Virgo - Revision history

YoulaAzkarrula at 11:07, 29 May 2026

2026-05-29T11:07:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:07, 29 May 2026
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	== References ==		== References ==
	[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Almagest]]		[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:Asterism]] [[Category:Asian]] [[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Almagest]]
	[[Category:Ancient Greek]] [[Category:European]][[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]][[Category:Zodiac]]		[[Category:Ancient Greek]] [[Category:European]][[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]] [[Category:Vir]][[Category:Zodiac]]

IanRidpath: /* Almagest */ OCR errors

2026-05-20T14:05:59Z

Almagest: OCR errors

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 20 May 2026
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	\|1		\|1
	\|τῶν ἐν ἄκρῳ τῷ κρανίῳ β ὁ νότιος.		\|τῶν ἐν ἄκρῳ τῷ κρανίῳ β ὁ νότιος.
	\|~~the~~ southernmost of the 2 stars in the top of the skull		\|The southernmost of the 2 stars in the top of the skull
	\|nu Vir		\|nu Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|6		\|6
	\|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀριστερᾷ πτέρυγι δ ὁ προηγούμευος.		\|τῶν ἐν τῇ ἀριστερᾷ πτέρυγι δ ὁ προηγούμευος.
	\|The most advanced of the"4 stars in the left wing		\|The most advanced of the 4 stars in the left wing
	\|eta Vir		\|eta Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀκροχείρου ὁ καλούμενος Στάχυς		\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ ἀκροχείρου ὁ καλούμενος Στάχυς
	\|The star on the .. left hand, called 'Spica'		\|The star on the left hand, called 'Spica'
	\|alf Vir		\|alf Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|ὁ νότιος τῆς προηγουμένης πλευρᾶς.		\|ὁ νότιος τῆς προηγουμένης πλευρᾶς.
	\|The quadrilateral in the left thigh: the southern star.on the advance side		\|The quadrilateral in the left thigh: the southern star on the advance side
	\|76 Vir		\|76 Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ γόνατος		\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ γόνατος
	\|The star on ~~t he lel't~~ knee		\|The star on the left knee
	\|86 Vir		\|86 Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|τῶν ἐν τῷ περιποδίῳ σύρματι 7’ ὁ μέσος.		\|τῶν ἐν τῷ περιποδίῳ σύρματι 7’ ὁ μέσος.
	\|The middle star of the 3 in the ~~garment·hem~~ round the feet		\|The middle star of the 3 in the garment hem round the feet
	\|iot Vir		\|iot Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν		\|ὁ βόρειος τῶν τριῶν
	\|The northernmost of ~~thc~~ three		\|The northernmost of the three
	\|phi Vir		\|phi Vir
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ καὶ νοτίου ἀκρόποδος		\|ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀριστεροῦ καὶ νοτίου ἀκρόποδος
	\|The star an the left, southern foot		\|The star on the left, southern foot
	\|lam Vir		\|lam Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|ἀστέρες κε, ὧν αἱ μεγέθους ἂ, γ’ς, δ’ ξ, ε'ι, ς’ β		\|ἀστέρες κε, ὧν αἱ μεγέθους ἂ, γ’ς, δ’ ξ, ε'ι, ς’ β
	\|26 stars, 1 of the ~~lirst~~ magnitude, 6 of the third, 7 of the fourth, 10 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth		\|{26 stars, 1 of the first magnitude, 6 of the third, 7 of the fourth, 10 of the fifth, 2 of the sixth}
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν ἀριστερὸν πῆχυν ἐπ’ εὐθείας τριῶν ὁ προἠγούμενος		\|τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν ἀριστερὸν πῆχυν ἐπ’ εὐθείας τριῶν ὁ προἠγούμενος
	\|~~Thc~~ most advanced ~~ofthe~~ three in a straight line under the left forearm		\|The most advanced of the three in a straight line under the left forearm
	\|chi Vir		\|chi Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν Στάχυν ὡς ἐπ’ εὐθείας γ’ ὁ προηγούμενος		\|τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν Στάχυν ὡς ἐπ’ εὐθείας γ’ ὁ προηγούμενος
	\|~~Thc~~ most advanced of the 3 stars almost on a straight line under Spica		\|The most advanced of the 3 stars almost on a straight line under Spica
	\|53 Vir		\|53 Vir
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ διπλοῦς		\|ὁ μέσος αὐτῶν καὶ διπλοῦς
	\|The middle one of ~~thcse~~, which ~~isadouble~~ star		\|The middle one of these, which is a double star
	\|61 + 63 Vir		\|61 + 63 Vir
	\|-		\|-
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	\|		\|
	\|ἀστέρες ξ, ὥν ἐ μεγέθους ὅ, ς’ β		\|ἀστέρες ξ, ὥν ἐ μεγέθους ὅ, ς’ β
	\|6 stars, 4 of the fifth magnitude, 2 of ~~thc~~ sixth		\|{6 stars, 4 of the fifth magnitude, 2 of the sixth}
	\|		\|
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff: /* References */

