UR.GU.LA - Revision history

YoulaAzkarrula at 10:42, 29 May 2026

2026-05-29T10:42:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:42, 29 May 2026
Line 1,083:		Line 1,083:
	[[Category:Cuneiform]]		[[Category:Cuneiform]]
	[[Category:Deity]]		[[Category:Deity]]
			[[Category:Asian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
	[[Category:4workWayne]]		[[Category:4workWayne]]

	<references />		<references />

Sushoff at 09:53, 11 May 2026

2026-05-11T09:53:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:53, 11 May 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:
	----		----
	[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967.*** ]]		[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967.*** ]]
			[[File:Lion VAT 7847 smb2026 GIF.gif\|thumb\|multiple attempts to draw the figure on VAT 7847, cf Horowitz and Hoffmann 2025<ref name=":2" />]]
	<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.		<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.

Sushoff at 09:52, 11 May 2026

2026-05-11T09:52:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:52, 11 May 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:
	----		----
	[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967.*** ]]		[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967.*** ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.		<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":2">Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==
Line 8:		Line 8:

	See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].		See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].

			=== Figure on VAT 7847 (animated history) ===
			Multiple attempts to draw the figure on VAT 7847, cf Horowitz and Hoffmann 2025<ref name=":2" /><gallery>
			File:Lion VAT 7847 smb2023 GIF.gif
			File:Lion VAT 7847 smb2026 GIF.gif
			</gallery>

	=== Lexical forms in Kurtik (2007) ===		=== Lexical forms in Kurtik (2007) ===

Sushoff at 14:29, 17 April 2026

2026-04-17T14:29:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:29, 17 April 2026
Line 8:		Line 8:

	See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].		See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].

			=== Lexical forms in Kurtik (2007) ===

	====UR.GU.LA (Kurtik u20)====		====UR.GU.LA (Kurtik u20)====
Line 34:		Line 36:
	* = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":02">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88], see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Ziqpu]]''.		* = ziqpu XXI (ε, μ Leonis) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 162, IV 5; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":02">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 88], see (Kurtik z11) ''[[Ziqpu]]''.

	==== Sources and Identifications ====		=== Sources and Identifications ===
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!I Sources		!I Sources
Line 41:		Line 43:
	\|'''''Lexical texts'''''.		\|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

	*'''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series: <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak'' “Lion = LatSAA 8” [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:287ʹ], [<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r]a''<sup>?</sup>''-am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la “[Etur]amme<sup>?</sup> = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:20].		*'''(1)''' ''Urra'' XXII series:
	*'''(2)''' Series AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (VI 118): <sup>d</sup>ur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu'' “Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 209; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 466a].		**<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la = ''la-ta-rak''
			***“Lion = LatSAA 8” [Cavigneaux 1981<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' Textes scolares du temple de Nabû ša Harê. Texts from Babylon I. Baghdad, 1981.</ref>, 105, 79.B.1 / 5 iv 10; Bloch–Horowitz 2015<ref>Bloch Y. and W. Horowitz (2015): “Urra = hubullu XXII: The Standard Recension,” with Y. Bloch, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 67: 71-125.</ref>, 107:287ʹ],
			**[<sup>mul</sup>''e-tu-r]a''<sup>?</sup>''-am-me'' = <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la
			***“[Etur]amme<sup>?</sup> = Lion” [Cavigneaux 1979<ref>''Cavigneaux A.'' // Baghdader Mitteilungen. 1979. Bd. X. S. 132-134.</ref>, 134, 17:20].
			*'''(2)''' Series AN: <sup>d</sup>''Anum'' (VI 118):
			**<sup>d</sup>ur.gu.la = ''kat-til-lu''
			**“Lion = a beast that preys” [Litke 1998<ref>''Litke R.L''. A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN:<sup>d</sup>A-nu-um and AN:Anu ša<sub>2</sub> amēli. New Haven, 1998 (Texts from the Babylonian Collection, Vol. 3).</ref>, 209; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref> 466a].
	'''UR.A in Lexical texts.'''		'''UR.A in Lexical texts.'''

