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Created page with "Inka are peoples in the Americas. {| class="wikitable" !Original !Pronounce !English !Note !Source |- |Santissima Cruz | |“The Sacred Cross” |  α, β, δ, π, and σ Scorpii | |- |Amaru | |“The Serpent” |Scorpius | |- |Llamacñawin | |“The Eyes of the Llama” |α and β Centauri | |- |Huchuy Cruz | |“The Small Cross” |The Southern Cross | |- |Hatun Cruz (1) | |“The Great Cross” |Rigel, Sirius, Procyon, and Betelgeuse | |- |Hatun Cruz (2) | |“The..."
 
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Inka are peoples in the Americas.  
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
----
<div style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;">
<youtube align=right>https://youtu.be/qh1HktFBvPQ</youtube>
</div>
 
[[File:Inca Empire South America.svg|thumb|The Four Suyus of the Inca Empire. In red the Imperial Province of Chinchansuyu, in green Antisuyu, in blue Collasuyu, in orange Cuntisuyu.]]
Inka are peoples in the Americas. This compilation of terms and their spelling variants was compiled by Steven R. Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann based on the following literature: 
 
# Gary Urton (1981). ''At the Crossroads of the Earth and Sky: An Andean Cosmology'' (University of Texas Press)
# Steven R. Gullberg (2020). ''Astronomy of the Inca Empire: Use and Significance of the Sun and the Night Sky'' (Springer)
# Steven R Gullberg and Milton Rojas (2024). ''Inca Cosmovision: The Astronomical Legacy of an Andean Empire'' (Springer)
 