2026-05-19T13:09:43Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 19 May 2026
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	[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Almagest]]		[[Category:Eurasia]] [[Category:Constellation]] [[Category:West Asian]][[Category:Almagest]]
	[[Category:Ancient Greek]] [[Category:European]][[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]][[Category:Zodiac]]		[[Category:Ancient Greek]] [[Category:European]][[Category:88 IAU-Constellations]][[Category:Zodiac]]
	~~[[Category:4work]]~~

IanRidpath: /* Weblinks */ Added Warburg link

2026-05-19T08:17:38Z

Weblinks: Added Warburg link

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:17, 19 May 2026
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	==Weblinks==		==Weblinks==
	* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/virgo.html Star Tales: online edition]”.		* Ridpath, Ian, “[http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/virgo.html Star Tales: online edition]”.
			* [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-017064 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database – Virgo]

	== References ==		== References ==

Sushoff: /* Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10) */

2026-02-27T18:22:15Z

Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:22, 27 February 2026
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	\|}		\|}

	====== Setting (Lib II Cap ~~VI §10~~) ======		====== Setting (Lib III Cap IV §3) ======
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	!		!
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	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|		\|Leo 27
	\|		\|Lib 26
	\|		\|Sgr 11
	\|		\|Cap 16
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	\|star		\|star
	\|		\|the one at the end of the left wing
	\|		\|the one in the northern foot
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|duration		\|duration
	\| colspan="4" \|2 2/3 hours = ~~160~~ min = ~~40°~~		\| colspan="4" \|2 8/15 hours = 152 min = 38°
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff: /* Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) */

2026-02-27T17:28:04Z

Rising (Lib II Cap V §10)

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 27 February 2026
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	===== Hipparchus =====		===== Hipparchus =====

	====== Rising (Lib II Cap ~~V §10~~) ======		====== Rising (Lib III Cap III §3) ======
	<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>		<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
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	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|		\|Leo 22
	\|		\|Lib 8
	\|		\|Tau 14 1/2
	\|		\|Cnc 9
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
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	\|-		\|-
	\|star		\|star
	\|		\|of the four in the head the northern and front
	\|		\|the one in the right foot
	\|		\|
	\|		\|
	\|-		\|-
	\|duration		\|duration
	\| colspan="4" \|~~2 1~~/8 hours = ~~127.5~~ min = ~~31 7/8~~ degree		\| colspan="4" \|3 4/5 hours = 228 min = 57 degree
	\|}		\|}

