UR.MAḪ - Revision history

Sushoff at 18:57, 26 March 2026

2026-03-26T18:57:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 26 March 2026
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}
	Authors: ~~Gennady E. Kurtik,~~ {{PAGEAUTHORS}}~~, Euin Choung Kim~~		Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
	----		----
	UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) = is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).		UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) = is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).

WayneHorowitz at 11:22, 19 March 2026

2026-03-19T11:22:45Z

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	Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim		Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
	----		----
	UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).		UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) = is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).

	There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical [[Leo]]. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6">Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>]. There is however an example of <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG = ''nēltu,'' "lioness".		There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical [[Leo]]. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6">Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>]. There is however an example of <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG = ''nēltu,'' "lioness".

WayneHorowitz at 11:21, 19 March 2026

2026-03-19T11:21:32Z

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	UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).		UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).

	There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical [[Leo]]. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6">Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>]~~, and~~ <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG, ''nēltu,'' "lioness".		There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical [[Leo]]. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6">Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>]. There is however an example of <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG = ''nēltu,'' "lioness".

	== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==		== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==

Sushoff at 08:26, 17 January 2026

2026-01-17T08:26:09Z

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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}
			Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
			----
	UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).		UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).

Sushoff: /* Additional */

2025-12-29T16:26:39Z

Additional

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	===Additional===		===Additional===

	==== ~~II.~~ Symbol. ====		==== Symbol. ====
	The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ''[''u'' xxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i / u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru-˹ub''<sup>?</sup>''˺ 4''<sup>?</sup> M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":0" />, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].		The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ''[''u'' xxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i / u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru-˹ub''<sup>?</sup>''˺ 4''<sup>?</sup> M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":0" />, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].

	==== ~~III.~~ Identification. ====		==== Previous Identification(s). ====
	= Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927<ref name=":0" />, 81].		= Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927<ref name=":0" />, 81].

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	= constellation north of Leo [Heimpel1987, 84].		= constellation north of Leo [Heimpel1987, 84].

	==== ~~IV.~~ Astrology. ====		==== Astrology. ====

	===== Identifications: =====		===== Identifications: =====

Sushoff at 16:25, 29 December 2025

2025-12-29T16:25:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:25, 29 December 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}

	UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul~~[[)nēšu\|~~)]]</sup>[[~~)nēšu\|''~~nēšu'']]'','' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]). ~~<s>In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.</s>~~		UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''[[nēšu]],'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]).

	There is ~~as yet~~ no proof for ~~an Ancient Mesopotamian~~ lion-asterism other than classical Leo. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref>Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>], and <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG ~~<s>(𒀯𒌨𒊩𒌨) =</s>~~ ''nēltu'' "lioness"		There had been speculations about a second lion-asterism in Mesopotamian uranography. Yet there is no proof for a lion-asterism other than classical [[Leo]]. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6">Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>], and <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG, ''nēltu,'' "lioness".

			== Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)\|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref> ==
			'''Var.'''

	~~Concordance, Etymology, History~~		* [[UR.GU.LA]]
	~~===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford===~~		* = ''urgulû'',
	= ''[[urgulû]]'', ''[[urmahhû]]'' and ''[[nēšu]]'' "Lion";		* ''urmahhû'' and
			* ''[[nēšu]]'' "Lion";

	Var. designations:		Var. designations:

	* 1) The constellation Leo, more commonly known as [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo) in Sumerian.		* 1) The constellation [[Leo]], more commonly known as [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo) in Sumerian.
	* <s>a constellation often identified with [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo);????????????</s>		* 2) some authors had suggested a small constellation north of the traditional Leo [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16; Gössman 1950<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>, 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927<ref name=":0">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 81-82] which is disproven [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref name=":6" />].
	* 2) ~~'''''what should we do about this -'''''~~
	* '''''a small constellation north of the traditional Leo~~(?)~~ [BPO 2~~'''''~~<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>~~'''''~~, 16; Gössman 1950~~'''''~~<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>~~'''''~~, 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927~~'''''~~<ref name=":0">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>~~'''''~~, 81-82].~~????????????????????'''''~~

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

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	\|Example		\|Example
	\|}		\|}

			[[Category:4workWayne]]

	[[Category:Mesopotamian]]		[[Category:Mesopotamian]]