=== Solar System Names ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Traditional Terms
! Transliteration
!English
! commentary
|-
|
|
|Sun
|
|-
|
|
|Moon
|
|-
|
|
| Mercury
|
|-
|
|
|Venus
|
|-
|
|
|Mars
|
|-
|
|
|Jupiter
|
|-
|
|
|Saturn
|
|}
== Names of Stars and Constellations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Original
!Original
!Language of Origin
!Pronounce
!Pronounce
!English
!English
!Note
!Note
!Source
|-
|-
|Santissima Cruz
|Alto pina ch'aska
|
|
|“The Sacred Cross”
|  α, β, δ, π, and σ Scorpii
|
|
|" star which is already high" [i.e., in the  zenith]
|A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet in the  "zenith" at midnight
|-
|-
|Amaru  
|Amaru  
|
|
|
|“The Serpent”
|“The Serpent”
|Scorpius
|Scorpius
|-
|Amaru contor
|
|
|
|the serpent changing to the condor
|Scorpius
|-
|-
|Llamacñawin
|Aquayoq and Catuilla
|
|
|
|“The Eyes of the Llama”
|α and β Centauri
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Huchuy Cruz
|Arado
|Spanish
|
|plough
|Scorpius
|-
|Atoq
|
|
|
|“The Small Cross”
|The Fox
|The Southern Cross
|a dark constellation
|-
|Boca de Sapo
|Spanish
|
|
|"mouth of the toad"
|Hyades
|-
|-
|Hatun Cruz (1)
|Boleadora
|
|
|“The Great Cross”
|Rigel, Sirius, Procyon, and Betelgeuse
|
|
|a lasso with three balls at the end; also a  "thief'
|Shooting stars
|-
|-
|Hatun Cruz (2)
|Cabanuelas
|
|
|“The Great Cross”
|Procyon, Castor, η and μ Gemini
|
|
|"small hut, cottage"
|Pleiades (?)
|-
|-
|Qollca (1)
|Calvario Cruz
|Collca
|Spanish
|“The Storehouse”
|The Pleiades (also Qutu, The Pile)
|
|
|-
|the cross of Calvary
|Qollca (2)
|Collca
|“The Storehouse”
|The Hyades (also Pisqacollca, The Five Storehouses)
|
|
* (a) head of Scorpius
* (b) Betelgeuse,  Rigel, Sirius, and Procyon
* (c) Procyon, Castor, Belt of Orion, 13 T auri
* (d)  Belt of Orion, T Orionis, and Rigel
|-
|-
|Onqoy
|Ch`aka Tinkucheq
|
|
|"Desease", an alternative name for Qollca
|
|
|
|
|Orion's Belt+ Betelgeuse and Rigel
|-
|-
|Chakana (1)
|Ch`aska Punchu
|
|
|“The Bridge”
|Chasqa Punchu
|Orion’s Belt
|Poncho of the Stars
|the seven bright stars of Orion
|-
|Ch`askamayu
|
|
|-
|Chakana (2)
|
|
|“The Bridge”
|ε, δ, and η Canis Major
|
|
|Milky Way
|-
|-
|Pachapacariq Chaska (1)
|Ch’aska Waraqa
|
|
|
|“The Venus of the Western Suyu”
|Canopus
|
|
|stars in the tail of Scorpius
|-
|-
|Collca (3)
|Chacra
|
|
|
|“The Storehouse”
|η, θ, ι, κ, λ, and υ Scorpii
|
|
|A cultivation area; Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel, and Saiph.
|-
|-
|Pachapacariq Chaska (2)
|Chakana
|
|
|“The Venus of the Northern Suyu”
|Altair
|
|
|-
|“The Bridge” or "Stars"
|Urquchillay
|Urcuchillay
|“Llama of Many Colors”
|Lyra
|
|
* (1) Orion’s Belt
* (2) ε, δ, and η  Canis Major
|-
|-
|Catachillay
|Chaqana
|
|
|“Female Llama with Lamb”
|Ch`akana
|Altair and Deneb
|
|
|Southern Cross
|-
|-
|Chasca Cuyllor
|Chasca Cuyllor
|
|
|
|“Morning Star” “Evening Star”
|“Morning Star” “Evening Star”
|Venus
|Venus
|-
|Ch'aska
|
|
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Mach`aqway
|Ch'aska plata
|Machacuay
|
|the Serpent
|a dark constellation
|
|
|" silver star"