Line 56:		Line 64:
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)		\|'''Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)'''
	Horowitz 2014: 249		Horowitz 2014: 249
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>Star Catalogues: (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>s[im.mah gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>d</sup>l''a-ta-rak''], KAV 218 II ii 18-19 restored on the basis of BM 55502 rev: 22: [... egi]r.gi gub-''zu <sup>d</sup>la-ta-ra''[''k . . .,'' The star which [stand]s before 'The S[wallow], 'The Lion,' Latarak.

	* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 191). Path of Anu, Sivan (Month III Sivan). BM 34713: 4. <sup>mul</sup>UR.A for the month of Tammuz (Month IV) [LBAT 1499]; BM 92923: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>ur.gu.la // 2] // gu.la gal-''u''<sub>2</sub> « ['The Lion' // 2] // Great (Horowitz 2014: 140-141.		* Star Catalogues: (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106):
	*		** ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>s[im.mah gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>d</sup>l''a-ta-rak''], KAV 218 II ii 18-19 restored on the basis of BM 55502 rev: 22:
			** [... egi]r.gi gub-''zu <sup>d</sup>la-ta-ra''[''k . . .,'' The star which [stand]s before 'The S[wallow], 'The Lion,' Latarak.

			* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 191). Path of Anu, Sivan (Month III Sivan).
			** BM 34713: 4. <sup>mul</sup>UR.A for the month of Tammuz (Month IV) [LBAT 1499];
			** BM 92923: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>ur.gu.la // 2] // gu.la gal-''u''<sub>2</sub> « ['The Lion' // 2] // Great (Horowitz 2014: 140-141.

	* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 168): Rising, Path of Anu (Month III), Setting, Path of Anu (Month IX)		* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 168): Rising, Path of Anu (Month III), Setting, Path of Anu (Month IX)

	* <s>Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].</s>		* <s>Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].</s>
Line 72:		Line 84:
	*<s>''BM 82923''. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:8, 32 note 8].</s>		*<s>''BM 82923''. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:8, 32 note 8].</s>
	*		*
	*Round astrolabes:		*Round astrolabes:
	*		**K. 14943+ (Tebet):
	*K. 14943+ (Tebet): <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la written as mistake for <sup>mul</sup>gu.la (Horowitz 2014: 124): ''<sup>i</sup>''<sup>ti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la // 2,20, Tebet, 2,20, 'The Great One.'		***<sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la written as mistake for <sup>mul</sup>gu.la (Horowitz 2014: 124):
	*		***''<sup>i</sup>''<sup>ti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la // 2,20, Tebet, 2,20, 'The Great One.'
	*CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels (Enlil 8, Horowitz 2014: 249)		**CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels (Enlil 8, Horowitz 2014: 249)
	*		**CT 33 9 rev. 4': <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.l[a] (Horowitz 2014: 210)
	*CT 33 9 rev. 4': <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.l[a] (Horowitz 2014: 210)		*Nv. 10 1
	*Nv. 10 1<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ina ITI.APIN KI.MIN MUL].˹UR.GU.LA˺ 4 ˹''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-''l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>]˺ [in the month of Arahsamnu, DITTO, 'The] Lion, 4 (Path) of Enlil (rev. 2'-4': [Ma]rs, 3 (Path) of A[nu]/Ninmah<sup>?</sup> 2 (Path) of E[a]/ [measuring instrument<sup>?</sup> A]N.˹TA˺.GUB.BA-star(s) 1 ... reaches/approaches (Fincke 2025: 66-67),		**<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ina ITI.APIN KI.MIN MUL].˹UR.GU.LA˺ 4 ˹''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-''l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>]˺ [in the month of Arahsamnu, DITTO, 'The] Lion, 4 (Path) of Enlil (rev. 2'-4': [Ma]rs, 3 (Path) of A[nu]/Ninmah<sup>?</sup> 2 (Path) of E[a]/ [measuring instrument<sup>?</sup> A]N.˹TA˺.GUB.BA-star(s) 1 ... reaches/approaches (Fincke 2025: 66-67),
	*Nv. 10 rev. 27': MUL.UR.GU.L]A<sup>?</sup> , reading in rev. 27' based on parallels (Fincke 2025: 68, n. 47).		*Nv. 10 rev. 27': MUL.UR.GU.L]A<sup>?</sup> , reading in rev. 27' based on parallels (Fincke 2025: 68, n. 47).
	*LBAT 1502 i 8': APIN... <sup>mul2</sup>UR.GU.LA (Fincke 2025: 70)		*LBAT 1502 i 8': APIN... <sup>mul2</sup>UR.GU.LA (Fincke 2025: 70)
	*See previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69.		*See previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69.

