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<sup>mul / d</sup>DUMU.ZI is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love. The name written with MUL determinative that indicates him to be an asterism, only occurs in the text called "Great Star List". There, the asterism is identified with with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for a planet, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (<sup>d</sup>Dumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation <sup>mul [[ḪUN.GA2|lu<sub>2</sub>]]</sup>[[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] , 'The Hired Man.'
Authors: {{PAGEAUTHORS}}
 
----
==Dictionary==
[[File:Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi.png|thumb|An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid (public domain).'''''??? they may be a human couple as they have no horned crown ???''''']]
<sup>mul / d</sup>DUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love [[Inanna]] = [[Ištar]] who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, <sup>mul</sup>DUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (<sup>d</sup>Dumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation <sup>[[ḪUN.GA2|mul lu<sub>2</sub>]]</sup>[[ḪUN.GA2|ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).  


==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
Var. designations:
* 1) the deity of the constellation <sup>mul</sup> [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] "Hired worker" (see h12);  
* 1) the deity of the constellation <sup>mul</sup> [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]] "Hired worker" (see h12);  
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
* 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.
 
Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref> <sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
=== Krebernik (2023) ===
Dumuzi/Tammuz. Mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld. <sup>d</sup>DUMU.ZI (AN 4r).
 
===Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''  
|'''Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.'''  
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: <sup>mul d</sup>DUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43].  
* In the list of planets(?) on the third place: <sup>mul d</sup>DUMU.ZI [KUB<ref>''Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi'' (''Berlin''). KBo</ref> IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985<ref>''K. van der Toorn.'' Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.</ref>, 129:43]. <nowiki>[[add new edition??]]</nowiki>
|Example
|[[File:Psc+ari+aqr+and.jpg|alt=star chart with constellation images|thumb|Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.]]
|-
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
* In the list of Anu stars: <sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1<ref>''King L.W.'' The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.</ref>, 217:9; HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref>, 112].
|[[File:Dumuzi+Innana stellarium-001.jpg|alt=star chart with images|thumb|Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY). ]]
|-
|-
|MUL.APIN.  
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".'''
 
* (1) <sup>mul</sup>dumu.[zi] = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>''ištaran'') "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
* In the list of Anu’s stars: mul <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA, 30]; for a parallel see. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112].
* (2) <sup>ul</sup>sig<sub>7</sub> = <sup>d</sup>dumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, App. B:82, 171].  
|
|
|-
|-
|'''"The Great Star List and Miscellenia".'''  
|'''"Planisphere" K 8538.'''  
* (1) <sup>mul</sup>dumu.[zi] = <sup>d</sup>min(= <sup>d</sup>ištaran) "Dumuzi = Ishtaran",
* Sector 0: along the arrow representing <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub>, the inscription is <sup>d</sup>dumu.zi [CT<ref>''Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.''</ref> 33, 10; Koch 1989<ref>''Koch J.'' Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.</ref>, 56-61; Kurtik 2007<ref>Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.</ref>, fig. 9].
* (2) <sup>ul</sup>sig<sub>7</sub> = <sup>d</sup>dumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171].  
|
|Example
|-
|-
|"Planisphere" K 8538.  
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:


* Sector 0: along the arrow representing <sup>mul</sup>kak.si.sa<sub>2</sub>, the inscription is <sup>d</sup>dumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56-61; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
* NA // <sup>d</sup>''En-lil''<sub>2</sub> // <sup>iti</sup>BARA<sub>2</sub> [<sup>mul</sup> <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV<ref>''URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18''. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.</ref>, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> [Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 78].
|
|
|-
|'''Late astrology, magic and calendar.'''
An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars: NA // <sup>d</sup>En-lil<sub>2</sub> // <sup>iti</sup>BARA<sub>2</sub> [mul <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>] / <sup>d</sup>Dumu-zi ... "'Standing' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV, 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> [Reiner 1995, 78].
|Example
|}
|}
===Additional===
===Additional===
          '''II. Deity.'''
          The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ishtaran see [Livingstone 1986, 137]. [See Livingstone 1986, 137.] On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see (Foxvog 1993).
           '''III. Symbol.'''


           During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see h12 <sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>.
==== II. Deity. ====
          The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986<ref>''Livingstone  A.'' Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.</ref>, 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>].


           '''IV. Identification.'''
==== III. Symbol. ====
           During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) [[ḪUN.GA2|<sup>lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub>]].


