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<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI-''it'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism of two stars. It is likely to be identified with the stars π3 and π4 Orionis in the western part of [[Orion]].
<sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ''ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI-''it'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism of two stars. It is likely to be identified with the stars π3 and π4 Orionis in the western part of [[Orion]].


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
"Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu";  
"Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu";  


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|-
|-
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
|'''"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".'''
* MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd"; was among the "normal stars" [ADRT I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 17, passim], see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 10.
* MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd"; was among the "normal stars" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I<ref>''Sachs A., Hunger H''. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.</ref>, 17, passim], see (Kurtik m39) [[MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ|MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ]], no. 10.
|
|
|}
|}
===Additional===
===Additional===


==== II. Deities. ====
==== Deities. ====
         See (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik L05) [[Lātarāk|<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'']].
         See (Kurtik L12) [[LU2.LAL3|<sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub>]], (Kurtik L05) [[Lātarāk|<sup>d</sup>''Lātarāk'']].


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== Symbol. ====
         Described in MLC 1866 (col. ii 14-16): 2 ''ṣa-lam lu-bu-u''[''š-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''l'']''ab-šu-u''᾽ ''ṣa-lam'' IGI-''u''<sub>2</sub> / ''ziq''-''nu za-qin ṣa''-[''lam ar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ku-u pa-n''[''i'' <sup>d</sup>]''la-ta-ra-ak-a'' / ''ku-ut-ta-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu na-šu-u''<sub>2</sub> "Two clothed human figures. The front figure is bearded. The rear figure has the face of Latarak. They each carry a large jug(?) in their right hands." [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 36, 40, 49-50, Section E].
         Described in MLC 1866 (col. ii 14-16): 2 ''ṣa-lam lu-bu-u''[''š-tu''<sub>4</sub> ''l'']''ab-šu-u''᾽ ''ṣa-lam'' IGI-''u''<sub>2</sub> / ''ziq''-''nu za-qin ṣa''-[''lam ar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ku-u pa-n''[''i'' <sup>d</sup>]''la-ta-ra-ak-a'' / ''ku-ut-ta-u''<sub>2</sub> ''ina'' ŠU<sup>II</sup> 15-''šu''<sub>2</sub>-''nu na-šu-u''<sub>2</sub> "Two clothed human figures. The front figure is bearded. The rear figure has the face of Latarak. They each carry a large jug(?) in their right hands." [Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 36, 40, 49-50, Section E].


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== Previous Identification. ====
         = ε, γ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a];
         = ε, γ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-58<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir2.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 76a];


         = γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 8];
         = γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 8];


         = π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" />, 138; ASM<ref name=":2">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273-274];
         = π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MUL.APIN<ref name=":0" />, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2">''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 273-274];


         = γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 63, 111; Koch 1993<ref>''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie    in    der    Kulturen    Mesopotamiens.    Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.</ref>, 194];
         = γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 63, 111; Koch 1993<ref>''Koch J.'' Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie    in    der    Kulturen    Mesopotamiens.    Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.</ref>, 194];


         = γ Geminorum [ASM<ref name=":2" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 74, note 11].
         = γ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref name=":2" />, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref name=":1" />, 74, note 11].


==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
==== Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
         (1) MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd" (γ Gem), cf. "Diaries".
         (1) MAŠ.MAŠ ''ša''<sub>2</sub> SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd" (γ Gem), cf. "Diaries".


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I. Источники.
I. Источники.


