UR.GI7 - Revision history

Sushoff: /* Sources and Identification(s) */

2026-03-29T09:18:50Z

Sources and Identification(s)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:18, 29 March 2026
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	\|'''MUL.APIN'''		\|'''MUL.APIN'''
	* (1) Stars of Enlil (No. 24): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU “The star that stands in front of the Goat, the Dog” (I i 25 = (EN 23r)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>)		* (1) Stars of Enlil (No. 24): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU “The star that stands in front of the Goat, the Dog” (I i 25 = (EN 23r)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>)
	* (2) The dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 15th day of Tashritu" (I iii 2), see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.		* (2) The dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 15th day of Tashritu" (I iii 2), see (Kurtik z11) ''[[ZI.BA.AN.NA\|Zibānītum]]''.
	* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].		* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
	* (4) List of ziqpu stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU, between <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> and <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> (I iv 4).		* (4) List of ziqpu stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU, between <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> and <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> (I iv 4).

Sushoff at 18:12, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:12:54Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]

WayneHorowitz at 13:52, 19 March 2026

2026-03-19T13:52:27Z

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	----		----
	[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known. Although the most common writing of the name is the sign GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub> provided above, other readings with signs for the syllable /GI/ occur as phonetic variants. The literal sense of the term is the 'noble [GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub>), four legged mammal' (UR).		UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known. Although the most common writing of the name is the sign GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub> provided above, other readings with signs for the syllable /GI/ occur as phonetic variants. The literal sense of the term is the 'noble [GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub>), four legged mammal' (UR). The proximity of the constellation of the healing goddess Gula and 'The Dog' reminds us of the close associations between dogs and the cult of Gula (see Ornan 2004).

	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

WayneHorowitz at 11:18, 19 March 2026

2026-03-19T11:18:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:18, 19 March 2026
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	----		----
	[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known. ~~Various writings~~ with ~~UR and~~ signs ~~to be read /GI/ or~~ /GI/ ~~are~~ phonetic variants. The literal sense of the term is the 'noble [GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub>), four legged mammal' (UR).		UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known. Although the most common writing of the name is the sign GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub> provided above, other readings with signs for the syllable /GI/ occur as phonetic variants. The literal sense of the term is the 'noble [GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub>), four legged mammal' (UR).

	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

WayneHorowitz at 12:54, 15 March 2026

2026-03-15T12:54:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:54, 15 March 2026
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	----		----
	[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.		UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known. Various writings with UR and signs to be read /GI/ or /GI/ are phonetic variants. The literal sense of the term is the 'noble [GI<sub>7</sub>/GIR<sub>15</sub>), four legged mammal' (UR).

	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
	Var. readings:		Var. readings:

	* <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU,		* <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU, KU = gi<sub>7</sub>/gi
	* <sup>mul</sup>UR.GIR<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>),		* <sup>mul</sup>UR.GIR<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>),
	* <sup>mul</sup>UR.GIR<sub>15</sub>;		* <sup>mul</sup>UR.GIR<sub>15</sub>;

Sushoff at 09:28, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T09:28:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:28, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}
	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]

Sushoff at 07:40, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T07:40:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:40, 17 January 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.GI<sub>7</sub>}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
			----
	[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]		[[File:Gula+Dog stellarium.jpg\|thumb\|Goddess Gula and her Dog in Stellarium, painted by Jessica Gullberg (2021).]]
	UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.		UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.

Sushoff at 18:04, 8 January 2026

2026-01-08T18:04:55Z

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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Deity. ====		==== Deity. ====
	The Dog constellation was apparently observed in the “Mesopotamian sky” already by the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. The name ''ka-al-bu-''[''um''], ''ka''<sub>3</sub>''-li''<sub>2</sub>''-bu-um'' "Dog", as a royal name, is given in two places in the "Sumerian King List" [Jacobsen 1939<ref>''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.</ref>, 96-97:26-28, 78-79:7-8]. The sitting dog was originally considered a sacred animal of the goddess Ninisina, the city goddess of Isin. Many dog figurines were found in the temple dedicated to her, which apparently had apotropaic significance. Later, Ninisina was identified with the healing goddess Gula, with the sitting dog as her symbol. On kudurru of the Kassite period and on seals from Neo-Assyrian times, the sitting dog was depicted next to the throne on which Gula sat, see [Kurtik 2019]. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, figures of a sitting or standing dog played a protective role, possibly as a remedy against canine rabies [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 140-143; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 487; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 70]. Clay figurines of dogs were buried for protective purposes in front of temple gates [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].		The Dog constellation was apparently observed in the “Mesopotamian sky” already by the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. The name ''ka-al-bu-''[''um''], ''ka''<sub>3</sub>''-li''<sub>2</sub>''-bu-um'' "Dog", as a royal name, is given in two places in the "Sumerian King List" [Jacobsen 1939<ref>''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.</ref>, 96-97:26-28, 78-79:7-8]. The sitting dog was originally considered a sacred animal of the goddess Ninisina, the city goddess of Isin. Many dog figurines were found in the temple dedicated to her, which apparently had apotropaic significance. Later, Ninisina was identified with the healing goddess Gula, with the sitting dog as her symbol. On kudurru of the Kassite period and on seals from Neo-Assyrian times, the sitting dog was depicted next to the throne on which Gula sat, see [Kurtik 2019]. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, figures of a sitting or standing dog played a protective role, possibly as a remedy against canine rabies [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 140-143; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 487; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 70]. Clay figurines of dogs were buried for protective purposes in front of temple gates [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].

