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[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
Authors: Gennady Kurtik, {{PAGEAUTHORS}}, Euin Choung Kim
<sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative <sup>mušen</sup> indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''tahtata ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”   
----
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium map|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).<ref>Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). ''Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy'', tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191</ref>]]
<sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in [[Lepus]], equalling the Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu''. The determinative <sup>mušen</sup> indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is ''taḫtatâ ana tutu'' - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”   
[[File:Ori+umgebung planiJena2020 smh 2014.jpg|thumb|Rooster south of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)<ref>Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157</ref> as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena). ]]
The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures.  Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation from into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian ''tarlugallu/tarnugallu'', and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic ''tarnegol''/''tarnagol''.       


The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures.   
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
'''Variant readings:'''  


==Concordance, Etymology, History==
= <sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub>.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup>; 


=== Krebernik (2023) ===
= ''tarlugallu'' "Rooster";
= ''tarl/nugallu'' “rooster”. <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL (AN 10r).


===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
= ''tarnugallu'' “rooster”.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>
Variant readings: = <sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub>.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup>; = ''tarlugallu'' "Rooster";


Var. designations:   
'''Var. designations:'''  


* 1) the constellation,
* 1) the constellation,
* 2) the name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].
* 2) a name of Mars (?) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396].