|Shooting stars
|-
|-
|Chaska Waraqa Mach`aqway
|Chaska Waraqa Mach`aqway
|
|
|
|the flame in the eyes of llamaqñawin
|the flame in the eyes of llamaqñawin
|α and β Centauri
|α and β Centauri
|-
|Ch'issin ch'aska
|
|
|"evening star"
|1st and 2nd magnitude stars and a  planet
|-
|Choquechinchay
|
|
|
|"golden cat"
|Tail of Scorpio (or dark spot inside tail?)
|-
|-
|Hanp’atu
|Chuchuqoyllor
|
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|Chuquichinchay
|
|
|
|The Toad
|a dark constellation
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Yuthu (1)
|[[Contor]]
|Yutu
|
|The Tinamou
|
|a dark constellation
|condor
|
|
|-
|-
|Yaqana
|Coscotoca ch'aska
|Yacana
|
|The Llama
|a dark constellation
|
|
|"star of the two equal parts"
|A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet  in the "zenith" at midnight
|-
|-
|Uñallamacha
|Flagstone Hayquna
|
|
|
|The Baby Llama
|a dark constellation
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Atoq
|Foot
|
|
|
|The Fox
|a dark constellation
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Yuthu (2)
|Hanp’atu
|Yutu
|
|The Tinamou
|
|The Toad
|a dark constellation
|a dark constellation
|-
|Hatun Coyllur
|
|
|
|"large star"
|Sirius
|-
|-
|'''Michij runa'''
|Hatun Cruz
|
|
|a shepherd
|
|
|“The Great Cross”
|
|
* (a) Rigel, Sirius, Procyon, and  Betelgeuse
* (b)  Procyon, Castor, η and μ Gemini
|-
|-
|Chuquichinchay
|Hatun llamaytoq
|
|
|
|the great large llama
|a dark streak between the coal-sack and  eps Sco
|-
|Huaman
|Qechua
|
|
|
|
|Alnitak
|-
|Huchuy Cruz
|Qechua & Spanish
|
|
|“The Small Cross”
|The Southern Cross
|-
|-
|Choquechinchay
|K 'olli
|
|
|
|?
|unidentified small dark spot
|-
|Kapuwara Wara
|
|
|
|
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Mayu
|Khaswa Coyllur
|
|
|
|"circle dance star(s)"
|
|
* (a) γ, o, κ, λ Vela
* (b)  Corona Borealis (?)
|-
|Kotu Sankha
|
|
|
|
|
|Hyades + Aldebaran
|-
|-
|Quntur
|Laja Haykuna
|
|
|
|
|
|
|in Argo Navis, means entry into the darkness
|-
|Linun Cruz
|Spanish
|
|
|Linun = Lat. lignum; "wooden  cross" or "the crucifixion cross"
|head of Scorpius
|-
|-
|Suyuntu and Huaman
|Llama
|
|
|
|
|llama
|Large dark streak between the Coalsack  and ε Scorpii
|-
|Llama Cancha
|
|
|
|"Llama corral"
|
|
|-
|-
|Orqorara and Ranch
|Llamacñawin
|
|
|
|
|“The Eyes of the Llama”
|α and β Centauri
|-
|lllarimi ch 'aska
|
|
|
|
|"dawn star"
|any 1st or 2nd mag star or planet at  dawn
|-
|-
|Foot
|Locero
|
|
|moning star, Venus
|In Yucay, one infonnant talked of  pachaypaqa locero ("dawn morning star"); an informant in Lucre  called both the morning and evening stars "locero."
|-
|Mach`aqway
|
|
|Machacuay
|the Serpent
|a dark constellation
|-
|Mallki
|
|
|
|
|
|
|in Aries
|-
|-
|Ch`aska Punchu
|Mama Rosario
|Chasqa Punchu
|Spanish
|Poncho of the Stars
|the seven bright stars of Orion
|
|
|Mother Rosary
|unidentified bright nebulosity in the  Milky Way
|-
|-
|Chaqana
|Mamana micuc
|Ch`akana
|
|
|Southern Cross
|
|
|"(the one who) eats his  mother"
|ξ, π, σ, ν, τ Puppis
|-
|-
|Chaska
|Mayu
|
|
|
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|Michij runa
|
|