InitTeam at 06:28, 16 December 2025

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	UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul[[)nēšu\|)]]</sup>[[)nēšu\|''nēšu'']]'','' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]). <s>In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.</s>		UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul[[)nēšu\|)]]</sup>[[)nēšu\|''nēšu'']]'','' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]). <s>In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.</s>

	There is as yet no proof for an Ancient Mesopotamian lion-asterism other than classical Leo. See Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025, and <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG <s>(𒀯𒌨𒊩𒌨) =</s> ''nēltu'' "lioness"		There is as yet no proof for an Ancient Mesopotamian lion-asterism other than classical Leo. See [Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025<ref>Hoffmann and Horowitz (2025). Lion, Lioness and Wings: Studies of The Lion-Asterism(s?) of Ancient Mesopotamia, [https://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/publikationen/afo/ Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)] 56, 33-43</ref>], and <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG <s>(𒀯𒌨𒊩𒌨) =</s> ''nēltu'' "lioness"


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	* <s>a constellation often identified with [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo);????????????</s>		* <s>a constellation often identified with [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo);????????????</s>
	* 2) '''''what should we do about this -'''''		* 2) '''''what should we do about this -'''''
	* '''''a small constellation north of the traditional Leo(?) [BPO 2, 16; Gössman 1950, 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81-82].????????????????????'''''		* '''''a small constellation north of the traditional Leo(?) [BPO 2'''''<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>''''', 16; Gössman 1950'''''<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref>''''', 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927'''''<ref name=":0">''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>''''', 81-82].????????????????????'''''

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|'''''Lexical texts'''''.		\|'''''Lexical texts'''''.

	* (1) Unilingual Sumerian list of stars: <sup>mul</sup>ur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5].		* (1) Unilingual Sumerian list of stars: <sup>mul</sup>ur.maḫ [MSL XI<ref name=":1">''Materials for the Sumerian Lexicon''. Vol. XI. The Series HAR-ra = ''hubullu.'' Tablets XX-XXIV. Ed. by E.Reiner with the coll. of M.Civil. Roma, 1974.</ref>, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5].
	* (2) ''Urra'' XXII series: [<sup>mul</sup>u]r.maḫ = ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''e''-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959-60, 112, VAT 9430:26], <sup>mul</sup>ur.ma[ḫ] = [...] x ta x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31].		* (2) ''Urra'' XXII series: [<sup>mul</sup>u]r.maḫ = ''ne''<sub>2</sub>-''e''-''šu<sub>2</sub>'' [MSL XI<ref name=":1" />, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959-60<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 112, VAT 9430:26], <sup>mul</sup>ur.ma[ḫ] = [...] x ta x x [SpTU III<ref name=":2">''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 114A v 31].

	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE)'''''.		\|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE)'''''.
	See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; Verderame 2002, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5].		See. [Borger 1973<ref>''Borger R.'' Keilschrifttexte verschiedenen Inhalts / Symbolae Biblicae et Mesopotamicae. Festschrift Th. de Liagre Böhl. Ed. M.A.Beek et al. Leiden, 1973. Р. 38-55.</ref>, LB 1321 r. 29′; Verderame 2002<ref name=":3">''Verderame L.'' Enūma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13 // Under One Sky. Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East. Ed. J.M.Steele – A.Imhausen. Münster, Ugarit-Verlag 2002. P. 447- 455.</ref>, 248; SpTU III<ref name=":2" />, 101:36, r. 5].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.		\|'''''MUL.APIN'''''.

	* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul<sub>4</sub> UR.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>meš</sup>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tap-pu-u'' 3.20 KI DU NIG<sub>2</sub>.E<sub>3</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> BI / MUL KASKAL "If the stars of Leo flashes: the king will be victorious wherever he goes. This star — a marching star" (II iii 30-31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], for a parallel see prediction (3) below.		* Astrological predictions: DIŠ mul<sub>4</sub> UR.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>meš</sup>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tap-pu-u'' 3.20 KI DU NIG<sub>2</sub>.E<sub>3</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> BI / MUL KASKAL "If the stars of Leo flashes: the king will be victorious wherever he goes. This star — a marching star" (II iii 30-31) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 112, 134; AHw<ref>''Soden von W''. Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden, 1985.</ref>, 1177a], for a parallel see prediction (3) below.
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|"'''''Letters'''''" '''''and''''' "'''''Reports'''''."		\|"'''''Letters'''''" '''''and''''' "'''''Reports'''''."
	See. [SAA 10, 160:21; SAA 8, 350b].		See. [SAA 10<ref name=":4">''A. Sachs, T. Pinches, J. Strassmaier,'' Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, London, 1955.</ref>, 160:21; SAA 8<ref name=":5">''Hunger H.'' Astrological Reports to Assyrian Kings. Helsinki, 1992 (State Archives of Assyria, VIII).</ref>, 350b].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	==== II. Symbol. ====		==== II. Symbol. ====
	The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ''[''u'' xxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i / u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru-˹ub''<sup>?</sup>''˺ 4''<sup>?</sup> M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [Verderame 2002, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].		The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ''[''u'' xxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i / u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru-˹ub''<sup>?</sup>''˺ 4''<sup>?</sup> M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927<ref name=":0" />, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [Verderame 2002<ref name=":3" />, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].