==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
Line 23: Line 26:
|-
|-
|'''EAE.'''
|'''EAE.'''
* Late commentaries [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].
* Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref> 289; NSAM<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref> 2, 249].
|Example
|Example
|-
|-
Line 31: Line 34:
|-
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* The stars of Anu (No. 10): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL "The star that stands behind him (i.e. behind <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Rooster" (I ii 5) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.  
* The stars of Anu (No. 10): MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> EGIR-''šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.  
|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
|[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
|-
|-
Line 43: Line 46:
|-
|-
|'''GU-text.'''  
|'''GU-text.'''  
* (A) <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; ASM, 91], the initial star in this equation may have been "Hand on the Staff" (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
* (A) <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=''ziqpu'' XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 54].
* (B) ˹gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš˺ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺<sup>II</sup>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> šu ''imittu''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu "The front legs and arms of the Great Twins (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - rope" [Pingree-Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; ASM, 91]; according to Koch, gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šu<sup>II</sup>.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imittu''(15) is n Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> is λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].  
* (B) ˹gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš˺ ''u''<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺<sup>II</sup>.meš ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-''u''<sub>2</sub> šu ''imitti''(15) ''u a-si-du'' / ˹egir˺-''u''<sub>2</sub> ''ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ''u'' murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu "The legs and arms of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir<sub>3</sub><sup>II</sup>.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šu<sup>II</sup>.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu ''imitti'' is ν Ori, ''a-si-du'' egir-''u''<sub>2</sub> is λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992<ref>''Koch J.'' Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.</ref>, 55].  
|[[File:GU II.jpg|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations|thumb|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
|[[File:GU II.jpg|alt=star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations|thumb|The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.]]
|-
|-
Line 51: Line 54:
|
|
|}
|}
[[File:DARLUGAL CH Screenshot 2025-11-30 165054.png|thumb|Convex Hull for the stars inside DAR.LUGAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).]]
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
[[File:Rooster stellarium.jpg|alt=Stellarium star chart|thumb|Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).]]
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
====Stars within the Constellation Area====
Line 65: Line 69:
|Arneb
|Arneb
|HIP 25985
|HIP 25985
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
|2.57
|2.57
|-
|-
Line 71: Line 75:
|Nihal
|Nihal
|HIP 25606
|HIP 25606
| within constellation lines
| Constellation lines
|2.84
|2.84
|-
|-
Line 77: Line 81:
|ϵ Leporis
|ϵ Leporis
|HIP 23685
|HIP 23685
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
| 3.18
| 3.18
|-
|-
Line 83: Line 87:
|μ Leporis
|μ Leporis
|HIP 24305
|HIP 24305
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
|3.29
|3.29
|-
|-
Line 89: Line 93:
|ζ Leporis
|ζ Leporis
|HIP 27288
|HIP 27288
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
|3.525
|3.525
|-
|-
Line 95: Line 99:
|γ Leporis
|γ Leporis
|HIP 27072
|HIP 27072
| within constellation lines
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.6
|3.6
|-
|-
Line 101: Line 105:
|η Leporis
|η Leporis
| HIP 28103
| HIP 28103
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.72
|3.72
|-
|-
Line 107: Line 111:
|δ Leporis
|δ Leporis
|HIP 27654
|HIP 27654
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|3.85
|3.85
|-
|-
Line 113: Line 117:
|λ Leporis
|λ Leporis
|HIP 24845
|HIP 24845
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
| 4.29
| 4.29
|-
|-
Line 119: Line 123:
| κ Leporis
| κ Leporis
| HIP 24327
| HIP 24327
| within constellation lines
| Constellation lines
|4.44
|4.44
|-
|-
Line 125: Line 129:
|ι Leporis
|ι Leporis
|HIP 24244
|HIP 24244
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
| 4.45
| 4.45
|-
|-
Line 131: Line 135:
| θ Leporis
| θ Leporis
|HIP 28910
|HIP 28910
| within constellation lines
| Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.663
|4.663
|-
|-
Line 143: Line 147:
|17 Lep
|17 Lep
|HIP 28816
|HIP 28816
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|4.93
|4.93
|-
|-
Line 149: Line 153:
| -
| -
| HIP 23430
| HIP 23430
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.002
|5.002
|-
|-
|16
|16
| -
|HIP 25045
|Constellation lines (Vertex)
|5.06
|-
|17
|8 Lep
|8 Lep
|HIP 25202
|HIP 25202
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
|5.229
|5.229
|-
|-
| 17
| 18
|ν Leporis
|ν Leporis
|HIP 24873
|HIP 24873
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
| 5.284
| 5.284
|-
|-
|18
|19
| -
| -
|HIP 25045
|HIP 25045
|within constellation lines
|Constellation lines
| 5.34
| 5.34
|-
|-
|19
|20
| -
| -
|HIP 24679
|HIP 24679
Line 176: Line 186:
|5.488
|5.488
|-
|-
|20
|21
| -
| -
|HIP 27517
|HIP 27517
Line 182: Line 192:
|5.49
|5.49
|-
|-
|21
|22
|10 Lep
|10 Lep
|HIP 25853
|HIP 25853
Line 188: Line 198:
|5.525
|5.525
|-
|-
|22
|23
| -
| -
|HR 2021
|HR 2021
Line 194: Line 204:
|5.58
|5.58
|-
|-
|23
|24
| -
| -
|HIP 23554
|HIP 23554
Line 200: Line 210:
|5.582
|5.582
|-
|-
|24
|25
| -
| -
|HIP 25280
|HIP 25280
Line 206: Line 216:
|5.636
|5.636
|-
|-
| 25
| 26
| -
| -
|HIP 26966
|HIP 26966
Line 212: Line 222:
|5.727
|5.727
|-
|-
|26
|27
| -
| -
|HIP 25397
|HIP 25397
Line 218: Line 228:
| 5.817
| 5.817
|-
|-
| 27
| 28
|12 Lep
|12 Lep
|HIP 26865
|HIP 26865
Line 224: Line 234:
|5.89
|5.89
|-
|-
|28
|29
| -
| -
|HIP 24786
|HIP 24786
Line 230: Line 240:
|5.96
|5.96
|-
|-
|29
|30
| -
| -
|HIP 25532
|HIP 25532
Line 236: Line 246:
|6.065
|6.065
|-
|-
|30
|31
| -
| -
|HIP 26866
|HIP 26866
Line 242: Line 252:
|6.144
|6.144
|-
|-
| 31
| 32
| V* AK Lep
| V* AK Lep
|HR 1982
|HR 1982
Line 248: Line 258:
|6.15
|6.15
|-
|-
|32
|33
| -
| -
|HIP 27308
|HIP 27308
Line 254: Line 264:
| 6.157
| 6.157
|-
|-
|33
|34
| -
| -
|HIP 26821
|HIP 26821
Line 260: Line 270:
|6.2
|6.2
|-
|-
|34
|35
| -
| -
|HIP 24394
|HIP 24394
Line 266: Line 276:
|6.21
|6.21
|-
|-
|35
|36
| -
| -
|HIP 27075
|HIP 27075
Line 272: Line 282:
|6.341
|6.341
|-
|-
|36
|37
| -
| -
|HIP 24825
|HIP 24825
Line 278: Line 288:
|6.39
|6.39
|-
|-
|37
|38
| -
| -
|HIP 23818
|HIP 23818
Line 284: Line 294:
|6.44
|6.44
|-
|-
|38
|39
| -
| -
|HIP 25059
|HIP 25059
Line 292: Line 302:
===Additional===
===Additional===