WayneHorowitz at 09:15, 17 April 2026

2026-04-17T09:15:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:15, 17 April 2026
Line 60:		Line 60:
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>Star Catalogues: (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>s[im.mah gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>d</sup>l''a-ta-rak''], KAV 218 II ii 18-19 restored on the basis of BM 55502 rev: 22: [... egi]r.gi gub-''zu <sup>d</sup>la-ta-ra''[''k . . .,'' The star which [stand]s before 'The S[wallow], 'The Lion,' Latarak.		<nowiki>*</nowiki>Star Catalogues: (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>s[im.mah gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>d</sup>l''a-ta-rak''], KAV 218 II ii 18-19 restored on the basis of BM 55502 rev: 22: [... egi]r.gi gub-''zu <sup>d</sup>la-ta-ra''[''k . . .,'' The star which [stand]s before 'The S[wallow], 'The Lion,' Latarak.

	* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 191). Path of Anu, Sivan (Month III Sivan). BM 92923: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>ur.gu.la // 2] // gu.la gal-''u''<sub>2</sub> « ['The Lion' // 2] // Great (Horowitz 2014: 140-141.		* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 191). Path of Anu, Sivan (Month III Sivan). BM 34713: 4. <sup>mul</sup>UR.A for the month of Tammuz (Month IV) [LBAT 1499]; BM 92923: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>ur.gu.la // 2] // gu.la gal-''u''<sub>2</sub> « ['The Lion' // 2] // Great (Horowitz 2014: 140-141.
	*		*