	==== III. Identification. ====		==== III. Identification. ====
	= Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927, 81].		= Leo Minor + southern section of the Ursa Maior [Weidner 1927<ref name=":0" />, 81].

	= Leo Minor [Weidner 1957-59, 79a].		= Leo Minor [Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein astrologischer Sammeltext aus der Sargonidenzeit // AfO. 1959-1960. Bd. 19. S. 105-113.</ref>, 79a].

	= Leo [BPO 2, 16].		= Leo [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 16].

	= constellation north of Leo [~~Heimpel 1987~~, 84].		= constellation north of Leo [Heimpel1987, 84].

	==== IV. Astrology. ====		==== IV. Astrology. ====
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	(2) ''Wolf'' (= ''Mars'') ''reaches Leo''; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.		(2) ''Wolf'' (= ''Mars'') ''reaches Leo''; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.

	(3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-tap-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> / LUGAL ''a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su'' "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [SAA 8, 437:3-5], the commentary says: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [SAA 8, 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid., 54:6-7; 228:13; SAA 10, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4-6].		(3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-tap-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> / LUGAL ''a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su'' "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 437:3-5], the commentary says: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [SAA 8<ref name=":5" />, 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid.<ref name=":5" />, 54:6-7; 228:13; SAA 10<ref name=":4" />, 160:21; SpTU III<ref>''Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk.'' Teil III / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Berlin, 1988.</ref>, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl.<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref> 2, 78 iv 4-6].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==

JanSafford at 13:37, 13 December 2025

2025-12-13T13:37:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 13 December 2025
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	Concordance, Etymology, History		Concordance, Etymology, History
	===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz ~~and~~ Kim===		===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim, Safford===
	= ''[[urgulû]]'', ''[[urmahhû]]'' and ''[[nēšu]]'' "Lion";		= ''[[urgulû]]'', ''[[urmahhû]]'' and ''[[nēšu]]'' "Lion";

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	* <s>a constellation often identified with [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo);????????????</s>		* <s>a constellation often identified with [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]] "Lion" (Leo);????????????</s>
	* 2) '''''what should we do about this -'''''		* 2) '''''what should we do about this -'''''
	* '''''a small constellation north of the traditional Leo(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81-82].????????????????????'''''		* '''''a small constellation north of the traditional Leo(?) [BPO 2, 16; Gössman 1950, 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81-82].????????????????????'''''

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|-		\|-
	\|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE)'''''.		\|'''''Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE)'''''.
	See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; ~~NSAM 2~~, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5].		See. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; Verderame 2002, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5].
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|-		\|-
	\|"'''''Letters'''''" '''''and''''' "'''''Reports'''''."		\|"'''''Letters'''''" '''''and''''' "'''''Reports'''''."
	See. [~~LABS~~, 160:21; ~~ARAK~~, 350b].		See. [SAA 10, 160:21; SAA 8, 350b].
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}
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	==== II. Symbol. ====		==== II. Symbol. ====
	The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ''[''u'' xxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i / u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru-˹ub''<sup>?</sup>''˺ 4''<sup>?</sup> M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [~~NSAM 2~~, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].		The figure of a lion. Description in VAT 9428, obv. 17-18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar-ḫ''[''u'' xxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ana IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i / u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru-˹ub''<sup>?</sup>''˺ 4''<sup>?</sup> M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA''-šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' "The lion — a wonderful shepherd [...] a star above its tail, in the front ... and next to 4(?) stars(?) and 1 star is depicted on its chest." [Weidner 1927, 74-75, 81-82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ "The Lion's tail" is also mentioned in the commentary on the predictions in [Verderame 2002, 37, Tav. Ih: v. 5′, 7′].