MUL.APIN. Список звезд Ану (№ 9): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ša<sub>2</sub> ina IGI-it <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / GUB<sup>meš</sup>-zu <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> u <sup>d</sup>La-ta-ra-ak «Близнецы, которые стоят напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану: Лулал и Латарак» (I ii 3–4) [MA, 31], параллель см. [SpTU I, 27 r. 16]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов (7 ma-a-šu<sub>2</sub>): <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ša<sub>2</sub> ina igi-it <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na gub-zu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:202, 232]; параллель: <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ša ina igi <sup>d</sup>pap.sukkal / <sup>mul</sup>si[pa.z]i.<an.na> «Близнецы, которые впереди Папсукаля, Праведного Пастуха Ану (стоят)» [KAR, 142 i 28–29]. MLC 1866. <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ša<sub>2</sub> ina ˹pa˺-ni / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> u <sup>d</sup>˹La-ta˺-ra-ak-a / ša<sub>2</sub> ˹KA<sub>2</sub>˺-a-ni «Близнецы, которые впереди Праведного Пастуха Ану стоят, Лулал и Латарак, ворот (внешние)» (col. ii 12–14) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, 49–50, Section E] . Планисфера K 8538. В секторе 4 надпись: <sup>˹mul</sup>˺MAŠ.TA.BA ša<sub>2</sub> ina maḫrat(IGI)at / <sup>˹mul˺</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA izzazzū(DU)zu / LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>La-ta-rak [CT 33, 12; Koch 1989, 56; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. «Дневники наблюдений». MAŠ.MAŠ ša<sub>2</sub> SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха»; входила в число «нормальных звезд» [ADRT I, 17, passim], см. m39MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ, № 10.
MUL.APIN. Список звезд Ану (№ 9): <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ša<sub>2</sub> ina IGI-it <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA / GUB<sup>meš</sup>-zu <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> u <sup>d</sup>La-ta-ra-ak «Близнецы, которые стоят напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану: Лулал и Латарак» (I ii 3–4) [MA, 31], параллель см. [SpTU I, 27 r. 16]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов (7 ma-a-šu<sub>2</sub>): <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ša<sub>2</sub> ina igi-it <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na gub-zu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:202, 232]; параллель: <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba ša ina igi <sup>d</sup>pap.sukkal / <sup>mul</sup>si[pa.z]i.<an.na> «Близнецы, которые впереди Папсукаля, Праведного Пастуха Ану (стоят)» [KAR, 142 i 28–29]. MLC 1866. <sup>mul</sup>MAŠ.TAB.BA ša<sub>2</sub> ina ˹pa˺-ni / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu <sup>d</sup>LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> u <sup>d</sup>˹La-ta˺-ra-ak-a / ša<sub>2</sub> ˹KA<sub>2</sub>˺-a-ni «Близнецы, которые впереди Праведного Пастуха Ану стоят, Лулал и Латарак, ворот (внешние)» (col. ii 12–14) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, 49–50, Section E] . Планисфера K 8538. В секторе 4 надпись: <sup>˹mul</sup>˺MAŠ.TA.BA ša<sub>2</sub> ina maḫrat(IGI)at / <sup>˹mul˺</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA izzazzū(DU)zu / LU<sub>2</sub>.LAL<sub>3</sub> <sup>d</sup>La-ta-rak [CT 33, 12; Koch 1989, 56; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. «Дневники наблюдений». MAŠ.MAŠ ša<sub>2</sub> SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха»; входила в число «нормальных звезд» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 17, passim], см. m39MUL<sub>2</sub>.ŠID.MEŠ, № 10.


II. Божества.
II. Божества.
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= γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2, 8];
= γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2, 8];


= π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MA, 138; ASM, 273–274];
= π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273–274];


= γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993, 194];
= γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993, 194];


= γ Geminorum [ASM, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 11].
= γ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 11].


V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.
V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.
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[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Ori]]

Latest revision as of 17:09, 9 January 2026

Orion at dawn, above clouds. In the upper middle of the image, west of Orion (in front of him), we see a "pair" (twins) of stars. (CC BY SMH 2025)

mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 IGI-it SIPA.ZI.AN.NA (𒀯𒈦𒋰𒁀𒃻𒅆𒀉𒉺𒇻𒍣𒀭𒈾) is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism of two stars. It is likely to be identified with the stars π3 and π4 Orionis in the western part of Orion.

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

"Twins, which (stand) opposite to the True Shepherd of Anu";

An asterism in the western part of Orion or the constellation of Gemini (The Twins),

see also (Kurtik m21) Māšū.

Sources Identifications
MUL.APIN.

List of the stars of Anu (no. 9):

  • mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 ina IGI-it mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / GUBmeš-zu dLU2.LAL3 u dLa-ta-ra-ak
  • "The twins standing opposite the True Shepherd of Anu: Lulal and Latarak" (MUL.APIN[2] I ii 3-4),
  • for a parallel see. [SpTU I[3], 27 r. 16].
 Example
"Great Star List and Miscellenia”.

7 Celestial Twins (7 ma-a-šu2):

  • mulmaš.tab.ba ša2 ina igi-it mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-zu [Mesop.Astrol.[4], App. B:202, 232];
  • Parallel: mulmaš.tab.ba ša ina igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> "The twins who are ahead of Papsukal, the True Shepherd of Anu (stand)" [KAR[5], 142 i 28-29].
MLC 1866.
  • mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 ina ˹pa˺-ni / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu dLU2.LAL3 u d˹La-ta˺-ra-ak-a / ša2 ˹KA2˺-a-ni
  • "The twins stand ahead of the True Shepherd of Anu, Lulal and Latarak, the gate (outer)" (col. ii 12-14) [Beaulieu et al. 2018[6], 36, 40, 49-50, Section E] .
Planisphere K 8538.

In Sector 4, inscription:

  • ˹mul˺MAŠ.TA.BA ša2 ina maḫrat(IGI)at / ˹mul˺SIPA.ZI.AN.NA izzazzū(DU)zu / LU2.LAL3 dLa-ta-rak [CT[7] 33, 12; Koch 1989[8], 56; Kurtik 2007[9], fig. 9].
"Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts".
  • MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd"; was among the "normal stars" [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I[10], 17, passim], see (Kurtik m39) MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, no. 10.

Additional

Deities.