==== II. Deity. ====
==== Deity. ====
       In astronomical contexts <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "The birdcall texts" DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated with <sup>d</sup>˹''En''˺-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-ra and <sup>d</sup>''Nusku'' [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.
       In astronomical contexts <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGAL<sup>mušen</sup> is associated with <sup>d</sup>˹''En''˺-[''me-šar''<sub>2</sub>]-''ra'' and <sup>d</sup>''Nusku'' [Lambert 1970<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.</ref>, 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973<ref>''Salonen A.'' Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.</ref>, 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.


==== III. Symbol. ====
==== Symbol. ====
        There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.
        There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.


==== IV. Identification. ====
==== Identification. ====
        (1) Constellation:
        (1) Constellation:


Line 307: Line 317:
        = Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];
        = Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 11];


        = Lepus [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; ASM<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].
        = Lepus [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 275; Horowitz 2014<ref>Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.</ref>, 245].


        (2) Mars; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];
        (2) Mars; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 396];


==== V. Parts of the constellation. ====
==== Parts of the constellation. ====
        murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>˹mul?˺</sup>dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.
        murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>˹mul?˺</sup>dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.


==== VI. Astrology. ====
==== Astrology. ====
        (1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in Right Shepherd Anu opposite the Rooster" [ABCD<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].
        (1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ''ina'' SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ''ana tar-ṣi'' DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988<ref>''Rochberg-Halton F''. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).</ref>, 289; TU<ref>''Thureau-Dangin F''. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).</ref>, 17:9].


        (2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) at (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [reached?...] the region of the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; NSAM 2<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.
        (2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl<ref>''Ch. Virolleaud'', L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)</ref>. 6:3; Verderame 2002<ref>''Verderame L.'' Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).</ref>, 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>''Ṣalbatānu'' "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.
==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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I. Источники.
I. Источники.


ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [ABCD 289; NSAM 2, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> EGIR-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. <sup>(mul)</sup>DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub>. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil<sub>2</sub>. GU-текст. (A) <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; ASM, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir<sub>3</sub>II.meš˺ u<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺II.meš ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u<sub>2</sub> šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na u murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; ASM, 91]; согласно Коху, gir<sub>3</sub>II.meš ― η Gem,  μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du  egir-u<sub>2</sub> ― λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša<sub>2</sub> ina šap-li / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].
ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [Rochberg-Halton 1988 289; Verderame 2002, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): <sup>mul</sup>d[ar].lugal<sup>mušen</sup> [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša<sub>2</sub> EGIR-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> kul.aba<sub>4</sub><sup>ki</sup> <sup>d</sup>Lugal-ban<sub>3</sub>-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. <sup>(mul)</sup>DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša<sub>2</sub> KUN-šu<sub>2</sub>. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil<sub>2</sub>. GU-текст. (A) <sup>mul</sup>sipa.[z]i.an.na <sup>mul</sup>dar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir<sub>3</sub>II.meš˺ u<sub>3</sub> ˹šu˺II.meš ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>maš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u<sub>2</sub> šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u<sub>2</sub> ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>sipa.zi.an.na u murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul?</sup>dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; согласно Коху, gir<sub>3</sub>II.meš ― η Gem,  μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du  egir-u<sub>2</sub> ― λ Eri, murub<sub>4</sub> <sup>mul</sup>dar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša<sub>2</sub> ina šap-li / <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].


II. Божество.
II. Божество.
Line 340: Line 350:
(1) Созвездие:
(1) Созвездие:


= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [G. 396];
= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [Gössmann 1950, 396];


= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];
= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];
Line 346: Line 356:
= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];
= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];


= Lepus [MA, 138; ASM, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].
= Lepus [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].


(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; G. 396];
(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann 1950, 396];


V. Части созвездия.
V. Части созвездия.
Line 356: Line 366:
VI. Астрология.
VI. Астрология.


(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [ABCD, 289; TU, 17:9].
(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 289; TU, 17:9].