	==== III. Identification. ====		==== III. Identification. ====
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	(2) ''Wolf'' (= ''Mars'') ''reaches Leo''; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.		(2) ''Wolf'' (= ''Mars'') ''reaches Leo''; see (Kurtik u18) [[UR.BAR.RA]], IV 7.

	(3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-tap-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> / LUGAL ''a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su'' "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [~~ARAK~~, 437:3-5], the commentary says: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [~~ARAK~~, 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid., 54:6-7; 228:13; ~~LABS~~, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4-6].		(3) If the stars of Leo light up (during the first morning appearance of Jupiter within Leo); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-tap-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> / LUGAL ''a-šar il-la-ku / li-is-su'' "If the stars of Leo lights up? (again): the king will prevail wherever he goes." [SAA 8, 437:3-5], the commentary says: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' "[Ju]piter [in] Leo [sto]it." [SAA 8, 289:3-r. 1], see also [ibid., 54:6-7; 228:13; SAA 10, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4-6].

	==Historical Dictionaries==		==Historical Dictionaries==
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	!		!
	\|-		\|-
	\|= ''nēšu'' «Лев»; 1) созвездие, нередко отождествляемое с <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA «Лев» (Leo); 2) небольшое созвездие к северу от традиционного Льва(?) [BPO 2, 16; G. 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81–82].		\|= ''nēšu'' «Лев»; 1) созвездие, нередко отождествляемое с <sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA «Лев» (Leo); 2) небольшое созвездие к северу от традиционного Льва(?) [BPO 2, 16; Gössman 1950, 168; Heimpel 1987, 84; Weidner 1927, 81–82].
	I. Источники.		I. Источники.

	'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: <sup>mul</sup>ur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [<sup>mul</sup>u]r.maḫ = ''ne''<sub>2</sub>''-e-šu''<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:26], <sup>mul</sup>ur.ma[ḫ] = […] x ''ta'' x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; ~~NSAM 2~~, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>4UR.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>meš</sup>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tap-pu-u'' 3,20 KI DU NIG<sub>2</sub>.E<sub>3</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> BI / MUL KASKAL «Если Лев, звезды его вспыхивают: царь, куда бы он ни пошел, будет победоносен. Эта звезда — походная звезда» (II iii 30–31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], параллель см. ниже предсказание (3). «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [~~LABS~~, 160:21; ~~ARAK~~, 350b].		'''''Лексич. тексты'''''. '''(1)''' Одноязычные шумерские списки звезд: <sup>mul</sup>ur.maḫ [MSL XI, 144, Forerunner 9 col. iii 5]. '''(2)''' Серия ''Urra'' XXII: [<sup>mul</sup>u]r.maḫ = ''ne''<sub>2</sub>''-e-šu''<sub>2</sub> [MSL XI, 31, Gap j:b; Weidner 1959–60, 112, VAT 9430:26], <sup>mul</sup>ur.ma[ḫ] = […] x ''ta'' x x [SpTU III, 114A v 31]. '''''EAE'''''. См. [Borger 1973, LB 1321 r. 29′; Verderame 2002, 248; SpTU III, 101:36, r. 5]. '''''MUL.APIN'''''. Астрологические предсказания: DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>4UR.MAḪ MUL<sub>4</sub><sup>meš</sup>-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''il-tap-pu-u'' 3,20 KI DU NIG<sub>2</sub>.E<sub>3</sub> MUL<sub>4</sub> BI / MUL KASKAL «Если Лев, звезды его вспыхивают: царь, куда бы он ни пошел, будет победоносен. Эта звезда — походная звезда» (II iii 30–31) [MA, 112, 134; AHw, 1177a], параллель см. ниже предсказание (3). «'''''Письма'''''» '''''и''''' «'''''Рапорты'''''». См. [SAA 10, 160:21; SAA 8, 350b].

