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Created page with "<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism. ==Dictionary== === Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim === [G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sources !Identifications |- |'''Lexic. texts.''' (1) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-tu<sub>2</sub> u me-šar = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI, 40:39], later parallel: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mu..."
 
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<sup>mul</sup>GI.GI is an ancient Mesopotamian asterism.
{{DISPLAYTITLE:<sup>mul (giš)</sup>MA.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA AN.NA, ''eriqqu ša šamê''}}
==Dictionary==
{{distinguish|MAR.GID2.DA}}
=== Kurtik with Hilder, Hoffmann, Horowitz, Kim ===
[[File:Wagon+WagonH Bab stellarium.jpg|thumb|Wagon and Wagon of Heaven in the Babylonian uranography around 1250 BCE, produced with Stellarium, paintings by Jessica Gullberg.]]
[G. 88, 230], the name of Saturn and Libra.
<sup>mul (giš)</sup>MA.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA AN.NA (𒀯𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾) = ''eriqqu ša šamê'', ''eriqqu šá šamāmī'' (poetic form) is a Mesopotamian name for the asterism Ursa Minor (the Little Dipper). The association with goddesses reflects in part at least the feminine grammatical status of Akkadian ''eriqqu'', pl. ''eriqqātu''  <ref>HorowitzW.,  1989:  “An  Akkadian  Name  for  Ursa-Minor:  mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da..an.na  =  eriqqi    šamāmī,” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie79: 242-245.</ref>  The Sumerian name can be interpreted as either 'The Wagon of Heaven' or 'The Wagon of Anu.'  The sign-AN being for both the Heavens as a cosmic location and the god An, the King of the Heavens.     
==Concordance, Etymology, History<ref>[[Mesopotamian (All Terms)|Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0]], All Skies Encyclopaedia.</ref>==
“Wagon of Heaven”. <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GÍD.DA-AN.NA (EN 20l)<ref>Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579</ref>.
 
* <sup>mul (giš)</sup>MA.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA AN.NA
* '''= eriqqu ša šamê (𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊)'''
* '''or eriqqu šá šamāmī:'''
* '''"Celestial Wagon"'''
 
Constellation in the Little Dipper (Ursa Minor) [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 259], Horowitz 1989<ref>Horowitz, Wayne (1989): “An Akkadian Name for Ursa-Minor: mar.gid.da a.an.na = eriqqi šamami,” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 79: 242-245.</ref>.
 
==== Sources and Identification(s) ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|+
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!Identifications
!Identifications
|-
|-
|'''Lexic. texts.'''  
|'''MUL.APIN.'''
(1) Series Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-tu<sub>2</sub> u me-šar = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu "Star gi.gi = Star of truth and justice = Saturn, Shamash" [MSL XI, 40:39], later parallel: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-[tu<sub>2</sub> ...] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) mulgi.[gi...] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; according to Koch's interpretation, text K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI...] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>zi-ba-an-na] "Star GI.GI = Star of truth and justice = Dark star = Star of Libra" [Koch 1989, 60-61]. Planisphere K. 8538. In sector 6 the inscription: ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ and the figure of Libra(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Kurtik 2007, fig. 9].
* (1) List of Enlil's stars (nos. 19, 20):  
** a) <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.AN.NA <sup>d</sup>''Dam-ki-an-na'' "The Wagon of Anu, Damkiana" (I i 20), for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90<ref>''Horowitz W.'' Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.</ref>, 116, BM 54817:8'].
** b) "Star on its rope," see (Kurtik i02) [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ]]. Stev.O.T.<ref>''Langdon S.'' Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.</ref> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA<AN.NA> GAL "The wagon of [Anu] the Great" — in prediction, see (Kurtik i02) [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ]]. For a list of "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) [[A.EDIN]].
'''Uranology'''
 