Sushoff at 13:05, 27 February 2026

2026-02-27T13:05:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 27 February 2026
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	----		----
	[[File:Virgo (vir).tiff\|thumb\|Virgo as defined in the 1920s. IAU and Sky & Telescope]]		[[File:Virgo (vir).tiff\|thumb\|Virgo as defined in the 1920s. IAU and Sky & Telescope]]
	Virgo, The Maiden, is a constellation in the zodiac. It is documented since the 4th century BCE (at least). Prior to this, there had been the constellation of The Furrow at this place. The young lady is a goddess, that much is certain – but which one, the Greeks disagree. Eratosthenes lists a total of five suggestions as to who she might be!		Virgo, The Maiden, is a constellation in the zodiac. It is documented since the 4th century BCE (at least). Prior to this, there had been the constellation of The Furrow at this place.<ref name=":0">Hoffmann, Susanne M. Wie der Löwe an den Himmel kam. Franckh Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2021</ref> The young lady is a goddess, that much is certain – but which one, the Greeks disagree. Eratosthenes lists a total of five suggestions as to who she might be!



	== Etymology and History of the Constellation Name ==		== Etymology and History of the Constellation Name ==
	The word ‘virgin’ has an old-fashioned connotation. It no longer refers to women on the marriage market, but exclusively to sexual purity – in earlier times, ideally a characteristic of unmarried women for the purpose of reliably determining paternity and thus financial responsibility, but today no longer necessarily synonymous. So let's say ‘young lady’ to this figure – or Parthenos in Greek, an adult girl.		The word ‘virgin’ has an old-fashioned connotation. It no longer refers to women on the marriage market, but exclusively to sexual purity – in earlier times, ideally a characteristic of unmarried women for the purpose of reliably determining paternity and thus financial responsibility, but today no longer necessarily synonymous. So let's say ‘young lady’ to this figure – or Parthenos in Greek, an adult girl.<ref name=":0" />

	===Origin of Constellation===		===Origin of Constellation===
	Hesiod and Aratos, he writes, call her Dike, goddess of justice. Others said it was Demeter, the Greek goddess of harvest and fertility, Tyche, the Greek goddess of chance and luck, Isis, the most powerful Egyptian sorceress and goddess, or Atargatis, the greatest Syrian goddess. The mermaid-like Atargatis is equated with Derketo and thus also with the constellation Andromeda, the other maiden in the sky. In this case, there could be a confusion. Such confusion is supported by the fact that the constellation Virgo, for example, is missing from the Leiden Aratea from the Carolingian period, even though it is located in the zodiac and is therefore of great importance.		<ref name=":0" />Hesiod and Aratos, he writes, call her Dike, goddess of justice. Others said it was Demeter, the Greek goddess of harvest and fertility, Tyche, the Greek goddess of chance and luck, Isis, the most powerful Egyptian sorceress and goddess, or Atargatis, the greatest Syrian goddess. The mermaid-like Atargatis is equated with Derketo and thus also with the constellation Andromeda, the other maiden in the sky. In this case, there could be a confusion. Such confusion is supported by the fact that the constellation Virgo, for example, is missing from the Leiden Aratea from the Carolingian period, even though it is located in the zodiac and is therefore of great importance.

	The reason for identifying Tyche with this constellation is supposedly that it has no head star. Ptolemy contradicts this, however, as in the Almagest two stars are indicated on the skull and two on the face – i.e. four head stars. The figure depicted in the Almagest also has wings, however. In standard iconography, none of the above-mentioned goddesses are depicted with wings. Atargatis can then be ruled out, as she is a fish-like deity. Isis and Tyche can be depicted with wings. Dike is less likely; like her Latin counterpart Justicia, her symbol is the scales. However, she has accompanying deities with wings, e.g. Nemesis, the goddess of righteous wrath.		The reason for identifying Tyche with this constellation is supposedly that it has no head star. Ptolemy contradicts this, however, as in the Almagest two stars are indicated on the skull and two on the face – i.e. four head stars. The figure depicted in the Almagest also has wings, however. In standard iconography, none of the above-mentioned goddesses are depicted with wings. Atargatis can then be ruled out, as she is a fish-like deity. Isis and Tyche can be depicted with wings. Dike is less likely; like her Latin counterpart Justicia, her symbol is the scales. However, she has accompanying deities with wings, e.g. Nemesis, the goddess of righteous wrath.