	==== ~~III.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	A dog sitting at the feet of the goddess ''Gula''. Description in VAT 9428 r. 10-11: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> ''kal-bu'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' UGU ''ur-ki-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''eṣ''-[''ru'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul d</sup>]''gu''-˹''la šak-nu''˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-''su ina'' KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> 7 MUL.MEŠ [''eṣ-ru''] "The Dog constellation: an image of a dog (which sits) on its hind, withs [its muzzle facing the constellation] Gula. The image [depicts] 2 stars (on) its chest, and 7 on its tail " [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77, 83-84; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25].		A dog sitting at the feet of the goddess ''Gula''. Description in VAT 9428 r. 10-11: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> ''kal-bu'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' UGU ''ur-ki-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''eṣ''-[''ru'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul d</sup>]''gu''-˹''la šak-nu''˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-''su ina'' KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> 7 MUL.MEŠ [''eṣ-ru''] "The Dog constellation: an image of a dog (which sits) on its hind, withs [its muzzle facing the constellation] Gula. The image [depicts] 2 stars (on) its chest, and 7 on its tail " [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77, 83-84; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25].

	==== ~~IV.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification. ====
	= Hercules [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 167, I; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7" />, 76].		= Hercules [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 167, I; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7" />, 76].

	= southern part of Hercules (Hercules) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 272].		= southern part of Hercules (Hercules) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 272].

	==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	(1) The jaws of the Dog (φ Her), see dbn text.		(1) The jaws of the Dog (φ Her), see dbn text.

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	(6) Tail of the Dog (possibly a group of 7 faint stars west of β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].		(6) Tail of the Dog (possibly a group of 7 faint stars west of β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].

	==== ~~VI.~~ Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====
	Strangely, there are no predictions associated with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> in the texts known to us.		Strangely, there are no predictions associated with the constellation <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> in the texts known to us.

Sushoff at 16:18, 17 December 2025

2025-12-17T16:18:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 17 December 2025
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	UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.		UR.GI<sub>7</sub> (𒌨𒂠) = ''kalbu'', The Dog, is a Mesopotamian constellation in the area of modern [[Hercules]]. The exact configuration of stars in the ancient constellation is not yet known.

	== Concordance, Etymology, History ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

	~~===Krebernik~~ (~~2023~~)~~===~~
	~~= ''kalbu'' “dog”~~. ~~<sup>mul</sup>UR~~.~~GI<sub>7~~</~~sub~~> ~~(EN 23r).~~

	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford=~~==
	Var. readings:		Var. readings:

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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''MUL.APIN'''		\|'''MUL.APIN'''
	* (1) Stars of Enlil (No. 24): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU “The star that stands in front of the Goat, the Dog” (I i 25)		* (1) Stars of Enlil (No. 24): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' IGI <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU “The star that stands in front of the Goat, the Dog” (I i 25 = (EN 23r)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>)
	* (2) The dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 15th day of Tashritu" (I iii 2), see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.		* (2) The dates of the heliacal risings are "on the 15th day of Tashritu" (I iii 2), see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Zibānītum]]''.
	* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].		* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].

InitTeam at 06:49, 16 December 2025

2025-12-16T06:49:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:49, 16 December 2025
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	The variant readings all make use of the same ancient sign: KU (ŠE<sub>3</sub>) - full reading gir<sub>15</sub>, short gi<sub>7</sub> with ellipsis of the final consonant.		The variant readings all make use of the same ancient sign: KU (ŠE<sub>3</sub>) - full reading gir<sub>15</sub>, short gi<sub>7</sub> with ellipsis of the final consonant.