==== IV. Identification. ====
           As a constellation:
           As a constellation:


           = Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; for objections to the identification of <sup>mul / d</sup>DUMU.ZI with <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA see. [ibid.]
           = Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>, 106]; for objections to the identification of <sup>mul / d</sup>DUMU.ZI with <sup>mul</sup>SIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.<ref>''Foxvog D.A.'' Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.</ref>]


           = Orion [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].
           = Orion [Mesop.Astrol.<ref>''Koch-Westenholz U''. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.</ref>, 207, App. C].


           As a planet:
           As a planet:


           = Saturn(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95-96].
           = Saturn(?) [HBA<ref>''Weidner E.'' Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.</ref> 61; Lambert 1987a<ref>''Lambert W.G.'' Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.</ref>, 95-96].


==Historical Dictionaries==
==Historical Dictionaries==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!Kurtik (2022)!!Gössmann (1950)
!Kurtik (2022, d13)!!Gössmann (1950)
|-
|-
|1) божество созвездия <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.
|1) божество созвездия <sup>mul lú</sup>ḪUN.GA<sub>2</sub> «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.
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*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
*[[References (Babylonian)|Kurtik's references]]
[[Category:Mesopotamian]]  
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[[Category:Sumerian]]  
[[Category:Sumerian]] [[Category:Asterism]]
[[Category:Planet]]  
[[Category:Planet]]  
[[Category:West Asian]]  
[[Category:Solar System]]
[[Category:Mercury]]
[[Category:Saturn]]
[[Category:West Asian]] [[Category:Asian]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Eurasia]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Deity]]

Latest revision as of 05:12, 24 May 2026

Authors: Gennady E. Kurtik, Euin Choung Kim, David Hilder, Susanne M Hoffmann, Hermann Hunger, Wayne Horowitz, Youla Azkarrula

An ancient Sumerian depiction of the marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid (public domain).??? they may be a human couple as they have no horned crown ???

mul / dDUMU.ZI (𒀯𒌉𒍣) is an ancient Mesopotamian god, a shepherd and lover of the goddess of love Inanna = Ištar who is identified with Venus. The writing with both the star determinative, mulDUMU.ZI is attested in "The Great Star List," here identified with the god Ištaran of Isin, in a short three line section between names for the planets, Mercury and Mars. The god Dumuzi (dDumuzi) is most often identified with the constellation mul lu2lu2ḪUN.GA (𒀯𒇽𒂠𒂷) , 'The Hired Man' (Kurtik, h12).

Concordance, Etymology, History[1]

Var. designations:

  • 1) the deity of the constellation mul lúḪUN.GA2 "Hired worker" (see h12);
  • 2) a planet, possibly Saturn.

Dumuzi/Tammuz is the mythical lover of Inanna/Ištar, imagined as a shepherd; as her substitute, he has to spend part of the year in the netherworld.[2] dDUMU.ZI (AN 4r).

Sources Identifications
Hittite Prayer to the Gods of the Night.
  • In the list of planets(?) on the third place: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB[3] IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2[4], 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985[5], 129:43]. [[add new edition??]]
star chart with constellation images
Dumuzi, the shepherd god, as Hired Man, as lover of Inanna who is depicted in the constellation Anunitu(m); both east of the One Field-constellation (IKU), and north of the Swallow SIM.MAH and the giant, GU.LA, the god Enki/Ea. Drawings by Robert Perdok and Susanne M Hoffmann 2016, CC-BY, mapped in Stellarium.
MUL.APIN.
  • In the list of Anu stars: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi "Hired Man, Dumuzi" (I i 43) [MA[6], 30]; for a parallel see [STC 1[7], 217:9; HBA[8], 112].
star chart with images
Hired Man (Dumuzi) and goddess Anunitu(m) in Stellarium (2021). Jessica Gullberg's modern interpretation of the celestial divine couple (CC BY).
"The Great Star List and Miscellanea".
  • (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) "Dumuzi = Ištaran",
  • (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi "Green-yellow star = Dumuzi" [Mesop.Astrol.[9], App. B:82, 171].
"Planisphere" K 8538.
  • Sector 0: along the arrow representing mulkak.si.sa2, the inscription is ddumu.zi [CT[10] 33, 10; Koch 1989[11], 56-61; Kurtik 2007[12], fig. 9].
Late astrology, magic and calendar.

An extispicy involving correspondences between the liver fragments, deities, months and stars:

  • NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2 [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi ... "'The Station' - Enlil; Nisanu; [Hired Man], Dumuzi". [SpTU IV[13], 159:1-2]; here Dumuzi appears to correspond to mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995[14], 78].

Additional

II. Deity.

          The mythological basis explaining the connection of Dumuzi with the constellation Hired-Worker is unclear. It is likely that the role of Dumuzi, as a shepherd of Anu, probably mattered. On the identification of Dumuzi with Ištaran see [Livingstone 1986[15], 137]. On Dumuzi as a reborn lunar month see [Foxvog 1993[16]].