Line 76:		Line 76:
	*K. 14943+ (Tebet): <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la written as mistake for <sup>mul</sup>gu.la (Horowitz 2014: 124): ''<sup>i</sup>''<sup>ti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la // 2,20, Tebet, 2,20, 'The Great One.'		*K. 14943+ (Tebet): <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la written as mistake for <sup>mul</sup>gu.la (Horowitz 2014: 124): ''<sup>i</sup>''<sup>ti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la // 2,20, Tebet, 2,20, 'The Great One.'
	*		*
			*CT 33 9, Nv. 10, and parallels (Enlil 8, Horowitz 2014: 249)
	*		*
	*~~<s>See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK~~.~~SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA~~<~~sub~~>2</~~sub~~>]]. ~~“Circular astrolabes”</s>~~.		*CT 33 9 rev. 4': <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.l[a] (Horowitz 2014: 210)
	*~~''K~~.<~~s>14943+</s~~>''~~<s>: <sup>iti~~</~~sup~~>ab.ba.~~e<sub>3</sub> //~~ <sup>~~mul~~</sup>~~ur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140”~~ [~~CT<ref>~~''~~Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.~~''<~~/ref~~> ~~33, 12].~~</s>		*Nv. 10 1<nowiki>''</nowiki> [ina ITI.APIN KI.MIN MUL].˹UR.GU.LA˺ 4 ˹''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-''l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>]˺ [in the month of Arahsamnu, DITTO, 'The] Lion, 4 (Path) of Enlil (rev. 2'-4': [Ma]rs, 3 (Path) of A[nu]/Ninmah<sup>?</sup> 2 (Path) of E[a]/ [measuring instrument<sup>?</sup> A]N.˹TA˺.GUB.BA-star(s) 1 ... reaches/approaches (Fincke 2025: 66-67),
	*<s>''Stars of Ea, ~~Anu~~, ~~and Enlil~~'~~'.</s>~~		*Nv. 10 rev. 27': MUL.UR.GU.L]A<sup>?</sup> , reading in rev. 27' based on parallels (Fincke 2025: 68, n. 47).
	**<s>a) ~~List~~ of ~~12 stars of~~ Enlil (no. 8): <sup>~~mul~~</sup>~~ur.gu.~~[la] [CT<~~ref~~>~~''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''~~</~~ref~~> ~~33, 9 r~~. ~~4; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''~~. ~~Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography~~. ~~Winona Lake, 1998~~ (~~Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8~~).</~~ref>~~, ~~176].</s>~~		*LBAT 1502 i 8': APIN... <sup>mul2</sup>UR.GU.LA (Fincke 2025: 70)
	** <s>b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): <sup>~~mul~~</sup>~~˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre~~, ~~vol~~. 6, ~~see TU~~.~~</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F~~.'~~' TCL 6 13~~: ~~Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA~~. ~~1987~~. Bd. 77. S. ~~207~~-~~228~~.<~~/ref~~>~~, 212]~~.</s>		*See previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69.
	*'~~'Text Nv. 10~~''.		** <s>Nv. 10: 5'-8':</s>
	**[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>~~apin~~ ki.min <sup>~~mul~~</sup>u]~~˹r.gu.la˺~~ //		*** <s>'''[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>gan ki.min <sup>m</sup>]<sup>ul</sup>E<sub>4</sub>-''ru''<sub>6</sub> // 4 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''En''-''l''[''il''<sub>2</sub>] / [<sup>mul</sup>ab.]sin<sub>2</sub> // 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-ni''[''m''] / [<sup>mul</sup>lugal] u <sup>mul</sup>šu.pa // 2''' '''⸢'''''šu'' '''⸣''-ut''''' '''<sup>d</sup>E<sub>2</sub>-a / [GIŠ?/KU? . . . ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mu</sup>]<sup>l</sup>AN.TA.GUB.BA // 1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> ''ik''- ⸢''šu-du'' ⸣'','''''</s>
	**4 ''šu-ut'' ˹<sup>d</sup>˺[''En-~~lil~~''<sub>2</sub>] / […<sup>mul</sup>~~''ṣal-bat''~~]~~''-a-nu''~~ //		*** <s>"[In the month of Kislimu ditto:] Erua, 4 (stars) of Enlil, / [Bar]ley Stalk, 3 (stars) of An[u], / [King] and Šupa, 2 (stars) of Ea, / [measuring instrument?]: (from) the AN.TA.GUB.BA asterism, 1, ????? [Fincke 2025: 67, see previously Horowitz 2014: 223, Donbaz and Koch 1995: 64-65, 69. Parallels Fincke 2025: 70: 11', 72: 5'.</s>
	** 3 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A''-[''~~nim~~''] / […<sup>mul</sup>''~~Nin-maḫ~~''~~] //~~		** <s>Nv. 10: 31'-32':</s>
	**2 ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''E''<sub>2</sub>-[''a''] / [~~…<sup>mul<~~/~~sup>~~]~~˹AN~~.~~TA˺~~.GUB.BA //		**
	**1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of SAA 8samnu respectively, the L]ion,		**<s>1 ''šu-qa''<sub>2</sub> sim.[maḫ] “[In the month of SAA 8samnu respectively, the L]ion,</s>
	**4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs,		**<s>4, (stars in the path of) [Enlil], / [… Ma]rs,</s>
	** 3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah],		** <s>3, (stars in the path of) A[nu], / [… Ninmah],</s>
	**2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars		**<s>2, (stars in the path of) E[a], / [… (from)] On top of the standing stars</s>
	**1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]”		**<s>1 (to) the heights of the Swall[ow]”</s>
	**(Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 64–65, 69]; according to [ibid.<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 79, Anm. 63], <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — planetary name for <sup>mul</sup>muš, “Serpent (main star — α Hya).		**<s>(Obv. 1'–4') [Donbaz–Koch 1995<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>,</s> 64–65, 69]; according <s>to [ibid.<ref>''Donbaz V., Koch J.'' Ein Astrolab der dritten Generation: Nv. 10 // JCS. 1995. Vol. 47. P. 63-83.</ref>, 79, Anm. 63], <sup>mul</sup>''Ṣal-bat-a-nu'' — planetary name for <sup>mul</sup>muš, “Serpent (main star — α Hya).</s>
	'''UR.A in Astrolabes.'''		'''<s>UR.A in Astrolabes.</s>'''