VAT 9428 r. 8-9: <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.AN.NA ''ka-lak-ku a-na'' IGI ''ma-šad-di ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.D[A] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''ma-šad-da-ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ka-lak-ku ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.˹GID<sub>2</sub>.DA ''i''˺-''ma-ša''<sub>2</sub>''-a''[''l''] "The Celestial Wagon — the van in front of the Wagon's drawbar, and its drawbar is in front of the Wagon's van in a similar manner" [Weidner 1927<ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 23, 25, Section VIII].
|
|-
|'''Spell.'''
* On receiving a favorable or unfavorable sign during sleep before beginning a journey: EN<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.A[N.N]A [MA]R.GID<sub>2</sub>.D[A ''ša''<sub>2</sub>-''ma-m'']''i ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ni-ir-ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA / ''ma-šad-da-ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>AMAR.U[TU ''bu'']-''ba-tu-ša''<sub>2</sub> DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub>.<MEŠ> <sup>d</sup>''A-nim ša''<sub>2</sub> AN-''e'' KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ / ''ana'' IGI ''Aš-šurki nap''-˹''ḫa''˺-[''a'']''t ana'' IGI K[A<sub>2</sub>.DINGIR.R]A<sup>ki</sup> IGI-''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''šak-nu'' "Spell. A[na]'s wagon, the [Heavenly] [W]ago[n], whose yoke is Ninurta, whose drawbar is Mar[duk], whose axles (according to another version: sides) are the daughter of Ana (in) the pure heavens, who ris[e]s towards Assyria, whose face is turned towards B[abylo]n" [STT<ref>''Gurney O., Finkelstein J.J.'', ''Hulin  P.'' The Sultantepe Tablets. Vol. I-II. London 1957, 1964.</ref>, 73 ii 61-63; Reiner 1960<ref>''Reiner E.'' Fortune-telling in Mesopotamia // JNES. 1960. Vol. 19, № 1. Р. 23-35.</ref>, 33; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 71; Horowitz 1989<ref>''Horowitz W''.  The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: <sup>mul</sup>mar.gid<sub>2</sub>.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.</ref>, 243], parallel [UET 7, 118:8-9; Horowitz 1989<ref>''Horowitz W''.  The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.</ref>, 243].
|
|-
|'''Hemerologies.'''
* 7th of Tashrit, prohibition of sexual intercourse: ''ik-kib'' <sup>giš</sup>˹MAR˺.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA ''ša-me-e'' <sup>d</sup>''A-nim'' "Prohibition of the Wagon of Heaven, Anu" [KAR<ref>''Ebeling E.'' Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.</ref>, 178 r. iv 62], see also [CAD<ref>''The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.'' Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...</ref> E, 297b; Horowitz 1989<ref>''Horowitz W''.  The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = ''eriqqi šamê'' / ''šamāmi'' // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.</ref>, 244; Labat 1939<ref>''Labat R.'' Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.</ref>, 116-117; Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>, 114].
|
|
|}
|}


====Stars within the Constellation Area====
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|-
!id
!Label
!IAU design.
!description
!Vmag
|-
|1
|[[Polaris]]
|HIP 11767
|within constellation lines
|2.02
|-
|2
|[[Kochab]]
|HIP 72607
|within constellation lines
|2.08
|-
|3
|[[Pherkad]]
|HIP 75097
|within constellation lines
|3.002
|-
|4
|ϵ Ursae Minoris
|HIP 82080
|within constellation lines
|4.212
|-
|5
|ζ Ursae Minoris
| HIP 77055
|within constellation lines
|4.274
|-
|6
|[[Yildun]]
|HIP 85822
|within constellation lines
|4.336
|-
|7
| -
|HIP 79822
|within constellation lines
| -
|-
|8
| -
| HIP 113116
|Inside the Hull
|4.684
|-
|9
| -
|HIP 87234
|Inside the Hull
|5.01
|-
|10
| -
|HIP 109693
|Inside the Hull
|5.258
|-
|11
|75 Dra
| HIP 100965
|Inside the Hull
|5.368
|-
|12
| -
|HIP 102599
| Inside the Hull
|5.371
|-
|13
|19 UMi
|HIP 79280
|Inside the Hull
| 5.473
|-
|14
| -
| HIP 80480
|Inside the Hull
|5.55
|-
| 15
| -
|HIP 115746
|Inside the Hull
| 5.56
|-
|16
|41 Dra
|HIP 88136
|Inside the Hull
|5.642
|-
|17
| -
|HIP 90647
|Inside the Hull
|5.644
|-
|18
| -
|HIP 84769
|Inside the Hull
|5.706
|-
|19
| -
| HIP 78661
|Inside the Hull
|5.73
|-
|20
| 76 Dra
|HIP 102208
|Inside the Hull
|5.75
|-
|21
| -
|HIP 112833
|Inside the Hull
|5.891
|-
|22
|40 Dra
|HIP 88127
|Inside the Hull
|5.939
|-
|23
| -
|HIP 101082
| Inside the Hull
| 5.97
|-
|24
| -
|HIP 81854
|Inside the Hull
| 6
|-
|25
| -
| HIP 79601
|Inside the Hull
|6.016
|-
|26
| -
|HIP 95167
| Inside the Hull
|6.06
|-
|27
| -
|HIP 104756
|Inside the Hull
|6.12
|-
|28
| -
|HIP 90182
|Inside the Hull
|6.16
|-
|29
|VX UMi
|HIP 83317
|Inside the Hull
|6.18
|-
|30
| -
|HIP 101044
|Inside the Hull
|6.19
|-
|31
| -
|HIP 87293
|Inside the Hull
|6.244
|-
|32
| -
|HIP 81428
|Inside the Hull
| 6.317
|-
|33
|20 UMi
|HIP 79420
|Inside the Hull
|6.34
|-
|34
| -
|HIP 80850
| Inside the Hull
|6.35
|-
|35
| -
|HIP 92040
|Inside the Hull
|6.4
|}
=== Additional ===
=== Additional ===
         '''II. Identification.'''