III. Symbol.

           During the second half of the first millennium BC, the figure of the constellation Hired-worker was considered a ram, see (Kurtik h12) lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Identification.

           As a constellation:

           = Hired Worker (Aries) [Foxvog 1993[17], 106]; for objections to the identification of mul / dDUMU.ZI with mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA see [ibid.[18]]

           = Orion [Mesop.Astrol.[19], 207, App. C].

           As a planet:

           = Saturn(?) [HBA[20] 61; Lambert 1987a[21], 95-96].

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, d13) Gössmann (1950)
1) божество созвездия mul lúḪUN.GA2 «Наемный работник» (см. h12); 2) планета, возможно, Сатурн.

I.  Источники.

Хеттская молитва ночным богам. В списке планет(?) на третьем месте: mul dDUMU.ZI [KUB IV, 47 r. 43; BPO 2, 2:3; Van der Toorn 1985, 129:43]. MUL.APIN. В списке звезд Ану: mul lúḪUN.GA2 dDumu-zi «Наемник, Думузи» (I i 43) [MA, 30]; параллель см. [STC 1, 217:9; HBA, 112]. «Большой список звезд». (1) muldumu.[zi] = dmin(= dištaran) «Думузи = Иштаран», (2) ulsig7 = ddumu.zi «Зелено-желтая звезда = Думузи» [Mesop.Astrol., App. B:82, 171]. «Планисфера» K 8538. Сектор 0: вдоль стрелы, представляющей mulkak.si.sa2, надпись — ddumu.zi [CT 33, 10; Koch 1989, 56–61; Куртик 2007, рис. 9]. Поздняя астрология, магия и календарь. Экстиспиция, включающая соответствия между фрагментами печени, божествами, месяцами и звездами: NA // dEn-lil2 // itiBARA2  [mul lúḪUN.GA2] / dDumu-zi … «‘Стоянка’ — Энлиль; Нисану; [Наемник], Думузи» [SpTU IV, 159:1–2]; здесь Думузи, по-видимому, соответствует mul lúḪUN.GA2 [Reiner 1995, 78].

II. Божество.

Мифологическая основа, объясняющая связь Думузи с созвездием Наемный работник, неясна. Вероятно, при этом имела значение роль Думузи как пастуха Ана. Об отождествлении Думузи с Иштараном см. [Livingstone 1986, 137]. О Думузи как возрождающемся лунном месяце см. [Foxvog 1993].

III. Символ.

Во второй половине I тыс. до н.э. фигурой созвездия Наемный работник считался баран, см. h12 lúḪUN.GA2.

IV. Отождествление.

Как созвездие:

= Наемный работник (Aries) [Foxvog 1993, 106]; возражения против отождествления mul / dDUMU.ZI с mulSIPA.ZI.AN.NA см. [ibid.].

= Орион (Orion) [Mesop.Astrol., 207, App. C].

Как планета:

= Сатурн(?) [HBA 61; Lambert 1987a, 95–96].

Example

References

  1. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  2. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  3. ↑ Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi (Berlin). KBo
  4. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  5. ↑ K. van der Toorn. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia. A Comparative Study. Maastricht, Van Gorcum, 1985.
  6. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  7. ↑ King L.W. The Seven Tablets of Creation. Vol. I-II. London, 1902.
  8. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  9. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  10. ↑ Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum.
  11. ↑ Koch J. Neue Untersuchungen zur Topographie des babylonischen Fixsternhimmels. Wiesbaden, 1989.
  12. ↑ Kurtik, G. (2007): Звездное небо Древней Месопотамии. Шумеро-аккадские названия созвездий и других светил [The Star Heaven of Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumero-Akkadian Names of Constellations and Other Heavenly Bodies], Aletejja, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  13. ↑ URUK. Špätbabylonische Texte aus dem Planquadrat U 18. Teil IV / Bearb. von Weiher E. von. Mainz am Rhein, 1993.
  14. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  15. ↑ Livingstone  A. Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars. Oxford, 1986.
  16. ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
  17. ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
  18. ↑ Foxvog D.A. Astral Dumuzi / Near Eastern Studies in Honor of W.W.Hallo. Bethesda, MD, 1993.
  19. ↑ Koch-Westenholz U. Mesopotamian  Astrology. Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press. 1995.
  20. ↑ Weidner E. Handbuch der babylonischen Astronomie. Bd. I. Leipzig, 1915.
  21. ↑ Lambert W.G. Babylonian Astrological Omens and Their Stars / JAOS. 1987. V. 107. Р. 93-96.
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