	*''BM 34713.'' The month of duuzu, stars of Anu [LBAT<ref>''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955. </ref>, 1499:4], see (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]].		*
	\|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg\|alt=UR.GU.LA\|center\|thumb\|UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]		\|[[File:Urgula Stellarium.jpg\|alt=UR.GU.LA\|center\|thumb\|UR.GU.LA as an Assyrian gatekeeper (Jessica Gullberg 2021)<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''''“Catalog of 30 stars”.'''''		\|'''''<s>“Catalog of 30 stars”.</s>'''''
	*''Anu'' 7. [<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref> 1997–98, 178].		*<s>''Anu'' 7. [<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGI]R.BI GUB-''zu'' <sup>d</sup>''La-ta-ra-a''[''k''…] “[The Lion, which] stands [aft]er it, the Latara[k…]” (B. 22) [Oelsner–Horowitz<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref> 1997–98, 178].</s>
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-

WayneHorowitz at 08:40, 17 April 2026

2026-04-17T08:40:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 17 April 2026
Line 56:		Line 56:
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''''~~“Astrolabes”~~.'''''		\|Three Stars Each (Astrolabe Group)
	* Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].		Horowitz 2014: 249
	*Astrolabe B.		<nowiki>*</nowiki>Star Catalogues: (Horowitz 2014: 104, 106): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>s[im.mah gub-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la <sup>d</sup>l''a-ta-rak''], KAV 218 II ii 18-19 restored on the basis of BM 55502 rev: 22: [... egi]r.gi gub-''zu <sup>d</sup>la-ta-ra''[''k . . .,'' The star which [stand]s before 'The S[wallow], 'The Lion,' Latarak.
	**'''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>… ''gub''-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>–98, ''Anu'' 7].
	**'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> … <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3).		* Month-Star Lists (Horowitz 2014: 191). Path of Anu, Sivan (Month III Sivan). BM 92923: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>ur.gu.la // 2] // gu.la gal-''u''<sub>2</sub> « ['The Lion' // 2] // Great (Horowitz 2014: 140-141.
	**'''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6<sup>m</sup>): sunrise — ''simanu'', sunset — ''kislimu'' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see also (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].		*
	*''BM 82923''. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:8, 32 note 8].
	*''~~BM 34713~~.'' See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]]. “Circular astrolabes”.		* Rising and Setting Stars (Horowitz 2014: 168): Rising, Path of Anu (Month III), Setting, Path of Anu (Month IX)
	*''K.14943+'': <sup>iti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].
	*''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil''.		* <s>Astrolabe P. The month of Simanu, Anu stars, 120 [Pinches 1900<ref>''Pinches T.G.'' Review of R.Brown. Researches into the Origin of the Primitive Constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians, and Babylonians. Vol. 2. London, 1900 // JRAS. 1900. P. 571-577.</ref>, 574].</s>
	**a) List of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.[la] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 4; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].		*<s>Astrolabe B.</s>
	** b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].		**<s>'''(1)''' List (12´3): ˹mul˺ ''ša'' ''ina'' igi-''it'' <sup>m[ul</sup>… ''gub''-''z'']''u'' / [<sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la…] «Constellation, which [stands] before … [this Lion]» (B ii 18–19); for a parallel see. [Oelsner–Horowitz 1997<ref>''Oelsner J., Horowitz W.'' The 30-Star-Catalogue HS 1897 and The Late Parallel BM 55502 // AfO. 1997-1998. Bd. 44-45. S. 176-185.</ref>–98, ''Anu'' 7].</s>
			**<s>'''(2)''' List (3´12): <sup>iti</sup>sig<sub>4</sub> … <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la ''šu-ut'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' «Month of Simanu: … the Lion (in the way of) Anu (it appears)» (C ii 3).</s>
			**<s>'''(3)''' List (sunrise–sunset=6<sup>m</sup>): sunrise — ''simanu'', sunset — ''kislimu'' [KAV<ref>''Schroeder O.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur verschiedenen Inhalts. Leipzig, 1920.</ref> 218, C 17, 30; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 38, 40], see also (Kurtik s22) [[SIPA.ZI.AN.NA]].</s>
			*<s>''BM 82923''. Month of Simanu, stars of Anu: <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>UR.GU.LA // 2] // GU.LA GAL-''u''<sub>2</sub> «[Leo // 120] // Great …» [Walker–Hunger 1977<ref>''Walker C.B.F., Hunger H.'' Zwölfmaldrei // MDOG. 1977. Bd. 109. S. 27-34.</ref>, 30:8, 32 note 8].</s>
			*
			*Round astrolabes:
			*
			*K. 14943+ (Tebet): <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la written as mistake for <sup>mul</sup>gu.la (Horowitz 2014: 124): ''<sup>i</sup>''<sup>ti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup><<ur>>.gu.la // 2,20, Tebet, 2,20, 'The Great One.'
			*
			*
			*<s>See also (Kurtik k10) [[KAK.SI.SA2\|KAK.SI.SA<sub>2</sub>]]. “Circular astrolabes”</s>.
			*''K.<s>14943+</s>''<s>: <sup>iti</sup>ab.ba.e<sub>3</sub> // <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.la // 2,20 “(Stars of Ea), month of Tebetu, Lion, 140” [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 12].</s>
			*<s>''Stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil''.</s>
			**<s>a) List of 12 stars of Enlil (no. 8): <sup>mul</sup>ur.gu.[la] [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 9 r. 4; Horowitz 1998<ref>''Horowitz W''. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).</ref>, 176].</s>
			** <s>b) List of 12 stars of Anu (no. 3): <sup>mul</sup>˹ur.gu˺.la [TCL 6<ref>Textes cunéiformes. Musée du Louvre, vol. 6, see TU.</ref>, 13; Rochberg-Halton 1987b<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F.'' TCL 6 13: Mixed Traditions in Late Babylonian Astrology // ZA. 1987. Bd. 77. S. 207-228.</ref>, 212].</s>
	*''Text Nv. 10''.		*''Text Nv. 10''.
	**[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ki.min <sup>mul</sup>u]˹r.gu.la˺ //		**[''ina'' <sup>iti</sup>apin ki.min <sup>mul</sup>u]˹r.gu.la˺ //