         (1) = Saturn;
==== II. Deity. ====
         The  Celestial Wagon is identified with Damkiana, in MUL.APIN I i 20.  For other identifications as a goddess in magical texts see Reiner 1995<ref>''Reiner E.'' Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.</ref>: 57, 66.


         (2) = constellation Librae = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, according to [Koch 1989, 79].
==== III. Symbol. ====
         <s>Wagon. Described in VAT 9428 r. 8-9: <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.AN.NA ''ka-lak-ku a-na'' IGI ''ma-šad-di ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.D[A] / ''u''<sub>3</sub> ''ma-šad-da-ša''<sub>2</sub> IGI ''ka-lak-ku ša''<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.˹GID<sub>2</sub>.DA ''i''˺-''ma-ša''<sub>2</sub>''-a''[''l''] "The Celestial Wagon — the van in front of the Wagon's drawbar, and its drawbar is in front of the Wagon's van in a similar manner" [Weidner 1927</s><ref>''Weidner E. '' Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.</ref><s>, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018</s><ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref><s>, 23, 25, Section VIII].mOVED To Uranology above  What do we need to do about symbol in general</s> 


         '''III. Astrology.'''
==== IV. Identification. ====
         = Ursa Minor [Gössmann<ref>''Gössmann P.F''. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).</ref> 259; Weidner 1957-59<ref>''Weidner E.'' mul gir<sub>2</sub>.tab = ''zuqaqîpi'' // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].</ref>, 79a; BPO 2<ref>''Reiner E., Pingree D''. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).</ref>, 13; MA<ref>Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY</ref>, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999<ref>''Hunger H., Pingree D.'' Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.</ref>, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018<ref>Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.</ref>, 74].


         (1) The Star of Truth has weakened; DIŠ MUL ki-tu<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu [...] "If the Star of Truth weakens: the country, of mercy and peace [...]" [ACh Ištar, 25:26].
==== V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars. ====
         (1) MUL ''ša''<sub>2</sub> ''ina ṭur-ri-šu''<sub>2</sub> GUB-''zu'' "the star that stands on the knot" (= α Ursae Minoris (?)), see (Kurtik i02) [[IBILA.É.MAḪ|IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ]].


         (2) The Star of Truth approaches the Crown of Anu; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma "[If the Star of Truth] approaches the Crown of Anu, (this means): Saturn appears in the middle of the Celestial Bull." [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
         (2) ''mašaddu'' 'drawbar', see above.
 
         (3) ''nīru'' 'yoke', see above.
 
         (4) ''bubūtu'' 'axis', see above.
 
         (5) ''kalakku'' "body, van", see above.