Sushoff at 11:00, 26 February 2026

2026-02-26T11:00:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 26 February 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:
	----		----
	[[File:Virgo (vir).tiff\|thumb\|Virgo as defined in the 1920s. IAU and Sky & Telescope]]		[[File:Virgo (vir).tiff\|thumb\|Virgo as defined in the 1920s. IAU and Sky & Telescope]]
	Virgo, The Maiden, is a constellation in the zodiac. It is documented since the 4th century BCE (at least). Prior to this, there had been the constellation of The Furrow at this place.		Virgo, The Maiden, is a constellation in the zodiac. It is documented since the 4th century BCE (at least). Prior to this, there had been the constellation of The Furrow at this place. The young lady is a goddess, that much is certain – but which one, the Greeks disagree. Eratosthenes lists a total of five suggestions as to who she might be!



	== Etymology and History of the Constellation Name ==		== Etymology and History of the Constellation Name ==
	~~Who is depicted here?~~		The word ‘virgin’ has an old-fashioned connotation. It no longer refers to women on the marriage market, but exclusively to sexual purity – in earlier times, ideally a characteristic of unmarried women for the purpose of reliably determining paternity and thus financial responsibility, but today no longer necessarily synonymous. So let's say ‘young lady’ to this figure – or Parthenos in Greek, an adult girl.

	~~History~~ of ~~Naming~~ the ~~Region~~		===Origin of Constellation===
			Hesiod and Aratos, he writes, call her Dike, goddess of justice. Others said it was Demeter, the Greek goddess of harvest and fertility, Tyche, the Greek goddess of chance and luck, Isis, the most powerful Egyptian sorceress and goddess, or Atargatis, the greatest Syrian goddess. The mermaid-like Atargatis is equated with Derketo and thus also with the constellation Andromeda, the other maiden in the sky. In this case, there could be a confusion. Such confusion is supported by the fact that the constellation Virgo, for example, is missing from the Leiden Aratea from the Carolingian period, even though it is located in the zodiac and is therefore of great importance.

	~~Mediaeval~~ and ~~Renaissance Time~~		The reason for identifying Tyche with this constellation is supposedly that it has no head star. Ptolemy contradicts this, however, as in the Almagest two stars are indicated on the skull and two on the face – i.e. four head stars. The figure depicted in the Almagest also has wings, however. In standard iconography, none of the above-mentioned goddesses are depicted with wings. Atargatis can then be ruled out, as she is a fish-like deity. Isis and Tyche can be depicted with wings. Dike is less likely; like her Latin counterpart Justicia, her symbol is the scales. However, she has accompanying deities with wings, e.g. Nemesis, the goddess of righteous wrath.
	~~===Origin~~ of ~~Constellation===~~
	[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png\|thumb\|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]		While Artemis is the mistress of the female initiation rite, commemorated in the constellation [[Ursa Major]], Demeter is the mistress of the male initiation rite of Eleusis near Athens. The season of spring, when both constellations are visible in the sky throughout the night, may have been the archaic reason for these figures. Demeter could also be identified with the Babylonian goddess Shala, whose iconography features an ear of grain.[[File:Leo+vir umzeichng4plani black.png\|thumb\|Leo and Virgo above the MUŠ-Dragon, two claytablet drawings from the Seleucid era (roughly 2nd century BCE), CC BY SMH based upon the drawings by E. Weidner (1967) and Thureau-Dangin (1922).]]
	[[File:Kugel cnc+leo+hya+vir.JPG\|thumb\|Kugel Globe: Cancer, Leo, Hydra, Virgo (drawing by SMH 2024)]]		[[File:Kugel cnc+leo+hya+vir.JPG\|thumb\|Kugel Globe: Cancer, Leo, Hydra, Virgo (drawing by SMH 2024)]]