JanSafford at 11:44, 29 March 2026

2026-03-29T11:44:18Z

Sushoff at 16:04, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T16:04:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 26 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Authors: ~~Gennady Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]		[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]

WayneHorowitz at 12:45, 19 March 2026

2026-03-19T12:45:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 19 March 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:
	----		----
	[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]		[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right).		<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==
	Akkadian ''~~rgulû~~'') is used only for the constellation and never for the animal. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>: <blockquote>The sumerogram (literally “great predator”) seems to be a learned synonym of [[UR.MAḪ]] “lion” (literally “foremost predator”). The Akk. equivalent is a loanword from the Sum. It also designates a disease and musical instrument. <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (EN 10l, 11l, 12l). GABA <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “breast of the lion” (EN 11l). KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “tail of the lion” (EN 12l).</blockquote>In Kurtik's original dictionary (Kurtik 2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> see: (Kurtik u17) UR.A, (Kurtik a01) A and (Kurtik u16) UR are separate entries that we merge here because they are all abbreviations of the same constellation name ([[UR.GU.LA]]). For the symbol, identification, and individual parts of the constellation Leo, see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.		Akkadian ''urgulû'') is used only for the constellation and never for the animal. Hoffmann and Krebernik (2023)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>: <blockquote>The sumerogram (literally “great predator”) seems to be a learned synonym of [[UR.MAḪ]] “lion” (literally “foremost predator”). The Akk. equivalent is a loanword from the Sum. It also designates a disease and musical instrument. <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (EN 10l, 11l, 12l). GABA <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “breast of the lion” (EN 11l). KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA “tail of the lion” (EN 12l).</blockquote>In Kurtik's original dictionary (Kurtik 2007)<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref> see: (Kurtik u17) UR.A, (Kurtik a01) A and (Kurtik u16) UR are separate entries that we merge here because they are all abbreviations of the same constellation name ([[UR.GU.LA]]). For the symbol, identification, and individual parts of the constellation Leo, see (Kurtik u20) UR.GU.LA.