== Historical Dictionaries ==  
== Historical Dictionaries ==  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022)
! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | Kurtik (2022, m09)
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)  
! scope="col" style="width: 40%;" | Gössmann (1950)  
|-
|-
| [G. 88, 230], название Сатурна и Весов.
| = eriq šamê «Небесная Повозка» или «Повозка Ану»; созвездие в Малой Медведице (Ursa Minor) [Gössmann 1950, 259].
I. Источники.
I. Источники.


Лексич. тексты. (1) Серия Ḫg. B VI: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-tu<sub>2</sub> u me-šar = <sup>d</sup>sag.uš <sup>d</sup>utu «Звезда gi.gi = Звезда правды и справедливости = Сатурн, Шамаш» [MSL XI, 40:39],  поздняя параллель: <sup>mul</sup>gi.gi = mul kit-[tu<sub>2</sub> …] [SpTU III, 116: Rs. iii 8]. (2) <sup>mul</sup>gi.[gi…] [CT 26, 50, K.12619 ii 4]; согласно интерпретации Коха, текст K.12619 ii 4-6: <sup>mul</sup>GI-[GI…] / kakkab kit-ti [u mi-ša-ri] / MUL MI <sup>mu</sup>[<sup>l</sup>zi-ba-an-na] «Звезда GI.GI = Звезда правды и справедливости = Темная звезда = Звезда Весы» [Koch 1989, 60–61]. Планисферa K. 8538. В секторе 6 надпись: ˹<sup>mul</sup>GI-GI˺ и изображение фигуры Весов(?) [Koch 1989, 59; Куртик 2007, рис. 9].
MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 19, 20): a) <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.AN.NA <sup>d</sup>Dam-ki-an-na «Повозка Ану, Дамкиана» (I i 20), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:8']. b) «Звезда на ее веревке», см. i02IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ. Stev.O.T. <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA<AN.NA> GAL «Повозка [Ану] Великая» ― в предсказании, см. i02IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02A.EDIN. Заклинание. О получении благоприятного или неблагоприятного знака во время сна перед началом путешествия: EN<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.A[N.N]A [MA]R.GID<sub>2</sub>.D[A ša<sub>2</sub>-ma-m]i ša<sub>2</sub> ni-ir-ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>NIN.URTA / ma-šad-da-ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>d</sup>AMAR.U[TU bu]-ba-tu-ša<sub>2</sub> DUMU.MI<sub>2</sub>.<MEŠ> <sup>d</sup>A-nim ša<sub>2</sub> AN-e KU<sub>3</sub>.MEŠ / ana IGI Aš-šurki nap-˹ḫa˺-[a]t ana IGI K[A<sub>2</sub>.DINGIR.R]A<sup>ki</sup> IGI-ša<sub>2</sub> šak-nu «Заклинание. Повозка A[на], [Небесна]я [По]возк[а], чье ярмо есть Нинурта, чье дышло ― Мар[дук], чьи оси (по другой версии: боковые стороны) ― дочери Ана (на) небесах чистых, которая восход[и]т по направлению к Ассирии, чье лицо обращено к В[авило]ну» [STT, 73 ii 61–63; Reiner 1960, 33; Reiner 1995, 71; Horowitz 1989, 243], параллель [UET 7, 118:8–9; Horowitz 1989, 243]. Гемерологии. 7-е ташриту, запрещение полового соития: ik-kib giš˹MAR˺.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA ša-me-e <sup>d</sup>A-nim «Запрещение Повозки Небесной, Ану» [KAR, 178 r. iv 62], см. также [CAD E, 297b; Horowitz 1989, 244; Labat 1939, 116–117; Reiner 1995, 114].
 
II. Божество.
 
Принятое в MUL.APIN I i 20 отождествление Небесной Повозки с Дамкианой нигде более не засвидетельствовано и имеет, по-видимому, достаточно позднее происхождение. Отождествление частей созвездия с божествами нередко встречается в текстах заклинаний [Reiner 1995].
 