	Constellation in southern Hercules (Hercules) [CAD K, 72b; Gössman 1950, 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018].		Constellation in southern Hercules (Hercules) [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> K, 72b; Gössman 1950<ref name=":0">''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 167; 166, I; 119; Kurtik 2018].

	==== Sources and Identification(s) ====		==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Lexical texts.'''		\|'''Lexical texts.'''
	* (1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: <sup>mul</sup>ur(ur.ma<sub>2</sub>).gir<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>).ra [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5a), <sup>mul</sup>ur.gir<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>) [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 7].		* (1) Unilingual Sumerian star lists: <sup>mul</sup>ur(ur.ma<sub>2</sub>).gir<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>).ra [MSL XI, 136, Forerunner 2 rev. ii 5a), <sup>mul</sup>ur.gir<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>) [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 7].
	* (2) Urra XXII Series: [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gir<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>)] = ''kal-bu'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:e; Weidner 1959–1960, 112, VAT 9430:29], <sup>mul</sup>ur.˹gir<sub>15</sub>˺ = ''k''[''a-al-bu''] [Cavigneaux 1981, 79.B.1/5 iv 11], <sup>mul</sup>ur.k[u] = [''kal'']-''bi'' [SpTU III, 114A v 32; Bloch–Horowitz 2015, 107:288ʹ].		* (2) Urra XXII Series: [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gir<sub>x</sub>(ŠE<sub>3</sub>)] = ''kal-bu'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 31, Gap j:e; Weidner 1959–1960<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:29], <sup>mul</sup>ur.˹gir<sub>15</sub>˺ = ''k''[''a-al-bu''] [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 79.B.1/5 iv 11], <sup>mul</sup>ur.k[u] = [''kal'']-''bi'' [SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 32; Bloch–Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:288ʹ].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''		\|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabes).'''
	* BM 34713. (error for <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim, see Horowitz 2014: 126).		* BM 34713. (error for <sup>mul</sup>ur.idim, see Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>: 126).
	** <sup>iti</sup>apin // 2.20 <sup>múl</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> // 1.20 <sup>múl</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu''<sub>2</sub> // 50 <sup>múl</sup>en.te.<na>.bar.ḫum "Arahsamnu: 140 Dog, 80 Anunitu, 50 Entenabarhum" [LBAT, 1499:8], see also (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].		** <sup>iti</sup>apin // 2.20 <sup>múl</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> // 1.20 <sup>múl</sup>''a-nu-ni-tu''<sub>2</sub> // 50 <sup>múl</sup>en.te.<na>.bar.ḫum "Arahsamnu: 140 Dog, 80 Anunitu, 50 Entenabarhum" [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 1499:8], see also (Kurtik u21) [[UR.IDIM]].
	* Text Nv. 10. (Horowitz 2014: 215-217)		* Text Nv. 10. (Horowitz 2014: 215-217)
	** (1) Intercalation scheme: ''ina'' <sup>˹iti˺</sup>ziz<sub>2</sub> ki.min <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>dingir.tuš.a.meš // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' / <sup>mul</sup>''Pa-bil-sag'' // 2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a''] / 4 6 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AN.˹TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-q''[''a''<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ] "In the month of Shabbat respectively: Dog, 4, (asterism in the path of) Enlil, / Sitting gods, 3, (asterism in the path of) Anu, / Pabilsag, 2, (asterism in the path of) [Ea], / 4 (elbows) 6 (fingers) (from) the Upward Standing Star, 1, (to) the heig[hts of the Swallow]" (Obv. 13'-16') [Donbaz-Koch 1995, 64, 66, 69].		** (1) Intercalation scheme: ''ina'' <sup>˹iti˺</sup>ziz<sub>2</sub> ki.min <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> / <sup>mul</sup>dingir.tuš.a.meš // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' / <sup>mul</sup>''Pa-bil-sag'' // 2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>[''E''<sub>2</sub>-''a''] / 4 6 ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>AN.˹TA˺.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-q''[''a''<sub>2</sub> sim.maḫ] "In the month of Shabbat respectively: Dog, 4, (asterism in the path of) Enlil, / Sitting gods, 3, (asterism in the path of) Anu, / Pabilsag, 2, (asterism in the path of) [Ea], / 4 (elbows) 6 (fingers) (from) the Upward Standing Star, 1, (to) the heig[hts of the Swallow]" (Obv. 13'-16') [Donbaz-Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 64, 66, 69].
	** (2) <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> is the asterism AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of Ab, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3\|GAM<sub>3</sub>]] .		** (2) <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> is the asterism AN.TA.ŠU.UR.RA in the month of Ab, see (Kurtik g06) [[GAM3\|GAM<sub>3</sub>]] .
	\|Example		\|Example
Line 43:		Line 43:
	* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].		* (3) Simultaneous diurnal sunrises and sunsets: (I iii 25), see (Kurtik m35) [[MUL.MUL]].
	* (4) List of ziqpu stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU, between <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> and <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> (I iv 4).		* (4) List of ziqpu stars: <sup>mul</sup>UR.KU, between <sup>mul</sup>DINGIR.GUB.BA<sup>meš</sup> and <sup>mul</sup>UZ<sub>3</sub> (I iv 4).
	* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Dog culminates, the Field rises (I iv 29), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> = [[IKU\|<sup>mul</sup>IKU]] [MA, 25, 43, 50, 58, 66].		* (5) Culminations and simultaneous heliacal risings: the Dog culminates, the Field rises (I iv 29), see (Kurtik a48) AŠ.GAN<sub>2</sub> = [[IKU\|<sup>mul</sup>IKU]] [MA<ref name=":3">Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 25, 43, 50, 58, 66].
	Text BM 77054 (Parallel to MUL.APIN): see Hunger-Steele 2019: 192.		Text BM 77054 (Parallel to MUL.APIN): see Hunger-Steele 2019<ref name=":3" />: 192.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia.'''		\|'''Great Star List and Miscellenia.'''
	* (1) mul sag ur.gi<sub>7</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>min(ur.gu.la) "asterism on the head of the Dog = Lion";		* (1) mul sag ur.gi<sub>7</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>min(ur.gu.la) "asterism on the head of the Dog = Lion";
	* (2) kun <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>im.šu.rin.na ''al-ma-nu-u'' "Tail of the Dog = Widow's Furnace" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:138, 155].		* (2) kun <sup>mul</sup>ur.gi<sub>7</sub> = <sup>mul</sup>im.šu.rin.na ''al-ma-nu-u'' "Tail of the Dog = Widow's Furnace" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4">''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:138, 155].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Dalbanna-text.'''		\|'''Dalbanna-text.'''
	* §z. <sup>mul</sup>ka ur.gi<sub>7</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sag sa.ri u<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> [x x] "The Mouth of the Dog (φ Her), the Goat (δ Her?), the Head of the Wildcat (ι Tel), and the Eagle (ε Aql) [x x]" [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 111]; see also eme ur.gi<sub>7</sub> instead of <sup>mul</sup>ka ur.gi<sub>7</sub> in [ACh Sin, 13:31].		* §z. <sup>mul</sup>ka ur.gi<sub>7</sub> <sup>mul</sup>uz<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sag sa.ri u<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>A<sub>2</sub><sup>mušen</sup> [x x] "The Mouth of the Dog (φ Her), the Goat (δ Her?), the Head of the Wildcat (ι Tel), and the Eagle (ε Aql) [x x]" [Walker 1995, 41; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 51, 64; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 111]; see also eme ur.gi<sub>7</sub> instead of <sup>mul</sup>ka ur.gi<sub>7</sub> in [ACh Sin<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>, 13:31].
	* §aa. <sup>mul</sup>eme ur.gi<sub>7</sub> "The tongue of the Dog" (τ Her), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]. List of the "4 Enlils." See (Kurtik e11) [[En-lil2\|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]].		* §aa. <sup>mul</sup>eme ur.gi<sub>7</sub> "The tongue of the Dog" (τ Her), see (Kurtik g27) [[GU.LA]]. List of the "4 Enlils." See (Kurtik e11) [[En-lil2\|<sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub>]].
	\|Example		\|Example
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	==== II. Deity. ====		==== II. Deity. ====
	The Dog constellation was apparently observed in the “Mesopotamian sky” already by the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. The name ''ka-al-bu-''[''um''], ''ka''<sub>3</sub>''-li''<sub>2</sub>''-bu-um'' "Dog", as a royal name, is given in two places in the "Sumerian King List" [Jacobsen 1939, 96-97:26-28, 78-79:7-8]. The sitting dog was originally considered a sacred animal of the goddess Ninisina, the city goddess of Isin. Many dog figurines were found in the temple dedicated to her, which apparently had apotropaic significance. Later, Ninisina was identified with the healing goddess Gula, with the sitting dog as her symbol. On kudurru of the Kassite period and on seals from Neo-Assyrian times, the sitting dog was depicted next to the throne on which Gula sat, see ~~Kurtik [Kurtik 2019].~~ [Kurtik 2019]. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, figures of a sitting or standing dog played a protective role, possibly as a remedy against canine rabies [Seidl 1968, 140-143; Seidl 1969, 487; Black-Green 1992, 70]. Clay figurines of dogs were buried for protective purposes in front of temple gates [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].		The Dog constellation was apparently observed in the “Mesopotamian sky” already by the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. The name ''ka-al-bu-''[''um''], ''ka''<sub>3</sub>''-li''<sub>2</sub>''-bu-um'' "Dog", as a royal name, is given in two places in the "Sumerian King List" [Jacobsen 1939<ref>''Jacobsen, T.'' The Sumerian King List. Assyriological Studies, 11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1939.</ref>, 96-97:26-28, 78-79:7-8]. The sitting dog was originally considered a sacred animal of the goddess Ninisina, the city goddess of Isin. Many dog figurines were found in the temple dedicated to her, which apparently had apotropaic significance. Later, Ninisina was identified with the healing goddess Gula, with the sitting dog as her symbol. On kudurru of the Kassite period and on seals from Neo-Assyrian times, the sitting dog was depicted next to the throne on which Gula sat, see [Kurtik 2019]. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, figures of a sitting or standing dog played a protective role, possibly as a remedy against canine rabies [Seidl 1968<ref>''Seidl U.'' Die babylonischen Kudurru-Reliefs // BaM. 1968, Bd. 4. S. 1-220.</ref>, 140-143; Seidl 1969<ref>''Seidl U.'' Göttersymbole und –attribut // RlA. 1969. Bd. 3, Lief. 7, S. 484-490.</ref>, 487; Black-Green 1992<ref>''Black J., Green A.'' Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum Press, 1992.</ref>, 70]. Clay figurines of dogs were buried for protective purposes in front of temple gates [Wiggermann 1992, 53, 59, 98].