	See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].		See also [Waerden 1949<ref>''Waerden B. L. van der''. Babylonian astronomy. II. The thirty Six Stars // JNES. V. 8. P. 6-26.</ref>, 13; 1952-53<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der''. History of the Zodiac // AfO. 1952-1953. Bd. 16. P. 216-230.</ref> 219; 1974<ref>''Waerden B.L. van der'' (with contributions by P.Huber). Science Awakening. II. The Birth of Astronomy. Leiden-N.Y. 1974 </ref>, 70; Weidner 1957-59, 74b; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2018). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Mesop. Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. 2014, The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 249; Beaulieu et al.<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref> 2018, 76].

Sushoff at 12:39, 19 March 2026

2026-03-19T12:39:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:39, 19 March 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:
	----		----
	[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]		[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''[[urgulû]],'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right).		<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right).

	==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==		==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia. </ref>==

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:44, 29 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967. ]]		[[File:Leo Tontafel 600dpi Weidner1967 scanSMH.jpg\|alt=Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847\|thumb\|Drawing of the Lion-constellation on VAT 7847, drawn by Ernst Weidner 1967.*** ]]
	<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.		<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA (𒀯𒌨𒄖𒆷), = ''urgulû, nēšu,'' is a Mesopotamian constellation that is usually identified with [[Leo\|Leo, The Lion]]. Abbreviated forms were UR and UR.A, and in late epochs even just <sup>(mul)</sup>A was used. Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref>Horowitz, W. and S. M. Hoffmann. Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO) 56, 33-43</ref> now demonstrate that <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAH and <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA are two names for the same asterism, which is depicted as a winged lion in the microzodiac drawings (see the drawing to the right). Akkadian ''urgulû'' is a loan-word from the Sumerian.

Line 142:		Line 142:
	**a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower [stars …] the Lion” (ε Leo); = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺<sup>?</sup> ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower (stars…) head of the Lion”, according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 58],		**a) [mul…] ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower [stars …] the Lion” (ε Leo); = <sup>[mul]</sup>˹sag˺<sup>?</sup> ur.gu.la ki.ta-''tum'' “Lower (stars…) head of the Lion”, according to [Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 58],
	**b) [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].		**b) [mul s]u<sub>6</sub><sup>?</sup> ur.g[u.la] “[Furr]ow of the Lio[n]” (λ Leo), с) […giš.kun ur.gu.la]<sup>?</sup> “[…furrow of the Lion]” (θ Leo), see. (Kurtik m18) [[MAŠ.TAB.BA.TUR.TUR]].
	*'''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» '''''[Walker 1995''''', 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 106–107; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 59].		'''§Q'''. […ur]gu.la ''ḫe-pi''<sub>2</sub> ˹3 mul˺.[meš …] 2 dal.ba.an.na min “[…], [L]ion, damage: 3 sta[rs …]. 2 intervals, ditto» '''''[Walker 1995''''', 33; Hunger-Pingree 1999**, 106–107; Koch 1995<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Dalbanna-Sternenkatalog // WO. 1995. Bd. 26. S. 43-85.</ref>, 46, 59].
	\|There is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999) that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female. This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024).		\|There is a note in the edition by Hunger and Pingree (1999)* that one of the Lions mentioned here may possibly be female. This interpretation is changed in Horowitz and Hoffmann (2024).*
	[[File:Dalbanna N.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|Map for the Babylonian Dalbanna-Text, §N, Susanne M Hoffmann (2024). ]][[File:Dalbanna O.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|star chart for Dalbanna pattern number "O"; for this pattern two versions are given, here distinguished in blue and green (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]]		[[File:Dalbanna N.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|Map for the Babylonian Dalbanna-Text, §N, Susanne M Hoffmann (2024). ]][[File:Dalbanna O.jpg\|alt=star chart\|thumb\|star chart for Dalbanna pattern number "O"; for this pattern two versions are given, here distinguished in blue and green (Susanne M Hoffmann 2024)]]
	\|-		\|-
Line 825:		Line 825:

	====Symbol.====		====Symbol.====
	The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V. 2; 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see ~~thefragmentary~~ text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in ['''''Wiggermann 1997, 34, note''''' 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [Wallenfels 1994<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (<sup>iti</sup>NE) is associated with the Lion (<sup>múl</sup>UR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:5, 22].		The Walking Lion. The image of a lion (upon which is the inscription: <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA) strolling on the serpent-dragon's back <sup>mul</sup>MUŠ see on the Seleucid tablet VAT 7847 [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, Taf. V. 2; 1967<ref>''Weidner E. '' Gestirn-Darstellungen auf babylonischen Tontafeln. Wien, 1967 (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, philos.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsberichte, Bd. 254, Abh. 2).</ref>, Taf. 5-6; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 11]. For a description of this scene see the fragmentary text: [MUL] <sup>d</sup>UR.GU.LA ''ṣa-mi-du'' / [...] MUL <sup>d</sup>MUŠ ''ka-bi-is'', quoted in ['''''Wiggermann 1997***, 34, note''''' 13]. See also the astral images of the Lion on Hellenistic Uruk seals [Wallenfels 1994<ref>''Wallenfels R''. Uruk. Hellenistic Seal Impressions in the Yale Babylonian Collection. I. Cuneiform Tablets. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1994 (Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka Enberichte 19).</ref>, no. 783-785, 811, 813, 814, 816, 819, 820; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, figures 28, 29, 30]. According to [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 107], text W 22646 contains a list of symbols of zodiacal constellations in which the month Abu (<sup>iti</sup>NE) is associated with the Lion (<sup>múl</sup>UR), corresponding to UR.MAḪ "lion" [SpTU II<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil II / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1983.</ref>, 43:5, 22].
	[[File:Leo 4versionsVAT7847 Capture.JPG\|Reconstruction of the versions of the drawing of UR.GU.LA on VAT 7847 by Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0" />. \|thumb]]		[[File:Leo 4versionsVAT7847 Capture.JPG\|Reconstruction of the versions of the drawing of UR.GU.LA on VAT 7847 by Horowitz and Hoffmann (2025)<ref name=":0" />. \|thumb]]

Line 844:		Line 844:
	(6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''a-dir'' / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / ''u'' UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U<sub>18</sub>.LU GAZ A.RA<sub>2</sub> KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ "If the Lion is dark: within 3 years, [li]ons and wol[ves] will kill off people and cut short lines of communication with [Weste]rn portions of the country." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 324:3-6; 437:6-r. 2].		(6) If the Lion is black, the first morning appearances of Saturn is in Leo; DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA ''a-dir'' / 3 MU.MEŠ [UR].MAḪ.MEŠ / ''u'' UR.BAR.R[A.ME]Š LU2.U<sub>18</sub>.LU GAZ A.RA<sub>2</sub> KUR [MAR.T]U KUD.MEŠ "If the Lion is dark: within 3 years, [li]ons and wol[ves] will kill off people and cut short lines of communication with [Weste]rn portions of the country." [SAA 8<ref>''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 324:3-6; 437:6-r. 2].

	(7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo; [...<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.L]A ˹''a-dir''˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ "(If the Moon) eclipses [in the region of) the [Leo]: a decision for the king, (the king) will die and the lions will become fierce" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 54, Text IIa: 2′], see also [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849 r. 45].		(7) The moon eclipses within the regions of the Leo; [...<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.L]A ˹''a-dir''˺ EŠ.BAR LUGAL UŠ<sub>2</sub>-''ma'' UR.A.MEŠ IDIM.MEŠ "(If the Moon) eclipses [in the region of) the [Leo]: a decision for the king, (the king) will die and the lions will become fierce" [Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 54, Text IIa: 2′], see also [Weidner 1963<ref>''Weidner E.'' Astrologische Geographie im Alten Orient // AfO. 1963. Bd. 20. S. 117-121.</ref>, 118, MNB 1849*** r. 45].

	(8) If the stars of Leo flare (the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo); see (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAḪ]], IV 3.		(8) If the stars of Leo flare (the first morning appearance of Jupiter in Leo); see (Kurtik u22) [[UR.MAḪ]], IV 3.