III. Символ.
 
Повозка. Описание в VAT 9428 r. 8–9: <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.DA.AN.NA ka-lak-ku a-na IGI ma-šad-di ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.GID<sub>2</sub>.D[A] / u<sub>3</sub> ma-šad-da-ša<sub>2</sub> IGI ka-lak-ku ša<sub>2</sub> <sup>mul</sup>MAR.˹GID<sub>2</sub>.DA i˺-ma-ša<sub>2</sub>-a[l] «Небесная Повозка – это фургон перед дышлом Повозки, и ее дышло перед фургона Повозки аналогичным образом» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, Section VIII].


II. Отождествление.
IV. Отождествление.


(1)  = Сатурн;
= Ursa Minor [Gössmann 1950, 259; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].


(2)  = созвездие Весы = β(γ)λα2ισ Librae + 381G. Centauri, согласно [Koch 1989, 79].
V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.


III. Астрология.
(1) MUL ša<sub>2</sub> ina ṭur-ri-šu<sub>2</sub> GUB-zu «звезда, которая на ее веревке (вар.: связи, узле) стоит» (= α Ursae Minoris (?)), см. i02IBILA.E<sub>2</sub>.MAḪ.


(1) Звезда Правды ослабела; DIŠ MUL ki-tu<sub>4</sub> ŠER<sub>2</sub>.ŠER<sub>2</sub> KUR ARḪUŠ u SILIM-mu […] «Если Звезда Правды ослабела: странa милосердие и мир […]» [ACh Ištar, 25:26].
(2) mašaddu «дышло», см. выше.
 
(3) nīru «ярмо», см. выше.
 
(4) bubūtu «ось», см. выше.
 
(5) kalakku «кузов, фургон», см. выше.


(2) Звезда Правды приближается к Короне Ану; [DIŠ MUL ki-t]u<sub>4</sub> a-na <sup>mul</sup>AGA.AN.NA TE <sup>d</sup>SAG.UŠ ina ŠA<sub>3</sub> <sup>mul</sup>GU<sub>4</sub>.AN.NA KUR-ma «[Если Звезда Прав]ды к Короне Ану приближается, (это означает): Сатурн в середине Небесного Быка появляется» [ACh Ištar, 30:20].
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[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
[[Category:Constellation]]
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Latest revision as of 17:21, 9 January 2026

Not to be confused with mul (giš)MAR.GID2.DA, eriqqu.
Wagon and Wagon of Heaven in the Babylonian uranography around 1250 BCE, produced with Stellarium, paintings by Jessica Gullberg.

mul (giš)MA.GID2.DA AN.NA (𒀯𒄑𒈥𒁍𒁕𒀭𒈾) = eriqqu ša šamê, eriqqu šá šamāmī (poetic form) is a Mesopotamian name for the asterism Ursa Minor (the Little Dipper). The association with goddesses reflects in part at least the feminine grammatical status of Akkadian eriqqu, pl. eriqqātu [1] The Sumerian name can be interpreted as either 'The Wagon of Heaven' or 'The Wagon of Anu.' The sign-AN being for both the Heavens as a cosmic location and the god An, the King of the Heavens.

Concordance, Etymology, History[2]

“Wagon of Heaven”. mulMAR.GÍD.DA-AN.NA (EN 20l)[3].

  • mul (giš)MA.GID2.DA AN.NA
  • = eriqqu ša šamê (𒂊𒋆𒄣𒃻𒊭𒈨𒂊)
  • or eriqqu šá šamāmī:
  • "Celestial Wagon"

Constellation in the Little Dipper (Ursa Minor) [Gössmann[4] 259], Horowitz 1989[5].

Sources and Identification(s)

Sources Identifications
MUL.APIN.
  • (1) List of Enlil's stars (nos. 19, 20):
    • a) mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA dDam-ki-an-na "The Wagon of Anu, Damkiana" (I i 20), for a parallel see. [Horowitz 1989-90[6], 116, BM 54817:8'].
    • b) "Star on its rope," see (Kurtik i02) IBILA.E2.MAḪ. Stev.O.T.[7] mulMAR.GID2.DA<AN.NA> GAL "The wagon of [Anu] the Great" — in prediction, see (Kurtik i02) IBILA.E2.MAḪ. For a list of "6 palace women," see (Kurtik a02) A.EDIN.