(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; NSAM 2, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>Ṣalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.
(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA<sub>5</sub> <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Verderame 2002, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: <sup>mul</sup>DAR.LUGAL = <sup>d</sup>Ṣalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.
|<sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub> · LUGAL <sup>mušen</sup> (106)
|<sup>mul</sup>TAR<sub>2</sub> · LUGAL <sup>mušen</sup> (106)
Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136<sup>k</sup>. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn  hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).  
Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136<sup>k</sup>. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn  hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).  

Latest revision as of 07:37, 26 February 2026

Authors: Gennady Kurtik, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Jan Safford, Youla Azkarrula, Euin Choung Kim

Stellarium map
Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).[1]

mulDAR.LUGALmušen (𒀯𒁯𒈗𒄷) is a Sumerian constellation in Lepus, equalling the Akkadian tarlugallu/tarnugallu. The determinative mušen indicates that it is a bird whose identification with roosters is confirmed by the Mesopotamian Bird-Call texts where the bird’s cry is taḫtatâ ana tutu - "You have committed a sin against the god Tutu", this being the Akkadian equivalent of English “cook-a-doodle-doo.”

Rooster south of The True Shepherd of Anu in Old Babylonian drawing style (CC BY R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster)[2] as a shepherd, mapped to the planetarium sky (photo by SMH in Planetarium Jena).

The constellation is listed in MUL.APIN (typically dated around 1000 BCE). Roosters were only domesticated in the middle of the -2nd millennium. They are documented with certainty in the Indus culture and in Egypt from around -1400 on, so that it is reasonable to assume that they were also kept in the Near East around this time. It is assumed that they were initially kept mainly for amusement by organising cockfights on which bets could be placed (this cultural practice is documented by Homer in the 8th century). Domesticated roosters (actually francolins) therefore date to the same period as the astronomical dating of MUL.APIN. Compared to other Mesopotamian constellations, which can be traced back to the Sumerian culture at the beginning of the -2nd millennium, the constellation of the Rooster is likely to have been one of the more recent figures. Given all this, the Sumerian DAR.LUGAL-bird, literally, 'the royal deer'-bird, is most likely a back-formation from into Sumerian from the same foreign language(s) that yielded Akkadian tarlugallu/tarnugallu, and other Semitic cognates including Hebrew and Aramaic tarnegol/tarnagol.

Concordance, Etymology, History[3]

Variant readings:

= mulTAR2.LUGALmušen;

= tarlugallu "Rooster";

= tarnugallu “rooster”.[4]

Var. designations:

  • 1) the constellation,
  • 2) a name of Mars (?) [Gössmann[5] 396].

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
EAE.
  • Late commentaries [Rochberg-Halton 1988[6] 289; NSAM[7] 2, 249].
 Example
"Three Stars Each (Astroabes).”
  • The stars of Ea, Anu, and Enlil. List of the 12 stars of Ea (no. 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT[8] 33, 9 r. 17; HBA[9], 104; MCG[10], 176].
 Example
MUL.APIN.
  • The stars of Anu (No. 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL "The star that stands behind it (i.e. behind mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), (is) the Rooster" (I ii 5) [MA[11], 31], for a parallel see. MLC 1866.
Stellarium star chart
Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).
List of stars V R 46, 1:27.
  • muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da "Rooster, Enlil of Kulaba, Lugalbanda", see also [HBA[12], 52; Wee 2016[13], 162-3:27].
Text LBAT 1502 obv.
  • (mul)DAR.LUGAL — asterism of Antagubba, see (Kurtik d08) DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. The list of the "7 Enlils". The cock correlates with Enlil of Kulaba, see (Kurtik e10) dEn-lil2.
GU-text.
  • (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu "True Shepherd of Anu (β Ori), Rooster (μ Lep), GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], the initial star in this equation may have been "Handle on the Crook" (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree and Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; according to J. Koch, here mulsipa.zi.an.na is γ Ori, muldar.lugal is ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992[14], 54].
  • (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imitti(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu "The legs and arms of the front Great Twin (θ Gem - hand, ν Gem - foot), the right hand and back heel of the True Shepherd of Anu (ξ Ori, κ Ori) and the middle of the Rooster (α Lep) - GU" [Pingree and Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; according to Koch, gir3II.meš is η Gem, μ Gem, šuII.meš is θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imitti is ν Ori, a-si-du egir-u2 is λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal is 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992[15], 55].
star chart for GU II with Babylonian constellations
The Babylonian constellations The Rooster, The Shepherd of Anu and the Great Twins depicted in the second GU (GU II) of the GU-text, illustration by Susanne M Hoffmann (2022) with Stellarium.
MLC 1866.
  • ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL "The constellation that stands below the True Shepherd of Anu is the Rooster" (col. ii 16-17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018[16], 36, 40].
Convex Hull for the stars inside DAR.LUGAL (CC BY Youla Azkarrula).
Stellarium star chart
Rooster in Babylonian uranography, painting by Jessica Gullberg for Stellarium (2022).

