			\|one on each hoof
			\|pi Peg
			\|109410
			\|2
			\|-
			\|303
			\|19
			\|one on each hoof
			\|iota Peg
			\|109176
			\|1
			\|}

	===== Three Ancient Globes =====		===== Three Ancient Globes =====

Sushoff at 15:57, 4 August 2026

2026-08-04T15:57:36Z

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ----
 [[File:Pegasus IAU.svg|alt=star chart|thumb|Peg star chart (IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine, Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg).]]
 One of the [[:Category:88_IAU-Constellations|88 IAU constellations]]. The ancient Greek constellation has always been called The Horse (without wings). However, the mythology associated with it has simultaneously always left Pegasus, the winged horse, as one of several options. Scholars suspect that the constellation has Phoenician origin<ref>Condos, T. (1997), Star Myths ofthe Greeks and Romans: A Sourcebook, Phanes Press, Grand Rapids, page 154.</ref> or originated from a pun or misunderstanding of a Babylonian term in the Mycaenian<ref name=":1" /> culture, or influence of any cultural exchange with India due to the [[Ashvini]] nakșatra.<ref>Susanne M. Hoffmann,* Khalid AlAjaji, B.S. Shylaja, Yang Boshun, Danielle Adams, Eric Mamajek, Ian Ridpath, Paul Baki, Juan Antonio Belmonte Avilés, Sze-Leung Cheung, Daniel Cunnama, Jörg Matthias Determann, M. Sadegh Faghanpour, Steven Gullberg, Duane Hamacher, Roland Laffitte, Alejandro M. López, Javier Mejuto, Thierry Montmerle, Clive Ruggles, Shi Yunli, Doris Vickers, Sun Xiaochun, and Hitoshi Yamaoka (2025). The IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN): '''Research Finds in 2025'''. ''Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage'', 28(4), 1026–1038 (2025).</ref>

Sushoff: /* Stars within the Constellation Area */

2026-08-04T15:56:12Z

Stars within the Constellation Area

Show changes

IanRidpath: Revised link

2026-07-22T17:14:17Z

Revised link

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:14, 22 July 2026
Line 7,805:		Line 7,805:

	==Mythology==		==Mythology==
	~~see~~ Ian Ridpath, Star Tales ~~([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/pegasus.html online edition])~~<ref>Ian Ridpath, Star Tales ([http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/pegasus.html ~~online edition~~])</ref>		See Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'' Pegasus<ref>Ian Ridpath, ''Star Tales'' [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/pegasus.html – Pegasus]</ref>

	The myth of Hippe and Cheiron is reported for the horse without wings. The myth of Bellerophon applies to the horse with wings.		The myth of Hippe and Cheiron is reported for the horse without wings. The myth of Bellerophon applies to the horse with wings.

IanRidpath: Superscripts (mostly)

2026-07-22T17:10:12Z

Superscripts (mostly)

Show changes