Uranology

VAT 9428 r. 8-9: mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA ka-lak-ku a-na IGI ma-šad-di ša2 mulMAR.GID2.D[A] / u3 ma-šad-da-ša2 IGI ka-lak-ku ša2 mulMAR.˹GID2.DA i˺-ma-ša2-a[l] "The Celestial Wagon — the van in front of the Wagon's drawbar, and its drawbar is in front of the Wagon's van in a similar manner" [Weidner 1927[8], 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018[9], 23, 25, Section VIII].

Spell.
  • On receiving a favorable or unfavorable sign during sleep before beginning a journey: EN2 mulMAR.GID2.DA.A[N.N]A [MA]R.GID2.D[A ša2-ma-m]i ša2 ni-ir-ša2 dNIN.URTA / ma-šad-da-ša2 dAMAR.U[TU bu]-ba-tu-ša2 DUMU.MI2.<MEŠ> dA-nim ša2 AN-e KU3.MEŠ / ana IGI Aš-šurki nap-˹ḫa˺-[a]t ana IGI K[A2.DINGIR.R]Aki IGI-ša2 šak-nu "Spell. A[na]'s wagon, the [Heavenly] [W]ago[n], whose yoke is Ninurta, whose drawbar is Mar[duk], whose axles (according to another version: sides) are the daughter of Ana (in) the pure heavens, who ris[e]s towards Assyria, whose face is turned towards B[abylo]n" [STT[10], 73 ii 61-63; Reiner 1960[11], 33; Reiner 1995[12], 71; Horowitz 1989[13], 243], parallel [UET 7, 118:8-9; Horowitz 1989[14], 243].
Hemerologies.
  • 7th of Tashrit, prohibition of sexual intercourse: ik-kib giš˹MAR˺.GID2.DA ša-me-e dA-nim "Prohibition of the Wagon of Heaven, Anu" [KAR[15], 178 r. iv 62], see also [CAD[16] E, 297b; Horowitz 1989[17], 244; Labat 1939[18], 116-117; Reiner 1995[19], 114].

Stars within the Constellation Area

id Label IAU design. description Vmag
1 Polaris HIP 11767 within constellation lines 2.02
2 Kochab HIP 72607 within constellation lines 2.08
3 Pherkad HIP 75097 within constellation lines 3.002
4 ϵ Ursae Minoris HIP 82080 within constellation lines 4.212
5 ζ Ursae Minoris HIP 77055 within constellation lines 4.274
6 Yildun HIP 85822 within constellation lines 4.336
7 - HIP 79822 within constellation lines -
8 - HIP 113116 Inside the Hull 4.684
9 - HIP 87234 Inside the Hull 5.01
10 - HIP 109693 Inside the Hull 5.258
11 75 Dra HIP 100965 Inside the Hull 5.368
12 - HIP 102599 Inside the Hull 5.371
13 19 UMi HIP 79280 Inside the Hull 5.473
14 - HIP 80480 Inside the Hull 5.55
15 - HIP 115746 Inside the Hull 5.56
16 41 Dra HIP 88136 Inside the Hull 5.642
17 - HIP 90647 Inside the Hull 5.644
18 - HIP 84769 Inside the Hull 5.706
19 - HIP 78661 Inside the Hull 5.73
20 76 Dra HIP 102208 Inside the Hull 5.75
21 - HIP 112833 Inside the Hull 5.891
22 40 Dra HIP 88127 Inside the Hull 5.939
23 - HIP 101082 Inside the Hull 5.97
24 - HIP 81854 Inside the Hull 6
25 - HIP 79601 Inside the Hull 6.016
26 - HIP 95167 Inside the Hull 6.06
27 - HIP 104756 Inside the Hull 6.12
28 - HIP 90182 Inside the Hull 6.16
29 VX UMi HIP 83317 Inside the Hull 6.18
30 - HIP 101044 Inside the Hull 6.19
31 - HIP 87293 Inside the Hull 6.244
32 - HIP 81428 Inside the Hull 6.317
33 20 UMi HIP 79420 Inside the Hull 6.34
34 - HIP 80850 Inside the Hull 6.35
35 - HIP 92040 Inside the Hull 6.4

Additional

II. Deity.

         The Celestial Wagon is identified with Damkiana, in MUL.APIN I i 20. For other identifications as a goddess in magical texts see Reiner 1995[20]: 57, 66.

