Inka (All Terms): Difference between revisions
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Inka are peoples in the Americas. | Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}} | ||
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<youtube align=right>https://youtu.be/qh1HktFBvPQ</youtube> | |||
</div> | |||
[[File:Inca Empire South America.svg|thumb|The Four Suyus of the Inca Empire. In red the Imperial Province of Chinchansuyu, in green Antisuyu, in blue Collasuyu, in orange Cuntisuyu.]] | |||
Inka are peoples in the Americas. This compilation of terms and their spelling variants was compiled by Steven R. Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann based on the following literature: | |||
# Gary Urton (1981). ''At the Crossroads of the Earth and Sky: An Andean Cosmology'' (University of Texas Press) | |||
# Steven R. Gullberg (2020). ''Astronomy of the Inca Empire: Use and Significance of the Sun and the Night Sky'' (Springer) | |||
# Steven R Gullberg and Milton Rojas (2024). ''Inca Cosmovision: The Astronomical Legacy of an Andean Empire'' (Springer) | |||
=== Solar System Names === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | !Traditional Terms | ||
! | ! Transliteration | ||
!English | !English | ||
! | ! commentary | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Sun | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Moon | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | Mercury | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Venus | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Mars | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Jupiter | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Saturn | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |||
== Names of Stars and Constellations == | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
!Original | |||
!Language of Origin | |||
!Pronounce | |||
!English | |||
!Note | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Alto pina ch'aska | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|" star which is already high" [i.e., in the zenith] | |||
|A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Amaru | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|“The Serpent” | |||
|Scorpius | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Amaru contor | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|the serpent changing to the condor | |||
|Scorpius | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Aquayoq and Catuilla | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Arado | ||
| | |Spanish | ||
| | | | ||
|plough | |||
|Scorpius | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Atoq | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|The | |The Fox | ||
|a dark constellation | |a dark constellation | ||
|- | |||
|Boca de Sapo | |||
|Spanish | |||
| | | | ||
|"mouth of the toad" | |||
|Hyades | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Boleadora | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a lasso with three balls at the end; also a "thief' | |||
|Shooting stars | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Cabanuelas | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|"small hut, cottage" | |||
|Pleiades (?) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Calvario Cruz | ||
|Spanish | |||
| | | | ||
|the cross of Calvary | |||
| | | | ||
* (a) head of Scorpius | |||
* (b) Betelgeuse, Rigel, Sirius, and Procyon | |||
* (c) Procyon, Castor, Belt of Orion, 13 T auri | |||
* (d) Belt of Orion, T Orionis, and Rigel | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ch`aka Tinkucheq | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Orion's Belt+ Betelgeuse and Rigel | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ch`aska Punchu | ||
| | | | ||
|Chasqa Punchu | |||
|Poncho of the Stars | |||
|the seven bright stars of Orion | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ch`askamayu | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Milky Way | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ch’aska Waraqa | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|stars in the tail of Scorpius | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Chacra | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|A cultivation area; Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel, and Saiph. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Chakana | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |“The Bridge” or "Stars" | ||
| | | | ||
* (1) Orion’s Belt | |||
* (2) ε, δ, and η Canis Major | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Chaqana | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Ch`akana | ||
| | | | ||
|Southern Cross | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Chasca Cuyllor | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|“Morning Star” “Evening Star” | |||
|Venus | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ch'aska | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |a constellation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ch'aska plata | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |" silver star" | ||
| | |Shooting stars | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Chaska Waraqa Mach`aqway | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |the flame in the eyes of llamaqñawin | ||
| | |α and β Centauri | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ch'issin ch'aska | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|"evening star" | |||