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Arneb HIP 25985 Constellation lines 2.57
2 Nihal HIP 25606 Constellation lines 2.84
3 ϵ Leporis HIP 23685 Constellation lines 3.18
4 μ Leporis HIP 24305 Constellation lines 3.29
5 ζ Leporis HIP 27288 Constellation lines 3.525
6 γ Leporis HIP 27072 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.6
7 η Leporis HIP 28103 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.72
8 δ Leporis HIP 27654 Constellation lines (Vertex) 3.85
9 λ Leporis HIP 24845 Constellation lines 4.29
10 κ Leporis HIP 24327 Constellation lines 4.44
11 ι Leporis HIP 24244 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.45
12 θ Leporis HIP 28910 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.663
13 - HIP 24927 Inside the Hull 4.729
14 17 Lep HIP 28816 Constellation lines (Vertex) 4.93
15 - HIP 23430 Constellation lines (Vertex) 5.002
16 - HIP 25045 Constellation lines (Vertex) 5.06
17 8 Lep HIP 25202 Constellation lines 5.229
18 ν Leporis HIP 24873 Constellation lines 5.284
19 - HIP 25045 Constellation lines 5.34
20 - HIP 24679 Inside the Hull 5.488
21 - HIP 27517 Inside the Hull 5.49
22 10 Lep HIP 25853 Inside the Hull 5.525
23 - HR 2021 Inside the Hull 5.58
24 - HIP 23554 Inside the Hull 5.582
25 - HIP 25280 Inside the Hull 5.636
26 - HIP 26966 Inside the Hull 5.727
27 - HIP 25397 Inside the Hull 5.817
28 12 Lep HIP 26865 Inside the Hull 5.89
29 - HIP 24786 Inside the Hull 5.96
30 - HIP 25532 Inside the Hull 6.065
31 - HIP 26866 Inside the Hull 6.144
32 V* AK Lep HR 1982 Inside the Hull 6.15
33 - HIP 27308 Inside the Hull 6.157
34 - HIP 26821 Inside the Hull 6.2
35 - HIP 24394 Inside the Hull 6.21
36 - HIP 27075 Inside the Hull 6.341
37 - HIP 24825 Inside the Hull 6.39
38 - HIP 23818 Inside the Hull 6.44
39 - HIP 25059 Inside the Hull 6.47

Additional

Deity.

       In astronomical contexts mulDAR.LUGALmušen is associated only with Lugalbanda (see above), the legendary hero and ruler of Uruk, a character that appears in a number of Sumerian myths [MHM II, 75]. In the so-called "Birdcall texts," DAR.LUGALmušen is associated with d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra and dNusku [Lambert 1970[17], 112-113, STT 341+:2; 114-115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973[18], 155]. The absence of the name in the lexical texts and in the prediction texts indicates its late origin.

Symbol.

        There are no known images that could be associated with the figure of the constellation Rooster.

Identification.

        (1) Constellation:

        = stars east of Orion to Procyon (α CMi) [Gössmann[19] 396];

        = Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957-59[20], 79];

        = Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2[21], 11];

        = Lepus [MA[22], 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999[23], 275; Horowitz 2014[24], 245].

        (2) Mars; cf. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann[25] 396];

Parts of the constellation.

        murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal "Middle of the Rooster," see GU-text above.

Astrology.

        (1) Orion and the Rooster; late astrological commentary on EAE: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL "Eclipse (of the Moon) in the True Shepherd of Anu opposite the Rooster" [Rochberg-Halton 1988[26], 289; TU[27], 17:9].

        (2) Eclipse of the Moon and the Rooster; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 [...] "[If] (the Moon carries) a [crown] (and) scepter, (and) (its) eclipse is red, (it means): The rooster [...] with the moon" [ACh Suppl[28]. 6:3; Verderame 2002[29], 87, Text IIIg ii 4′]. Perhaps the identity is implied here: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu "Rooster = Mars" because Mars is mentioned in the previous line.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, d04) Gössmann (1950, 396)
вар. чтения: = mulTAR2.LUGALmušen; = tarlugallu «Петух»; 1) созвездие в Малом Псе  (Canis Minor) (?), 2) название Марса (?) [G. 396].