         See (Kurtik L12) dLU2.LAL3, (Kurtik L05) dLātarāk.

Symbol.

         Described in MLC 1866 (col. ii 14-16): 2 ṣa-lam lu-bu-u[š-tu4 l]ab-šu-u᾽ ṣa-lam IGI-u2 / ziq-nu za-qin ṣa-[lam ar2]-ku-u pa-n[i d]la-ta-ra-ak-a / ku-ut-ta-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2-nu na-šu-u2 "Two clothed human figures. The front figure is bearded. The rear figure has the face of Latarak. They each carry a large jug(?) in their right hands." [Beaulieu et al. 2018[6], 36, 40, 49-50, Section E].

Previous Identification.

         = ε, γ Geminorum [Weidner 1957-58[11], 76a];

         = γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2[12], 8];

         = π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MUL.APIN[2], 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999[13], 273-274];

         = γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989[14], 63, 111; Koch 1993[15], 194];

         = γ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999[13], 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018[6], 74, note 11].

Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

         (1) MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA "(Asterism of) Gemini near the Shepherd" (γ Gem), cf. "Diaries".

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m19) Gössmann (1950)
«Близнецы, которые напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану (стоят)»; созвездие или звезда в Близнецах (Gemini), cм. также m21Māšū.

I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. Список звезд Ану (№ 9): mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 ina IGI-it mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA / GUBmeš-zu dLU2.LAL3 u dLa-ta-ra-ak «Близнецы, которые стоят напротив Праведного Пастуха Ану: Лулал и Латарак» (I ii 3–4) [MA, 31], параллель см. [SpTU I, 27 r. 16]. «Большой список звезд». 7 Небесных Близнецов (7 ma-a-šu2): mulmaš.tab.ba ša2 ina igi-it mulsipa.zi.an.na gub-zu [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:202, 232]; параллель: mulmaš.tab.ba ša ina igi dpap.sukkal / mulsi[pa.z]i.<an.na> «Близнецы, которые впереди Папсукаля, Праведного Пастуха Ану (стоят)» [KAR, 142 i 28–29]. MLC 1866. mulMAŠ.TAB.BA ša2 ina ˹pa˺-ni / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu dLU2.LAL3 u d˹La-ta˺-ra-ak-a / ša2 ˹KA2˺-a-ni «Близнецы, которые впереди Праведного Пастуха Ану стоят, Лулал и Латарак, ворот (внешние)» (col. ii 12–14) [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, 49–50, Section E] . Планисфера K 8538. В секторе 4 надпись: ˹mul˺MAŠ.TA.BA ša2 ina maḫrat(IGI)at / ˹mul˺SIPA.ZI.AN.NA izzazzū(DU)zu / LU2.LAL3 dLa-ta-rak [CT 33, 12; Koch 1989, 56; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. «Дневники наблюдений». MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха»; входила в число «нормальных звезд» [Sachs-Hunger Diaries I, 17, passim], см. m39MUL2.ŠID.MEŠ, № 10.

II. Божества.

См. L12dLU2.LAL3, L05dLātarāk.

III. Символ.

Описание в MLC 1866 (col. ii 14–16): 2 ṣa-lam lu-bu-u[š-tu4 l]ab-šu-u᾽ ṣa-lam IGI-u2 / ziq-nu za-qin ṣa-[lam ar2]-ku-u pa-n[i d]la-ta-ra-ak-a / ku-ut-ta-u2 ina ŠUII 15-šu2-nu na-šu-u2 «Две одетые человеческие фигуры. Передняя фигура бородатая. Задняя фигура с лицом Латарака. Они несут по большому кувшину(?) в своих правых руках» [Beaulieu et al. 2018, 36, 40, 49–50, Section E].

IV. Отождествление.

= ε, γ Geminorum [Weidner 1957–59, 76a];

= γ + ξ Geminorum (?) [BPO 2, 8];

= π3, π4 Orionis (?) [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 273–274];

= γ + ε Geminorum [Koch 1989, 63, 111; Koch 1993, 194];

= γ Geminorum [Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74, note 11].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MAŠ.MAŠ ša2 SIPA «(Звезда) Близнецов около Пастуха» (γ Gem), см. «Дневники».

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  3. ↑ Špätbabylonische Texte aus Uruk. Teil I / Bearb. von H.Hunger. Berlin, 1976.
  4. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  5. ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  7. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  8. ↑ Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  9. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  10. ↑ Sachs A., Hunger H. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Vol. I: Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C.; Vol. II: from 261 B.C. to 165 B.C.; Vol. III: Diaries from 164 B.C. to 75 B.C. Vienna, 1988, 1989, 1991.
  11. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  12. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  14. ↑ Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  15. ↑ Koch J. Das Sternbild mulmaš-tab-ba-tur-tur // Die Rolle der Astronomie    in    der    Kulturen    Mesopotamiens.    Hrsg. H.D.Galter. Graz, 1993. S. 185-198.
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