	==== III. Symbol. ====		==== III. Symbol. ====
	A dog sitting at the feet of the goddess ''Gula''. Description in VAT 9428 r. 10-11: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> ''kal-bu'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' UGU ''ur-ki-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''eṣ''-[''ru'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul d</sup>]''gu''-˹''la šak-nu''˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-''su ina'' KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> 7 MUL.MEŠ [''eṣ-ru''] "The Dog constellation: an image of a dog (which sits) on its hind, withs [its muzzle facing the constellation] Gula. The image [depicts] 2 stars (on) its chest, and 7 on its tail " [Weidner 1927, 75, 77, 83-84; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25].		A dog sitting at the feet of the goddess ''Gula''. Description in VAT 9428 r. 10-11: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GI<sub>7</sub> ''kal-bu'' ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' UGU ''ur-ki-ti-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''eṣ''-[''ru'' IGI-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ana'' <sup>mul d</sup>]''gu''-˹''la šak-nu''˺ / 2 MUL.MEŠ GABA-''su ina'' KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> 7 MUL.MEŠ [''eṣ-ru''] "The Dog constellation: an image of a dog (which sits) on its hind, withs [its muzzle facing the constellation] Gula. The image [depicts] 2 stars (on) its chest, and 7 on its tail " [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77, 83-84; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7">Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25].

	==== IV. Identification. ====		==== IV. Identification. ====
	= Hercules [Gössman 1950, 167, I; Weidner 1957-59, 79a; BPO 2, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 76].		= Hercules [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 167, I; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 7, Table IV; Horowitz 2014<ref name=":2" />, 249; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":7" />, 76].

	= southern part of Hercules (Hercules) [MA, 138; Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 272].		= southern part of Hercules (Hercules) [MA<ref name=":3" />, 138; Mesop.Astrol.<ref name=":4" />, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":5" />, 272].

	==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====		==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
	(1) The jaws of the Dog (φ Her), see dbn text.		(1) The jaws of the Dog (φ Her), see dbn text.

	(2) The tongue of the Dog (τ Her), see dbn-text, see also [Gössman 1950, 119].		(2) The tongue of the Dog (τ Her), see dbn-text, see also [Gössman 1950<ref name=":0" />, 119].

	(3) The head of the Dog, see VAT 9428.		(3) The head of the Dog, see VAT 9428.

	(4) The chest of the Dog (π + ρ) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].		(4) The chest of the Dog (π + ρ) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].

	(5) The Dog's hind (β + ζ Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].		(5) The Dog's hind (β + ζ Her) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].

	(6) Tail of the Dog (possibly a group of 7 faint stars west of β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927, 84].		(6) Tail of the Dog (possibly a group of 7 faint stars west of β Her) (?) [Weidner 1927<ref name=":6" />, 84].

	==== VI. Astrology. ====		==== VI. Astrology. ====