I. Источники.

ЕАЕ. Поздний комментарий [Rochberg-Halton 1988 289; Verderame 2002, 249]. «Астролябии». Звезды Эа, Ану и Энлиля. Список 12 звезд Ea (№ 6): muld[ar].lugalmušen [CT 33, 9 r. 17; HBA, 104; MCG, 176]. MUL.APIN. Звезды Ану (№ 10): MUL ša2 EGIR-šu2 GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Звезда, что стоит позади него (т.е. позади mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA), Петух» (I ii 5) [MA, 31], параллель см. MLC 1866. Cписок звезд V R 46, 1:27. muldar.lugal dEn-lil2 ša2 kul.aba4ki dLugal-ban3-da «Петух, Энлиль из Кулабы, Лугальбанда», см. также [HBA, 52; Wee 2016, 162–3:27]. Текст LBAT 1502 obv. (mul)DAR.LUGAL — звезда Антагубба, см. d08 DILI ša2 KUN-šu2. Список «7 Энлилей». Петух соотносится с Энлилем из Кулабы, см. e10dEn-lil2. GU-текст. (A) mulsipa.[z]i.an.na muldar.˹lugal˺ gu «Праведный Пастух Ану (β Ori), Петух (μ Lep), веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:1; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91], начальной звездой в этом уравнивании, возможно, была «Рука на Посохе» (=ziqpu XVII: θ Aur) [Pingree-Walker 1988, 319, note 15]; согласно Й.Коху, здесь mulsipa.zi.an.na ― γ Ori, muldar.lugal ― ι Lep, χ LepS [Koch 1992, 54]. (B) ˹gir3II.meš˺ u3 ˹šu˺II.meš ša2 mulmaš.tab.ba.˹gal˺.gal igi-u2 šu imittu(15) u a-si-du / ˹egir˺-u2 ša2 mulsipa.zi.an.na u murub4 mul?dar.lugal gu «Передние ноги и руки Великих Близнецов (θ Gem — рука, ν Gem — нога), правая рука и задняя пятка Праведного Пастуха Ану (ξ Ori, κ Ori) и середина Петуха (α Lep) ― веревка» [Pingree–Walker 1988, BM 78161:2; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 91]; согласно Коху, gir3II.meš ― η Gem,  μ Gem, šuII.meš ― θ Gem, μ Gem, šu imittu(15) ― n Ori, a-si-du  egir-u2 ― λ Eri, murub4 muldar.lugal ― 64 Eri, 60 Eri [Koch 1992, 55]. MLC 1866. ˹MUL˺ ša2 ina šap-li / mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA GUB-zu mulDAR.LUGAL «Созвездие, которое стоит ниже Праведного Пастуха Ану, Петух» (col. ii 16–17) [Beaulieu et al, 2018, 36, 40].

II. Божество.

В астрономическом контексте mulDAR.LUGALmušen связан только с Лугальбандой (см. выше), легендарным героем и правителем Урука, персонажем ряда шумерских мифов [MHM II, 75]. В так называемых «The birdcall texts» DAR.LUGALmušen связан с d˹En˺-[me-šar2]-ra и dNusku [Lambert 1970, 112–113, STT 341+:2; 114–115, KAR, 125:15; Salonen 1973, 155]. Отсутствие названия в лексических текстах и в текстах предсказаний свидетельствует о его позднем происхождении.

III. Символ.

Неизвестны изображения, которые можно было бы связать с фигурой созвездия Петух.

IV. Отождествление.

(1) Созвездие:

= звезды к востоку от Ориона до Проциона (α CMi) [Gössmann 1950, 396];

= Lepus (?) [Weidner 1957–59, 79];

= Canis Minor (?) [BPO 2, 11];

= Lepus [MA, 138; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 275; Horowitz 2014, 245].

(2) Марс; см. [ACh Suppl., 6:3; Bezold 1920, 110:79, 123:124; Gössmann 1950, 396];

V. Части созвездия.

murub4 ˹mul?˺dar.lugal «Середина Петуха», см. выше GU-текст.