|1st and 2nd magnitude stars and a planet | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Choquechinchay | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |"golden cat" | ||
| | |Tail of Scorpio (or dark spot inside tail?) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Chuchuqoyllor | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Chuquichinchay | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |a constellation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |[[Contor]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |condor | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Coscotoca ch'aska | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |"star of the two equal parts" | ||
| | |A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Flagstone Hayquna | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Foot | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |a constellation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Hanp’atu | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|The Toad | |||
|a dark constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Hatun Coyllur | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |"large star" | ||
| | |Sirius | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Hatun Cruz | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |“The Great Cross” | ||
| | | | ||
* (a) Rigel, Sirius, Procyon, and Betelgeuse | |||
* (b) Procyon, Castor, η and μ Gemini | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Hatun llamaytoq | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |the great large llama | ||
| | |a dark streak between the coal-sack and eps Sco | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Huaman | |Huaman | ||
|Qechua | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Alnitak | |Alnitak | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Huchuy Cruz | ||
|Qechua & Spanish | |||
| | | | ||
|“The Small Cross” | |||
|The Southern Cross | |||
|- | |||
|K 'olli | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|? | |||
|unidentified small dark spot | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Kapuwara Wara | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |a constellation | ||
|- | |||
|Khaswa Coyllur | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |"circle dance star(s)" | ||
| | | | ||
* (a) γ, o, κ, λ Vela | |||
* (b) Corona Borealis (?) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Kotu Sankha | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Hyades + Aldebaran | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Laja Haykuna | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|in Argo Navis, means entry into the darkness | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Linun Cruz | ||
| | |Spanish | ||
| | | | ||
|Linun = Lat. lignum; "wooden cross" or "the crucifixion cross" | |||
|head of Scorpius | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Llama | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|llama | |||
|Large dark streak between the Coalsack and ε Scorpii | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Llama Cancha | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|" | |"Llama corral" | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Llamacñawin | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|“The Eyes of the Llama” | |||
|α and β Centauri | |||
|- | |- | ||
|lllarimi ch 'aska | |lllarimi ch 'aska | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|"dawn star" | |"dawn star" | ||
|any 1st or 2nd mag star or planet at dawn | |any 1st or 2nd mag star or planet at dawn | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Locero | |Locero | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|moning star, Venus | |moning star, Venus | ||
|In Yucay, one infonnant talked of pachaypaqa locero ("dawn morning star"); an informant in Lucre called both the morning and evening stars "locero." | |In Yucay, one infonnant talked of pachaypaqa locero ("dawn morning star"); an informant in Lucre called both the morning and evening stars "locero." | ||
|- | |||
|Mach`aqway | |||
| | | | ||
|Machacuay | |||
|the Serpent | |||
|a dark constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Mallki | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|in Aries | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Mama Rosario | ||
| | |Spanish | ||
| | | | ||
|Mother Rosary | |||
|unidentified bright nebulosity in the Milky Way | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Mamana micuc | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|"(the one who) eats his mother" | |||
|ξ, π, σ, ν, τ Puppis | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Mayu | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Michij runa | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a shepherd | |||
|a dark constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ñawin Cristo | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|"the eyes of Christ" | |||
|α and β Centauri | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Ombligo de la llama | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|umbilicus of the llama | |||
|narrow, curving dark streak from alf Cen south and curving up to tet Sco | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Onqoy | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|"Desease", an alternative name for Qollca | |||
|" | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Orqorara | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|three stars all the same | |||
|"Three Marias", Orion's Belt | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Orqorara and Ranch | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Pachapacariq Chaska | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |“The Venus of the Western Suyu” | ||
| | | | ||
* (1) Canopus | |||
* (2) Altair | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Pachapacariq ch'aska | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|"dawn of the earth" | |||
|One Sonqo informant rereferred to pachai/larimi ch'aska ("dawn of the earth star"); it might be any bright object ... | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Papa Dios Cruz | |Papa Dios Cruz | ||
|Spanish | |||
| | | | ||
|"the cross of God the father" | |"the cross of God the father" | ||
|head of Scorpius | |head of Scorpius | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Passon Cruz | |Passon Cruz | ||
|Spanish | |||
| | | | ||
|the cross of the Passion | |the cross of the Passion | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Pisqa Collea | |Pisqa Collea | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|the five storehouses | |the five storehouses | ||
|between Orion and the Hyades | |between Orion and the Hyades | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Pisqa Coyllur | |Pisqa Coyllur | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|the five star(s) | |the five star(s) | ||
|Hyades | |Hyades | ||
|- | |||
|Posuqu | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|foam | |||
|bright stellar clouds in the southern Milky Way | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Puma Yunta | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|in Gemini - eyes Castor and Pollux | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Qatachillay | ||
| | |||
|Catachillay | |||
|“Female Llama with Lamb” | |||
|Altair and Deneb | |||
|- | |||
|[[Qollca]] | |||
| | | | ||
| | |Collca | ||
| | |“The Storehouse” | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Qoqamanqa | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|pot of coca | |||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Qosqo and Qurawasi | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Crossover Stars | |||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Quntur | ||
|Qechua | |||
| | | | ||
| | |condor | ||
| | |Mintaka | ||
|- | |||
|Qutu | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|pile | |||
|Pleiades | |||
|- | |||
|Santissima Cruz | |||
|Spanish | |||
| | | | ||
|“The Sacred Cross” | |||
| α, β, δ, π, and σ Scorpii | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Saramanqa | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|pot of maiz (corn) | |||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Sonaja | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|tambourine, rattle | |||
|Corona Borealis | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Sullu ullucu | |Sullu ullucu | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|aborted ullucu | |aborted ullucu | ||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Suyuntu and Huaman | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Suyuntuy | ||
|Qechua | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|Alnilam | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Torito | ||
|Spanish | |||
| | | | ||
| | |" little bull" | ||
|A star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight; torito is also the name of the " rhinoceros beetle" (Dynastinae) | |||
|- | |||
|Uñallamacha | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|The Baby Llama | |||
|a dark constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Urpi | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|dove | |||
|coalsack | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Urquchillay | ||
| | | | ||
| | |Urcuchillay | ||
| | |“Llama of Many Colors” | ||
|Lyra | |||
|- | |||
|Yaqana | |||
| | | | ||
|Yacana | |||
|The Llama | |||
|a dark constellation | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Yaqumama | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|a constellation | |||
|- | |||
|Yuthu | |||
| | | | ||
|Yutu | |||
|The Tinamou | |||
| | | | ||
* (1) Coalsack, SE of Southern Cross | |||
* (2) dark spot outlined by the tail of Sco | |||
* (3) dark spot near Scutum | |||
|- | |||
|Yutucruz | |||
|Qechua-Spanish | |||
| | |||
|"tinamou cross" | |||
|Southern Cross | |||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Overviews]] | [[Category:Overviews]] | ||
Latest revision as of 15:01, 28 January 2026
Authors: Susanne M Hoffmann, SteveGullberg

Inka are peoples in the Americas. This compilation of terms and their spelling variants was compiled by Steven R. Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann based on the following literature:
- Gary Urton (1981). At the Crossroads of the Earth and Sky: An Andean Cosmology (University of Texas Press)
- Steven R. Gullberg (2020). Astronomy of the Inca Empire: Use and Significance of the Sun and the Night Sky (Springer)
- Steven R Gullberg and Milton Rojas (2024). Inca Cosmovision: The Astronomical Legacy of an Andean Empire (Springer)
Solar System Names
| Traditional Terms | Transliteration | English | commentary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sun | |||
| Moon | |||
| Mercury | |||
| Venus | |||
| Mars | |||
| Jupiter | |||
| Saturn |
Names of Stars and Constellations