|
|
|a shepherd
|a dark constellation
|-
|-
|Aquayoq and Catuilla
|Ñawin Cristo
|
|
|
|
|"the eyes of Christ"
|α and β Centauri
|-
|Ombligo de la llama
|
|
|
|
|umbilicus of the llama
|narrow, curving dark streak from alf  Cen south and curving up to tet Sco
|-
|-
|Chuchuqoyllor
|Onqoy
|
|
|
|
|"Desease", an alternative  name for Qollca
|
|
|-
|Orqorara
|
|
|
|three stars all the same
|"Three Marias", Orion's Belt
|-
|-
|Mallki
|Orqorara and Ranch
|
|
|
|
|in Aries
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Kotu Sankha
|Pachapacariq Chaska
|
|
|
|
|Hyades + Aldebaran
|“The Venus of the Western Suyu”
|
|
* (1) Canopus
* (2)  Altair
|-
|-
|Puma Yoke
|Pachapacariq ch'aska
|
|
|
|
|in Gemini
|"dawn of the earth"
|One Sonqo informant rereferred to  pachai/larimi ch'aska ("dawn of the earth star"); it might be any  bright object ...
|-
|Papa Dios Cruz
|Spanish
|
|
|"the cross of God the father"
|head of Scorpius
|-
|-
|Flagstone Hayquna
|Passon Cruz
|Spanish
|
|
|the cross of the Passion
|
|
|-
|Pisqa Collea
|
|
|
|
|the five storehouses
|between Orion and the Hyades
|-
|-
|Kapuwara Wara
|Pisqa Coyllur
|
|
|
|
|the five star(s)
|Hyades
|-
|Posuqu
|
|
|
|
|foam
|bright stellar clouds in the southern Milky Way
|-
|-
|Ch’aska Waraqa
|Puma Yunta
|
|
|
|
|stars in the tail of Scorpius
|
|
|in Gemini - eyes Castor and Pollux
|-
|-
|Laja Haykuna
|Qatachillay
|
|
|Catachillay
|“Female Llama with Lamb”
|Altair and Deneb
|-
|[[Qollca]]
|
|
|in Argo
|Collca
|“The Storehouse”
|
|
|-
|-
|Yaqumama
|Qoqamanqa
|
|
|
|
|pot of coca
|a constellation
|-
|Qosqo and Qurawasi
|
|
|
|
|Crossover Stars
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Qosqo and Qurawasi
|Quntur
|Qechua
|
|
|Crossover Stars
|condor
|Mintaka
|-
|Qutu
|
|
|
|
|pile
|Pleiades
|-
|-
|Ch`askamayu
|Santissima Cruz
|Spanish
|
|“The Sacred Cross”
|  α, β, δ, π, and σ Scorpii
|-
|Saramanqa
|
|
|
|pot of maiz (corn)
|a constellation
|-
|Sonaja
|
|
|Milky Way
|
|
|tambourine, rattle
|Corona Borealis
|-
|-
|Orqorara
|Sullu ullucu
|
|
|
|three stars all the same
|aborted ullucu
|"Three Marias", Orion's Belt
|
|
|-
|-
|Quntur
|Suyuntu and Huaman
|
|
|
|
|condor
|a constellation
|Mintaka
|Quechua
|-
|-
|Suyuntuy
|Suyuntuy
|Qechua
|
|
|
|
|Alnilam
|Alnilam
|Quechua
|-
|-
|Huaman
|Torito
|Spanish
|
|" little bull"
|A star or planet in the "zenith" at  midnight; torito is also the name of the " rhinoceros beetle"  (Dynastinae)
|-
|Uñallamacha
|
|
|
|
|Alnitak
|The Baby Llama
|Quechua
|a dark constellation
|-
|-
|Ch`aka Tinkucheq
|Urpi
|
|
|
|dove
|coalsack
|-
|Urquchillay
|
|
|Orion's Belt+ Betelgeuse and Rigel
|Urcuchillay
|“Llama of Many Colors”
|Lyra
|-
|Yaqana
|
|
|Yacana
|The Llama
|a dark constellation
|-
|-
|Saramanqa
|Yaqumama
|
|
|pot of maiz (corn)
|
|
|
|
|a constellation
|-
|-
|Qoqamanqa
|Yuthu
|
|
|pot of coca
|Yutu
|The Tinamou
|
|
* (1) Coalsack, SE of Southern Cross
* (2)  dark spot outlined by the tail of Sco
* (3) dark spot near Scutum
|-
|Yutucruz
|Qechua-Spanish
|
|
|"tinamou cross"
|Southern Cross
|}
|}
[[Category:Overviews]]
[[Category:Inka]]
[[Category:American]]
[[Category:South American]]