III. Symbol.

         Wagon. Described in VAT 9428 r. 8-9: mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA ka-lak-ku a-na IGI ma-šad-di ša2 mulMAR.GID2.D[A] / u3 ma-šad-da-ša2 IGI ka-lak-ku ša2 mulMAR.˹GID2.DA i˺-ma-ša2-a[l] "The Celestial Wagon — the van in front of the Wagon's drawbar, and its drawbar is in front of the Wagon's van in a similar manner" [Weidner 1927[21], 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018[22], 23, 25, Section VIII].mOVED To Uranology above What do we need to do about symbol in general

IV. Identification.

         = Ursa Minor [Gössmann[23] 259; Weidner 1957-59[24], 79a; BPO 2[25], 13; MA[26], 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999[27], 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018[28], 74].

V. Parts of the constellation and individual stars.

         (1) MUL ša2 ina ṭur-ri-šu2 GUB-zu "the star that stands on the knot" (= α Ursae Minoris (?)), see (Kurtik i02) IBILA.E2.MAḪ.

         (2) mašaddu 'drawbar', see above.

         (3) nīru 'yoke', see above.

         (4) bubūtu 'axis', see above.

         (5) kalakku "body, van", see above.

Historical Dictionaries

Kurtik (2022, m09) Gössmann (1950)
= eriq šamê «Небесная Повозка» или «Повозка Ану»; созвездие в Малой Медведице (Ursa Minor) [Gössmann 1950, 259].

I. Источники.

MUL.APIN. (1) Список звезд Энлиля (№ 19, 20): a) mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA dDam-ki-an-na «Повозка Ану, Дамкиана» (I i 20), параллель см. [Horowitz 1989–90, 116, BM 54817:8']. b) «Звезда на ее веревке», см. i02IBILA.E2.MAḪ. Stev.O.T. mulMAR.GID2.DA<AN.NA> GAL «Повозка [Ану] Великая» ― в предсказании, см. i02IBILA.E2.MAḪ. Список «6 дворцовых женщин», см. a02A.EDIN. Заклинание. О получении благоприятного или неблагоприятного знака во время сна перед началом путешествия: EN2 mulMAR.GID2.DA.A[N.N]A [MA]R.GID2.D[A ša2-ma-m]i ša2 ni-ir-ša2 dNIN.URTA / ma-šad-da-ša2 dAMAR.U[TU bu]-ba-tu-ša2 DUMU.MI2.<MEŠ> dA-nim ša2 AN-e KU3.MEŠ / ana IGI Aš-šurki nap-˹ḫa˺-[a]t ana IGI K[A2.DINGIR.R]Aki IGI-ša2 šak-nu «Заклинание. Повозка A[на], [Небесна]я [По]возк[а], чье ярмо есть Нинурта, чье дышло ― Мар[дук], чьи оси (по другой версии: боковые стороны) ― дочери Ана (на) небесах чистых, которая восход[и]т по направлению к Ассирии, чье лицо обращено к В[авило]ну» [STT, 73 ii 61–63; Reiner 1960, 33; Reiner 1995, 71; Horowitz 1989, 243], параллель [UET 7, 118:8–9; Horowitz 1989, 243]. Гемерологии. 7-е ташриту, запрещение полового соития: ik-kib giš˹MAR˺.GID2.DA ša-me-e dA-nim «Запрещение Повозки Небесной, Ану» [KAR, 178 r. iv 62], см. также [CAD E, 297b; Horowitz 1989, 244; Labat 1939, 116–117; Reiner 1995, 114].

II. Божество.

Принятое в MUL.APIN I i 20 отождествление Небесной Повозки с Дамкианой нигде более не засвидетельствовано и имеет, по-видимому, достаточно позднее происхождение. Отождествление частей созвездия с божествами нередко встречается в текстах заклинаний [Reiner 1995].