	==== Babylonian ====		==== Babylonian ====
			In MUL.APIN in the 2nd millennium, the zodiac did not yet exist. In the zodiac precursor ‘Moon Path’, this constellation was still called ‘the furrow with the ear of grain’. It was associated with the goddess Shala, a rain goddess and wife of the storm god. Shala's ear of grain, which lies in the furrow, is the stable element in this constellation. The brightest star is called ‘the ear of corn’ not only in MUL.APIN, but also in Greek (stachys) and Latin ([[Spica]]). The Latin name is still used today.

			see

			* [[AB.SIN\|AB.SIN<sub>2</sub>]] The Furrow
			* ''Šala''

	==== Greco-Roman ====		==== Greco-Roman ====
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	\|6.56		\|6.56
	\|}		\|}

	~~== Ancient Greek Star Lore (Mythology) ==~~

	== Transformation of constellation image ==		== Transformation of constellation image ==
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	File:Kugel cnc+leo+hya+vir.JPG\|Cancer, Leo, Virgo above Hydra on Greek Kugel Globe (1st century)		File:Kugel cnc+leo+hya+vir.JPG\|Cancer, Leo, Virgo above Hydra on Greek Kugel Globe (1st century)
	</gallery>		</gallery>

			== Mythology/ Religion ==
			The immortal Dike, daughter of Zeus and Themis, once lived on Earth. She could not be seen by men, but she lived among women. As humans became increasingly brutal, waging wars and revolts against each other and no longer respecting justice, she first retreated to the mountains and finally disappeared into the heavens in disgust at the boundless injustice. This is reported by Hesiod, Aratus and Eratosthenes. They allude to a popular ancient fable that teaches the struggle for justice, because otherwise humanity will perish.

			The story of Demeter is closely intertwined with that of her daughter Persephone. Persephone was abducted by Hades to be his wife, prompting Demeter to search for her. So Demeter is certainly not a ‘virgin’ if she has a daughter – just as Isis and Atargatis are not. If one wants to link the story of the abduction of the daughter with the constellation, Persephone herself could at best be this lady. She is also sometimes depicted with wings and assists her mother in the initiation ritual, so that the archaic context would also fit. However, she is missing from Eratosthenes' list of suggestions.

	==Weblinks==		==Weblinks==

Sushoff: /* Hipparchus */

2026-02-22T18:00:39Z

Hipparchus

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:00, 22 February 2026
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	===== Hipparchus =====		===== Hipparchus =====

			====== Rising (Lib II Cap V §10) ======
			<blockquote>The Rising of ...</blockquote>
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+
			!
			! colspan="2" \|east
			! colspan="2" \|south
			\|-
			!
			!lam1
			!lam2
			!lam1
			!lam2
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|star
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|duration
			\| colspan="4" \|2 1/8 hours = 127.5 min = 31 7/8 degree
			\|}

			====== Setting (Lib II Cap VI §10) ======
			{\| class="wikitable"
			!
			! colspan="2" \|west
			! colspan="2" \|south
			\|-
			!
			!lam1
			!lam2
			!lam1
			!lam2
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|star
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|-
			\|duration
			\| colspan="4" \|2 2/3 hours = 160 min = 40°
			\|}

			====== Stars Mentioned ======
			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+
			!
			!Greek
			!German
			!English
			!ident.
			!src
			!
			!lam_culm
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Lib II Cap V §10
			\|rising, east, first
			\|
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Lib II Cap V §10
			\|rising, east, last
			\|
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Lib II Cap VI §2
			\|setting CrB, south, last
			\|Psc 13.5
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Lib II Cap VI §13
			\|setting Aql, south, first
			\|Ari 2
			\|-
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|
			\|Lib III Cap I §9
			\|rising Ori, south, last
			\|Psc 13
			\|}

	===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====		===== Hyginus, Astronomica =====

YoulaAzkarrula: /* Almagest */

2026-02-06T10:23:17Z

Almagest

Show changes