	II. Символ.		II. Символ.

	Фигура льва. Описание в VAT 9428, obv. 17–18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar''-''ḫ''[''u'' xxxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''ana'' IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i /'' ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru''-˹''ub''<sup>?</sup>˺ 4<sup>? </sup>M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' «Лев – великолепный пастух […] выше его хвоста звезда, впереди … и рядом 4(?) звезды(?) и 1 звезда на его груди изображена» [Weidner 1927, 74–75, 81–82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ «Хвост Льва» упомянут также в комментариях к предсказаниям в [~~NSAM 2~~, 37, Tav. I'''h''': v. 5′, 7′].		Фигура льва. Описание в VAT 9428, obv. 17–18: <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ SIPA ''šar''-''ḫ''[''u'' xxxxx] UGU KUN-''šu''<sub>2</sub> MUL ''ana'' IGI ''ḫu-ru-u''[''p-p'']''i /'' ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''qu-ru''-˹''ub''<sup>?</sup>˺ 4<sup>? </sup>M[UL<sup>?</sup>.MEŠ<sup>?</sup> x x 1 MU]L ''ina'' GABA-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''e-ṣir'' «Лев – великолепный пастух […] выше его хвоста звезда, впереди … и рядом 4(?) звезды(?) и 1 звезда на его груди изображена» [Weidner 1927, 74–75, 81–82; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 22, 25, Section V]. KUN <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ «Хвост Льва» упомянут также в комментариях к предсказаниям в [Verderame 2002, 37, Tav. I'''h''': v. 5′, 7′].

	III. Отождествление.		III. Отождествление.
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	(2) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает Льва''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.		(2) ''Волк'' (= ''Марс'') ''достигает Льва''; см. u18UR.BAR.RA, IV 7.

	(3) ''Если звезды Льва вспыхивают'' (''первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве''); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-tap-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> / LUGAL ''a-šar'' ''il-la-ku'' / ''li-is-su'' «Если звезды Льва (повторно) вспыхивают<sup>?</sup>: царь одержит победу, куда бы он ни пошел» [~~ARAK~~, 437:3–5], в комментарии сказано: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' «[Ю]питер [во] Льве [сто]ит» [~~ARAK~~, 289:3–r. 1], см. также [ibid., 54:6–7; 228:13; ~~LABS~~, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4–6].		(3) ''Если звезды Льва вспыхивают'' (''первое утреннее появление Юпитера во Льве''); DIŠ <sup>mul</sup>UR.MAḪ MUL.MEŠ-''šu''<sub>2</sub> ''ul-tap-pu-u''<sub>2</sub> / LUGAL ''a-šar'' ''il-la-ku'' / ''li-is-su'' «Если звезды Льва (повторно) вспыхивают<sup>?</sup>: царь одержит победу, куда бы он ни пошел» [SAA 8, 437:3–5], в комментарии сказано: [<sup>mul</sup>SA]G.ME.GAR / [''ina'' <sup>mul</sup>]UR.GU.LA / [''iz-za-a'']''z-ma'' «[Ю]питер [во] Льве [сто]ит» [SAA 8, 289:3–r. 1], см. также [ibid., 54:6–7; 228:13; SAA 10, 160:21; SpTU III, 101 r. 5; ACh Suppl. 2, 78 iv 4–6].
	\|Example		\|Example
	\|}		\|}

WayneHorowitz: we need to discuss all the lion issues both here and ur.gu.la neshu/neltu etc. etc.

2025-11-20T10:25:47Z

we need to discuss all the lion issues both here and ur.gu.la neshu/neltu etc. etc.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 20 November 2025
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	{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}		{{DISPLAYTITLE:UR.MAḪ}}

	UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul)</sup>''nēšu,'' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]). <s>In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.</s>		UR.MAḪ (𒌨𒈤) is a Sumerian loanword in Akkadian; the Akkadian parallel is <sup>(mul[[)nēšu\|)]]</sup>[[)nēšu\|''nēšu'']]'','' "The Lion". The original meaning of the composition, the Great Dog-like Animal, became a standard term for The Lion, it is used for lions in the wilderness as well as for the zodiac constellation classical Leo (also Sumerian [[UR.GU.LA\|<sup>mul</sup>UR.GU.LA]]). <s>In Late Babylonian texts, this is the only meaning of the term.</s>

	There is as yet no proof for an Ancient Mesopotamian lion-asterism other than classical Leo. See Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025, and <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG <s>(𒀯𒌨𒊩𒌨) =</s> ''nēltu'' "lioness"		There is as yet no proof for an Ancient Mesopotamian lion-asterism other than classical Leo. See Hoffmann and Horowitz 2025, and <sup>mul</sup>UR.NIG <s>(𒀯𒌨𒊩𒌨) =</s> ''nēltu'' "lioness"