| Original | Language of Origin | Pronounce | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alto pina ch'aska | " star which is already high" [i.e., in the zenith] | A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight | ||
| Amaru | “The Serpent” | Scorpius | ||
| Amaru contor | the serpent changing to the condor | Scorpius | ||
| Aquayoq and Catuilla | a constellation | |||
| Arado | Spanish | plough | Scorpius | |
| Atoq | The Fox | a dark constellation | ||
| Boca de Sapo | Spanish | "mouth of the toad" | Hyades | |
| Boleadora | a lasso with three balls at the end; also a "thief' | Shooting stars | ||
| Cabanuelas | "small hut, cottage" | Pleiades (?) | ||
| Calvario Cruz | Spanish | the cross of Calvary |
| |
| Ch`aka Tinkucheq | Orion's Belt+ Betelgeuse and Rigel | |||
| Ch`aska Punchu | Chasqa Punchu | Poncho of the Stars | the seven bright stars of Orion | |
| Ch`askamayu | Milky Way | |||
| Ch’aska Waraqa | stars in the tail of Scorpius | |||
| Chacra | A cultivation area; Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, Rigel, and Saiph. | |||
| Chakana | “The Bridge” or "Stars" |
| ||
| Chaqana | Ch`akana | Southern Cross | ||
| Chasca Cuyllor | “Morning Star” “Evening Star” | Venus | ||
| Ch'aska | a constellation | |||
| Ch'aska plata | " silver star" | Shooting stars | ||
| Chaska Waraqa Mach`aqway | the flame in the eyes of llamaqñawin | α and β Centauri | ||
| Ch'issin ch'aska | "evening star" | 1st and 2nd magnitude stars and a planet | ||
| Choquechinchay | "golden cat" | Tail of Scorpio (or dark spot inside tail?) | ||
| Chuchuqoyllor | a constellation | |||
| Chuquichinchay | a constellation | |||
| Contor | condor | |||
| Coscotoca ch'aska | "star of the two equal parts" | A 1st and 2nd magnitude star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight | ||
| Flagstone Hayquna | a constellation | |||
| Foot | a constellation | |||
| Hanp’atu | The Toad | a dark constellation | ||
| Hatun Coyllur | "large star" | Sirius | ||
| Hatun Cruz | “The Great Cross” |
| ||
| Hatun llamaytoq | the great large llama | a dark streak between the coal-sack and eps Sco | ||
| Huaman | Qechua | Alnitak | ||
| Huchuy Cruz | Qechua & Spanish | “The Small Cross” | The Southern Cross | |
| K 'olli | ? | unidentified small dark spot | ||
| Kapuwara Wara | a constellation | |||
| Khaswa Coyllur | "circle dance star(s)" |
| ||
| Kotu Sankha | Hyades + Aldebaran | |||
| Laja Haykuna | in Argo Navis, means entry into the darkness | |||
| Linun Cruz | Spanish | Linun = Lat. lignum; "wooden cross" or "the crucifixion cross" | head of Scorpius | |
| Llama | llama | Large dark streak between the Coalsack and ε Scorpii | ||
| Llama Cancha | "Llama corral" | |||
| Llamacñawin | “The Eyes of the Llama” | α and β Centauri | ||
| lllarimi ch 'aska | "dawn star" | any 1st or 2nd mag star or planet at dawn | ||
| Locero | moning star, Venus | In Yucay, one infonnant talked of pachaypaqa locero ("dawn morning star"); an informant in Lucre called both the morning and evening stars "locero." | ||
| Mach`aqway | Machacuay | the Serpent | a dark constellation | |
| Mallki | in Aries | |||
| Mama Rosario | Spanish | Mother Rosary | unidentified bright nebulosity in the Milky Way | |
| Mamana micuc | "(the one who) eats his mother" | ξ, π, σ, ν, τ Puppis | ||
| Mayu | a constellation | |||
| Michij runa | a shepherd | a dark constellation | ||
| Ñawin Cristo | "the eyes of Christ" | α and β Centauri | ||
| Ombligo de la llama | umbilicus of the llama | narrow, curving dark streak from alf Cen south and curving up to tet Sco | ||
| Onqoy | "Desease", an alternative name for Qollca | |||
| Orqorara | three stars all the same | "Three Marias", Orion's Belt | ||
| Orqorara and Ranch | a constellation | |||
| Pachapacariq Chaska | “The Venus of the Western Suyu” |
| ||
| Pachapacariq ch'aska | "dawn of the earth" | One Sonqo informant rereferred to pachai/larimi ch'aska ("dawn of the earth star"); it might be any bright object ... | ||
| Papa Dios Cruz | Spanish | "the cross of God the father" | head of Scorpius | |
| Passon Cruz | Spanish | the cross of the Passion | ||
| Pisqa Collea | the five storehouses | between Orion and the Hyades | ||
| Pisqa Coyllur | the five star(s) | Hyades | ||
| Posuqu | foam | bright stellar clouds in the southern Milky Way | ||
| Puma Yunta | in Gemini - eyes Castor and Pollux | |||
| Qatachillay | Catachillay | “Female Llama with Lamb” | Altair and Deneb | |
| Qollca | Collca | “The Storehouse” | ||
| Qoqamanqa | pot of coca | a constellation | ||
| Qosqo and Qurawasi | Crossover Stars | a constellation | ||
| Quntur | Qechua | condor | Mintaka | |
| Qutu | pile | Pleiades | ||
| Santissima Cruz | Spanish | “The Sacred Cross” | α, β, δ, π, and σ Scorpii | |
| Saramanqa | pot of maiz (corn) | a constellation | ||
| Sonaja | tambourine, rattle | Corona Borealis | ||
| Sullu ullucu | aborted ullucu | |||
| Suyuntu and Huaman | a constellation | |||
| Suyuntuy | Qechua | Alnilam | ||
| Torito | Spanish | " little bull" | A star or planet in the "zenith" at midnight; torito is also the name of the " rhinoceros beetle" (Dynastinae) | |
| Uñallamacha | The Baby Llama | a dark constellation | ||
| Urpi | dove | coalsack | ||
| Urquchillay | Urcuchillay | “Llama of Many Colors” | Lyra | |
| Yaqana | Yacana | The Llama | a dark constellation | |
| Yaqumama | a constellation | |||
| Yuthu | Yutu | The Tinamou |
| |
| Yutucruz | Qechua-Spanish | "tinamou cross" | Southern Cross |