Latest revision as of 15:01, 28 January 2026

Authors: Susanne M Hoffmann, SteveGullberg

The Four Suyus of the Inca Empire. In red the Imperial Province of Chinchansuyu, in green Antisuyu, in blue Collasuyu, in orange Cuntisuyu.

Inka are peoples in the Americas. This compilation of terms and their spelling variants was compiled by Steven R. Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann based on the following literature:

  1. Gary Urton (1981). At the Crossroads of the Earth and Sky: An Andean Cosmology (University of Texas Press)
  2. Steven R. Gullberg (2020). Astronomy of the Inca Empire: Use and Significance of the Sun and the Night Sky (Springer)
  3. Steven R Gullberg and Milton Rojas (2024). Inca Cosmovision: The Astronomical Legacy of an Andean Empire (Springer)

Solar System Names

Traditional Terms Transliteration English commentary
Sun
Moon
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn

Names of Stars and Constellations

Original Language of Origin Pronounce English Note
Alto pina ch'aska " star which is already high" [i.e., in the zenith] A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight
Amaru “The Serpent” Scorpius
Amaru contor the serpent changing to the condor Scorpius
Aquayoq and Catuilla a constellation
Arado Spanish plough Scorpius
Atoq The Fox a dark constellation
Boca de Sapo Spanish "mouth of the toad" Hyades
Boleadora a lasso with three balls at the end; also a "thief' Shooting stars
Cabanuelas "small hut, cottage" Pleiades (?)
Calvario Cruz Spanish the cross of Calvary
  • (a) head of Scorpius
  • (b) Betelgeuse, Rigel, Sirius, and Procyon
  • (c) Procyon, Castor, Belt of Orion, 13 T auri
  • (d) Belt of Orion, T Orionis, and Rigel
Ch`aka Tinkucheq Orion's Belt+ Betelgeuse and Rigel
Ch`aska Punchu Chasqa Punchu Poncho of the Stars the seven bright stars of Orion
Ch`askamayu Milky Way
Ch’aska Waraqa stars in the tail of Scorpius
Chacra A cultivation area; Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel, and Saiph.
Chakana “The Bridge” or "Stars"
  • (1) Orion’s Belt
  • (2) ε, δ, and η Canis Major
Chaqana Ch`akana Southern Cross
Chasca Cuyllor “Morning Star” “Evening Star” Venus
Ch'aska a constellation
Ch'aska plata " silver star" Shooting stars
Chaska Waraqa Mach`aqway the flame in the eyes of llamaqñawin α and β Centauri
Ch'issin ch'aska "evening star" 1st and 2nd magnitude stars and a planet
Choquechinchay "golden cat" Tail of Scorpio (or dark spot inside tail?)
Chuchuqoyllor a constellation
Chuquichinchay a constellation
Contor condor
Coscotoca ch'aska "star of the two equal parts" A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight
Flagstone Hayquna a constellation
Foot a constellation
Hanp’atu The Toad a dark constellation
Hatun Coyllur "large star" Sirius
Hatun Cruz “The Great Cross”
  • (a) Rigel, Sirius, Procyon, and Betelgeuse
  • (b) Procyon, Castor, η and μ Gemini
Hatun llamaytoq the great large llama a dark streak between the coal-sack and eps Sco
Huaman Qechua Alnitak
Huchuy Cruz Qechua & Spanish “The Small Cross” The Southern Cross
K 'olli ? unidentified small dark spot
Kapuwara Wara a constellation
Khaswa Coyllur "circle dance star(s)"
  • (a) γ, o, κ, λ Vela
  • (b) Corona Borealis (?)
Kotu Sankha Hyades + Aldebaran
Laja Haykuna in Argo Navis, means entry into the darkness
Linun Cruz Spanish Linun = Lat. lignum; "wooden cross" or "the crucifixion cross" head of Scorpius
Llama llama Large dark streak between the Coalsack and ε Scorpii
Llama Cancha "Llama corral"
Llamacñawin “The Eyes of the Llama” α and β Centauri
lllarimi ch 'aska "dawn star" any 1st or 2nd mag star or planet at dawn
Locero moning star, Venus In Yucay, one infonnant talked of pachaypaqa locero ("dawn morning star"); an informant in Lucre called both the morning and evening stars "locero."
Mach`aqway Machacuay the Serpent a dark constellation
Mallki in Aries
Mama Rosario Spanish Mother Rosary unidentified bright nebulosity in the Milky Way
Mamana micuc "(the one who) eats his mother" ξ, π, σ, ν, τ Puppis
Mayu a constellation
Michij runa a shepherd a dark constellation
Ñawin Cristo "the eyes of Christ" α and β Centauri
Ombligo de la llama umbilicus of the llama narrow, curving dark streak from alf Cen south and curving up to tet Sco
Onqoy "Desease", an alternative name for Qollca
Orqorara three stars all the same "Three Marias", Orion's Belt
Orqorara and Ranch a constellation
Pachapacariq Chaska “The Venus of the Western Suyu”
  • (1) Canopus
  • (2) Altair
Pachapacariq ch'aska "dawn of the earth" One Sonqo informant rereferred to pachai/larimi ch'aska ("dawn of the earth star"); it might be any bright object ...
Papa Dios Cruz Spanish "the cross of God the father" head of Scorpius
Passon Cruz Spanish the cross of the Passion
Pisqa Collea the five storehouses between Orion and the Hyades
Pisqa Coyllur the five star(s) Hyades
Posuqu foam bright stellar clouds in the southern Milky Way
Puma Yunta in Gemini - eyes Castor and Pollux
Qatachillay Catachillay “Female Llama with Lamb” Altair and Deneb
Qollca Collca “The Storehouse”
Qoqamanqa pot of coca a constellation
Qosqo and Qurawasi Crossover Stars a constellation
Quntur Qechua condor Mintaka
Qutu pile Pleiades
Santissima Cruz Spanish “The Sacred Cross”   α, β, δ, π, and σ Scorpii
Saramanqa pot of maiz (corn) a constellation
Sonaja tambourine, rattle Corona Borealis
Sullu ullucu aborted ullucu
Suyuntu and Huaman a constellation
Suyuntuy Qechua Alnilam
Torito Spanish " little bull" A star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight; torito is also the name of the " rhinoceros beetle" (Dynastinae)
Uñallamacha The Baby Llama a dark constellation
Urpi dove coalsack
Urquchillay Urcuchillay “Llama of Many Colors” Lyra
Yaqana Yacana The Llama a dark constellation
Yaqumama a constellation
Yuthu Yutu The Tinamou
  • (1) Coalsack, SE of Southern Cross
  • (2) dark spot outlined by the tail of Sco
  • (3) dark spot near Scutum
Yutucruz Qechua-Spanish "tinamou cross" Southern Cross
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