III. Символ.

Повозка. Описание в VAT 9428 r. 8–9: mulMAR.GID2.DA.AN.NA ka-lak-ku a-na IGI ma-šad-di ša2 mulMAR.GID2.D[A] / u3 ma-šad-da-ša2 IGI ka-lak-ku ša2 mulMAR.˹GID2.DA i˺-ma-ša2-a[l] «Небесная Повозка – это фургон перед дышлом Повозки, и ее дышло перед фургона Повозки аналогичным образом» [Weidner 1927, 75, 77; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 23, 25, Section VIII].

IV. Отождествление.

= Ursa Minor [Gössmann 1950, 259; Weidner 1957–59, 79a; BPO 2, 13; MA, 137; Hunger-Pingree 1999, 276; Beaulieu et al. 2018, 74].

V. Части созвездия и отдельные звезды.

(1) MUL ša2 ina ṭur-ri-šu2 GUB-zu «звезда, которая на ее веревке (вар.: связи, узле) стоит» (= α Ursae Minoris (?)), см. i02IBILA.E2.MAḪ.

(2) mašaddu «дышло», см. выше.

(3) nīru «ярмо», см. выше.

(4) bubūtu «ось», см. выше.

(5) kalakku «кузов, фургон», см. выше.

Example

References

  1. ↑ HorowitzW.,  1989:  “An  Akkadian  Name  for  Ursa-Minor:  mar.gid2.da..an.na  =  eriqqi    šamāmī,” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie79: 242-245.
  2. ↑ Planetarium Babylonicum 2.0, All Skies Encyclopaedia.
  3. ↑ Hoffmann, S. M. and Krebernik, M. (2023). What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
  4. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  5. ↑ Horowitz, Wayne (1989): “An Akkadian Name for Ursa-Minor: mar.gid.da a.an.na = eriqqi šamami,” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 79: 242-245.
  6. ↑ Horowitz W. Two Mul-Apin Fragments // AfO. 1989-90. Bd. XXXVI/XXXVII. S. 116-117.
  7. ↑ Langdon S. Miscellanea Assyriaca IV. An Omen Tablet. Pls. XVII-XVIII // Babyloniaca. 1913-23. T. VII. P. 230- 238.
  8. ↑ Weidner E.  Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
  9. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  10. ↑ Gurney O., Finkelstein J.J., Hulin  P. The Sultantepe Tablets. Vol. I-II. London 1957, 1964.
  11. ↑ Reiner E. Fortune-telling in Mesopotamia // JNES. 1960. Vol. 19, № 1. Р. 23-35.
  12. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  13. ↑ Horowitz W.  The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = eriqqi šamê / šamāmi // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.
  14. ↑ Horowitz W.  The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = eriqqi šamê / šamāmi // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.
  15. ↑ Ebeling E. Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts. Bd. I-II. Leipzig 1919, 1920.
  16. ↑ The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago - Glückstadt, 1956 -...
  17. ↑ Horowitz W.  The Akkadian Name for Ursa Minor: mulmar.gid2.da.an.na = eriqqi šamê / šamāmi // ZA. 1989. Bd. 79. S.242-244.
  18. ↑ Labat R. Hemerologies et menologies d'Assur. Paris, 1939.
  19. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  20. ↑ Reiner E. Astral Magic in Babylonia. Philadelphia, The Amer. Philos. Soc., 1995.
  21. ↑ Weidner E.  Ein Beschreibung des Sternenhimmels aus Assur // AfO. 1927. Bd. 4. S. 73-85.
  22. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
  23. ↑ Gössmann P.F. Planetarium Babylonicum, Rom, 1950 (A. Deimel. Šumerisches Lexikon 4/2).
  24. ↑ Weidner E. mul gir2.tab = zuqaqîpi // AfO. 1957-1958. Bd. 18. S. 393-394].
  25. ↑ Reiner E., Pingree D. Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51. Undena Publications, Malibu, 1981 (Babylonian Planetary Omens: Part Two).
  26. ↑ Hunger, H. and Steele, J. M. (2019). The Babylonian Astronomical Compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, NY
  27. ↑ Hunger H., Pingree D. Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. Leiden-Boston-Köln, 1999.
  28. ↑ Beaulieu, P.-A., Frahm, E., Horowitz, W. & Steele, J. (2018), The Cuneiform Uranology Texts: Drawing the Constellations, American Philosophical Society Press, Philadelphia, USA.
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