VI. Астрология.

(1) Орион и Петух; поздний астрологический комментарий к ЕАЕ: AN.MI ina SIPA.ZI.AN.NA ana tar-ṣi DAR.LUGAL «Затмение (Луны) в Праведном Пастухе Ану напротив Петуха» [Rochberg-Halton 1988, 289; TU, 17:9].

(2) Затмение Луны и Петух; [DIŠ AG]A GIŠ.GIDRI AN.MI SA5 mulDAR.LUGAL KI 30 […] «[Eсли] (Луна несет) [коро]ну (и) скипетр, (и) при (своем) затмении красная, (это означает): Петух [достиг?…] области Луны» [ACh Suppl. 6:3; Verderame 2002, 87, Text IIIg ii 3′]. Возможно, здесь подразумевается тождество: mulDAR.LUGAL = dṢalbatānu «Петух = Марс», поскольку Марс упоминается в предыдущей строке.

mulTAR2 · LUGAL mušen (106)

Das Hahnengestirn, akk.wohl tarlugallu; 82--5-22, 512, 17 (Hommel, A A 469 zu berichtigen); Bez. Farb. S. 136k. Nach Br.Mm. 86378 II 5 steht dieses Gestirn hinter dem Orion; ebeso 2. Sup. LXVII 13. "Es kommen also die Sterne östlich von Orion bis Prokyon in Betracht" (3. Erg. S. 324; vgl. Bez. Farb. S. 132, 20).

Identifizierungen:

  • = Rigel (Bez. ZÄF S. 10. 48).
  • = Prokyon (Kugl. Erg. S. 155 f. 218). mulTAR2 · LUGAL ist
  1. Unter den Ea-Gestirnen , 82-5-22, 512, Rs. 17.
  2. Unter den 7 Enlillen: VR 46 Vs. 27 (Enlil von Kullab); VAT 9418 III 8.
  3. Deckname für Mars (??); VACh Sup. VI 3 f. Bez. Farb.S. 110, 79; 123, 194.

References

  1. ↑ Gullberg, J, Hoffmann, S.M. and Gullberg, S.R. (2022). Painting Babylonian: New Constellations in Stellarium, in Hoffmann and Wolfschmidt (eds.). Astronomy in Culture – Cultures of Astronomy, tredition Hamburg/ OpenScienceTechnology Berlin, 171-191
  2. ↑ Hoffmann, S.M. (2017). History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry, in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun (ed.). Nuncius Hamburgensis Bd. 41, tredition Verlag, 135-157
  3. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  4. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  5. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  6. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  7. ↑ Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
  8. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  9. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  10. ↑ Horowitz W. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, 1998 (Mesopotamian Civilisation, 8).
  11. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  12. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  13. ↑ Wee, J. (2016). Virtual Moons over Babylonia: The Calendar Text System, Its Micro-Zodiac of 13, and the Making of Medical Zodiology. The Circulation of Astronomical Knowledge in the Ancient World, Ed. J. M. Steele, 139–229.
  14. ↑ Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
  15. ↑ Koch J. Der Sternenkatalog BM 78161 // WO. 1992. Bd. 23. S. 39-67.
  16. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  17. ↑ Lambert W.G. The Sultantepe Tables. IX. The Birthcall Text // Anatolian Studies. 1970. Vol. 20. P. 111-117.
  18. ↑ Salonen A. Vögel und Vogelfang im alten Mesopotamien. Helsinki 1973.
  19. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  20. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  21. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  22. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  23. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  24. ↑ Horowitz, W. (2014), The three stars each: the Astrolabes and related texts, Archiv für Orientforschung AfO Beiheft, 33.
  25. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  26. ↑ Rochberg-Halton F. Aspect of Babylonian Celestial Divination: The Lunar Eclipse Tablets of Enuma Anu Enlil. Horn, 1988 (AfO, Beiheft 22).
  27. ↑ Thureau-Dangin F. Tablettes d’Uruk. Paris, 1922 (= TCL 6).
  28. ↑ Ch. Virolleaud, L'astrologie chaldéenne S(in); Shamasz; Isht(ar); Adad; S/Supp. = Supplément; SS / 2.Supp. = Second Supplément (Paris 1905 - 1912)
  29. ↑ Verderame L. Le Tabole I-VI della serie astrologica Enūma Anu Enlil. Roma, Di.Sc.A.M., 2002 (Nisaba. Studi Assiriologici Messinesi).
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